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콩고민주공화국 광업 및 광물부존 현황 Mining and Mineral Resources of DR-Congo

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콩고민주공화국 광업 및 광물부존 현황 Mining and Mineral Resources of DR-Congo 기술정보 콩고민주공화국 광업 및 광물부존 현황 Mining and Mineral Resources of DR-Congo 양석준, 고상모, 박성원 한국지질자원연구원 광물자원연구본부 콩고 민주공화국은 코발트, 구리, 다이아몬 2011년 국내 총생산에서 11.5 %에 해당했으며, 드, 탄탈륨 및 주석의 생산에서 전세계적으로 제조 부분은 5.2 %였다. 콩고민주공화국에서 중요한 역할을 담당하고 있다(그림 1). 2012년 는 180에서 200만 명이 사광상에서 광물을 채 콩고민주공화국의 코발트 생산량은 전세계 생 취하고 있으며, 이들 중 800,000에서 100만 명 산량의 55 %, 산업용 다이아몬드는 21 %, 탄탈 은 다이아몬드 채광, 약 130,000명의 광부는 오 륨은 12 %, 보석-등급 다이아몬드는 5 %, 구리 리엔탈(Orientale) 주와 이투리 주(Ituri Interim 는 3 %; 주석은 2 %에 달했다. 콩고민주공화국 Administration)지역의 금광에서 일하고 있다. 의 코발트 매장량은 전세계 코발트 매장량의 마니에마(Maniema), 북키부(Nord-Kivu) 및 남 45 %에 해당한다. 채광 및 광물처리 부문은 키부(Sud-Kivu) 주에서 니오븀, 탄탈륨, 주석 그림 1. 콩고민주공화국 자원분포도. 광물과 산업 35 기술정보 및 텅스텐 채광에 고용된 광부들의 수는 그 생 Reform and Consumer Protection Act)을 통과시 산량 감소로 인해 2011년과 2012년 사이에 크 켰는데, 여기엔 콩고민주공화국 동부의 군사 게 감소했다. 작전에 대한 자금 조달을 위해 광물을 사용하는 이 기술정보지에 소개될 내용에 대한 자원 것과 관련한 규정들이 포함되어 있다. 미 연방 정보 자료원은 USGS에서 2014년도에 발간한 증권 거래 위원회(U.S. Securities and Exchange 콩고민주공화국 지역의 2012년 광물 연감이다. Commission, SEC)는 2012년 8월 도트 프랭크 법안(Dodd-Frank Act)에 따라 최종적인 형태의 정부 정책 및 프로그램 법률을 발표했다. 제안된 규정에 따라, SEC에 등록된 주석 2002년에 콩고민주공화국 의회는 1981년 7 (cassiterite), 컬럼바이트 탄탈석(columbite- 월 11일자 Law No. 81–013를 대체하는 2002년 tantalite), 금(gold), 또는 철망간중석(wolframite) 7월 11일자 Law No. 007/2002를 통과시켰다. 를 포함하는 제품을 판매하는 모든 회사들은 수정된 광산법에서는 광업 부문의 민간 개발 이들 광물들의 원산지를 밝혀야 한다. 콩고민 을 장려하며, 정부의 주요 역할은 이 산업의 발 주공화국이나 인접 국가들에서 나온 주석, 컬 전을 촉진 및 조정하는 것이라고 규정하며, 채 럼바이트 탄탈석, 금 또는 철망간중석을 포함 굴권은 정부에서 부여한다. 2012년 11월, 정부 하는 제품을 판매하는 회사들도 SEC에 이들 는 채광 프로젝트에서 정부의 자유-보유 지분 광물들의 출처를 파악하고 관리하는데 있어서 및 약화될 수 없는 지분을 5 %에서 35 %로 증 상당한 주의를 기울였고, 아무런 분쟁 없이 제 가시키기 위한 계획을 발표했다. 정부는 다이 품들이 제조 또는 제조 계약이 이뤄졌음을 설 아몬드 및 기타 보석에 대해 또한 4 %에서 6 명하는 연례 보고서의 제출이 요구되었다. 또 %로, 그리고 비철 금속에 대해 2 %에서 6 %로 한 회사의 웹사이트에 보고서들을 공개할 필 로열티 비율을 증가시키기 위한 계획을 수립 요가 있다. 했다. 그러나 제안된 변화는 연말에 제정되지 2011년 3월, 카탕가 주 정부 및 International Tin 못했다. Research Institute (ITRI)는 ITRI Tin Suppy 콩고민주공화국은 다이아몬드 무역의 분쟁 Chain Initiative (iTSCi)에 착수했는데, 이는 국 을 줄이기 위해 2003년 1월 1일에 발효된 인증 내에서 생산된 탄탈륨, 주석 및 텅스텐에 대한 시스템인 킴벌리 프로세스(Kimberley Process) 추적 메커니즘으로 도트 프랭크 법안 및 경제 에 대한 조인국이었다. 2011년 2월, 다이아몬 협력개발기구(OECD)의 주의의무 지침에 대한 드 개발 계획(DDI)은 콩고민주공화국이 킴벌 최종 사용자 요건을 충족시키기 위한 것이다. 리 프로세스를 이행하는 것을 돕기 위한 프로 ITRI는 2년 동안의 유예 후 10월에 남키부 주 그램에 착수했다. 