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National Identity and Globalization. a Survey Among Undergraduate Students in Islamabad and Gilanegharb Cities (Iran)

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National Identity and Globalization. a Survey Among Undergraduate Students in Islamabad and Gilanegharb Cities (Iran) ISSN 1392-0561. INFORMACIJOS MOKSLAI. 2008 45 National identity and globalization. A survey among undergraduate students in Islamabad and Gilanegharb cities (Iran) Alimohammad Javadi Maryam Javadi Social Science Group Payame Noor University, Iran Payame Noor University, Iran E-mail: [email protected] Tel: +98-835-322 24 57, Fax: +98-835-322 39 75; E-mail: [email protected] In the recent years, due to the expansion of modernism and modernization on a global scale, there have been developments at cultural and structural levels, resulting in a change in national identity and ma- king the study of nationalism and identity become an important topic in social science. Communication technologies and globalization can affect national identity. The main goal of this article is to describe and analyse national identity and related major factors. For this purpose, a survey of a sample of 165 undergraduate students in the cities of Islamabad and Gilanegharb (Iran) in the education year 2007 was considered, (the population are Kurds in Islamabad and Gilanegharb, Kurds being an ethnicity in Iran). The results have indicated that the rate of national identity is high (mean = 3.92 of 0 to 5), and the varia- bles at the use of sexual environment of the Internet, the rate of using satellite programs and their kinds, VCD and related programs have a negative effect on national identity, and the variables like satisfaction with work and facilities of welfare, intimacy with family, satisfaction with having facilities of welfare in the nation of Kurds have a positive effect on national identity. Ethnicity and the low size of population af- fect the decrease of national identity. In the multi-variable regression analysis, the effect of independent variables reached about 64%, and the variables that could be included as independent variables into the regression model are as follows: satisfaction with job in Iran, relationships with friends, ethnic intimacy with the family, the rate of the use of satellite, tradition and satisfaction with the facility of education. Key words: national identity, globalization, mass media, new media, ethnicity Introduction process. This paper addresses the impact of mass media on national identity. The In the twenty-first century, new technolo- aim of globalization is cultural globaliza- gies and the “information revolution” are tion whose result is mass media and new bringing our world closer together and media. Hence follow three main points. making nations, economies and cultures First, what is the rate of national identity increasingly interdependent. This process in the cities of Gilanegharb and Islamabad of “globalization” is often portrayed as a in Iran? Second, which are the effects of positive force which is unifying widely mass media and new media on national different societies, integrating them into a identity? What are the factors that influ- “global village”, and enriching all in the ence national identity? 112 framework nic and national) identity, and social inter- action may provide an avenue by which National identity ethnicity is experienced and explored National identity is a special case of col- (Laperrière, Compère, D’Khissy, Dolce, lective identity. This does not mean an ob- Fleurant, 1994). Phinney, Romero, Nava, jective, i.e. systemic, connection built by and Huang (2001) have observed that in- human beings, but its interpretation by the teraction with peers from one’s own eth- members of that collective – hence, it must nic group predicts ethnic identity, while be socially shared, the binding knowledge parental cultural maintenance has only an being the key factor (Estel, 2002: 108). Na- indirect effect through adolescent ethnic tional identity then means a socially shared language proficiency. In contrast, the im- and binding knowledge in the form of an pact of national friends on cultural identity officially prevailing conception of itself is seldom examined. Because it appears in a certain nation being imparted through that same-ethnic best-friend pairs are more certain institutions (Estel, 2002: 108). easy-going and supportive than cross-eth- Identification theory is concerned with a nic best-friends pairs (Smith & Schneider, deep psychological relationship between 2000), one may hypothesize that national the individual and her or his social envi- friends may have an influence on cultural ronment and the internalization of social identity but to a lesser degree than same- attitudes. It includes human sentiments, ethnic friends, and probably only on na- human attitudes and human loyalty from tional identity. Family, as the first