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Building an Ecosystem Approach to Aquaculture

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Building an Ecosystem Approach to Aquaculture ISSN 2070-6103 FAO 14 FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE PROCEEDINGS FAO FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE PROCEEDINGS 14 14 Building an ecosystem approach to aquaculture FAO/Universitat de les Illes Balears Expert Workshop 7–11 May 2007 Building an ecosystem approach Palma de Mallorca, Spain to aquaculture Aquaculture growth worldwide involves the expansion of cultivated areas, a higher density of aquaculture installations and farmed to aquaculture Building an ecosystem approach individuals, and greater use of feed resources produced outside FAO/Universitat de les Illes Balears Expert Workshop the immediate culture area. To ensure that such development of 7–11 May 2007 the sector does not carry negative impacts on the environment and Palma de Mallorca, Spain on parts of society due to weak regulation or poor management, an ecosystem approach for aquaculture (EAA) is encouraged. “An ecosystem approach for aquaculture is a strategy for the integration of the activity within the wider ecosystem in such a way that it promotes sustainable development, equity, and resilience of interlinked social and ecological systems”. This strategy should be guided by three main principles that should ensure the contribution of aquaculture to sustainable development: i) aquaculture should be developed in the context of ecosystem functions and services with no degradation of these beyond their resilience capacity; ii) aquaculture should improve human well-being and equity for all relevant stakeholders; and iii) aquaculture should be developed in the context of (and integrated to) other relevant sectors. The strategy must be implemented at least at three scales: the farm, the aquaculture waterbody/watershed or aquaculture zone and the global market. These proceedings present the output of a workshop and include contributed papers on: definitions, principles, scales and management measures, human dimensions, economic implications and legal implications that are relevant for an ecosystem-based management in aquaculture. The document also includes two comprehensive reviews covering the status of brackish, marine and freshwater aquaculture within an ecosystem approach perspective. ISBN 978-92-5-106075-9 ISSN 2070-6103 F 9 7 8 9 2 5 1 0 6 0 7 5 9 AO TC/M/I0339E/1/10.08/2100 Cover photo: The background photo taken on 22 February 2004 (Courtesy of Fernando Jara) shows a high-tech 2 000 tonnes Atlantic salmon farm in the Reloncaví estuary, 41º Lat. S and 72º Lon. W. Chile’s interior southern sea, within its intricate system of protected fjords and channels, provides prime conditions for aquaculture. Mild temperatures and abundant regular freshwater inputs represent competitive advantages for raising alien species, such as salmon and trout, making Chile one of the world’s top producers of farmed salmon. Copies of FAO publications can be requested from: SALES AND MARKETING GROUP Communication Division Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00153 Rome, Italy E-mail: [email protected] Fax: +39 06 57053360 Web site: http://www.fao.org FAO FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE PROCEEDINGS 14 Building an ecosystem approach to aquaculture FAO/Universitat de les Illes Balears Expert Workshop 7–11 May 2007 Palma de Mallorca, Spain Edited by Doris Soto José Aguilar-Manjarrez Aquaculture Management and Conservation Service FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department and Nathanael Hishamunda Development and Planning Service FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2008 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-106075-9 All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed to: Chief Electronic Publishing Policy and Support Branch Communication Division FAO Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy or by e-mail to: [email protected] © FAO 2008 iii Preparation of this document This publication represents the proceedings originated from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/Universitat de les Illes Balears Expert Workshop Building an ecosystem approach to aquaculture convened in Palma de Mallorca, Spain, from 7–11 May 2007. Twenty-two internationally recognized experts representing different regions of the world and providing a wide range of expertise in the areas of aquaculture environmental, social and economic issues contributed scientific discussions and papers on various aspects of the ecosystem approach to aquaculture. The workshop was jointly organized by the Aquaculture Management and Conservation Service of the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department and the Universitat de les Illes Balears in Spain. The proceedings were compiled and technically edited by Doris Soto, José Aguilar-Manjarrez and Nathanael Hishamunda, of the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, with the assistance of the experts. We acknowledge Ms Tina Farmer, Ms Françoise Schatto for their assistance in quality control and FAO style, Mr José Luis Castilla Civit for layout design and Doris Soto for cover design. iv Abstract Aquaculture growth worldwide involves the expansion of cultivated areas, a higher density of aquaculture installations and farmed individuals and greater use of feed resources produced outside of the immediate culture area. Such evolution of the sector could carry negative impacts on the environment and on portions of the society when unregulated and badly managed. In response to the explicit request of the Third Session of the Committee of Fisheries (COFI) Sub-Committee on Aquaculture to improve the management and enhance the socio-economic impacts of aquaculture, the Aquaculture Management and Conservation Service (FIMA) of the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department initiated in 2006 an effort to look into the development and application of the ecosystem approach to aquaculture. This activity is funded under a Japanese Trust Fund Project (Towards Sustainable Aquaculture: Selected Issues and Guidelines) and conducted in collaboration with the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Development and Planning Service (FIEP). Several activities have taken place to support sustainable aquaculture, including the workshop coorganized with the Universitat de les Illes Balears that took place from 7–11 May 2007 in Palma de Mallorca, Spain on “Building and ecosystem approach to aquaculture”. The workshop participants, a multidisciplinary and multinational group of experts, agreed that: “An ecosystem approach for aquaculture (EAA) is a strategy for the integration of the activity within the wider ecosystem in such a way that it promotes sustainable development, equity, and resilience of interlinked social and ecological systems”. Such strategy should be guided by three main principles that should ensure the contribution of aquaculture to sustainable development: i) aquaculture should be developed in the context of ecosystem functions and services with no degradation of these beyond their resilience capacity; ii) aquaculture should improve human well- being and equity for all relevant stakeholders; and iii) aquaculture should be developed in the context of (and integrated to) other relevant sectors. Three scales/levels of EAA application were identified and discussed: the farm; the waterbody and its watershed/ aquaculture zone; and the global, market-trade scale. These proceedings present the output of this workshop and include contributed papers on: concepts, principles, scales and management measures; human dimensions; economic implications; and legal implications; that are relevant for an ecosystem-based management to the sector. Two comprehensive review papers cover the status of brackish, marine and freshwater aquaculture under the light of an ecosystem-based management, indicating the major shortfalls and opportunities for such an approach are also included. Clearly, the implementation of the EAA will require changes in human behaviour and understanding of ecosystem’s functioning; it will also require the development of institutions capable of integrating different sectors including aquaculture, especially in terms of shared agreed objectives and standards. As some of the reviews point out, scarce participatory processes, poor understanding of social sustainability requirements and poor governance hinders the widespread adoption of an ecosystem approach to aquaculture. Therefore more guidance is needed on these matters; these proceedings
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