DOCSLIB.ORG

CRANIAL NERVE TABLES Nerve Branches Important Function(S

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

CRANIAL NERVE TABLES Nerve Branches Important Function(s) Test Miscellaneous Clinical CN I • Loss of olfactory fibers usually occurs Olfactory with aging; No named Ability to smell tested Special Sensory: Olfaction • Olfactory filaments can be sheared off branches bilaterally from traumatic blows to the bridge of the nose Nerve Branches Important Function(s) Test Miscellaneous Clinical CN II No named Afferent limb of the Optic Special Sensory: Vision See MBB “Vision Week” Resources branches pupillary light reflex Nerve Branches Important Function(s) Test Miscellaneous Clinical Somatic Motor: levator palpebrae superioris and extraocular muscles (S. rectus, I. H-test • An aneurysm of the post. cerebral or sup. rectus, M. rectus, I. oblique) cerebellar aa. may exert pressure on CN Visceral Motor: Preganglionic III where it passes between these vessels parasympathetic nerve fibers course to CN III None you need to • Cavernous sinus infections ciliary ganglion. Postganglionic fibers Efferent limb of the Oculomotor know by name • Rapidly increasing intracranial pressure course in short ciliary nerves to the oculus pupillary light reflex can compress CN III against petrous that innervate the following muscles: causing pupil temporal bone resulting in superficial • Pupillary constriction via constrictor constriction parasympathetic fibers being affected first pupillae muscle • Lens accommodation via ciliary muscle Nerve Branches Important Function(s) Test Miscellaneous Clinical CN IV No named H-test: (Eye depressed • CN IV rarely paralyzed alone Somatic Motor: Superior oblique m. Trochlear branches and adducted) • Cavernous sinus infections 1 Miscellaneous Nerve Branches Important Function(s) Test Clinical Frontal n. (branches = Somatic Sensory: upper eyelid, conjunctiva, forehead, and scalp supraorbital and • Afferent limb of supratrochlear) V1: corneal reflex Somatic Sensory: lacrimal gland conjunctiva, upper eyelid Ophthalmic • Perception of touch (Sensory Lacrimal n. on forehead (frontal Conduit: delivers postganglionic fibers from neurons in Only) n.) pterygopalatine ganglion on path to lacrimal gland Somatic Sensory: cornea, anterosuperior nasal cavity, frontal, Nasociliary n. sphenoid and ethmoid sinuses, dura, upper eyelid, and bridge of nose Infraorbital n. and Somatic Sensory: posteroinferior nasal cavity, maxillary sinus, its branches palate, maxillary teeth, inferior eyelid, anterior cheek, and upper lip • Perception of touch in V2: Maxillary Somatic Sensory: skin over zygomatic bone and anterior scalp of infraorbital region (sensory temporal region (skin from inferior Only) Zygomatic n. eyelid to upper lip) Conduit: communicating branch delivers postganglionic fibers from • Trauma neurons in pterygopalatine ganglion to lacrimal nerve on path to • Tumors lacrimal gland • Aneurysms Somatic sensory: anterior 2/3 of the tongue and floor of oral cavity • Meningeal Lingual infections Conduit: preganglionic parasympathetic fibers of chorda tympani (facial nerve) course along the lingual nerve to on destination to submandibular ganglion • Perception of touch Somatic sensory: skin of buccal (cheek) region, buccal mucous Buccal on chin membranes of oral cavity, buccal gingivae of the second and third • Jaw clench, medial mandibular molar teeth V3: and lateral protraction Mandibular Inferior alveolar Somatic Sensory: sensation to the mandibular teeth and gums of the jaw against (Sensory resistance (the “jaw Somatic Sensory: sensation to the skin over the chin and skin of and Motor) Mental jerk reflex” is used lower lip specifically to test for Somatic Sensory: provides general sensory innervation to the upper motor neuron temporal region, external ear, and external surface of tympanic lesions) membrane. Auriculotemporal Conduit: delivers postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from otic ganglion to parotid gland. Preganglionic fibers from CN IX. Branches to Branchial Motor: muscles of mastication mastication mm. 2 Nerve Branches Important Function(s) Test Clinical • Due to long intracranial course, it can be stretched when intracranial pressure CN VI H-test: (abduction of rises Abducens No named branches Somatic Motor: lateral rectus m. eye) • Space-occupying lesions within the cranial cavity (tumor) may compress the nerve Nerve Branches Important Function(s) Test Clinical Branches to muscles of facial expression Branchial Motor: muscles of facial • Posterior Auricular expression; motor to stapedius muscle • Temporal of middle ear • Zygomatic • Buccal Somatic Sensory: small area of auricle • Mandibular (posterior auricular n.) CN VII • Cervical • Most frequently injured cranial nerve: Facial motor branches are at risk in trauma Branchial Motor: Stabilizes stapes to injuries to the face Nerves to stapedius dampens sounds • Motor