DOCSLIB.ORG

Clarke Jeff a 201709 Mscproj

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Clarke Jeff a 201709 Mscproj THE CHARACTERIZATION OF ARSENIC MINERAL PHASES FROM LEGACY MINE WASTE AND SOIL NEAR COBALT, ONTARIO by Jeff Clarke A research project submitted to the Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering In conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Applied Geology Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada (July, 2017) Copyright © Jeff Clarke, 2017 i ABSTRACT The Cobalt-Coleman silver (Ag) mining camp has a long history of mining dating back to 1903. Silver mineralization is hosted within carbonate veins and occurs in association with Fe-Co-Ni arsenide and sulpharsenide mineral species. The complex mineralogy presented challenges to early mineral processing methods with varying success of Ag recovery and a significant amount of arsenic (As) in waste material which was disposed in the numerous tailings deposits scattered throughout the mining camp, and in many instances disposed of uncontained. The oxidation and dissolution of As-bearing mineral phases in these tailings and legacy waste sites releases As into the local aquatic environment. Determining the distribution of primary and secondary As mineral species in different legacy mine waste materials provides an understanding of the stability of As. Few studies have included detailed advanced mineralogical characterization of As mineral species from legacy mine waste in the Cobalt area. As part of this study, a total of 28 samples were collected from tailings, processed material near mill sites and soils from the legacy Nipissing and Cart Lake mining sites. The samples were analyzed for bulk chemistry to delineate material with strongly elevated As returned from all sample sites. This sampling returned highly elevated As with up to 6.01% As from samples near mill sites, 1.71% As from tailings and 0.10% As from soils. From the samples with elevated As, eight samples representative of the different sampling sites and material were selected for detailed mineralogical characterization using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in conjunction with automated mineralogy using mineral liberation analysis (MLA). Common primary As-bearing minerals identified include sulpharsenides and arsenides such as cobaltite, arsenopyrite, gersdorffite, safflorite and skutterudite; with common secondary As-bearing minerals forming post-processing including erythrite-annabergite, Fe-Ca arsenates and Fe-oxides with As. This characterization study highlighted the localized variability of mineralogical speciation and variations in the abundance of these species from the different sampling sites. The majority of the samples were dominated by secondary As minerals forming from the dissolution and oxidation of primary As-bearing mineral species and occurring as rims on grain particles, grain cementation and replacement of primary minerals. A single sample from fine-grained water saturated tailings is distinctly dominated by primary As- bearing minerals which highlights the localized redox conditions controlling oxidation. The results of this work, as well as previous characterization studies improves the understanding of the mineralogical ii characteristics and distribution of As-bearing legacy mine waste material with As which is critical to understand the stability of As and improve remediation planning and design. iii ACKNOWLDEGEMENTS Firstly, I am grateful to my supervisor, Dr. Heather Jamieson, for her guidance and encouragement. Her enthusiasm for this project and eagerness to pass on her geochemical knowledge were very much appreciated and motivating throughout my time at Queen’s. I would also like to thank my colleagues in Dr. Jamieson’s research group and within the department for their technical guidance, discussions and friendship. I thank Anthony Story of Story Environmental Inc. for sharing his local expertise of the Cobalt area, his help with field logistics and helpful review and edits. I would also like to thank Agnico Eagle Mines Ltd. for their support of this project, and Chris Kennedy of Agnico Eagle for his review and edits. I also thank Agatha Dobosz for her help and guidance from sample prep to the use of SEM-MLA. To my parents, sister and family, I am grateful for the constant and unwavering support and encouragement. Lastly, thank you to my wife Laurel – the best field and life partner. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. CHAPTER 1: STUDY INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 1 1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Study Area Location ....................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Scope and Objectives ..................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Background – Geology, Mineralization, Processing History and Previous Environmental Studies ............................................................................................................................ 5 Geology ........................................................................................................... 5 1.4.1.1 Regional Geology and Structure ...................................................... 5 1.4.1.2 Deposit Classification and Genesis ................................................. 7 1.4.1.3 Mineralized Vein Distribution ........................................................... 8 1.4.1.4 Mineralogy and Alteration ................................................................ 9 1.4.1.5 Weathering of Ore Veins and Formation of Secondary Minerals .. 11 Mineral Processing History............................................................................ 12 1.4.2.1 Early Processing History – 1904-1930s ......................................... 