locus of the psychological point of view without socialization, is referred to as a complex marginalizing or denying socio-economic social system in which each member (chil- or political factors (Bloom, 1990: 4). Ac- dren and each parent) contributes to the cording to Bloom, we can define national quality of life of the family. This is espe- identity as a condition in which a mass of cially true during adolescence. Within an people have made the same identification immigrant family, the acculturation ori- with national symbols – have internalized entations of each family member interact the symbols of the nation – so that they may with the orientations of other members act as one psychological group when there and may influence the adaptation of the is a threat to, or the possibility of enhance- family as a whole (Szapocznik, Kurtines, ment of, these symbols of national identity. 1993). While endorsing different levels of To exist, people en masse must have gone acculturation and identity (Sabatier, Berry, through the actual psychological process 2007), both mothers and fathers transmit of making that general identification with the values of cultural competences and the nation (Bloom, 1990: 4). identity (Costigan, Dokis, 2006; Killian, Hegtvedt, 2003). Nonetheless, the emo- Ethnicity and national identity tional climate of the family and the coher- Social networks and friendships are as- ence of parental values form the context of sumed to be associated with cultural (eth- the transmission (Knafo, Schwartz, 2001; 113 Schönpflug, 2001). Thus, the present in- of each parent is very seldom examined, vestigation examines family socialization despite the critical role of the father in so- and takes into account both the perception cial development. However, these sparse that adolescents have of their relationship findings indicate that the father contributes with parents and the contribution of each differently to the mother, even if his con- parent along two dimensions: emotional tribution is less important than the moth- (i.e. family emotional climate) and cultural er’s (Killian, Hegtvedt, 2003). For all the (i.e. attachment to culture and encultura- scholarly disagreements over the meaning tion) (Rosenthal, Cichello, 1986). Cultural of “nation” and “national identity,” there is harmony between adolescents and parents in fact a common thrust that runs through refers to the adolescents’ perception of much of the recent literature. According congruence with their parents on the sub- to the conventional wisdom, nations are ject of cultural values and orientations. A socially constructed by new methods for distance between adolescents and parents particular purposes in modern times. They on cultural values is expected in immigrant are “imagined communities,” not primor- families as part of the normal developmen- dial ones (Anderson, 1991). Even if people tal process (Sam, Virta, 2003). Disagree- that make up particular nations have a long ments may be a source of development memory of common descent, they emerge (Rosenthal, Hrynevich, 1985). Disclosure in their contemporary form through narra- appears as the most important source of tive bootstrapping by elites who create the parental knowledge about children’s ac- symbols around which national communi- tivities and emotional states. It is related ties may coalesce. They are the product, to mutual trust and to familial emotional rather than the source, of books and flags, climate (Kerr, Stattin, Trost, 1999). While schools and state bureaucracies. They most research on children emphasizes represent deliberate efforts at boundary- family ethnic socialization as the primary drawing, increasingly common in a period influence of ethnic identity, both parental of history when to count as an actor on the child-rearing style and parental cultural so- world stage required such boundaries. And cialization contribute to the identity and ad- they are of recent vintage, modern inven- aptation of immigrant youth, and these two tions suited for the modern age. dimensions have been assessed in the pres- ent research (Rosenthal, Feldman, 1992). Globalization and mass media Rosenthal and Cichello (1986) found that It is variously described as an inevitable by- parental maintenance of cultural ties, but product of human evolution and progress, not their traditional values, is linked to eth- as if it were an organic process governed by nic identity. Finally, Supple et al. (2006) the laws of nature. However, globalization is found that family ethnic socialization is not necessarily a natural progression emerg- directly associated with exploration and ing out of the ordinary communication and resolution, but not with ethnic affirma- interaction of people and cultures around tion. Altogether, the specific contribution the world. Rather, it results from deliber- 114 ate human choice by a powerful group of Modernization theory
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