portion at stylomastoid foramen • Efferent limb of is at risk of injury during forceps corneal reflex delivery due to absence of mastoid and • Smile/squint, raising styloid processes in the neonatal skull Visceral Motor: Delivers preganglionic brow • Can be compressed proximal to its Greater petrosal parasympathetic fibers to • Sound sensitivity entry into the facial canal in space- pterygopalatine ganglion • Perception of taste on occupying lesions of the cranial cavity tongue • Chorda tympani can be affected in severe cases of otitis media Visceral Motor: Contains preganglionic parasympathetic fibers destined to submandibular ganglion Chorda tympani Special Sensory: taste sensation from anterior 2/3 of tongue (Nuclei of neurons located in geniculate ganglion.) 3 Nerve Branches Important Function(s) Test Clinical Special Sensory: Hearing and CN VIII balance • See neuroscience resources Vestibulocochlear (special sensory) Nerve Branches Important Function(s) Test Clinical Somatic Sensory: tympanic cavity & internal surface of tympanic membrane Tympanic nerve Visceral Motor: Contains preganglionic. parasympathetic fibers destined for otic ganglion via lesser petrosal nerve (see below). Visceral Motor: Contains preganglionic. CN IX parasympathetic fibers destined to otic Glossopharyngeal Lesser petrosal ganglion (postganglionic fibers course to parotid in auriculotemporal nerve) Afferent limb of • Isolated lesions of complete nerve are gag reflex uncommon Visceral Sensory: Carotid body and • May be injured along with CNs X and XI Carotid branch sinus (chemoreceptors and by tumors in the region of the jugular baroreceptors) foramen (jugular foramen syndrome) • lingual branch may be injured at tonsillar fossa during tonsillectomy Nerve to Branchial Motor: assists in swallowing stylopharyngeus m. Somatic Sensory: posterior 1/3 of tongue, posterior nasopharynx, oropharynx Terminal branches (lingual, pharyngeal, Special Sensory: taste from posterior and tonsillar) 1/3 of tongue; Visceral sensation from carotid body and carotid sinus 4 Nerve Branches Important Function(s) Test Clinical Meningeal and Somatic Sensory: dura, auricle, external auditory auricular branches meatus Branchial Motor: pharyngeal constrictors, uvula and elevator of soft palate (except tensor veli palatini) Pharyngeal branches Visceral sensory: branch from carotid sinus can join with pharyngeal branch Somatic Sensory (internal branch): mucosa Superior laryngeal laryngopharynx, epiglottis, and larynx superior to the nerve vocal folds • *Internal branch • *External branch Branchial Motor (external branch): cricothyroid and cricopharyngeus muscles • Isolated lesions of Visceral Sensory: aortic bodies (chemoreceptors) complete nerve are and baroreceptors (mechanical stretch receptors) of uncommon; Cardiac nerves aortic arch and heart • Efferent limb of gag • May be injured along with (superior and inferior) reflex CNs IX and XI in tumors in CN X Visceral Motor: preganglionic parasympathetic fibers • Motor component jugular foramen syndrome Vagus to terminal ganglia (postganglionic fibers innervate tested by looking for • Recurrent laryngeal nerve the SA and AV nodes) symmetrical elevation of at risk of injury in soft palate when patient thyroidectomies, aortic arch Visceral Sensory: mucosa inferior to vocal folds asked to say “Ahh” aneurysms and Recurrent laryngeal bronchogenic carcinomas nerve Branchial Motor: All intrinsic laryngeal muscles affecting the apex of the except cricothyroid lung. Visceral Sensory: airways and lungs Bronchial branches Visceral Motor: preganglionic parasympathetic innervation to terminal ganglia of airways and lungs Visceral Sensory: esophagus Esophageal plexus Visceral Motor: preganglionic parasympathetic innervation to terminal ganglia of esophagus Visceral Sensory: esophagus Vagal trunks Visceral Motor: preganglionic parasympathetic innervation to terminal ganglia of esophagus 5 Nerve Branches Important Function(s) Test Clinical CN XI • Trapezius: Shrug • May be injured along with CNs IX and X Spinal Somatic Motor: trapezius & shoulders in jugular foramen syndrome Accessory No named branches sternocleidomastoid mm. • SCM: rotate head • At risk of injury in surgical procedures against resistance within the posterior triangle of neck Nerve Branches Important Function(s) Test Clinical CN XII Somatic Motor: intrinsic and three of Protrude tongue Hypoglossal No named branches four extrinsic tongue muscles (deviates to side of (exception is palatoglossus = CN X) muscular weakness) Summary of Sensory Ganglia: Recall that all neuron cell bodies of first order (primary) sensory neurons are located outside of the CNS in ganglia. Cranial Nerve Sensory ganglia Functional Classification CN I Ganglion cells in olfactory mucosa
Recommended publications
  • Vagus Nerve (CN X) That Supply All of the Thoracic and Abdominal Viscera, Except the Descending and Sigmoid Colons and Other Pelvic Viscera

