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New Data on Minerals. М., 2005. Vol. 40 51 UDC 549.322 (571.511) MINERALS OF THE NICKELINEBREITHAUPTITE SERIES FROM METAMORPHOGENICHYDROTERMAL VEINS OF THE NORILSK ORE FIELD Yulia D. Gritsenko, Ernst M. Spiridonov Lomonosov Moscow State University, м[email protected] The antimonidearsenide mineralization of the Norilsk ore field, which was considered by previous researchers as a derivative of the Р2Т1 trap formation, is connected with the posttrap regional metamorphism in conditions of zeolite facies with age 164122 MA. The antimonidearsenide mineralization is younger than a trap formation for more than 80 MA. Arsenides and antimonides of Ni (Co, Fe) occur among the metamorphosed NiCu sulphide ores and in the nearest periphery of their deposit, mainly in the calcite and anhydritecalcite veins. Parameters of vein formation are as follows: Р=0.90.1 kbar, Т=216127°С, solutions NaClMgCl2 of low salinity (0.21.4% equiv. NaCl). History of formation of metamorphogenichydrothermal aggregations is complicated. Three cycles of the antimonidearsenide mineralization are revealed. The first cycle includes ten mineral complexes with significant- ly arsenide composition; presence of nickeline with high content of Co, diarsenides, and triarsenides of NiCo is characteristic. The second cycle includes two mineral complexes with significantly antimonide composition; pres- ence of silver minerals is characteristic. The third cycle is represented by the sulphoarsenidesulphoantimonide mineral complex. The minerals of the nickelinebreithauptite continuous series form a considerable part of the antimonidearsenide mineralization. The endmembers of the series, nickeline and breithauptite, are the most widespread; antimony nickeline is quite wide distributed. The Norilsk nickeline contains up to 12 wt % of Co, up to 3 wt % of Fe and S. Breithauptite is poor by Co, Fe, S, Se. In concentrates of nickeline, Pd, Pt, and Au were not detected. The zones of geometrical selection are present in the aggregates of arsenides and antimonides; that is an evident of crystalliza- tion of arsenides and antimonides from the normal solutions in open space. 9 tables, 9 figures, 24 references. Introduction mined by L.N. Vyal'sov and V.M. Izoitko (Izoitko, Vyal'sov, 1973; Genkin et al., 1981). The arsenide mineralization is not charac- V.V. Distler with coauthors characterized nic - teristic for the magmatic NiCu ores. Such min- ke line, maucherite, safflorite, loellingite, ram- eralization occurs in the metamorphosed types melsbergite, gersdorffite, breithauptite, and of these ores (Schneiderhohn, 1953a; Yakovlev na tive arsenic (Distler et al., 1975). A.I. Po no - et al., 1981; Leblanc et al., 1990; Hytonen, 1999). ma renko has found palladiumbearing brei- Nickeline, NiAs, and breithauptite, NiSb, are thauptite among nests of the initial PtPd inter- distributed in different types of hydrothermal metallides of the Norilsk ores (Po no ma renko, deposits, especially they are characteristic for Ma lov, 1991). Later, S.F. Sluzhenikin has deposits of the fiveelement formation and close described cobaltite in assemblage with the Ni to them nickelcobaltarsenide deposits (Krutov, arsenides, native bismuth, minerals of silver, 1959; Ramdohr, 1962; Dymkov, 1985; Chvileva et and uraninite (Sluzhenikin, Mokhov, 2002). In al., 1988). In these deposits, nickeline usually the mentioned works are the single chemical predominates (BouAzzer, Morocco; analyses of arsenides and antimonides, images KhovuAksy, Tuva, etc.). Breithauptite prevails of distribution of elements in their aggregates. significantly rarely (Wittichen, German). In sin- Arsenide mineralization of the Norilsk ore gle deposits of the fiveelement formation field have been studied by us on materials of our (Belorechenskoe, Northern Caucasus), the inter- expedition collections of 19982003 (Tal nakh - mediate members of the nickelinebreithauptite skoe and Oktyabr'skoe deposits), more earlier isomorphous series are also widespread (Pekov, collections of E.A. Kulagov (Noril'skoe deposit), 1993). Our observations have shown that miner- on collections of geologists of the Norilsk indus- als in the limits of a whole series of nicke- trial complex, E.V. Se re da, S.N. Be lyakov, linebreithauptite occur at the Norilsk ore field. A.N. Glo tov, V.N. Se ren ko. Several hundreds The NiCoarsenide mineralization in the samples have been studied, including the large Norilsk sulphide CuNi ores is known nearly 50 lumps of ore. Size of most aggregations of ar se - years (Godlevskii, 1959, etc.). Maucherite was nides and antimonides of Ni and Co is less than exactly detected by E.A. Kulagov (Kulagov, 3 mm. For their exposure the samples was cut 1968; Kulagov, Evstigneeva, 1971); nickeline, up, including cutting up along the