Southern Mount Lofty Ranges Biological Survey

CONCLUSIONS AND CONSERVATION RECOMMENDATIONS

S. Croft1

THE STUDY REGION AND BIOGEOGRAPHIC The 152 described groups were defined using a VALUES combination of Biological Survey data, interpretation of The Mt Lofty Ranges, of which the SMLR study area aerial photography, ground truthing and literature is a major component, is an island of forest and survey. woodland surrounded by drier habitats to the north and east, and the ocean to the west and south. The In contrast, the floristic analysis presented in this report SMLR, in particular, is in effect an outlier of the was based only on survey data, and did not include Bassian Zoogeographic region of temperate southern major ecosystems such as grasslands, mangroves and and eastern Australia. Within the SMLR many plant samphire communities. Forty-one vegetation groups and vertebrate species exist as isolated populations were defined, based on similarity of their floristic from the greater areas of their natural distribution in composition (all perennial species at a quadrat were the south-east of the continent. included in the analysis).

The SMLR study region, covering an area of 6,282 The majority of remnant vegetation within the study square kilometres, represents just 0.6% of South region occurs on soils least suitable for agriculture Australia. Despite the relatively small size of the and/or urban development, and is dominated by SMLR and extensive vegetation clearance, the region Stringybarks (Eucalypts obliqua and E. baxteri), Long- is highly biologically diverse, currently conserving: leaved Box (E. goniocalyx) and Pink Gum (E. • An estimated minimum of 1,100 native plant fasciculosa) forest and woodland formations. These taxa 2. The Biological Surveys within the region communities also tend to be both the most floristically recorded nine plant species with a National diverse and least modified vegetation remnants. conservation rating. • Twenty-two resident native mammal taxa. Poorly represented communities in the region tend to • 293 bird species (63% of the total bird species occur on the most fertile soils and/or were naturally recorded for the State) including one of the restricted in area due to specific habitat requirements. largest concentrations of threatened bird taxa on They include River Red Gum (E. camaldulensis) and mainland Australia (MLRINRMG 2002). Manna Gum (E. viminalis ssp.) savannah Woodlands, • 42 native reptiles, including one species with a once extensive in the region. Rare communities with National conservation rating and five species with naturally restricted distributions in the SMLR include a State conservation rating. swamps (often dominated by Leptospermum spp., • Six of the State’s 27 amphibian species. sedges and rushes), Grey Box (E. microcarpa) Forest and Woodlands, Peppermint Box (E. odorata) VEGETATION COMMUNITIES Woodlands, and mallee communities (including those Vegetation mapping for the South Mt Lofty Ranges dominated by E. socialis, E. incrassata, E. phenax and described 152 vegetation communities, which have E. oleosa). The poorly represented communities, been summarised into 51 groups for the purpose of including those associated with creeklines are generally map display according to common dominant highly weed-infested resulting in a loss of native plant overstorey species. The mapping region included a diversity. The sampling effort across the major greater area than that defined for the Biological vegetation communities is shown in Table 61. Survey study area.

1 Biodiversity Survey and Monitoring Section, Science & Conservation Directorate, Department for Environment and Heritage, GPO Box 1047, Adelaide 5001. 2 Note, the study region is more restricted than the Mount Lofty Ranges region defined in the Integrated Natural Resource Management Plan (MLRINRMG in prep.) and the Biodiversity Plan (Blason and Carruthers in prep.). The SMLR study region is also more restricted than the Southern Lofty herbarium region. Hence biodiversity statistics are not directly comparable between the aforementioned documents/data sources. 229 Table 61. Approximate proportion of structural vegetation communities surveyed during SMLR Biological Survey.

Structural Vegetation Community Approximate % of survey quadrats Eucalyptus obliqua dominated Open Forests and Woodlands 32 Eucalyptus fasciculosa dominated Forests and Woodlands 19 Eucalyptus goniocalyx dominated Forests and Woodlands 8 Eucalyptus baxteri, E. cosmophylla, E. fasciculosa Low Woodland or Low Open Forest 13 E. viminalis ssp.viminalis, E. leucoxylon, E. camaldulensis Savannah Woodland 4 E. viminalis ssp.viminalis, E. leucoxylon, E. ovata Woodland or Open Forest 6 E. odorata, E. fasciculosa, E. leucoxylon, E. microcarpa, E. porosa or Allocasuarina 6 verticillata dry savannah Woodlands Mallee species forming Mallee or Very Low Woodland 4 Coastal shrublands <1 Swamps 9