    Vagus Nerve (CN X) That Supply All of the Thoracic and Abdominal Viscera, Except the Descending and Sigmoid Colons and Other Pelvic Viscera

    DR. HAYTHEM ALI ALSAYIGH Assistant prof. BOARD CLINICAL SURGICAL ANATOMY F.I.M.B.S.-MB.CH,B COLLEGE OF MEDICINE –UNIVERSITY OF BABYLON III. Autonomic Nervous System in the Thorax Is composed of motor, or efferent, nerves through which cardiac muscle, smooth muscle , and glands are innervated. Involves two neurons: preganglionic and postganglionic. It may include general visceral afferent (GVA) fibers because they run along with general visceral efferent (GVE) fibers . Consists of sympathetic (or thoracolumbar outflow) and parasympathetic (or craniosacral outflow)systems. Consists of cholinergic fibers (sympathetic preganglionic, parasympathetic preganglionic, and postganglionic) that use acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter and adrenergic fibers (sympathetic postganglionic) that use norepinephrine as the neurotransmitter (except those to sweat glands [cholinergic]). A. Sympathetic nervous system Enables the body to cope with crises or emergencies and thus often is referred to as the fight-or-flight division. Contains preganglionic cell bodies that are located in the lateral horn or intermediolateral cell column of the spinal cord segments between T1 and L2. Has preganglionic fibers that pass through the white rami communicantes and enter the sympathetic chain ganglion, where they synapse. Has postganglionic fibers that join each spinal nerve by way of the gray rami communicantes and supply the blood vessels, hair follicles (arrector pili muscles), and sweat glands. Increases the heart rate , dilates the bronchial lumen , and dilates the coronary arteries. 1. Sympathetic trunk Is composed primarily of ascending and descending preganglionic sympathetic fibers and visceral afferent fibers, and contains the cell bodies of the postganglionic sympathetic (GVE) fibers. Descends in front of the neck of the ribs and the posterior intercostal vessels.
  • Simple Ways to Dissect Ciliary Ganglion for Orbital Anatomical Education