연말까지, DDI는 사광상에 의 인증을 재 시작했고, 12월에는 마니에마 주 서 다이아몬드를 채취하는 광부들을 100,000 에서 인증을 시작했다. 명 이상 등록하고, 채광 장소의 수를 254개에 서 667개소로 증가시켰다. 이 프로그램은 또한 생산 채굴부터 수출까지 다이아몬드 생산을 추적할 수 있도록 설계되었다. 2012년에, 석탄의 생산은 163 %, 텅스텐은 2010년 7월, 미국 의회는 도드-프랭크 월가 약 36 %, 황산은 약 33 %, 정제 구리는 30 %, 개혁 및 소비자보호법(Dodd-Frank Wall Street 구리 채광은 25 %, 은은 약 22 %, 금은 약 17 % 36 Minerals and Industry 기술정보 증가했고, 아연 생산은 46 %, 주석은 약 23 %, 및 6 % 였다. 추가로 채광한 코발트 및 구리는 시멘트는 18 %, 탄탈륨은 약 17 %, 코발트 채 cobalt carbonate, 수산화코발트(cobalt hydroxide), 광은 약 15 %, 게르마늄은 약 14 %, 그리고 니 및 조동(black copper) 같은 중간 제품으로 처리 오븀은 약 10 % 감소했다(표 1). 한 뒤 수출했다. 게르마늄은 코발트-구리-게르 마늄 중간 생성물 제품의 형태로 수출했으며, 광물 무역 금은 도레(dore) 형태로 수출했다. 대부분의 다 이아몬드, 니오븀, 탄탈륨, 주석 및 텅스텐은 2011년도에 전체 수출은 94억7천만$, 수입 하류 공정(downstream processing)에 앞서 수출 은 89억2천만$로 평가되었다. 구리는 전체 콩 되었다. 고 수출 가격에 43 %를 차지했고, 코발트는 39 %, 원유는 10 %, 다이아몬드는 4 % 그리고 주 금속 광물 생산 및 부존 현황 석은 1 %를 차지했다. 다른 광물 수출에는 게 르마늄, 금, 니오븀, 탄탈륨 및 텅스텐이 포함 콩고민주공화국 주요 광물에 대한 2012년도 된다. 석유 제품들은 2011년 전체 수출에 약 11 생산 현황, 생산기업 및 주요 광산에 대한 현황 %를 차지했다. 2012년에, 수출 전에 정제된 콩 은 표 2와 표 3과 같다. 고의 구리 및 코발트 생산 비율은 각각 71 % 표 1. 콩고민주공화국 광종별 생산추이 변화(2008년~2012년)(modified from USGS, 2014) (Metric tons) Commodity 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Mine output, Co contente 31,000 40,000 60,000 60,000 51,000 Cobalt Metal, Co content 1,049 2,970 4,222 3,103 r 3,021 Mine output, Cu contente 230,000 r 330,000 r 420,000 r 530,000 r 600,000 Copper Refined 38,632 166,915 r 260,759 r 362,000 r 468,900 Germanium, mine output, Ge contente (kg) 23,000 r 19,000 r 17,000 r 21,000 r 18,000 Gold, mine output, Au contente (kg) 10,000 r 11,000 r 12,000 r 12,000 r 14,000 Gross weight 527 468 397 450 r,e 380 Columbite-tantalite Nb contente 120 110 90 100 r 90 concentrate Ta contente 140 130 110 120 r 100 Gross weight 119 80 -- -- -- Pyrochlore concentrate: Nb content 59 e 40 -- -- -- Silver, mine output, Ag content (kg) 34,083 -- 6,446 10,080 12,342 Tin, mine output Gross weight 19,335 15,195 13,255 7,400 r,e 5,700 concentrate Sn contente 12,600 9,900 8,600 4,800 r 3,700 Tungsten, mine Gross weight 716 385 45 130 r,e 185 output, concentrate W contente 370 200 25 r 70 r 95 Zinc, mine output, Zn content 15,465 19,636 9,223 19,035 10,319 Cement, hydraulic 411,212 460,344 489,745 457,761 376,600 Artisanal (thousand carats) 20,146 16,871 r 16,800 19,277 20,157 Diamond: Large-scale (thousand carats) 986 r 104 r -- r 320 r 740 Total (thousand carats) 21,132 r 16,975 r 16,800 r 19,547 r 20,900 Coal, bituminous -- -- -- e 1,469 r 3,870 eEstimated, rRevised. 