By C. J. Smith, G. A. Payne, and L. H. Tornes Water-Resources
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EFFECTS OF IMPOUNDMENTS ON WATER QUALITY OF STREAMS IN THE COTEAU DES PRAIRIES--UPPER MINNESOTA RIVER BASIN By C. J. Smith, G. A. Payne, and L. H. Tornes U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4033 Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS U.S. SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE St. Paul, Minnesota 1990 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MANUEL LUJAN, JR., Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director For additional information Copies of this report can be write to: purchased from: U.S. Geological Survey District Chief Books and Open-File Reports Section U.S. Geological Survey Federal Center 702 Post Office Building Box 25425 St. Paul, Minnesota 55101 Denver, Colorado 80225 CONTENTS Page Abstract.................................................................. 1 Introduction.............................................................. 1 Purpose and scope.................................................... 3 Description of study area............................................ 4 Description of the impoundments...................................... 5 Description of the stream sites...................................... 8 Data collection...................................................... 12 Water quality of impounded and unimpounded streams........................ 18 Suspended sediment................................................... 18 Chemical and physical quality........................................ 23 Sources of dissolved substances...................................... 26 Biological quality................................................... 27 Water temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration................. 28 Relation of stream water quality to Federal and State standards and criteria........................................................... 28 Effects of impoundments on stream chemistry............................... 29 Physical and chemical characteristics of impounded waters................. 29 Productivity and stratification...................................... 32 La Bolt impoundment.................................................. 46 Webber impoundment................................................... 46 Dillon-Syltie impoundment............................................ 47 Lake Laura impoundment............................................... 47 Relation of trophic state to stratification.......................... 60 Bacteria............................................................. 61 Ammonia toxicity..................................................... 61 Summary and conclusions ................................................... 63 Streams.............................................................. 63 Impoundments......................................................... 64 References................................................................ 66 ILLUSTRATIONS Figures 1-5. Map showing: 1. Study area and data collection sites at impounded and unimpounded streams................................. 2 2. Data collection sites at La Bolt impoundment.......... 7 3. Data collection sites at Webber impoundment........... 9 4. Data collection sites at Dillon-Syltie impoundment.... 10 5. Data collection sites at Lake Laura impoundment....... 11 6-18. Graphs showing: 6. Relation of chlorophyll a concentration to Secchi disk transparency................................... 33 7. Relation of total phosphorus concentration to chlorophyll a concentration......................... 34 8. Relation of total phosphorus concentration to Secchi disk transparency................................... 35 iii ILLUSTRATIONS Page Figures 6-18. Graphs showing: continued 9. Maximum, minimum, mean, and median summer Secchi disk transparencies for Webber, Dillon-Syltie, Lake Laura, and La Bolt impoundments..................... 37 10. Maximum, minimum, mean, and median chlorophyll a concentrations for Webber, Dillon-Syltie, Lake Laura, and La Bolt impoundments..................... 38 11. Maximum, minimum, mean, and median top total phosphorus concentrations for Webber, Dillon- Syltie, Lake Laura, and La Bolt impoundments........ 39 12. Time distribution of Secchi disk transparencies for La Bolt and Webber impoundments..................... 40 13. Time distribution of Secchi disk transparencies for Dillon-Syltie, and Lake Laura impoundments.......... 41 14. Time distribution of chlorophyll a concentrations for La Bolt, Webber, Dillon-Syltie, and Lake Laura impoundments........................................ 42 15. Time distribution of total phosphorus concentrations for La Bolt and Webber impoundments................. 43 16. Time distribution of total phosphorus concentrations for Lake Laura and Dillon-Syltie impoundments....... 