13 1.4.2.2 Processing Methods at the Nipissing Low Grade Mill ................... 14 1.4.2.3 Processing Methods at the Nipissing High Grade Mill and Refinery .......................................................................................... 15 1.4.2.4 2nd Era of Processing History – 1950s-1980s ................................ 16 1.4.2.5 Silver Summit Mill .......................................................................... 16 Tailings Deposits and Mill Sites of the Study Area ....................................... 17 1.4.3.1 Nipissing Hill Tailings ..................................................................... 17 1.4.3.2 Cart Lake Tailings .......................................................................... 18 1.4.3.3 Legacy Mill Sites ............................................................................ 19 Previous Environmental Studies ................................................................... 19 2. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW - ARSENIC IN MINE WASTE ........................................ 23 Arsenic Associated with Mining Waste ......................................................... 23 Arsenic Transformation, Cycling and Mobilization in Mine Waste ................ 23 Arsenic Transformation and Mobilization Associated with Mineral Processing ..................................................................................................... 25 Secondary As Minerals and Stability in Mine Waste ..................................... 26 2.1.4.1 Secondary As Mineral Phase ........................................................ 26 2.1.4.2 Arsenic Surface Sorption ............................................................... 30 3. CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................. 31 3.1 Field Methods ............................................................................................................... 31 Sampling Design ........................................................................................... 31 Sample Locations .......................................................................................... 31 Sampling Methods ......................................................................................... 35 3.2 Analytical Methods ........................................................................................................ 37 3.3 Mineral Characterization ............................................................................................... 37 v SEM-MLA – Theory, Procedure and Applications ........................................ 37 Methods ......................................................................................................... 38 3.3.2.1 Sample Selection ........................................................................... 38 3.3.2.2 Sample Preparation ....................................................................... 40 3.3.2.3 SEM Operating Conditions ............................................................ 40 3.3.2.4 Mineral Reference Library ............................................................. 40 4. CHAPTER 4: RESULTS .............................................................................................................. 42 4.1 Tailings and Soil Geochemistry .................................................................................... 42 Geochemical Comparison of Sample Sites................................................... 42 Nipissing High Grade Mill and Tailings ......................................................... 45 Nipissing Low Grade Mill and Tailings .........................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Krásno Sn-W Ore District Near Horní Slavkov: Mining History, Geological and Mineralogical Characteristics
    Journal of the Czech Geological Society 51/12(2006) 3 The Krásno Sn-W ore district near Horní Slavkov: mining history, geological and mineralogical characteristics Sn-W rudní revír Krásno u Horního Slavkova historie tìby, geologická a mineralogická charakteristika (47 figs, 1 tab) PAVEL BERAN1 JIØÍ SEJKORA2 1 Regional Museum Sokolov, Zámecká 1, Sokolov, CZ-356 00, Czech Republic 2 Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, National Museum, Václavské nám. 68, Prague 1, CZ-115 79, Czech Republic The tin-tungsten Krásno ore district near Horní Slavkov (Slavkovský les area, western Bohemia) belongs to the most important areas of ancient mining in the Czech Republic. The exceptionally rich and variable mineral associations, and the high number of mineral species, make this area one of the most remarkable mineralogical localities on a worldwide scale. The present paper reviews the data on geological setting of the ore district, individual ore deposits and mining history. Horní Slavkov and Krásno were known as a rich source of exquisite quality mineral specimens stored in numerous museum collections throughout Europe. The old museum specimens are often known under the German locality names of Schlaggenwald (= Horní Slavkov) and Schönfeld (=Krásno). The megascopic properties and paragenetic position of selected mineral classics are reviewed which include arsenopyrite, fluorapatite, fluorite, hübnerite, chalcopyrite, carpholite, cassiterite, quartz, molybdenite, rhodochrosite, sphalerite, topaz and scheelite. Key words: Sn-W ores; tin-tungsten mineralization; mining history; ore geology; mineralogy; Slavkovský les; Krásno, Horní Slavkov ore district; Czech Republic. Introduction valleys dissected parts of the area. In the ore district area, the detailed surface morphology is modified by large de- In the mining history of Central Europe, Bohemia and pressions caused by the collapse of old underground Moravia are known as important source of gold, silver, workings and by extensive dumps.
