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Accomplishments, and Future of R( Igi -I 1 NASA I CP NASA Conference Publication 2257 2257 ~ C-1 --I The Conception, Growth, $!$ Accomplishments, and Futurer( igi=”-I’ of -2----s I Meteorological Satellites Proceedings of the session on Meteorological Satellites at the American Meteorological Society’s 62nd Annual Meeting San Antonio, Texas January 11-15, 1982 TECH LIBRARY KAFB, NM The Conception, Growth, Accomplishments, and Future of Meteorological Satellites Proceedings of the session on Meteorological Satellites at the American Meteorological Society’s 62nd Annual Meeting San Antonio, Texas January 11-15, 1982 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scientific and Technical information Branch 1982 PREFACE Meteorological satellites have developed to where they are now considered to be an integral part of the nation's routine meteorological observation system. Since the initial thoughts and plans were developed during the 1950's, significant progress has been made in the application of space technology for meteorological uses. New understanding of our atmosphere and useful applications of imagery at both global and local scales have resulted from the program. The papers provided in this report were prepared not only to provide an opportunity to reflect on the accomplishments, but to provide a basis from which the future potentials might be envisioned. The authors and their respective organizations have played very important roles in the meteorological satellite system development and application activities. The papers presented in this report were prepared for presentation at the American Meteorological Society's 62nd Annual Meeting held January 11-15, 1982, in San Antonio, Texas. They comprised the session on Meteorological Satellites - Their Conception, Growth, Accomplishments and Future. The papers are published with the approval of the authors and the American Meteorological Society. A companion session entitled Meteorological Satellites - Past, Present and Future was organized for the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics' 20th Aerospace Sciences Meeting held January 11-14, 1982, in Orlando, Florida. The session contained papers more orientated toward the various meteorological satellite sensor systems. The papers have been published in NASA Conference Publication #2227. Dr. Thomas Vonder Haar, Colorado State University, Session Chairman; Dr. William W. Vaughan, NASA, Marshall Space Flight Center, Session Organizer; Dr. M. H. Davis, Universities Space Research Association, Session Recorder and Editor; Melanie A. Cook, Universities Space Research Association, Assistant Editor. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page EARLY SATELLITE PROGRAM DEVELOPMENTS William W. Kellogg . 1 EARLY PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION MorrisTepper . 5 DEVELOPMENT OF THE OPERATIONAL PROGRAM FOR SATELLITE METEOROLOGY DavidS.Johnson.......................... 34 MILITARY APPLICATIONS EVOLUTION AND FUTURE Brig. Gen. Albert J. Kaehn . 41 KEY SCIENTIFIC QUESTIONS AND THE ROLE OF SATELLITES EugeneW.Bierly.......................... 48 COMMENTS ON SATELLITE METEOROLOGY FROM GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITES Thomas Vonder Haar . 72 PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE DavidAtlas . ..-... 84 REMARKS ON FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS DavidS.Johnson.......................... 97 EARLY SATELLITE PROGRAM DEVELOPMENTS William W. Kellogg, NCAR, Boulder, Colorado After a youth filled with enthusiasm Mexico, was published as an appendix for Buck Rogers and a fascination with to a short report by Greenfield and the possibility of spaceflight, it was a IIIySelf, which was classified SECRET thrill for me to represent the U.S. Air in 1951 when it first came out. Now Force on the Upper Atmosphere V-2 there is a version that was declassi- Research Panel in 1945. The first V-2's fied in order that it appear in the fired-from White Sands carried concrete archives. Bjerknes wrote "...it may be in the nose cone as ballast, but it was said that the rocket pictures add a obvious that better uses could be found considerable amount of interesting for the payload-carrying capacity. The information to the ordinary weather map scientists on the panel suggested instru- analysis and, in addition, that the ment payloads. (This panel later became accumulated knowledge from the maps the Upper Atmosphere Rocket Research help us in the new problem of inter- Panel, and continued for many years.) preting what we see from high-level rocket pictures. It may be added that Several years later, while I was although in the present report the still a graduate student at UCLA, I ordinary surface and upper wind maps joined the Rand Corporation. RAND was had to be used to a great extent to already at that time (1947) working on arrive at the total picture, accumu- the concept of satellites, though it lated experience from several analyses would be more than a decade before the from joint rocket and conventional first satellite would actually be methods would make it possible to launched. The idea that satellites arrive at the