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Adeyemi Saheed BADEWA (Final Thesis DYNAMICS OF HUMAN SECURITY AND REGIONAL SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY OF THE LAKE CHAD BASIN BY ADEYEMI SAHEED BADEWA STUDENT NUMBER: 3759258 PHD THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE INSTITUTE FOR SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT (ISD) FACULTY OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF THE WESTERN CAPE (UWC) IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (PHD) DEGREE IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES SUPERVISOR: PROFESSOR MULUGETA F. DINBABO SEPTEMBER 2020 http://etd.uwc.ac.za/ DECLARATION I hereby declare that the PhD thesis entitled Dynamics of Human Security and Regional Social and Economic Development: A Case Study of the Lake Chad Basin is my own work, that it has not been previously submitted for any degree or examination in any other university, and that all the sources I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by complete references. Signature…………………. Adeyemi Saheed Badewa September 2020 i http://etd.uwc.ac.za/ ACKNOWLEDGEMENT All praise and gratitude are to Almighty Allah, the Lord of the world, for this remarkable feat. Indeed, Allah's infinite grace in my life, His guidance and protection have been my strength. I will forever, by your grace, be praiseworthy and remain your obedient servant. I wish to gratefully acknowledge the mentorship and inestimable supports provided by my supervisor Professor Mulugeta F. Dinbabo. Throughout my PhD journey, he offered impressive guidance, advice and benevolence that transcends academic supervision. Thank you for the constructive criticisms, scholarly insights, brisk responses and the commitment to my intellectual advancement and wellbeing. Without his inputs, the thesis would have been flawed. My sincere appreciation goes to the staff of the Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC) and the personnel of the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) and the Operation Lafiya Dole (OP- LD) for their immense contributions to the success of my fieldwork. Indeed, the thesis would have been impossible without the participants who provided relevant information during the data collection process. Most especially, the goodwill, moral and material support provided by the immediate past Executive Secretary of LCBC Engineer Sanusi Imran Abdullahi, and the commanders of both the MNJTF and the OP-LD at the period of the fieldwork - Major General LEO Irabor and Major General Rogers Nicholas respectively, will forever be reminisced. I am grateful to Dr Muhammed Bello and Dr M.B. Mutai of the University of Maiduguri (UNIMAID) Nigeria for their benevolence, the Department of Geography, and the entire academic community of UNIMAID for providing me with accommodation, healthcare and avenue for intellectual engagement during the fieldwork. I wholeheartedly appreciate the Association of African Universities (AAU), Accra Ghana for providing a soft grant to facilitate the research fieldwork in the Lake Chad Basin countries, and the South African National Zakah Fund (SANZAF) for providing partial bursaries from 2018 to 2020 sessions, among other erudition and welfare supports. These benevolences are pivotal to the success of my PhD study. I also recognise the generosity from the entire staff (academic and administrative) of the Institute for Social Development (ISD), past and present since 2017 most especially Dr AbdulRazack Karriem, Prof. Stephen Devereux, Prof. Yanga Zembe and Mr Lance Scheepers. Special thanks to Ms Priscilla Kippie for her administrative efficiency and kind-heartedness. Indeed, having served as the first Chairman of the ISD-PhD Forum (2018 - 2020), I ii http://etd.uwc.ac.za/ acknowledge the goodwill and cooperation of all my colleagues, most especially Irene Nyamu, Dr Daniel Adeniyi, Tsega Girma Tefera, Michael Belebema and Alex Boakye. I also express my profound gratitude to the entire membership of the Cape Town Dua’a Group, the brotherhood of the Nigeria Diaspora in South Africa most especially those of the University of the Western Cape, among other friends and associates too numerous to mention. Remarkable ones include Dr Lanre Fatoba and family, Mr Yusuf Gabier (Joe Spaza) and family, Mr Imran Paya and family, Drs Amiena Bayat and Abdullah Bayat, and Professor Isioma Ile for their benevolence and moral supports right from my very first day in Cape town till present. You are all part of my success story. Finally, to my family, I am grateful for your unflinching supports, love and understanding. The sacrifices and prayers of my parents Mr and Mrs M.Y. Badewa to see my dreams come to fruition are second to none, I thank you for raising me with love and supporting all my endeavours. The understanding and prayers from my siblings and cousins, including Pastor Babajide