    [Show full text]
  • LOW TEMPERATURE HYDROTHERMAL COPPER, NICKEL, and COBALT ARSENIDE and SULFIDE ORE FORMATION Nicholas Allin
    Montana Tech Library Digital Commons @ Montana Tech Graduate Theses & Non-Theses Student Scholarship Spring 2019 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE THERMOCHEMICAL REDUCTION OF ARSENITE AND SULFATE: LOW TEMPERATURE HYDROTHERMAL COPPER, NICKEL, AND COBALT ARSENIDE AND SULFIDE ORE FORMATION Nicholas Allin Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtech.edu/grad_rsch Part of the Geotechnical Engineering Commons EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE THERMOCHEMICAL REDUCTION OF ARSENITE AND SULFATE: LOW TEMPERATURE HYDROTHERMAL COPPER, NICKEL, AND COBALT ARSENIDE AND SULFIDE ORE FORMATION by Nicholas C. Allin A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Geoscience: Geology Option Montana Technological University 2019 ii Abstract Experiments were conducted to determine the relative rates of reduction of aqueous sulfate and aqueous arsenite (As(OH)3,aq) using foils of copper, nickel, or cobalt as the reductant, at temperatures of 150ºC to 300ºC. At the highest temperature of 300°C, very limited sulfate reduction was observed with cobalt foil, but sulfate was reduced to sulfide by copper foil (precipitation of Cu2S (chalcocite)) and partly reduced by nickel foil (precipitation of NiS2 (vaesite) + NiSO4·xH2O). In the 300ºC arsenite reduction experiments, Cu3As (domeykite), Ni5As2, or CoAs (langisite) formed. In experiments where both sulfate and arsenite were present, some produced minerals were sulfarsenides, which contained both sulfide and arsenide, i.e. cobaltite (CoAsS). These experiments also produced large (~10 µm along longest axis) euhedral crystals of metal-sulfide that were either imbedded or grown upon a matrix of fine-grained metal-arsenides, or, in the case of cobalt, metal-sulfarsenide. Some experimental results did not show clear mineral formation, but instead demonstrated metal-arsenic alloying at the foil edges.
    [Show full text]
  • 5. Production, Import/Export, Use, and Disposal
    COBALT 195 5. PRODUCTION, IMPORT/EXPORT, USE, AND DISPOSAL 5.1 PRODUCTION Cobalt is the 33rd most abundant element, comprising approximately 0.0025% of the weight of the earth’s crust. It is often found in association with nickel, silver, lead, copper, and iron ores and occurs in mineral form as arsenides, sulfides, and oxides. The most import cobalt minerals are: linnaeite, Co3S4; carrolite, CuCo2S4; safflorite, CoAs2; skutterudite, CoAs3; erythrite, Co3(AsO4)2•8H2O; and glaucodot, CoAsS (Hodge 1993; IARC 1991; Merian 1985; Smith and Carson 1981). The largest cobalt reserves are in the Congo (Kinshasa), Cuba, Australia, New Caledonia, United States, and Zambia. Most of the U.S. cobalt deposits are in Minnesota, but other important deposits are in Alaska, California, Idaho, Missouri, Montana, and Oregon. Cobalt production from these deposits, with the exception of Idaho and Missouri, would be as a byproduct of another metal (USGS 2004). Cobalt is also found in meteorites and deep sea nodules. The production of pure metal from these ores depends on the nature of the ore. Sulfide ores are first finely ground (i.e., milled) and the sulfides are separated by a floatation process with the aid of frothers (i.e., C5–C8 alcohols, glycols, or polyethylene or polypropylene glycol ethers). The concentrated product is subjected to heating in air (roasting) to form oxides or sulfates from the sulfide, which are more easily reduced. The resulting matte is leached with water and the cobalt sulfate leachate is precipitated as its hydroxide by the addition of lime. The hydroxide is dissolved in sulfuric acid, and the resulting cobalt sulfate is electrolyzed to yield metallic cobalt.
