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Tectonostratigraphic Record of Late Miocene–Early Pliocene Transtensional Faulting in the Eastern California Shear Zone, South

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Tectonostratigraphic Record of Late Miocene–Early Pliocene Transtensional Faulting in the Eastern California Shear Zone, South Research Paper GEOSPHERE Tectonostratigraphic record of late Miocene–early Pliocene transtensional faulting in the Eastern California shear zone, GEOSPHERE, v. 17, no. 4 southwestern USA https://doi.org/10.1130/GES02337.1 Rebecca J. Dorsey1, Brennan O’Connell1,*, Kevin K. Gardner1, Mindy B. Homan1,†, Scott E.K. Bennett2, Jacob O. Thacker3, and Michael H. Darin1,4 15 figures; 1 table 1Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA 2Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 2130 SW 5th Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA CORRESPONDENCE: [email protected] 3New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, USA 4Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Nevada, Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA CITATION: Dorsey, R.J., O’Connell, B., Gardner, K.K., Homan, M.B., Bennett, S.E.K., Thacker, J.O., and Darin, M.H., 2021, Tectonostratigraphic record of late ABSTRACT shows that the southern Blythe Basin was part 2015, 2016a, 2016b, 2017; Darin et al., 2016; Umhoefer Miocene–​​early Pliocene transtensional faulting in of a diffuse regional network of linked right-step- et al., 2018). The ECSZ can be divided into a western the Eastern California shear zone, southwestern USA: Geosphere, v. 17, no. 4, p. 1101– 1125, https:// doi .org The Eastern California shear zone (ECSZ; ping dextral, normal, and oblique-slip faults belt of active deformation (modern ECSZ) defined /10.1130 /GES02337.1. south western USA) accommodates ~20%–25% of related to Pacific–North America plate boundary by GPS motions, modern seismicity, and Quater- Pacific–North America relative plate motion east dextral shear. Diffuse transtensional strain linked nary-active faults (e.g., Oskin et al., 2008; Spinler et Science Editor: Andrea Hampel of the San Andreas fault, yet little is known about northward to the Stateline fault system, eastern al., 2010; Parsons et al., 2013; Zeng and Shen, 2014, Associate Editor: Andrea Fildani its early tectonic evolution. This paper presents Garlock fault, and Walker Lane, and southward to 2016; U.S. Geological Survey and California Geolog- a detailed stratigraphic and structural analysis of the Gulf of California shear zone, which initiated ical Survey, 2020) and an eastern belt (paleo-ECSZ) Received 19 August 2020 Revision received 14 January 2021 the uppermost Miocene to lower Pliocene Bouse ca. 7–9 Ma, implying a similar age of inception for that displays slow to negligible modern strain and Accepted 19 March 2021 Formation in the southern Blythe Basin, lower the paleo-ECSZ. is defined by structures that were active in Miocene Colorado River valley, where gently dipping and time but are now mostly inactive (e.g., Guest et al., Published online 14 May 2021 faulted strata provide a record of deformation 2007; Mahan et al., 2009) (Fig. 1). The onset of fault- in the paleo-ECSZ. In the western Trigo Moun- ■ INTRODUCTION ing in the ECSZ is poorly known, with proposed ages tains, splaying strands of the Lost Trigo fault zone of initiation ranging from ca. 10–12 Ma (Dokka and include a west-dipping normal fault that cuts the The eastern California shear zone (ECSZ; south- Travis, 1990; Schermer et al., 1996; Reheis and Saw- Bouse Formation and a steeply NE-dipping oblique western USA; Fig. 1) is a wide zone of diffuse yer, 1997; McQuarrie and Wernicke, 2005; Nuriel et dextral-normal fault where an anomalously thick strike-slip deformation that currently accommodates al., 2019) to ca. 5–7 Ma (Gan et al., 2003; Langenheim (~140 m) section of Bouse Formation siliciclastic ~20%–25% of relative Pacific–North America plate and Powell, 2009) to ca. 2–4 Ma (Du and Aydin, 1996; deposits filled a local fault-controlled depocenter. motion in the Mojave Desert east of the San Andreas Rubin and Sieh, 1997). While it is generally agreed Systematic basinward thickening and stratal wedge fault (Dokka and Travis, 1990; Miller et al., 2001; that the width of the deformation zone has narrowed geometries in the western Trigo and southeastern Meade and Hager, 2005; Oskin et al., 2007, 2008). and become more localized through time into the Palo Verde Mountains, on opposite sides of the Col- Since late Miocene time, the ECSZ has been kine- western (active) ECSZ belt (Dokka and Travis, 1990; orado River valley, record basinward tilting during matically linked to the Gulf of California shear zone Dixon and Xie, 2018), few constraints exist on the deposition of the Bouse Formation. We conclude (Fig. 1; Bennett and Oskin, 2014; Bennett et al., 2017), timing, distribution, and structural style of strain in that the southern Blythe Basin formed as a broad where major strike-slip and normal faults