Akiode, whose encouragement right from the conception of the journey till completion will always be remembered. Without you, family, it would have been difficult to complete this work. I pray that Almighty Allah strengthens our bonds and grant us more grace. iii http://etd.uwc.ac.za/ DEDICATION To the deprived and displaced persons of the Lake Chad basin, towards your resilience. iv http://etd.uwc.ac.za/ ABSTRACT Transboundary river basins (TRBs), and its array of biodiversity, have created a web of complex security, socio-economic and political interdependencies among populations, communities and multiplicity of actors across the world. However, the continuous degradation of these vital resources, resulting from natural and anthropogenic factors, has serious implications for global development, peace and security. Indeed, it further threatens regional resource base, induce livelihoods impairment, scarcities and conflicts over the utilisation and control of strategic resources, particularly in the Global South. The study explored the cause- effect analysis of the desiccation of Lake Chad basin and the dreadful Boko Haram crisis within the prisms of human security and regional development. It reflects on the interconnections among environmental change, human development, livelihoods, conflicts and the outcomes of interventions - military and humanitarian in reconstructing human security and regional development narratives in the Lake Chad Basin. The research was contextualised within two theoretical frameworks: eco-violence, and the capability approach. This was conceived to provide an improved understanding of both the micro (individual or group interactions) and macro (large scale - national and multinational actors) development processes, the enablers and constraints of human security in the region. Their implications for regional development, security, sustainability and stabilisation process are also elucidated. Mixed-method research and a case study design was adopted to specifically study the Lake Chad impact area, covering 542,829 km2, across the four riparian countries - Cameroon, Chad, Niger and Nigeria. Although, the conventional or active basin of the lake - an estimated 984,455 km2 area was generally referenced. Purposive sampling was used to select participants for semi-structured interviews, focused group discussions (FGD) and document review. A total of 34 key informants, six (6) FGDs and 33 institutional documents (18 intervention and policy documents and 15 official bulletins) were utilised. These enable the substantiation of primary data with secondary data – qualitative and quantitative (derived from documents review). A thematic analysis of the causality of resource scarcities, livelihoods, and conflict relationships in the region was undertaken. This includes an assessment of the regional development process and the efficacies of security and humanitarian interventions in the Lake Chad Basin. The study revealed that the desiccation of Lake Chad and the destructive Boko Haram crisis (since 2009) impede development in the region. The lake’s shrinkage (estimated above 90 v http://etd.uwc.ac.za/ percent from 1963 till date), caused by environmental change and unsustainable human practices or exploitation of the basin’s resources, have transboundary effects. These and the humanitarian catastrophes caused by Boko Haram menace have heightened human insecurity, and threaten communities’ fragility and transborder cooperation in the region. While regional development processes and intervention have marginal impacts on the population and their resilience capacities. Indeed, the complexity of the challenges overlaps with inconsistencies in the region’s development processes and the interventions regime – security and humanitarian management. Thus, addressing the consequences, while neglecting the root causes of human security threats in the Lake Chad Basin, further heightens the population’s deprivations amidst challenges of resource curse, geopolitics and its alteration of regional political economy. The above underscores the dialectics between human security and regional development. From these submissions, improved water resources and environmental management; inclusive development - to address the root causes of insecurity; monitoring and harnessing of national and regional development priorities; and integrated regional security-development strategy, against the military-led humanitarian approach, are recommended as critical solutions. These enhance a rethinking of human security and regional development matrix in the Lake Chad and other TRBs in the Global South. Therefore, the study highlighted the imperative of mediating exhaustive discourse on TRBs as Special Economic Zones (SEZ); constructive interactions between development processes and actors (stakeholders); the use of
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