    [Show full text]
  • Polymetallic Mineralization in Ediacaran Sediments in the Żarki-Kotowice Area, Poland
    MINERALOGIA, 43, No 3-4: 199-212 (2012) DOI: 10.2478/v10002-012-0008-0 www.Mineralogia.pl MINERALOGICAL SOCIETY OF POLAND POLSKIE TOWARZYSTWO MINERALOGICZNE __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Original paper Polymetallic mineralization in Ediacaran sediments in the Żarki-Kotowice area, Poland Łukasz KARWOWSKI1*, Marek MARKOWIAK2 1University of Silesia, Faculty of Earth Sciences, ul. Będzińska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; e-mail: [email protected] 2Polish Geological Institute - Research and Development Unit, Upper Silesian Branch, ul. Królowej Jadwigi 1, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; e-mail: [email protected] * Corresponding author Received: September 5, 2012 Received in revised form: February 20, 2013 Accepted: March 17, 2013 Available online: March 30, 2013 Abstract. In one small mineral vein in core from borehole 144-Ż in the Żarki-Kotowice area, almost all of the ore minerals known from related deposits in the vicinity occur. Some of the minerals in the vein described in this paper, namely, nickeline, hessite, native silver and minerals of the cobaltite-gersdorffite group, have not previously been reported from elsewhere in the Kraków-Lubliniec tectonic zone. The identified minerals are chalcopyrite, pyrite, marcasite, sphalerite, Co-rich pyrite, tennantite, tetrahedrite, bornite, galena, magnetite, hematite, cassiterite, pyrrhotite, wolframite (ferberite), scheelite, molybdenite, nickeline, minerals of the cobaltite- gersdorffite group, carrollite, hessite and native silver. Moreover, native bismuth, bismuthinite, a Cu- and Ag-rich sulfosalt of Bi (cuprobismutite) and Ni-rich pyrite also occur in the vein. We suggest that, the ore mineralization from the borehole probably reflects post-magmatic hydrothermal activity related to an unseen granitic intrusion located under the Mesozoic sediments in the Żarki-Pilica area.
    [Show full text]
  • Nickeline Nias C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
    Nickeline NiAs c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Hexagonal. Point Group: 6/m 2/m 2/m. Commonly in granular aggregates, reniform masses with radial structure, and reticulated and arborescent growths. Rarely as distorted, horizontally striated, {1011} terminated crystals, to 1.5 cm. Twinning: On {1011} producing fourlings; possibly on {3141}. Physical Properties: Fracture: Conchoidal. Tenacity: Brittle. Hardness = 5–5.5 VHN = n.d. D(meas.) = 7.784 D(calc.) = 7.834 Optical Properties: Opaque. Color: Pale copper-red, tarnishes gray to blackish; white with strong yellowish pink hue in reflected light. Streak: Pale brownish black. Luster: Metallic. Pleochroism: Strong; whitish, yellow-pink to pale brownish pink. Anisotropism: Very strong, pale greenish yellow to slate-gray in air. R1–R2: (400) 39.2–45.4, (420) 38.0–44.2, (440) 36.8–43.5, (460) 36.2–43.2, (480) 37.2–44.3, (500) 39.6–46.4, (520) 42.3–48.6, (540) 45.3–50.7, (560) 48.2–52.8, (580) 51.0–54.8, (600) 53.7–56.7, (620) 55.9–58.4, (640) 57.8–59.9, (660) 59.4–61.3, (680) 61.0–62.5, (700) 62.2–63.6 Cell Data: Space Group: P 63/mmc. a = 3.621(1) c = 5.042(1) Z = 2 X-ray Powder Pattern: Unknown locality. 2.66 (100), 1.961 (90), 1.811 (80), 1.071 (40), 1.328 (30), 1.033 (30), 0.821 (30) Chemistry: (1) (2) Ni 43.2 43.93 Co 0.4 Fe 0.2 As 55.9 56.07 Sb 0.1 S 0.1 Total 99.9 100.00 (1) J´achymov, Czech Republic; by electron microprobe, corresponds to (Ni0.98Co0.01 Fe0.01)Σ=1.00As1.00.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mineralogical Fate of Arsenic During Weathering Of