    Simple Ways to Dissect Ciliary Ganglion for Orbital Anatomical Education

    OkajimasDetection Folia Anat. of ciliary Jpn., ganglion94(3): 119–124, for orbit November, anatomy 2017119 Simple ways to dissect ciliary ganglion for orbital anatomical education By Ming ZHOU, Ryoji SUZUKI, Hideo AKASHI, Akimitsu ISHIZAWA, Yoshinori KANATSU, Kodai FUNAKOSHI, Hiroshi ABE Department of Anatomy, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, 010-8543 Japan –Received for Publication, September 21, 2017– Key Words: ciliary ganglion, orbit, human anatomy, anatomical education Summary: In the case of anatomical dissection as part of medical education, it is difficult for medical students to find the ciliary ganglion (CG) since it is small and located deeply in the orbit between the optic nerve and the lateral rectus muscle and embedded in the orbital fat. Here, we would like to introduce simple ways to find the CG by 1): tracing the sensory and parasympathetic roots to find the CG from the superior direction above the orbit, 2): transecting and retracting the lateral rectus muscle to visualize the CG from the lateral direction of the orbit, and 3): taking out whole orbital structures first and dissecting to observe the CG. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are discussed from the standpoint of decreased laboratory time and students as beginners at orbital anatomy. Introduction dissection course for the first time and with limited time. In addition, there are few clear pictures in anatomical The ciliary ganglion (CG) is one of the four para- textbooks showing the morphology of the CG. There are sympathetic ganglia in the head and neck region located some scientific articles concerning how to visualize the behind the eyeball between the optic nerve and the lateral CG, but they are mostly based on the clinical approaches rectus muscle in the apex of the orbit (Siessere et al., rather than based on the anatomical procedure for medical 2008).
  • Anatomical Study of the Zygomaticotemporal Branch Inside the Orbit

    Anatomical Study of the Zygomaticotemporal Branch Inside the Orbit

    Open Access Original Article DOI: 10.7759/cureus.1727 Anatomical Study of the Zygomaticotemporal Branch Inside the Orbit Joe Iwanaga 1 , Charlotte Wilson 1 , Koichi Watanabe 2 , Rod J. Oskouian 3 , R. Shane Tubbs 4 1. Seattle Science Foundation 2. Department of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine 3. Neurosurgery, Complex Spine, Swedish Neuroscience Institute 4. Neurosurgery, Seattle Science Foundation Corresponding author: Charlotte Wilson, [email protected] Abstract The location of the opening of the zygomaticotemporal branch (ZTb) of the zygomatic nerve inside the orbit (ZTFIN) has significant surgical implications. This study was conducted to locate the ZTFIN and investigate the variations of the ZTb inside the orbit. A total of 20 sides from 10 fresh frozen cadaveric Caucasian heads were used in this study. The vertical distance between the inferior margin of the orbit and ZTFIN (V-ZTFIN), the horizontal distance between the lateral margin of the orbit and ZTFIN (H-ZTFIN), and the diameter of the ZTFIN (D-ZTFIN) were measured. The patterns of the ZTb inside the orbit were classified into five different groups: both ZTb and LN innervating the lacrimal gland independently (Group A), both ZTb and LN innervating the lacrimal gland with a communicating branch (Group B), ZTb joining the LN without a branch to the lacrimal gland (Group C), the ZTb going outside the orbit through ZTFIN without a branch to the lacrimal gland nor LN (Group D), and absence of the ZTb (Group E). The D-ZTFIN V-ZTFIN H-ZTFIN ranged from 0.2 to 1.1 mm, 6.6 to 21.5 mm, 2.0 to 11.3 mm, respectively.
  • Oculoplastics/Orbit 2017-2019