littlethick gersdorffite, and breithauptite were deter- carbonate veins. Some details of 52 New Data on Minerals. М., 2005. Vol. 40 threedimensional correlations of arsenides (Godlevskii, 1959; Stepanov, Turovtsev, 1988). were studied with the Xray microtomograph Formations of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd stages of plat- instrument VT501 DIATOM. In 60 polished form mantle of northwest of the EastSiberian sections and polished lumps of ore, nearly 700 platform, including gabbroides of the orefree microprobe analyses of ore and vein minerals, and orebearing intrusions and magmatic sul- nearly 150 photos in reflected electrons and phide ores, underwent posttrap regional images of distribution of chemical elements in metamorphism (Spiridonov et. al., 2000). characteristic radiation were made (Xray Trend of me tamorphism is as follows: the 1st microprobe instrument CAMECA SX50; elec- stage in conditions of the lowtemperature tron microscope Link 10000, analyst N.N. part of zeolite facies (232196 MA); the 2nd Korotaeva). Contents of Pd, Pt, and Au in stage in conditions of hightemperature part of arsenides from the calcite veins were detected in zeolite facies to prehnitepumpellyite facies the laboratory of G.M. Varshall in GEOKHI RAS (184164 MA); and the 3rd stage in conditions under the guidance of I.Ya. Koshcheeva. from the hightemperature to the most Thermobarogeochemical study of fluid inclu- lowtemperature part of zeolite facies (164122 sions in carbonates of ar senide veins was made MA) (Spiridonov et al., 2000). The zeolite, in IGEM RAS under the guidance of V.Yu. agate, and datolite mineralizations are con- Prokof'ev. nected with the first stage; they were signifi- cantly changed during metamorphism of the second stage. The copperzeolite formation, Geological position and parameters of aggregations of the Zn, Pb, Cu, Mn, Cd sul- formation of the antimonidearsenide phides, datolite, zeolite, arsenide mineraliza- mineralization of the Norilsk ore field tions, deposits of Iceland spar are connected with the third stage of regional metamorphism. The Norilsk region is located in the zone of At that, magmatic sulphide and the the edge dislocations on the northwest of the lowsulphide NiCu ores underwent visible, in EastSiberian platform. This area has a maximal separate parts considerable, changes. In these thickness of platform mantle, formed by sever- parts, the initial FeCuNi sulphides are substi- al structural stages (Malich, 1975). The first sta - tuted by magnetite, valleriite, heazlewoodite, ge consists of the VC1 sea deposits with thick- bornite, pyrite, marcasite, mackinawite, mil- ness 38 km; these are terrigenouscarbonate lerite, chalcosine, polydymite, tochilinite, rocks and evaporites, including anhydrite Copentlandite, godlevskite, hematite in rocks with lenses of halite and aggregations of assemblage with anhydrite, carbonates, chlo- naphthides. The second stage is composed by rite, serpentine, hydrogarnets, talc, prehnite, the coalbearing rocks of the C2P1 Tungus se - vermiculite, apophyllite, corrensite, xonotlite, ries with thickness up to 1 km. The third stage muscovite, and quartz. At earlier stages of is formed by the P2T1 trap formation (245±5 metamorphism the mineral as sem blages MA). This is a lava series of basalts with subor - enriched by chalcopyrite and millerite have di nate tuffs and other volcanosedimentary appeared. The later formations are enriched by rocks with thickness up to 4 km, which is bornite, still more late formations – by chal- accompanied by numerous intrusions of do le - cosine, and the latest formations are en riched rites and gabbrodolerites, including by pyrite, marcasite, and the NiFeCo orebearing ones. Terrigenous sediments of J, thiospinels. K, and KZ lie on the rocks of trap formation in Metamorphogenichydrothermal mineral- the form of separate spots. ization intensively occur in the zones of joint- The orebearing ultrabasitebasite in trus - ing, near any tectonic dislocations, especially ions are the ribbonshaped bodies with thick- in the zone of the NorilskKharaelakh fault, ness up to 300 m, which are controlled by a and also among sedimentary rocks enriched by zone of the NorilskKharaelakh fault. They has anhydrite and clay minerals. Combination of crossed and metamorphized the sedimentary these two factors is characteristic for that part series of Silurian and Devonian, coalbearing of the Talnakh deposit, which is worked by the rocks of the Tungus series, the lower parts of Komsomol'skii mine. Arsenide mineralization trap formation. The magmatic sulphide NiCu of the same type occurs at all deposits of the ores (compact deposits, lenses, veins, zones of Norilsk ore field and the most intensively in the impregnation) has age 245±3 MA (Zolotukhin, mine Komsomol'skii. 1997, etc.).