    THE MINERALOGICAL FATE OF ARSENIC DURING WEATHERING OF SULFIDES IN GOLD-QUARTZ VEINS: A MICROBEAM ANALYTICAL STUDY A Thesis Presented to the faculty of the Department of Geology California State University, Sacramento Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Geology by Tamsen Leigh Burlak SPRING 2012 © 2012 Tamsen Leigh Burlak ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii THE MINERALOGICAL FATE OF ARSENIC DURING WEATHERING OF SULFIDES IN GOLD-QUARTZ VEINS: A MICROBEAM ANALYTICAL STUDY A Thesis by Tamsen Leigh Burlak Approved by: __________________________________, Committee Chair Dr. Charles Alpers __________________________________, Second Reader Dr. Lisa Hammersley __________________________________, Third Reader Dr. Dave Evans ____________________________ Date iii Student: Tamsen Leigh Burlak I certify that this student has met the requirements for format contained in the University format manual, and that this thesis is suitable for shelving in the Library and credit is to be awarded for the project. _______________________, Graduate Coordinator ___________________ Dr. Dave Evans Date Department of Geology iv Abstract of THE MINERALOGICAL FATE OF ARSENIC DURING WEATHERING OF SULFIDES IN GOLD-QUARTZ VEINS: A MICROBEAM ANALYTICAL STUDY by Tamsen Leigh Burlak Mine waste piles within the historic gold mining site, Empire Mine State Historic Park (EMSHP) in Grass Valley, California, contain various amounts of arsenic and are the current subject of remedial investigations to characterize the arsenic present. In this study, electron microprobe, QEMSCAN (Quantitative Evaluation of Minerals by SCANning electron microscopy), and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) were used collectively to locate and identify the mineralogical composition of primary and secondary arsenic-bearing minerals at EMSHP.
    [Show full text]
  • The Gersdorffite-Bismuthinite-Native Gold Association and the Skarn
    minerals Article The Gersdorffite-Bismuthinite-Native Gold Association and the Skarn-Porphyry Mineralization in the Kamariza Mining District, Lavrion, Greece † Panagiotis Voudouris 1,* , Constantinos Mavrogonatos 1 , Branko Rieck 2, Uwe Kolitsch 2,3, Paul G. Spry 4 , Christophe Scheffer 5, Alexandre Tarantola 6 , Olivier Vanderhaeghe 7, Emmanouil Galanos 1, Vasilios Melfos 8 , Stefanos Zaimis 9, Konstantinos Soukis 1 and Adonis Photiades 10 1 Department of Geology & Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece; [email protected] (C.M.); [email protected] (E.G.); [email protected] (K.S.) 2 Institut für Mineralogie und Kristallographie, Universität Wien, 1090 Wien, Austria; [email protected] 3 Mineralogisch-Petrographische Abteilung, Naturhistorisches Museum, 1010 Wien, Austria; [email protected] 4 Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; [email protected] 5 Département de Géologie et de Génie Géologique, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; [email protected] 6 Université de Lorraine, CNRS, GeoRessources UMR 7359, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, F-54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; [email protected] 7 Université de Toulouse, Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), UMR 5563 CNRS, F-31400 Toulouse, France; [email protected] 8 Department of Mineralogy-Petrology-Economic Geology, Faculty of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; [email protected] 9 Institut für Mineralogie, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany; [email protected] 10 Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration (I.G.M.E.), 13677 Acharnae, Greece; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +30-210-7274129 † The paper is an extended version of our paper published in 1st International Electronic Conference on Mineral Science.