    Oculoplastics/Orbit 2017-2019

    Academy MOC Essentials® Practicing Ophthalmologists Curriculum 2017–2019 Oculoplastics and Orbit *** Oculoplastics/Orbit 2 © AAO 2017-2019 Practicing Ophthalmologists Curriculum Disclaimer and Limitation of Liability As a service to its members and American Board of Ophthalmology (ABO) diplomates, the American Academy of Ophthalmology has developed the Practicing Ophthalmologists Curriculum (POC) as a tool for members to prepare for the Maintenance of Certification (MOC) -related examinations. The Academy provides this material for educational purposes only. The POC should not be deemed inclusive of all proper methods of care or exclusive of other methods of care reasonably directed at obtaining the best results. The physician must make the ultimate judgment about the propriety of the care of a particular patient in light of all the circumstances presented by that patient. The Academy specifically disclaims any and all liability for injury or other damages of any kind, from negligence or otherwise, for any and all claims that may arise out of the use of any information contained herein. References to certain drugs, instruments, and other products in the POC are made for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to constitute an endorsement of such. Such material may include information on applications that are not considered community standard, that reflect indications not included in approved FDA labeling, or that are approved for use only in restricted research settings. The FDA has stated that it is the responsibility of the physician to determine the FDA status of each drug or device he or she wishes to use, and to use them with appropriate patient consent in compliance with applicable law.
  • Neuronal Types and Their Specification Dynamics in the Autonomic Nervous System

    Neuronal Types and Their Specification Dynamics in the Autonomic Nervous System

    From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden NEURONAL TYPES AND THEIR SPECIFICATION DYNAMICS IN THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Alessandro Furlan Stockholm 2016 All previously published papers were reproduced with permission from the publisher. Published by Karolinska Institutet. Printed by E-Print AB © Alessandro Furlan, 2016 ISBN 978-91-7676-419-0 On the cover: abstract illustration of sympathetic neurons extending their axons Credits: Gioele La Manno NEURONAL TYPES AND THEIR SPECIFICATION DYNAMICS IN THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM THESIS FOR DOCTORAL DEGREE (Ph.D.) By Alessandro Furlan Principal Supervisor: Opponent: Prof. Patrik Ernfors Prof. Hermann Rohrer Karolinska Institutet Max Planck Institute for Brain Research Department of Medical Biochemistry and Research Group Developmental Neurobiology Biophysics Division of Molecular Neurobiology Examination Board: Prof. Jonas Muhr Co-supervisor(s): Karolinska Institutet Prof. Ola Hermansson Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Karolinska Institutet Department of Neuroscience Prof. Tomas Hökfelt Karolinska Institutet Assistant Prof. Francois Lallemend Department of Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet Division of Chemical Neurotransmission Department of Neuroscience Prof. Ted Ebedal Uppsala University Department of Neuroscience Division of Developmental Neuroscience To my parents ABSTRACT The autonomic nervous system is formed by a sympathetic and a parasympathetic division that have complementary roles in the maintenance of body homeostasis. Autonomic neurons, also known as visceral motor neurons, are tonically active and innervate virtually every organ in our body. For instance, cardiac outflow, thermoregulation and even the focusing of our eyes are just some of the plethora of physiological functions under the control of this system. Consequently, perturbation of autonomic nervous system activity can lead to a broad spectrum of disorders collectively known as dysautonomia and other diseases such as hypertension.
  • Clinical Anatomy of the Trigeminal Nerve