SURVEY EXPECTATIONS AND NOTABLE populations within the SMLR which appear FINDINGS morphologically distinct from populations outside the Flora region (Peter Lang, pers. comm. 2002). These include: The flora of the region has been comprehensively surveyed. In addition to the 1,177 survey sites • Pultenaea laxiflora On white sands in the Sandy included in this analysis, numerous other smaller-scale Creek, Para Wirra area, surveys have been conducted. The Biological Surveys • Glycine tabacina (Variable Glycine). Within the have contributed towards comprehensive vegetation SMLR, it occurs in the Sturt Gorge, mapping of the study region. This has enabled a more • Eucalyptus diversifolia (White Mallee). A very accurate assessment of conservation priorities e.g. small disjunct population occurs in Blackhill many poorly represented vegetation associations are Conservation Park, under threat due to weed invasion or other forms of • Eucalyptus brachcalyx x rugosa. A small and indirect long-term clearance. Although no new flora isolated relict population occurs in Torrens Gorge, records for the region were recorded during Biological • Eriostemon pungens, Eriostemon brevifolius and Surveys, an opportune record of Eucalyptus conglobata Olearia teritifolia. Small, disjunct populations of confirmed the existence of this species, previously these three species occur in Stoneyfell Quarry thought to be extinct from the Southern Lofty and/or the Horsnell Gully area, associated with herbarium region. quartzite, and • Pultenaea hispidula occurs in the central Mt Lofty The Biological Surveys have provided baseline data on Ranges. species composition within the larger vegetation remnants. In general, however, the survey sites are Further research is required to determine if the above within larger areas of more intact remnants. In 3 species (and other species with similar relict particular, Crown Land is disproportionately surveyed . populations) are actually new species. Regardless of Seventy seven percent of remnant vegetation is their taxonomic status, however, conservation privately owned, of which only 3% is formally programs should recognise the genetic diversity of protected by Heritage Agreements. There is limited these disjunct populations. information concerning the condition of privately owned remnant vegetation. Fauna Although this survey was the single-most extensive The Biological Surveys aim to provide an inventory of fauna survey of the region to date, the bird fauna has the main vegetation communities (Table 61). Rare been extensively studied, and to a lesser extent, species and smaller areas of rare habitat are not mammals and reptiles are well known. The survey, specifically targetted. therefore, was not expected to discover any new species or even new records for the region. However, Although the SMLR are an island of higher rainfall it soon became clear that what is largely regarded as communities surrounded by drier habitat, only 13 common knowledge, particularly of the fauna, of the endemic plant taxa are recognised. However, there are “backyard” of Adelaide, was not supported by SA a number of species with small disjunct Museum specimens or database records. A major aim of the survey, therefore, was to update and add to these 3 Approximately 23% of remaining native vegetation in the records. Mount Lofty Ranges occurs on Crown Land (MLRINRMG 2002). 230 Due to the genuine rarity of some species, and the • Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) criteria for site selection causing a bias against some Although the Platypus has not been recorded for over habitat specialists, the overall results of the survey 50 years in the study region, its continued existence confirmed the status and distribution of the more cannot be discounted. A survey specifically targetting common species, while highlighting a shorter list of this species (namely, suitable watercourses) is species that warrant further investigation. These are as recommended. follows: Birds Mammals The survey findings support the now widely accepted • Common Brushtail Possum (Trichosurus view that many once common woodland birds within vulpecula) the SMLR are declining. For example, very few The Common Brushtail Possum is more commonly records of the Diamond Firetail, Brown