    [Show full text]
  • The Minerals and Rocks of the Earth 5A: the Minerals- Special Mineralogy
    Lesson 5 cont’d: The Minerals and Rocks of the Earth 5a: The minerals- special mineralogy A. M. C. Şengör In the previous lectures concerning the materials of the earth, we studied the most important silicates. We did so, because they make up more than 80% of our planet. We said, if we know them, we know much about our planet. However, on the surface or near-surface areas of the earth 75% is covered by sedimentary rocks, almost 1/3 of which are not silicates. These are the carbonate rocks such as limestones, dolomites (Americans call them dolostones, which is inappropriate, because dolomite is the name of a person {Dolomieu}, after which the mineral dolomite, the rock dolomite and the Dolomite Mountains in Italy have been named; it is like calling the Dolomite Mountains Dolo Mountains!). Another important category of rocks, including parts of the carbonates, are the evaporites including halides and sulfates. So we need to look at the minerals forming these rocks too. Some of the iron oxides are important, because they are magnetic and impart magnetic properties on rocks. Some hydroxides are important weathering products. This final part of Lesson 5 will be devoted to a description of the most important of the carbonate, sulfate, halide and the iron oxide minerals, although they play a very little rôle in the total earth volume. Despite that, they play a critical rôle on the surface of the earth and some of them are also major climate controllers. The carbonate minerals are those containing the carbonate ion -2 CO3 The are divided into the following classes: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • GEOLOGY 9 Investigations Into Mineral Occurences in the Nickel
    GEOLOGY 9 Investigations into Mineral Occurences in the Nickel Plate Ore April 1942 R. Haywood-Farmer ACKTTP'. Jinxes T,I:TS The author wishes to acknowledge the able assistance and timely hints and suggestions given by Dr. H.V.Warren in connection with this work. Wy thanks are also due to Dr. Warren for his work on duplicate sections and for his help in the photography. The author would also like to acknowledge the assistance of the Messrs. H. -Thompson and C, Hey for their help in the laboratory. T? ^T T? University of British Columbia «• April, 1942. Table of Contents Introduction Conclusions (summary) Preliminary Observations Cobalt Identification Tests to Identify Cobalt Minerals Results of Etch Tests and Micr<£fehemical Tests Size of the Cobalt Inclusions Relationship Between the Minerals Comparison of Assays with Estimated Values (10) Conclusions Investigations into Mineral Oocurances in the Nickel Plate Ore Introduction Object of Investigation The work was done in an effort to identify the cobalt bearing minerals > and to find the relationship between the cobalt minerals and the other metallic minerals present* The association of the gold in the ore was considered in wiaw of future mineral dressing work for the recovery of cobalt and gold* It was hoped, that by microscopic work an answer could be obtained as to the possibility of making a high grade cobalt concentrate* At present, no recovery of cobalt is made from the ore* The concentrator heads run about 0*4 ounces in gold and about 0*05$ cobalt* The ore, after mining is ground
    [Show full text]
  • Raman and Infrared Spectroscopy of Arsenates of the Roselite and Fairfeldite Mineral Subgroups
    This may be the author’s version of a work that was submitted/accepted for publication in the following source: Frost, Ray (2009) Raman and infrared spectroscopy of arsenates of the roselite and fair- feldite mineral subgroups. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 71(5), pp. 1788-1794. This file was downloaded from: https://eprints.qut.edu.au/17596/ c Copyright 2009 Elsevier Reproduced in accordance with the copyright policy of the publisher. Notice: Please note that this document may not be the Version of Record (i.e. published version) of the work. Author manuscript versions (as Sub- mitted for peer review or as Accepted for publication after peer review) can be identified by an absence of publisher branding and/or typeset appear- ance. If there is any doubt, please refer to the published source. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2008.06.039 QUT Digital Repository: http://eprints.qut.edu.au/ Frost, Ray L. (2009) Raman and infrared spectroscopy of arsenates of the roselite and fairfieldite mineral subgroups. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 71(5). pp. 1788-1794. © Copyright 2009 Elsevier Raman and infrared spectroscopy of arsenates of the roselite and fairfieldite mineral subgroups Ray L. Frost• Inorganic Materials Research Program, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane Queensland 4001, Australia. Abstract Raman spectroscopy complimented with infrared spectroscopy has been used to determine the molecular structure of the roselite arsenate minerals of the roselite and 2+ fairfieldite subgroups of formula Ca2B(AsO4)2.2H2O (where B may be Co, Fe , Mg, 2- Mn, Ni, Zn).