    Clinical Anatomy of the Trigeminal Nerve

    Clinical Anatomy of Trigeminal through the superior orbital fissure Nerve and courses within the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus on its way The trigeminal nerve is the fifth of to the trigeminal ganglion. the twelve cranial nerves. Often Ophthalmic Nerve is formed by the referred to as "the great sensory union of the frontal nerve, nerve of the head and neck", it is nasociliary nerve, and lacrimal named for its three major sensory nerve. Branches of the ophthalmic branches. The ophthalmic nerve nerve convey sensory information (V1), maxillary nerve (V2), and from the skin of the forehead, mandibular nerve (V3) are literally upper eyelids, and lateral aspects "three twins" carrying information of the nose. about light touch, temperature, • The maxillary nerve (V2) pain, and proprioception from the enters the middle cranial fossa face and scalp to the brainstem. through foramen rotundum and may or may not pass through the • The three branches converge on cavernous sinus en route to the the trigeminal ganglion (also called trigeminal ganglion. Branches of the semilunar ganglion or the maxillary nerve convey sensory gasserian ganglion), which contains information from the lower eyelids, the cell bodies of incoming sensory zygomae, and upper lip. It is nerve fibers. The trigeminal formed by the union of the ganglion is analogous to the dorsal zygomatic nerve and infraorbital root ganglia of the spinal cord, nerve. which contain the cell bodies of • The mandibular nerve (V3) incoming sensory fibers from the enters the middle cranial fossa rest of the body. through foramen ovale, coursing • From the trigeminal ganglion, a directly into the trigeminal single large sensory root enters the ganglion.
  • Thoracic Anatomy Autonomic Nervous System

    Thoracic Anatomy Autonomic Nervous System

    Thoracic anatomy Autonomic nervous system Thoracic Anatomy 3.G.1.1 James Mitchell (December 24, 2003) Autonomic nervous system Division by direction Visceral efferent Preganglionic myelinated, postganglionic unmyelinated Synapse in ganglia Visceral afferent Similar to somatic afferent Cell body in CNS, peripheral processes travel with autonomic and somatic fibres Division by outflow Sympathetic Thoracolumbar outflow: T1-L3 Synapse in sympathetic trunk ganglia or other ganglia near CNS Preganglionic cholinergic, postganglionic predominantly noradrenergic (also adrenergic, cholinergic sudomotor and purinergic) Parasympathetic Craniosacral outflow: III, VII, IX, X, S2-4 Synapse adjacent to end-organs Cranial nerve parasympathetic ganglia are traversed by other fibres but contain only parasympathetic synapses Parasympathetic anatomy III Edinger-Westphal nuclei → oculomotor n. → n. to inferior oblique → ciliary ganglion → short ciliary nn. → ciliary muscle and sphincter pupillae VII Superior salivatory nucleus → nervus intermedius → facial n. → chorda tympani → lingual n. → submandibular ganglion → submandibular and sublingual glands Geniculate ganglion → greater petrosal n. → pterygopalatine ganglion → zygomatic and lacrimal nerves to lacrimal gland and nasal and palatine branches to nasal mucosa XI Inferior salivatory nucleus → glossopharyngeal nerve → tympanic plexus → lesser petrosal n. → otic ganglion → auriculotemporal n. → parotid gland and oral mucosa X Dorsal nucleus of vagus → vagus n. → minute ganglia in respiratory tract, heart,
  • The Sacral Autonomic Outflow Is Sympathetic

    The Sacral Autonomic Outflow Is Sympathetic

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UCL Discovery The sacral autonomic outflow is sympathetic Isabel Espinosa-Medina1,†, Orthis Saha1,†, Franck Boismoreau1, Zoubida Chettouh1, Francesca Rossi1, William D. Richardson2 and Jean-François Brunet1* 1 Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), INSERM, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Paris, 75005 France. 2 Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London UK. †These authors contributed equally to this work *Correspondence to [email protected] 1 Abstract In the autonomic nervous system of mammals and birds, sacral preganglionic neurons are considered parasympathetic, as are their targets in the pelvic ganglia that prominently control rectal, bladder and genital functions. The allocation of the sacral autonomic outflow to the parasympathetic nervous system —i.e. as the second tier of a “cranio-sacral outflow”— has an ancient history: rooted in the work of Gaskell 1, formalized by Langley2 and universally accepted ever since (e.g. 3). The rationale lied in several perceived similarities between the sacral and cranial outflows: anatomical —separation from the thoracolumbar, sympathetic outflow by a gap at limb levels 1, a target territory less diffuse than that of the latter and a lack of projections to the paravertebral sympathetic chain 1; physiological —an influence on some organs opposite to that of the thoracolumbar outflow 4; and pharmacological — an overall sensitivity to muscarinic antagonists2. However, cell-phenotypic criteria have been lacking and were never sought. Here we uncover fifteen phenotypic and ontogenetic features that distinguish pre- and postganglionic neurons of the cranial parasympathetic outflow from those of the thoracolumbar sympathetic outflow.
  • Anatomy of the Anterior Vagus Nerve: an Anatomic Description and Its Application in Surgery Leopoldo M