Treecreeper seen than the Common Ringtail Possum because it still and Hooded Robin were made during the survey. occupies habitats that have been largely cleared for agriculture and/or urban development, namely areas In addition to habitat loss and fragmentation, changes occupied by humans. However, brushtail possums are in vegetation and the spread of urbanisation on the actually less common than ringtail possums and are at Adelaide Plains has also affected the adjacent hills’ least uncommon in the majority of remnant woodlands fauna. Since the 1960’s, a substantial increase in of the SMLR. The survey results support its Rare plantings of flowering Australian native trees in urban rating in draft National Parks and Wildlife Act Adelaide has created an extensive open woodland. schedules. This has advantaged several of the more aggressive nectar feeding species and others that prefer this • Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) parkland style habitat. Unfortunately these relatively Conversely, the Koala (introduced to the SMLR) young trees do not as yet provide opportunities for appears to be expanding its distribution and increasing hollow-nesting birds. So whilst providing an enormous in abundance in the study region. Because the Koala food resource for species of lorikeets, these aggressive prefers to feed on a limited number of eucalypt species nesters also compete for hollows in the mature (all of which have been extensively cleared since woodland areas in the adjacent ranges. Aggressive European settlement), there is a danger of tree loss due group-living birds such as New Holland Honeyeaters, to Koala feeding pressures. Noisy Minors, Magpies and Red-wattle Birds also impact on the more timid woodland species in the • Southern Brown Bandicoots (Isoodon obesulus) ranges. Bandicoots were recorded at 25 of the 102 SMLR survey sites. All recordings were south of the River Reptiles Torrens, mostly centred on the area between Greenhill • Rosenberg’s Goanna (Varanus rosenbergi) Road and Scott Creek CP. It seems that the No records were made during the six weeks of site- distribution of this species has remained stable since based field-work. However, the survey coordinator (D. Paull’s (1985) survey. However, largely due to fox Armstrong) saw one individual near Myponga CP and baiting, their populations seem to have increased within one individual at Mt Gawler North Native Forest their area of distribution. Reserve, during reconnaissance trips. A further five verifiable sightings were made between 1999 and 2001. • Rodents and Yellow-footed Antechinus The paucity of records for this large easily recognisable The Swamp Rat, Rattus lutreolus, Bush Rat, Rattus species indicates that prospects for its long-term fuscipes, and the introduced Black Rat, Rattus rattus, survival within the region are bleak. require relatively dense vegetation. However, it appears that as conditions become drier moving north • Cunningham’s Skink (Egernia cunninghami) within the SMLR, first the Swamp Rat, then the Bush and Yellow-bellied Water Skink (Eulamphrus Rat disappears and the Black Rat becomes dominant. heatwoli) As there are no SA Museum records of any native rat Both these species occur as isolated populations within species north of the River Torrens, it is not possible to the study area. Cunningham’s Skink appears to have determine if the introduced Black Rat has displaced disappeared from the Adelaide Hills face around Belair any native species in the drier Barossa/South Para and Blackwood. In South Australia, the Yellow-bellied region. The Yellow-footed Antechinus, Antechinus Water Skink is known only from the Fleurieu district flavipes, which is often found in the same locations as where it is restricted to creek lines and swamps. Both the above rat species and prefers forest and woodland species may be susceptible to habitat fragmentation, with a relatively dense understorey. This species also through increased fire frequency and past timber becomes progressively more rare travelling north, and cutting practices. they have only been recorded from four locations north of the River Torrens. • Flinders Worm Lizard (Aprasia pseudopulchella) There were no records of the Flinders Worm Lizard obtained during the recent survey. However, a number

