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A Grammar of Miya A Grammar of Miya Russell G. Schuh UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley • Los Angeles • London UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN LINGUISTICS Editorial Board: Leanne Hinton, Larry Hyman, Pamela Munro, William Shipley, Sandra Thompson To A. Neil Skinner Volume 130 UNIVERSITY OF CAUFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS, LTD. LONDON, ENGLAND © 1998 BY TIIE REGENTS OF TIlE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Schuh, Russell G. A grammar of Miya I Russell G. Schuh. p. em. - (University of California publications in linguistics; v. 130) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-520-09821-8 (alk. paper) 1. Miya language-Grammar. I. Title. II. Series. PL8515.M581S83 1998 98-14433 493'.7-dc21 CIP The paper used in this publication meets the ITIlmmUm requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences-Pennanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. Contents Preface, xvii Cross-referencing, Abbreviations, and Orthographic Conventions, xxi 1. THE MIYA PEOPLE AND LANGUAGE 1. Classification. Location, and Cultural Notes 2. Previous Work 5 3. The Present Study 6 2. SEGMENTAL PHONOLOGY 1. Consonants 12 1.1. Consonant inventory 12 1.1.1. Labial fricatives 12 1.1.2. Laryngeals 13 1.1.3. Prenasalized obstruents 13 1.1.4. Palatal obstruents 14 1.1.5. Examples of Miya consonants in context 14 1.2. Rules affecting consonants 15 1.2.1. Nasals in syllable codas 15 1.2.2. The realization of Ighl 17 2. Vowels 18 2.1. Vowel inventory 18 2.2. Vowel distribution and alternation 19 2.2.1. The vowel lal 19 2.2.2. Vowel length and the status of [i:] and [u:] 20 2.2.3. Diphthongs and monophthongization 22 2.2.3.1. Diphthongs as underlying layl and lawl 22 2.2.3.2. Monophthongization 22 2.2.4. Vowel elision 25 2.2.5. Neutralization of phrase final vowel length 26 3. Syllable and Word Structure 26 3.1. Syllable structure 26 3.1.1. Constraints on syllable codas 26 3.1.2. Position of fal in syllables 29 3.2. Word structure 31 4. Morphological Palatalization 33 3. TONAL PHONOLOGY 1. Miya Tones and Tone Marking 37 1.1. Miya tone basics 37 vii p I I viii Contents Contents ix 1.2. Tone marking system 39 1.2.3.8.1. Verbs with objects 107 2. Lexical Tone Distribution 40 1.2.3.8.2. TO clitics followed by objects 108 2.1. Verbs 40 1.2.3.8.3. Plural Imperative followed by objects 109 2.2. Nouns 40 2. Verbal Nouns 109 2.3. Other substantive word classes 46 2.1. Participles 11 0 3. Tone Rules 48 2.1.1. Participle form 110 3.1. Major tone rules 48 2.1.2. Participle function 110 3.2. Tone rule ordering and application 49 2.2. Gerunds 112 3.3. Further remarks on LOW RAISING 53 2.2.1. Gerund form 112 4. Floating L Tones 55 2.2.2. Gerund function 114 5. Non-Downstepping H's and Other Residual Tone Problems 62 2.3. Deverbal nouns 116 6. Tonal Phrases 64 2.3.1. Deverbal noun form 116 6.1. Tonal phrasing within noun phrases 64 2.3.2. Deverbal noun function 119 6.2. Tonal phrasing within verb phrases 66 6.3. Some tonal non-phrases 67 5. TENSE, ASPECT, MOOD (TAM) SYSTEM: VERB AND CLITIC FORMS 6.4. Some likely cases: adjunct phrases 69 1. Overview of the Miya TAM System 121 7. Remarks on the Prosodic Hierarchy in Miya 72 2. Affirmative TAM's: subjects, auxiliaries, and verb forms 122 2.1. Verbal TAM's 122 4. VERBS AND VERBAL NOUNS 2.1.1. Imperative 122 1. Verb Classes 77 2.1.2. Hortative 122 1.1. Tennination classes and segmental structure 77 2.1.3. Perfective 122 1.1.1. -a and 0 lexical termination classes 77 2.1.3.1. Perfective in clauses without questioned or focused constituents 123 1.1.2. Indirect object stems and participles 78 2.1.3.2. Perfective with questioned or focused non-subjects 123 1.1.3. Vowel length of -a terminations 79 2.1.4. Counterfactual 124 1.2. Tone classes 80 2.2. Nominal TAM's 124 1.2.1. Summary of Miya tonal processes 80 2.2.1. Subjunctive 124 1.2.2. Clitic tones 82 2.2.2. Perfective with questioned or focused subject 127 1.2.3. Verb tone classes 84 2.2.3. Imperfective 128 1.2.3.1. "L" POLYVERBS 85 2.2.3.1. Imperfective without additional auxiliaries 128 1.2.3.2. "H H" POLYVERBS 87 2.2.3.2. Continuative: Imperfective + aatda 'on' 129 1.2.3.3. "H L" POLYVERBS 90 