Regulating Services
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Regulating services Book or Report Section Published Version Smith, P., Ashmore, M., Black, H., Burgess, P., Evans, C., Hails, R., Potts, S., Quine, T., Thomson, A., Biesmeijer, K., Breeze, T., Broadmeadow, M., Ferrier, R., Freer, J., Hansom, J., Haygarth, P., Hesketh, H., Hicks, K., Johnson, A., Kay, D., Kunin, W., Lilly, A., May, L., Memmott, J., Orr, H., Pickup, R., Purse, B. and Squire, G. (2011) Regulating services. In: UK National Ecosystem Assessment: Technical Report. UK NEA Publications, pp. 535-596. Available at http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/25219/ It is advisable to refer to the publisher’s version if you intend to cite from the work. See Guidance on citing . Published version at: http://uknea.unep-wcmc.org/Resources/tabid/82/Default.aspx Publisher: UK NEA Publications All outputs in CentAUR are protected by Intellectual Property Rights law, including copyright law. Copyright and IPR is retained by the creators or other copyright holders. Terms and conditions for use of this material are defined in the End User Agreement . www.reading.ac.uk/centaur CentAUR Central Archive at the University of Reading Reading’s research outputs online Chapter 14: Regulating Services Coordinating Lead Author: Pete Smith Lead Authors: Mike Ashmore, Helaina Black, Paul Burgess, Chris Evans, Rosemary Hails, Simon G. Potts, Timothy Quine and Amanda Thomson Contributing Authors: Koos Biesmeijer, Tom Breeze, Mark Broadmeadow, Robert Ferrier, Jim Freer, Jim Hansom, Phil Haygarth, Helen Hesketh, Kevin Hicks, Andrew Johnson, David Kay, William Kunin, Allan Lilly, Linda May, Jane Memmott, Harriet Orr, Roger Pickup, Beth Purse and Geoff Squire Key Findings ........................................................................................................................................................... 537 14.1 Regulating Services and Human Well-being ................................................................................................... 539 14.2 Climate Regulation ......................................................................................................................................... 540 14.2.1 Trends in Climate Regulating Services .....................................................................................................................540 14.2.2 Drivers of Change .......................................................................................................................................................541 14.2.3 Consequences of Change ..........................................................................................................................................542 14.2.4 Options for Sustainable Management .......................................................................................................................544 14.2.5 Knowledge Gaps .........................................................................................................................................................544 14.3 Hazard Regulation .......................................................................................................................................... 546 14.3.1 Trends in Hazard Regulating Services ......................................................................................................................546 14.3.2 Drivers of Change .......................................................................................................................................................548 14.3.3 Consequences of Change ...........................................................................................................................................549 14.3.4 Options for Sustainable Management .......................................................................................................................550 14.3.5 Knowledge Gaps ........................................................................................................................................................ 550 14.4 Disease and Pest Regulation .......................................................................................................................... 551 14.4.1 Trends in Disease and Pest Regulation .....................................................................................................................551 14.4.2 Drivers of Change .......................................................................................................................................................553 14.4.3 Consequences of Change ...........................................................................................................................................559 14.4.4 Options for Sustainable Management .......................................................................................................................559 14.4.5 Knowledge Gaps .........................................................................................................................................................561 14.5 Pollination ...................................................................................................................................................... 561 14.5.1 Trends in Pollination...................................................................................................................................................561 14.5.2 Drivers of Change .......................................................................................................................................................562 14.5.3 Consequences of Change ...........................................................................................................................................563 14.5.4 Options for Sustainable Management .......................................................................................................................563 14.5.5 Knowledge Gaps .........................................................................................................................................................565 14.6 Noise Regulation ............................................................................................................................................. 565 14.6.1 Trends in Noise Regulation ........................................................................................................................................565 14.6.2 Drivers of Change .......................................................................................................................................................566 14.6.3 Consequences of Change ...........................................................................................................................................566 14.6.4 Options for Sustainable Management .......................................................................................................................567 14.6.5 Knowledge Gaps .........................................................................................................................................................568 14.7 Soil Quality Regulation ................................................................................................................................... 568 14.7.1 Trends in Soil Quality ..................................................................................................................................................568 14.7.2 Drivers of Change ........................................................................................................................................................571 14.7.3 Consequences of Change ...........................................................................................................................................572 14.7.4 Options for Sustainable Management .......................................................................................................................573 14.7.5 Knowledge Gaps .......................................................................................................................................................... 574 14.8 Air Quality Regulation .................................................................................................................................... 574 14.8.1 Trends in Air Quality .................................................................................................................................................. 574 14.8.2 Drivers of Change .......................................................................................................................................................575 14.8.3 Consequences of Change ...........................................................................................................................................576 14.8.4 Options for Sustainable Management .......................................................................................................................576 14.8.5 Knowledge Gaps .........................................................................................................................................................577 Ecosystem Services | Chapter 14: Regulating Services 535 14.9 Water Quality Regulation ................................................................................................................................ 578 14.9.1 Trends in Water Quality ..............................................................................................................................................578