related the paleo-ECSZ. Documenting the geologic evolu- transtensional sag basin in a diffuse releasing ste- to oblique rifting across the Pacific–North America tion of the older, eastern belt of the ECSZ is needed pover between the dextral Laguna fault system in plate boundary developed ca. 7–9 Ma in the northern to understand how late Miocene dextral strain in the south and the Cibola and Big Maria fault zones Gulf of California and Salton Trough region (Seiler et the Gulf of California shear zone was kinematically in the north. A palinspastic reconstruction at 5 Ma al., 2010, 2011; Dorsey et al., 2011; Bennett et al., 2013, linked with paleo-ECSZ faults in the Mojave Desert east of the San Andreas fault and farther north in the Walker Lane. Rebecca Dorsey https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8390-052X This paper is published under the terms of the *Current address: School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia Southern exposures of the uppermost Mio- CC-BY-NC license. †Current address: Devon Energy Corp, 333 West Sheridan Avenue, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73102, USA cene to lower Pliocene Bouse Formation provide an © 2021 The Authors GEOSPHERE | Volume 17 | Number 4 Dorsey et al. | Paleo–Eastern California shear zone Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geosphere/article-pdf/17/4/1101/5362321/1101.pdf 1101 by guest on 29 September 2021 Research Paper excellent opportunity to address these questions because of their location within a transtensional Walker zone of right-stepping, NW- striking dextral faults Lane and north-striking normal faults related to the Gulf DV LV Colorado Stateline River of California shear zone and ECSZ (Fig. 1). Previous fault system 36°N studies found that faults in this area were active GF during late Miocene time (Sherrod and Tosdal, SoAvFZ 1991; Richard, 1993) and that fault-related defor- NV Fig. 15 CA BC mation continued during deposition of the Bouse CMF 35°N Formation (Buising, 1990; Dorsey et al., 2017; Gard- CRF N ner and Dorsey, 2021; Thacker et al., 2020). The A paleo- modern ECSZ age of the Bouse Formation is bracketed between ECSZ ca. 6.0 and 4.6 Ma (House et al., 2008; Sarna-Wo- SAF P BWRFZ 34°N jcicki et al., 2011; McDougall, 2008; McDougall and ETR Miranda Martínez, 2014; Dorsey et al., 2018; Crow B Blythe CFZ Basin AZ et al., 2019a), which thus constrains the age of syn-depositional structures. Post–4.5 Ma broad sag- Fig. 2 ST 33°N ging is recognized along the lower Colorado River LFS . Y R (Howard et al., 2015; Crow et al., 2018; Cohen et Gila al., 2019), including possible isostatic responses to sedimentation and erosion (Karlstrom et al., 2017), but the influence of ECSZ faults on regional sub- Pacific Ocean U.S.A.32°N sidence patterns during deposition of the Bouse Pi Mexico Formation remains poorly understood. Detailed GCSZ studies are needed to test kinematic models for the N GoC ECSZ and its links to the northern Gulf of California, 118°W 31°N San Andreas fault system, and Walker Lane (e.g., 0 km 100 SON Dolan et al., 2007; Oskin et al., 2008; Liu et al., 2010; 116°W 114°W Dixon and Xie, 2018). Figure 1. Map of the southern San Andreas fault system, Eastern California shear zone Stratigraphic analysis offers a powerful method (ECSZ), and Gulf of California shear zone (GCSZ), showing faults (black lines), surface expo- for documenting fault-related tilting and defor- sures of the Bouse Formation (purple), modern dry lakes (yellow), and inferred distribution mation of the Earth’s surface in areas of crustal of Bouse sedimentary basins in the lower Colorado River region (light blue). Pink shading extension, subsidence, and sedimentation (Gaw- highlights the modern ECSZ as defined by geodesy, active seismicity, and Quaternary-active faults; green shading shows the older, late Miocene to early Pliocene paleo-ECSZ. Red lines thorpe and Leeder, 2000; Gawthorpe et al., 1997, are faults in the modern ECSZ with historical surface-rupturing earthquakes. Abbreviations: 2018; Sharp et al., 2000; Withjack et al., 2002; Serck A—Amboy; AZ—Arizona; B—Blythe; BC—Bullhead City; BWRFZ—Bill Williams River fault and Braathen, 2019). This approach is especially zone; CA—California; CFZ—Cibola fault zone; CMF—Cave Mountain fault; CRF—Camp Rock useful in areas of slow or diffuse deformation, fault; DV—Death Valley; ETR—eastern Transverse Ranges; GF—Garlock fault; GoC—Gulf of California; LFS—Laguna fault system; LSBM—Little San Bernardino Mountains; LV—Las where low strain rates produce gentle bedding dips Vegas; N—Needles; NV—Nevada; P—Parker; Pi—Pinacate volcano; SAF—San Andreas that may be difficult to quantify with standard struc- fault; SoAvFZ—Soda-Avawatz fault zone; ST—Salton Trough; SON—Sonora; Y—Yuma. tural analysis or where structures are concealed or poorly exposed. Tilting related to syn-depositional normal and oblique-slip faults produces systematic use this tectonostratigraphic approach to interpret 2020).
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