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Xerox University Microfilms INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. 5. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 75 - 11,344 GAW, Beverly Ann Byrum, 1942- A SOCIQDRAi'iATISTIC ANALYSIS OF RHETORICAL STRATEGIES EMPLOYED BY SPOKESPERSONS OF THE LIBERTARIAN MOVEMENT. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1974 Speech Xerox University Microfilmst Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. A SOCIODRAMATISTIC ANALYSIS OF RHETORICAL STRATEGIES EMPLOYED BY SPOKESPERSONS OF THE LIBERTARIAN MOVEMENT DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Beverly Ann Gaw, B.A., M.A * # * * * The Ohio State University 197^ Reading Committees Approved by William R. Brown Jack Douglas John J. Makay tment of Communication ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank those who helped, each in their unique way, in the writing of this dissertation: Dr. John Kakay, for his guidance, concern, and friendship; Dr. William Brown, for his encouragement to pursue the "unusual idea;" Dr. Jack Douglas, for his instruction in the theory of theory; Mary Lou Hanley, for typing this study with loving care; and for three very special people without whose empathic understanding and continuing support, the completion of this study would have been most difficult: Annie, Bruce, and Joe. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................ 11 Chapter I. INTRODUCTION ..................................... 1 Definitions ....... 1 History and Background ...................... 2 Review of Research .......... 14- Purpose of the S t u d y ................. 20 Model, Procedure, Methodology ............ 22 Assumptions .............. ......... 2? Outline of Chapters ............ 27 II. CONTEMPORARY GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE LIBERTARIAN M O V E M E N T ............................ 39 Inception of the Libertarian Movement .... 4-0 Growth of the Movement.............. 4-5 Libertarian Goals .................... 50 Progression into Political A c t i o n ......... 51 Problems Within the Movement* Factions and F o c u s .......... 52 Summary 63 III. STRATEGY I* E D U C A T I O N ........................... 75 Leonard E. Read: Conservative Educator . 77 Robert Le Fevre: Pacifist Educator ..... 87 Ayn Rand* Objectivist Educator ............ 99 Summary ........ Ill IV. STRATEGY II* R E T R E A T I S M ......................... 129 Harry Browne* Personal F r e e d o m ............ 130 Michael Oliver* Geographical Freedom .... 14-2 Nathaniel Branden* Psychological Freedom • . 154- Summary ...... l6l iii iv Page V. STRATEGY H i t POLITICAL A C T I O N .................. 173 John Hosperst Political Party ........ 175 James Davidsoni Political Pressure ...... 193 Steve Symmsi Political Infiltration ..... 201 Summary . ............ .. ....... 207 VI. STRATEGY IV: S Y N E R G Y ............................. 219 Rothbardt Approach to Strategy.............. 220 Rothbard: Rhetorical Acts .............. 231 Rothbard: Description of Environment ........ 232 Rothbardt Vision of the Ideal Order .... * 236 Rothbardt Rhetorical R o l e ........... 237 Rothbard: Rhetorical Tactics ......... 239 Summary............ .................. VII. STRATEGY Vt R E V O L U T I O N ........................... 258 Libertarian Reservations about Revolution . 259 Revolutionary A c t s .......................... 262 Revolutionary Description of Environment . 262 Revolutionary Rhetorical Vision ........ 263 Revolutionary Role ................ 26^ Revolutionary ThetoricalTactics ............. 265 Summary ..... ............................. 267 VIII. SUMMARY AND CONCLU S I O N S .................... 271 Summary ...................... 271 Conclusions . ...................... ..... 278 Further Research ......... 296 APPENDIX............... 300 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................ 301 Chapter Is Introduction Someone once said "Freedom is not what you are out of, but what you are into." Many people are "into" freedom itself these days. The writer’s interest is in one particular group of people that will be characterized hereafter as the Libertarian Movement. Definitions In this study, movement is used broadly to refer to a group of people who are seeking significant social change. A social movement consciously seeks change; it exhibits organization; it Is based on membership commitment to ideology."* The Libertarian Movement exhibits these three characteristics. However, because the Libertarian Movement, for purposes of this study, includes the 2 entire libertarian spectrum, it will be evident that, within that spectrum, some seek change more openly than others, organisation is often loose, and interpretation of ideology varies. Since this study deals with the rhetoric of the Libertarian Movement, the following working definitions involving the concept "rhetoric" will be used. Rhetoric is the process in which a source or sources utilize symbolic agencies (words and/or actions) to reinforce or change receiver perceptions, beliefs, attitudes, values, 1 2 and/or actions toward source desired goals as shown by rhetorical content consistent with rhetorical objectives. A rhetorical strategy is a general source-designed plan composed of rhetorical tactics for effecting source-designed goals. A rhetorical spokesperson in the Movement is a source who is influential and/or active in establishing and/or promoting Movement ideology. A rhetorical act is the verbal or nonverbal constellation of specific symbolic agencies composed of descriptions of environment, vision, and role which characterize the rhetorical strategy and through which it can be studied. A rhetorical description of the environment is the source's perception of external reality. A rhetorical vision of the ideal social order is the source's conception of the realisation cf his goals. A rhetorical role is the rhetorical function assumed by the source. Rhetorical tactics are the specific symbolic agencies chosen for effecting the strategic plan which works to achieve source objectives. History and Background An historical-philosophical movement that appears to have relevance to Libertarianism is 19th century Individualistic Anarchism in America. Broadly, anarchism seeks ultimately to eliminate 3 government. Individualistic Anarchists agreed on the following, more specific, issues: 1. Collective society leads to authoritarianism, which is damaging to human personality. 2. Private property is a basic right. 3 3. Individual freedom is the purpose of society; since the State curbs this, it should be eliminated. kt Inequality is wrong. 5. Rent, interest, dividends, and profit are wrong because they are not the products of labor. 6 . Free competition is expression of individual sovereignty. 7. Association should be voluntary. 8 . Civil disobedience,is a legitimate weapon against the State.4 These specific tenets separated the Individualist from other types of anarchists^ as did their basically non-ccercive strategy of disseminating ideas.^ Spokesmen for Individualistic Anarchistic Movement (approximately 1827-1908) used two types of rhetorical acts to promote their philosophy. The first and most widely used was verbals the written word. Josiah Warren (1798“1879-) began the first anarchist 7 paper, the Peaceful Revolutionist, and produced many other publications g and documents, including Eouitable Commerce. Lysander Spooner (1808-1887), William Bradford Green (1819-1893)* Ingalls (1816- ?), and Stephen Pearl Andrews (1812-1886) provided much of the intellectual content of the movement in their bocks and pamphlets devoted to issues of
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