right analysis by rocket could be used as weather reconnaissance pictures only." We will see in the vehicles seemed fairly obvious. I began subsequent discussions this morning to work on the problem, and found RAND whether Bjerknes' feeling was borne with its many resources the ideal place. out or not. I was joined by Stan Greenfield, newly graduated from NYU. What we needed was There were many other activities evidence that observations from a satel- in those days - projects that eventually lite would be useful in meteorology. led to the meteorological satellite. Most meteorologists were hard to con- In January, 1949, Delbert Crowson, vince that rocket and satellite data then a Major in the Air Force, published would really be useful to them. It a short paper in the Bulletin of the AMS was another group of scientists, our with the title "Cloud Observations from cousins you might say, who coined the Rockets." In it he showed for the first word "aeronomy" and who were most time a photograph taken looking down on active in this area. They were the clouds from a rocket, and he included a people who studied charged particles short analysis. However, he did not and magnetic fields and the composition take the next step to point out the of the upper atmosphere. I considered possibilities of observations from satel- myself to be a meteorologist, but, in lites. effect, I straddled the two fields of meteorology and aeronomy. The general My favorite professor at UCLA, Jot attitude of meteorologists working on Bjerknes, had great enthusiasm for the problems of the lower atmosphere was: idea of doing a detailed analysis of "I could use all this space money in rocket pictures. The case-study by better ways." Some still have this Bjerknes, in which he interpreted several point of view. For example, the AMS sets of photographs taken high above New Upper Atmosphere Research Committee, which was chaired by Bernhard Haurwitz, Due to the delays of the Vanguard and prepared - with my help - a statement Viking programs, the first US satellite that said that there should be more with a scientific payload was actually emphasis put on the development of put up after a crash program that in- meteorological satellites. (This was volved the Army's Redstone Arsenal and in about 1956.) It seemed obvious to us the Jet Propulsion Laboratory of that this would be a good idea, and CalTech. William Pickering, James meteorological satellites were already Van Allen, and Werner Von Braun did being planned at that time. To our manage to get it up in short order -- surprise, the Council of the AMS but that's another story, since it decided not to approve the statement. didn't involve meteorology. (It did Bernhard Haurwitz was furious, not so lead to the discovery of the radiation much because of the turn-down by the belts.) Still, relatively few meteor- Council, but because of the reasons ologists were interested in the potential given. The Council said that they could of satellite observations at that time. not approve the resolution because they Notable exceptions were members of the did not have an expert on meteorological Army's Evans Signal Lab group led by satellites(!). Bill Stroud, Bill Nordberg, and Verner Suomi at the University of Wisconsin. In July, 1955, Professor Joe Kaplan (I wish Vern had been able to make it who was chairman of the US-IGY Committee to this meeting to help me reminisce announced at a meeting of the Committee about the early days of satellite Speciale de 1'Annee Geophisigue Inter- meteorology.) The experiments proposed nationale (CSAGI) in Brussels that the by the Evans Signal Lab group and the President of the United States had University of Wisconsin were backed up agreed that the US would launch a satel- by ground-based work sponsored by the lite as a contribution to the IGY for Geophysics Research Directorate of the geophysical research. Kaplan liked to Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratory. call it a "long-playing rocket", since Such people as Chan Touart, William these were the early days of long-play- Widger, Arnold Glaser, and others took ing microgroove phonograph records, and rocket pictures and began to get experi- the name was popular for a while. ence analyzing them. This experience paid off when the first satellite A panel was created under the pictures began to come in. National Academy of Sciences to guide the U.S. Scientific Earth Satellite Pro- The first satellite that could be gram. I was the meteorological member. called "meteorological" was Vanguard It was chaired by Richard Porter, whom II, a 45 kg satellite launched on 17 many of you remember; he became the February, 1959. The instrumentation long-time President of COSPAR. I was developed by the Evans Signal Lab remember that the panel constantly group, Stroud and Nordberg. It in- worried about whether we would actually volved a very simple concept similar get a satellite into orbit, since the to the scanning radiometers we have Vanguard Program depended upon the now, with a photocell that would scan Viking Rocket. The Viking had been the Earth and build up a picture one developed by Martin for the Navy.
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