44 17. Vertical profiles of temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and specific conductance in La Bolt impoundment at La Bolt, South Dakota............................ 48 18. Vertical profiles of temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and specific conductance in Webber impoundment near Gary, South Dakota............................. 50 19. Vertical profiles of temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and specific conductance in Dillon-Syltie impoundment near Porter, Minnesota.................. 52 20. Vertical profiles of temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and specific conductance in Lake Laura impoundment near Walnut Grove, Minnesota............ 54 TABLES Table 1. Physical characteristics of impoundment sites.................. 6 2. Sampling site, period of record, and drainage area............. 14 3. Method and frequency of data collection........................ 16 4. Types of data collected, 1980-84............................... 17 5. Spearman correlation coefficients significant at a 0.05 for relations between instantaneous streamflow and concentra tions of dissolved and suspended substances in the water..... 20 6. Summary of suspended-sediment concentrations from streams and impoundment inlet and outlet sites in the Coteau region, March 31 through July 6, 1984................................ 22 IV TABLES--Continued Page Table 7. Summary of daily suspended-sediment discharges, yields and loads from stream and impoundment inlet and outlet sites in the Coteau region, March 31 through July 6, 1984.......... 22 8. Median discrete and composite sample values of chemical and physical characteristics of Coteau streams................... 24 9. Median values of chemical and physical characteristics of Coteau impoundments by seasons............................... 30 10. Concentration of ammonia, as nitrogen, at Webber, Dillon- Syltie, Lake Laura, and La Bolt impoundments. Total ammonia was collected and analyzed in 1980-82 and dissolved ammonia in 1983-84........................................... 62 CONVERSION FACTORS Multiply inch-pound unit____ ____By____ To obtain metric unit inch (in.) 25.4 millimeter foot (ft) 0.3048 meter mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer acre 4,047 square meter o square mile (mi ) 2.590 square kilometer acre-foot (acre-ft) 1,233 cubic meter cubic feet per second (ft 3 /s) 0.02832 cubic meters per second ton, short 0.9072 megagrams degrees Fahrenheit (F°) 5/9 X (°F-32) degrees Celsius Sea level: In this report "sea level" refers to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD of 1929)--a geodetic datum derived from a general adjust ment of the first-order level nets of the United States and Canada, formerly called Sea Level Datum of 1929. EFFECTS OF IMPOUNDMENTS ON WATER QUALITY OF STREAMS IN THE COTEAU DES PRAIRIES--UPPER MINNESOTA RIVER BASIN By C. J. Smith, G. A. Payne, and L. H. Tornes ABSTRACT Water-quality and streamflow data were collected in the Coteau des Prairies region of southwestern Minnesota and eastern South Dakota to document the water- quality characteristics of streams and impoundments in the Coteau, and to predict the effect of proposed impoundments on the quality of water in Coteau streams. Reconnaissance data collection at 66 stream and 24 impoundment sites plus 21 inlets and outlets during 1979, and intensive data collection at 4 stream and 4 impoundment plus 9 inlet and outlet sites during 1980-84, showed that major ions, nutrients, and suspended-sediment concentrations and suspended- sediment discharge differed widely in unimpounded streams, but that maximum and median suspended-sediment concentrations were significantly reduced in impounded streams. Peak daily suspended-sediment discharges were reduced at impoundment outlets relative to the sediment discharge at their inlets. The impoundments were found to have little or no effect on stream temperature and concentrations of dissolved oxygen, dissolved solids, and major ions. Elevated concentrations of fecal bacteria were found in unimpounded streams throughout the study area and the impoundments did not substantially reduce the number of bacteria transported in the impounded streams. During summer, elevated concentrations of nitrate, ammonia, and phosphorus were present in all the impoundments. Levels of productivity were not significant ly related to concentrations of total phosphorus in the euphotic zone. Real levels of productivity differed among the impoundments however, and seemed to be affected by the occurrence and duration of thermal stratification. Periods of summer stratification and accumulation of late winter snow on pool ice were frequently accompanied by near total depletion of dissolved oxygen. During summer stratification the concentration of ammonia increased with time in the lower part of the water column in some impoundments. INTRODUCTION The headwaters for