    Anatomy of the Anterior Vagus Nerve: an Anatomic Description and Its Application in Surgery Leopoldo M

    ogy: iol Cu ys r h re P n t & R y e s Anatomy & Physiology: Current m e Baccaro et al., Anat Physiol 2013, 3:2 o a t r a c n h DOI: 10.4172/2161-0940.1000121 A Research ISSN: 2161-0940 Research Article Open Access Anatomy of the Anterior Vagus Nerve: An Anatomic Description and its Application in Surgery Leopoldo M. Baccaro*, Cristian N. Lucas, Marcos R. Zandomeni, María V. Selvino and Eduardo F. Albanese Universidad del Salvador, School of Medicine, Tucumán 1845/49, Buenos Aires, Argentina Abstract Objective: Anatomic study of human corpses in order to obtain specific measurements of the anterior vagus nerve for its application in the surgical field. Methods: After analyzing the literature, dissections were performed on 15 human corpses, provided by the Universidad del Salvador. Descriptions were made of our observations. Results: The most frequently found structure in esophageal hiatus was a plexus. The cardial branch was present in 100% of the dissections. There were a constant number of gastric branches, between five and seven. The hepatic branch originated from the plexus in the majority of the cadavers. The distance between first and last branch points was variable. No relationship between the hepatic branch and left hepatic artery was observed. Conclusions: The structure most commonly found in the esophageal hiatus was the terminal plexus of the anterior vagus nerve. The hepatic branch most frequently originated directly from this plexus, although in a considerable number of cases its origin was found either proximal or distal to this structure. We could not confirm the literature stating the relationship between the hepatic branch and the left hepatic artery through our studies.
  • Anatomy of the Periorbital Region Review Article Anatomia Da Região Periorbital

    Anatomy of the Periorbital Region Review Article Anatomia Da Região Periorbital

    RevSurgicalV5N3Inglês_RevistaSurgical&CosmeticDermatol 21/01/14 17:54 Página 245 245 Anatomy of the periorbital region Review article Anatomia da região periorbital Authors: Eliandre Costa Palermo1 ABSTRACT A careful study of the anatomy of the orbit is very important for dermatologists, even for those who do not perform major surgical procedures. This is due to the high complexity of the structures involved in the dermatological procedures performed in this region. A 1 Dermatologist Physician, Lato sensu post- detailed knowledge of facial anatomy is what differentiates a qualified professional— graduate diploma in Dermatologic Surgery from the Faculdade de Medician whether in performing minimally invasive procedures (such as botulinum toxin and der- do ABC - Santo André (SP), Brazil mal fillings) or in conducting excisions of skin lesions—thereby avoiding complications and ensuring the best results, both aesthetically and correctively. The present review article focuses on the anatomy of the orbit and palpebral region and on the important structures related to the execution of dermatological procedures. Keywords: eyelids; anatomy; skin. RESU MO Um estudo cuidadoso da anatomia da órbita é muito importante para os dermatologistas, mesmo para os que não realizam grandes procedimentos cirúrgicos, devido à elevada complexidade de estruturas envolvidas nos procedimentos dermatológicos realizados nesta região. O conhecimento detalhado da anatomia facial é o que diferencia o profissional qualificado, seja na realização de procedimentos mini- mamente invasivos, como toxina botulínica e preenchimentos, seja nas exéreses de lesões dermatoló- Correspondence: Dr. Eliandre Costa Palermo gicas, evitando complicações e assegurando os melhores resultados, tanto estéticos quanto corretivos. Av. São Gualter, 615 Trataremos neste artigo da revisão da anatomia da região órbito-palpebral e das estruturas importan- Cep: 05455 000 Alto de Pinheiros—São tes correlacionadas à realização dos procedimentos dermatológicos.
  • Lacrimal Gland Pathologies from an Anatomical Perspective