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  • List of Abbreviations

    List of Abbreviations

    List of Abbreviations Ab albite Cbz chabazite Fa fayalite Acm acmite Cc chalcocite Fac ferroactinolite Act actinolite Ccl chrysocolla Fcp ferrocarpholite Adr andradite Ccn cancrinite Fed ferroedenite Agt aegirine-augite Ccp chalcopyrite Flt fluorite Ak akermanite Cel celadonite Fo forsterite Alm almandine Cen clinoenstatite Fpa ferropargasite Aln allanite Cfs clinoferrosilite Fs ferrosilite ( ortho) Als aluminosilicate Chl chlorite Fst fassite Am amphibole Chn chondrodite Fts ferrotscher- An anorthite Chr chromite makite And andalusite Chu clinohumite Gbs gibbsite Anh anhydrite Cld chloritoid Ged gedrite Ank ankerite Cls celestite Gh gehlenite Anl analcite Cp carpholite Gln glaucophane Ann annite Cpx Ca clinopyroxene Glt glauconite Ant anatase Crd cordierite Gn galena Ap apatite ern carnegieite Gp gypsum Apo apophyllite Crn corundum Gr graphite Apy arsenopyrite Crs cristroballite Grs grossular Arf arfvedsonite Cs coesite Grt garnet Arg aragonite Cst cassiterite Gru grunerite Atg antigorite Ctl chrysotile Gt goethite Ath anthophyllite Cum cummingtonite Hbl hornblende Aug augite Cv covellite He hercynite Ax axinite Czo clinozoisite Hd hedenbergite Bhm boehmite Dg diginite Hem hematite Bn bornite Di diopside Hl halite Brc brucite Dia diamond Hs hastingsite Brk brookite Dol dolomite Hu humite Brl beryl Drv dravite Hul heulandite Brt barite Dsp diaspore Hyn haiiyne Bst bustamite Eck eckermannite Ill illite Bt biotite Ed edenite Ilm ilmenite Cal calcite Elb elbaite Jd jadeite Cam Ca clinoamphi- En enstatite ( ortho) Jh johannsenite bole Ep epidote
  • CHEMICAL COMPOSITION of Ni, Co and Fe SULPHOARSENIDES and ARSENIDES in the HYDROTHERMAL SIDERITE VEINS in the WESTERN CARPATHIANS (SLOVAKIA)

    CHEMICAL COMPOSITION of Ni, Co and Fe SULPHOARSENIDES and ARSENIDES in the HYDROTHERMAL SIDERITE VEINS in the WESTERN CARPATHIANS (SLOVAKIA)

    Acta Mineralogica-Petrographica, Abstract Series 1, Szeged, 2003 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF Ni, Co AND Fe SULPHOARSENIDES AND ARSENIDES IN THE HYDROTHERMAL SIDERITE VEINS IN THE WESTERN CARPATHIANS (SLOVAKIA) CHOVAN, M. & OZDÍN, D. Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina G, SK-842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic. E-mail: [email protected] There are Ni-Co minerals occurring mainly in the hy- sented by gersdorffites from Vyšná Boca and Dobšiná. In drothermal siderite veins of Alpine age in the Western Car- these samples a smooth transition to krutovite is observed, pathians. The mineral succession scheme is the following: with strong variation of As vs. S and a less characteristic alteration → siderite → alpine paragenesis → Ni-Co-Fe-As isomorphic substitution of Fe vs. Co. Both minerals crystal- minerals → quartz with Cu-Bi-Fe-Sb-Hg sulphides. The lized in the space group P213, a space group of gersdorffite most abundant are in the sulphide (sulphoarsenide, arsenide) of temperature lower then 300 °C (KLEMM, 1965). In the stage with less contents of carbonates and silicates. There euhedral crystals intensive oscillatory zoning is typical. The are often occurred with the Cu minerals – tetrahedrite, ten- cores of the crystals are formed by krutovite and the rims by nantite, chalcopyrite and with the others sulphides mainly gersdorffite. Krutovite was identified by X-ray diffraction. pyrite and galena. Those were described on numerous de- Gersdorffites from Častá belong also to that type. They were posits and occurrences in the Slovak Republic. Ni-Co-Fe-Cu- formed together with ullmannite by solid solution decompo- As minerals are represented by gersdorffite, cobaltite, arse- sition.