231 of SA Museum records, obtained in recent years, show Mammals it occurring along the eastern foothills and slopes. It is 1. Conduct further spotlighting surveys and possible that within the SMLR it could still be found monitoring programs to more accurately assess the between Elizabeth and Gawler. Further surveys are population abundance, distribution and ecological required to determine the status of this Nationally requirements of the Common Brushtail Possum. Vulnerable species. 2. Monitor representative areas of eucalypt species favoured by koalas (especially E. viminalis and E. • Carpet Python (Morelia spilota) camaldulensis) that are vulnerable to over- It is probably doubtful, or at least unclear, that Carpet browsing. Pythons still naturally occur within the region. 3. Conduct further searches for the Swamp Rat, Bush However, further searches in suitable habitat (eastern Rat and Yellow-footed Antechinus in the study parts of the SMLR) may reveal its presence in the area, primarily north of the River Torrens. region. 4. Identify watercourses that may still provide suitable habitat for the Platypus and intensively • Olive Snake-lizard (Delma inornata) search of this species, widely regarded as extinct in During the survey period, specimens were collected the region. opportunistically. These were from beneath siltstone slabs in grassland along a watercourse from which Birds stock had been excluded, and as road kills adjacent to 1. To address the decline in many species of native roadside grassland, at Highland Valley (south-east of birds the Mt Lofty Ranges “Bush for Birds” Mount Barker). This appears to be an isolated project is being implemented. This large-scale population in the region, and its long-term persistence project aims to restore habitats for a range of in the region is uncertain. species, rather than focussing on an individual species approach. Initially, the project aims to: Invertebrates • Create large areas of habitat with suitable An estimated 10,000 invertebrate species occur in the vegetation structure by various means, Mt Lofty Ranges. The majority are unable to be including active revegetation, fencing and/or identified to species level and little is known of their stock control to allow natural regeneration, ecology. The AusRivas program provided a relatively weed and pest control. comprehensive survey of freshwater macro- • Re-establish native vegetation on areas of invertebrates, enhancing knowledge of species more fertile soils, now largely cleared distributions and habitat relationships. The Biological (MLRINRMG 2002). Survey was the first attempt to systematically survey all invertebrate families within the region. Although, 2. Some individual species are the subject of current still on a limited scale (74 survey sites, with a focus on academic research e.g. Black-chinned Honeyeater. ground-swelling species), the survey has provided new distribution and abundance data for many invertebrate The Spotted Quailthrush and Bush Stone Curlew could taxa. possibly be extinct in the SMLR. Further intensive searches of suitable habitat are required to determine RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER their status. RESEARCH/SURVEY WORK Plants Reptiles 1. A formal, wide-scale program to assess the 1. Conduct further surveys to more accurately condition of vegetation remnants, in particular identify the distribution and population numbers of targetting vegetation communities across all land Rosenberg’s Goanna, Cunningham’s Skink, tenures. Yellow-bellied Water Skink, Flinders Worm 2. Identify locations of vegetation communities with Lizard, Carpet Python and Olive Snake-lizard (see a conservation rating. Where necessary, identify above for discussion). their tenure, ecological condition, size and biodiversity. Prioritise remnants desirable for Invertebrates inclusion in the Reserve System or to be placed The potential for further research is enormous with under Heritage Agreement, or similar conservation relatively few families being comprehensively covenant. surveyed and described taxonomically. 3. Implement mechanisms to increase the conservation tenure of privately owned remnants Even the existing survey records need considerable (not already under Heritage Agreement). additional work to identify them to genus or species 4. Determine the taxonomic status of several species level. with disjunct populations within the SMLR, and which appear morphologically distinct, from populations outside the region (see above for examples of species).