    [Show full text]
  • Cobalt Mineral Ecology
    American Mineralogist, Volume 102, pages 108–116, 2017 Cobalt mineral ecology ROBERT M. HAZEN1,*, GRETHE HYSTAD2, JOSHUA J. GOLDEN3, DANIEL R. HUMMER1, CHAO LIU1, ROBERT T. DOWNS3, SHAUNNA M. MORRISON3, JOLYON RALPH4, AND EDWARD S. GREW5 1Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution, 5251 Broad Branch Road NW, Washington, D.C. 20015, U.S.A. 2Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Statistics, Purdue University Northwest, Hammond, Indiana 46323, U.S.A. 3Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, 1040 East 4th Street, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0077, U.S.A. 4Mindat.org, 128 Mullards Close, Mitcham, Surrey CR4 4FD, U.K. 5School of Earth and Climate Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, U.S.A. ABSTRACT Minerals containing cobalt as an essential element display systematic trends in their diversity and distribution. We employ data for 66 approved Co mineral species (as tabulated by the official mineral list of the International Mineralogical Association, http://rruff.info/ima, as of 1 March 2016), represent- ing 3554 mineral species-locality pairs (www.mindat.org and other sources, as of 1 March 2016). We find that cobalt-containing mineral species, for which 20% are known at only one locality and more than half are known from five or fewer localities, conform to a Large Number of Rare Events (LNRE) distribution. Our model predicts that at least 81 Co minerals exist in Earth’s crust today, indicating that at least 15 species have yet to be discovered—a minimum estimate because it assumes that new minerals will be found only using the same methods as in the past. Numerous additional cobalt miner- als likely await discovery using micro-analytical methods.
    [Show full text]
  • The Origins of Color in Minerals Four Distinct Physical Theories
    American Mineralogist, Volume 63. pages 219-229, 1978 The origins of color in minerals KURT NASSAU Bell Laboratories Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974 Abstract Four formalisms are outlined. Crystal field theory explains the color as well as the fluores- cence in transition-metal-containing minerals such as azurite and ruby. The trap concept, as part of crystal field theory, explains the varying stability of electron and hole color centers with respect to light or heat bleaching, as well as phenomena such as thermoluminescence. The molecular orbital formalism explains the color of charge transfer minerals such as blue sapphire and crocoite involving metals, as well as the nonmetal-involving colors in lazurite, graphite and organically colored minerals. Band theory explains the colors of metallic minerals; the color range black-red-orange- yellow-colorless in minerals such as galena, proustite, greenockite, diamond, as well as the impurity-caused yellow and blue colors in diamond. Lastly, there are the well-known pseudo- chromatic colors explained by physical optics involving dispersion, scattering, interference, and diffraction. Introduction The approach here used is tutorial in nature and references are given for further reading or, in some Four distinct physical theories (formalisms) are instances, for specific examples. Color illustrations of required for complete coverage in the processes by some of the principles involved have been published which intrinsic constituents, impurities, defects, and in an earlier less technical version (Nassau, 1975a). specific structures produce the visual effects we desig- Specific examples are given where the cause of the nate as color. All four are necessary in that each color is reasonably well established, although reinter- provides insights which the others do not when ap- pretations continue to appear even in materials, such plied to specific situations.
    [Show full text]