2.2.3.3. Imperfective with additional AUX g- 131 1.2.3.3.1. Regular tonal properties 90 2.2.3.4. Imperfective with AUX ee 134 1.2.3.3.2. Tonal inconsistencies and assimilations 92 2.2.3.5. Future using the s: ... -dy Totality construction 135 1.2.3.3.3. Pluractional "H L" verbs 93 2.2.4. Imperfective with questioned or focused subject: AUXjiy 136 1.2.3.4. "L" MONOVERBS 95 2.2.5. Conditional Future with AUX d 137 1.2.3.4.1. Regular tone patterns 95 2.2.6. Conditional kwda 139 1.2.3.4.2. MONOSYLLABIC "VERB WORD" RAISING 96 2.2.7. First person hortative: ga-PRO 139 1.2.3.4.3. "L" MONOVERBS with TO clitics 97 2.2.8. Particles biy andjiy with Negative Subjunctive and nominal TAM's 140 1.2.3.4.4. Pluractionals of "L" MONOVERBS 98 2.2.9. The clitic d, 141 1.2.3.5. "H" MONOVERBS 98 3. Negative TAM's 143 1.2.3.6. Imperative tones 100 3.1. Negative Perfective 144 1.2.3.6.1. Singular Imperatives 100 3.2. Negative Counterfactual 145 1.2.3.6.2. Plural Imperatives 101 3.3. Negative Subjunctive 145 1.2.3.6.3. First person plural Imperatives 103 3.4. Negative Imperfective 146 1.2.3.7. Tonal patterns in non-native verbs 105 3.4.1. Negative Continuative 146 1.2.3.8. Tonal effects of verbs on following noun phrases 107 3.4.2. AUX n-aa in Negative Imperfective 147 x Contents Contents xi 3.5. Tones of negative markers 147 2.3.2. Irregular and suppletive plurals 195 4. Pronominal Clitics with Verbal and Nominal TAM's 149 2.3.3. Plural agreement vs. gender agreement 197 4.1. Intransitive Copy Pronouns (ICP) 149 2.3.4. Remark on the semantics of plurals 199 4.2. Direct Objects (DO) 149 2.4. Miscellaneous nominal forrnatives 200 4.3. Indirect Objects (IO) 150 2.4.1. Prefix d- 200 2.4.2. Suffix -(walta 202 6. TENSE, ASPECT, MOOD (TAM) FUNCTIONS IN DISCOURSE 2.4.3. Suffix -ay 203 1. Discourse Structure 151 3. Adjectives 203 2. General Discourse Functions 152 4. Quantifiers and Numerals 205 2.1. Perfectivity 152 4.1. Cardinal numbers 205 2.1.1. Completed events (anteriority) 152 4.2. Ordinal numbers 207 2.1.2. States 154 4.3. Other quantifiers 207 2.2. Imperfectivity (durativity, habituality, posteriority) 157 5. Temporal Nominals, Adverbs, and Pro-Forrus 208 2.3. Hortativity 162 6. Locative Nominals, Adverbs, and Pro-Forrus 209 2.4. Sequentiality 162 6.1. The "locative form" of nouns 209 3. Narrative Discourse 164 6.2. Examples of words indicating location 211 3.1. Perfective and imperfective narrative discourse 165 6.2.1. Nouns indicating locations 211 3.2. Hortative narrative discourse 167 6.2.2. Locative relational words ("prepositions") 213 3.3. Descriptive narrative discourse 167 6.2.3. External relational terrus 213 6.2.4. Non-locative nouns in locative constructions 214 7. VERBAL EXTENSIONS AND VERB DERIVATION 6.3. Locative pro-forrus: the word yi or 'iy 215 1. Verbal Extensions: Does Miya Have Any? 169 9. REFERENCE, DEFINITENESS, UNIVERSALITY, AND REFLEXIVITY 2. Totality 170 2.1. Forms and syntactic conditions 170 I. Indefinite Referentials: wiy, wiya, niywiy 217 2.2. Function and meaning of Totality 172 1.1. Affirruative clauses 217 3. Pluractionals 175 1.2. Negative clauses 219 4. Transitivity and Intransitivity 178 2. "The one(s) in question": kd, kim/kin; wdna 221 4.1. Lexically "intransitive" and lexically "neutral" verbs 178 2.1. kd 221 4.1.1. Transitizing suffix -ay 178 2.1.1. Kef as a marker of previous or implied reference 221 4.1.2. Verbs of "neutral" transitivity 180 2.1.2. Kd as a topic marker 223 4.2. Intransitive Copy Pronouns (ICP) 181 2.2. k}n/kin 224 5. Cognate Complements 183 2.3. wanG: 225 5.1. Cognate complement form 183 3. Demonstratives 225 5.2. Functions of cognate complements 184 3.1. ndka (m), tdka (f), niyka (pI) 225 3.1.1. ndka, etc. as distal demonstratives 225 PERSONAL PRONOUNS, NOUNS, AND ADJECTIVES 8. 3.1.2. ndka, etc. as meaning "previously mentioned" 225 1. Personal Pronouns 187 3.2. ndkan (m), tdkan (f), niykin (pI) 227 1.1. Independent pronouns 187 3.2.1. ndkan, etc. as proximal demonstratives 227 1.2. Subject pronouns 187 3.2.2. ndkan, etc. meaning "previously mentioned" 227 1.3. Enclitic pronouns 189 3.2.3. ndbn ... ndkan 'this one ... that one' 227 1.4. Independent genitives 189 4. Noun Phrases without Determiners vs. Noun Phrases with Determiners 228 2.
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