232 CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT ISSUES Environment and Heritage will play a key role in Due to the SMLR’s proximity to Adelaide, and a high encouraging linkages and cooperation between proportion of fertile soils, 87% of the pre-European conservation projects with the aim of achieving vegetation has been cleared and the majority of the Landcare and biodiversity outcomes (Robinson and remainder is highly fragmented and/or modified to Armstrong 1999). some degree. Very few first growth forest and woodland trees remain. The Integrated Natural Resource Management Plan (MLRINRMG 2002) also outlines resource condition Historical factors contributing to the critical state of the targets and provides detailed recommended actions for SMLR remnant vegetation include clearance, managing fragmentation and ongoing loss of habitat. fragmentation, grazing, logging, firewood collection Other than broad protection under the Native and mining. Despite the implementation of the Native Vegetation Act (1991), 66,450 hectares of remnant Vegetation Act (1991), intended to prevent broad acre vegetation in the region, remains outside of Reserves, clearance, degradation of remnant vegetation Heritage Agreement areas, and other protective continues. The majority of this damage is not due to mechanisms and have no formal protection. A key direct clearing or felling of individual old trees; rather recommendation of the Integrated Natural Resource it is a gradual process contributing to an ongoing Management Plan (MLRINRMG 2002) is to place reduction in habitat quality. Factors contributing to large areas of privately owned land under formal this degradation include clearance for house site conservation agreements. Current programs and construction and fire hazard reduction, weed and feral practices to manage remnant habitat are animal invasion, native herbivores, fire, rubbish comprehensively outlined by MLRINRMG (in prep.). dumping, Phytophthora (a root-rot fungus) and damming of waterways. The latter has increased Many of the threats to natural biodiversity in the significantly in recent years to provide water to irrigate SMLR, and hence management requirements, are extensive new areas planted with grape vines. Impacts applicable to remnant vegetation of the agricultural from run-off containing pesticides, herbicides and regions, in general. These include: sediment from peri-urban, roadside and • Control of environmental weeds and/or weeds horticultural/agricultural activities is also impacting associated with threatened plant species upon remnant vegetation. • Management of Total Grazing Pressure (both introduced and native species) Simply retaining all existing stands of vegetation will • Control of feral animals (particularly cats and not ensure a status quo in the natural biodivesity. An foxes) effect of past clearance is that much of the vegetation is • Fire management now small fragmented blocks. Sixty-nine percent of • Lack of habitat hollows and competition for remnant blocks in the Mt Lofty Ranges are ten hectares existing hollows form introduced species or less and 96% of remnants are less than 100 hectares • Revegetation to provide corridors and buffer (Blason and Carruthers in prep.). Many remnants are zones. too small and isolated to maintain viable populations of native flora and fauna (MLRINRMG 2002). Sustained All of the above issues need to be addressed in the and active (often intensive) management is required to study region. However, there are also other maintain the natural biodiversity of most remnants. management issues, which although not confined to the Mount Lofty Ranges, are particularly significant. Both the Mount Lofty Ranges Biodiversity Plan These include: (Blason and Carruthers in prep.) and the Integrated • The wide distribution of many different weed Natural Resource Management Plan (MLRINRMG species across the fragmented areas of natural 2002) contain comprehensive recommendations for vegetation is a major management problem. With conservation management. The Interim Natural a properly coordinated effort over a long period Resource Management Strategy focuses upon successful control of at least a range of woody developing a coordinated appoach to management, weed species can however be achieved. where natural resource management is closely • The impact of Phytophthora spp. on native integrated with all forms of land use. Conservation vegetation. Due to the generally high rainfall and programs will encourage and assist landowners and the widespread presence of susceptible native plants local community to actively participate, and be an Phytophthora is now widespread throughout the essential element of biodiversity conservation study region. A Phytophthora project officer has (Robinson and Armstrong 1999). The Strategy been appointed for the region and an Action Plan recommends that an ongoing regional Natural Resource has recently been produced. Management Group be established to promote a • Inappropriate use of fire. Due to the very high coordinated and integrated management approach by human population in the region, minimising fire community groups, Local Government, Soil risk is a high priority in the Hills. However, this Conservation Boards, Catchment Water Management needs to be balanced against the adverse impacts Boards, Animal and Plant Control Boards and other of too-frequent burning for hazard reduction (e.g. government departments. The Department for increase in weeds, loss of native species). 233 • Disruption of water regimes and water • Loss of dead trees and associated tree hollows. contamination. This is also a significant issues in the South East of • Fox baiting is essential to prevent loss of native the State. Currently dead trees are not protected fauna and the spread of weeds. However, the under clearance legislation. However, there are indirect impacts of fox baiting also needs to be proposed amendments to the Native Vegetation Act considered (e.g. increases in rabbit and, possibly, (1991) to protect standing dead trees that are feral cat populations). Off-target impacts of 600mm or more in diameter and 300mm above the poisoning baits also need to be managed. In a ground and provide habitat for roosting and highly populated area such as the SMLR, baiting nesting for a range of species (MLRINRMG also needs to be managed very carefully to prevent 2002). off-target impacts such as loss of pets. • Tree die-back, from a variety of causes, but Actions to conserve habitat will in the long-term also particularly lerps, mistletoe infestation, Mundulla help ensure the long-term viability of fauna populations Yellows, increased insect attack, vegetation currently under threat. For example, increasing the clearance and/or altered water regimes. Many of area of remnant vegetation, enhancing its condition, these factors are correlated. Trees particularly and providing corridors and buffer zones linking susceptible to die-back in the study region are Pink remnant patches will assist in maintaining threatened Gums (E. fasciculosa) and River Red Gums (E. fauna species. camaldulensis). • The collection of moss rocks from the eastern part The major challenge to arrest, and hopefully reverse, of the study region has been an issue for many the ongoing decline in the biodiversity of the SMLR is years (MLRINRMG 2002). “While a code of still before us. practice has been produced for moss rock collectors, there is still some concern regarding the habitat loss and landscape impact associated with the industry (MLRINRMG 2002).

234 Southern Mount Lofty Ranges Biological Survey

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