광물과 산업 37 기술정보 코발트, 구리 및 은 선별(Heavy Media Separation)에서 약 29,000 t 2012년 카탕가 주 Tenke Fungurume 광산의 의 정제 구리와 농축물 내 구리를 생산했다. 중 생산량은 2011년과 비교했을때 정제된 구리는 액 선별 플랜트는 SX/EW 플랜트가 생산을 시 127,367 t에서 157,671 t으로 수산화물에 포함 작한 뒤 문을 닫았다. 2012년 초, Anvil Mining 된 코발트는 11,182 t에서 11,669 t으로 증가되 은 MMG Ltd. of China에 매각되었다. 었다. 광산의 용량은 2010년 정제 구리가 Ruashi Mining SPRL (Metorex Group of South 115,000 t/yr에서 195,000 t/yr으로 증가했으며, Africa, 75 %)은 카탕가 주 Ruashi 광산에서 코 수산화코발트(cobalt hydroxide) 내 코발트의 정 발트와 구리를 생산했다. 2011년에는, 정제 구 격 용량도 8,000 t/yr에서 15,000 t/yr으로 증가 리 34,534 t 및 포함 코발트(contained cobalt) 했다. 2013년, 판매량은 정제 구리 186,000 t 및 3,678 t이 생산되었다. 구리 및 코발트 생산량 정제 코발트 13,600 t으로 예상되었다. 은 2012년에 각각 21 % 및 7 % 감소했다. 스위스의 Katanga Mining Ltd.는 KOV 및 2010년 6월 말, Mawson West Ltd. of KTO 광산 그리고 Luilu 정제 공장에서 구리와 Australia는 카탕가 주의 므웨루 호(Lake 코발트를 생산했다. 2012년 정제 구리의 생산 Mweru) 근처 Dikulushi 광산의 비축물에서 생 량은 61,439 t 이고 코발트 금속은 2,129 t 으로 산을 시작했다. 2012년 생산량은 구리 5,818 t 2011년도의 정제 구리 57,612 t 및 코발트 금속 과 은 13,255 kg으로 2011년 구리(4,285 t) 와 은 2,433 t과 다소 차이가 있다. (10,080 kg) 생산량보다 증가했다. 2012년, 콜웨지(Kolwezi) 지역의 무탄다 광 조동(black copper)은 구리 함량이 80 - 98 % 산(Mutanda Mining, Muni)은 스위스의 Glencore 인 중간 생성물로 카탕가주의 여러 회사들에 International사가 60 %, Bazano Group이 40 %, 의해 생산되었다. 일부 회사들은 자체 광산에 Gécamines가 20 %의 지분을 소유하고 있다. 서 생산한 농축물에서 조동을 생산했고, 다른 2011년, 이들은 무탄다 광산의 구리 용매 추출 회사들은 사광상으로부터 농축물을 조달하기 과 전해채취(SX/EW) 플랜트의 용량을 110,000 도 했다. 2012년 중국의 Congo Dong Fang t/yr로 증가시켰으며, 수산화물 내 코발트의 용 International Mining SPRL (CDM)은 구리를 조 량은 4/4분기에 23,000 t/yr로 증가되었다. 동 형태로 약 25,000 t을 생산했다. 홍콩의 Gécamines은 2011년도에 구리 17,389 t 그리 Congo Loyal Will Mining SPRL은 약 13,000 t, 고 코발트 716 t 생산했으며, 2012년도엔 구리 그리고 Rubamin SPRL(인도의 Rubamin Ltd. 자 35,015 t 그리고 코발트 837 t를 생산했다. 2012 회사)는 약 8,200 t을 생산했다. 년 농축기와 하류 구리 처리 플랜트의 용량을 2012년, Somika는 약 1,800 t의 코발트를 생 각각 67 % 및 76 % 증가시켰다. 산했으며, 회사의 수산화 코발트 생산 용량은 카탕가 주 Kipoi Central 광상에 대한 Tiger 3,000 t/yr였다. Somika는 코발트 금속의 생산을 Resources Ltd. of Australia 및 Gécamines 간의 고려하고 있다. CDM은 코발트를 약 1,900 t 채 합작투자는 2011년에 시작되었다. 2012년에 광했고, Volcano Mining SPRL은 약 1,100 t을 구리의 생산량은 36,966 t이었다. 채광했다. Anvil Mining Ltd. of Australia는 2011년 5월에 카탕가 주 Kinsevere 광산에서 새로운 SX/EW 플랜트를 시작했다. 이 회사는 2011년에 중액 38 Minerals and Industry 기술정보 표 2. 콩고민주공화국 2012년 구리 및 코발트 생산 주요 광산 및 광업회사(modified from USGS, 2014) Major operating companies Annual capacity Commodity Location of main facilities and major equity owner.
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