    Lacrimal Gland Pathologies from an Anatomical Perspective

    Review Article Acta Medica Anatolia Volume 3 Issue 3 2015 Lacrimal Gland Pathologies from an Anatomical Perspective Mahmut Sinan Abit Bingol State Hospital, Bingol, Turkey. Abstract Most of the patients in our daily practice have one or more ocular surface disorders including conjunctivitis, keratitis, dry eye disease, meibomian gland dysfunction, contact lens related symptoms, refractive errors, computer vision syndrome. Lacrimal gland has an important role in all above mentioned pathologies due to its major secretory product. An anatomical and physi- ological knowledge about lacrimal gland is a must in understanding basic and common ophthalmological cases. İn this paper it is aimed to explain the lacrimal gland diseases from an anatomical perspective. Keywords: lacrimal gland, anatomy Received: 07.08.2015 Accepted: 30.09.2015 doi: 10.15824/actamedica.96512 Introduction Lacrimal gland is pinkish-gray, lobulated serous can also be seen as a component of some syndromes gland. The aqueous component of tear film is mainly such as triple A syndrome in which achalasia and provided by lacrimal gland (1). In the first trimester addison disease accompanies alacrima. Besides dry eye, of pregnancy and at 19-21 mm stage of embryologic mental retardation, autonomic dysfunction, deafness development, it appears as epithelial buddings from and hyperkeratosis on palms of hands and soles of feet superolateral conjunctival fornix ectoderm. The are additional symptoms of this syndrome (5). mesenchymal condensations around these clusters Lacrimal gland is situated in the superotemporal orbit. than turn in to secretory components. These early It measures about 20 mm long, by 12 mm wide and epithelial buds with secretory components form the by 5 mm thick (6).
  • Cranial Nerves

    Cranial Nerves

    Cranial nerves Trigeminal, Facial and Accessory nerves Dr. Heba Kalbouneh Associate Professor of Anatomy and Histology Anatomically, the course of the facial nerve can Facial nerve be divided into two parts: Motor: Innervates the muscles of facial Intracranial – the course of the nerve through expression, the posterior belly of the the cranial cavity, and the cranium itself. digastric, the stylohyoid and the stapedius Extracranial – the course of the nerve outside muscles. the cranium, through the face and neck. Sensory: A small area around the concha of the auricle, EAM Special Sensory: Provides special taste sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue. Parasympathetic: Supplies many of the glands of the head and neck, including: 1- Submandibular and sublingual salivary glands (via the submandibular ganglion/ chorda tympani) 2- Nasal, palatine and pharyngeal mucous glands (via the pterygopalatine ganglion/ greater petrosal) 3- Lacrimal glands (via the pterygopalatine ganglion/ greater petrosal) Dr. Heba Kalbouneh Intracranial course Dr. Heba Kalbouneh The nerve arises in the pons. It begins as two roots; a large motor root, and a small sensory root The two roots travel through the internal acoustic meatus. Here, they are in very close proximity to the inner ear. 7th (motor) 8th Note: The part of the facial nerve that runs between the motor root of facial and vestibulocochlear nerve is sometimes known as the nervus intermedius It contains the sensory and parasympathetic fibers of the facial nerve Carotid plexus Deep petrosal n around ICA Pterygopalatine ganglion Foramen lacerum Facial nerve Nerve of pterygoid canal Internal acoustic meatus Greater petrosal n Geniculate ganglion N to stapedius Chorda tympani Lingual n Stylomastoid foramen Submandibular ganglion Posterior auricular n Parotid gland Stylohyoid Post belly of digastric Kalbouneh Heba Dr.