OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 51 NO. 2 SPRING 2001 PUBLISHED BY THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio MEMBERSHIP AND DUES TERM Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first of EXPIRES A.S.O. OFFICERS January as follows: Regular membership $20.00; husband and wife (one copy of publication) $21.00; Individual Life Membership $400. Husband and wife 2002 President Walt Sperry, 30234 Fairmont Ave., Mt. Vernon, OH Life Membership $600. Subscription to the Ohio Archaeologist, published 43050(740)392-9774. quarterly, is included in the membership dues. The Archaeological Society of 2002 Immediate Past President Carmel "Bud" Tackett, 905 Charleston Ohio is an incorporated non-profit organization. Pike, Chillicothe, OH 45601, (740) 772-5431. PUBLICATIONS AND BACK ISSUES 2002 Treasurer Gary Kapusta, 3294 Herriff Rd., Ravenna, OH 44266, Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: (330) 296-2287. Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $40.00 add $4.50 P-H 2002 Executive Secretary Len Weidner, 13706 Robins Road, Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse $15.00 add $1.50 P-H Westerville, OH 43081 (740) 965-2868. The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse.$25.00 add $2.50 P-H 2002 Editor Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, 1980's & 1990's $ 6.00 add $1.50 P-H OH 43064, (614)873-5471. 1970's $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H 2002 Recording Secretary Rocky Falleti, 5904 South Ave., 1960's $10.00 add $1.50 P-H Youngstown, OH 44512 (330) 788-1598. Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 are gener­ ally out of print but copies are available from time to time. Write to busi­ 2002 Technical Advisor Jane Weidner, 13706 Robins Road, ness office for prices and availability. Westerville, OH 43081, (740) 965-2868. BUSINESS MANAGER ASO CHAPTERS Don Casto, 138 Ann Court, Lancaster, OH 43130 Aboriginal Explorers Club Business phone: 1-800-736-7815 - Home phone: 1-740-653-9477. President: Mark Cline, 1127 Esther Ave., Wellsville, OH 330-532-1157 Beau Fleuve Chapter TRUSTEES President: Richard Sorjka, 11253 Broadway, Alden, NY 716-681-2229 2002 Dr. Brian G. Folz, 6566 Charles Rd., Westerville, OH 43082 Blue Jacket Chapter (614)890-0777. President: Greg Johns, 301 Chillicothe St., Bellefontaine, OH 2002 Chris Rummell, 478 Burns Dr. N., Westerville, OH 43082 Chippewa Valley Chapter (614)895-0714. President: Steven Kish, 3014 Clark Mill Rd., Norton, OH 330-753-7081 2002 Elaine Holzapfel, 415 Memorial Dr., Greenville, OH 45331 Cuyahoga Valley Chapter (937) 548-0325. President: Joyce Kish, 3014 Clark Mill Rd., Norton, OH 330-753-7081 2002 John Mocic, Box 170 R.D. #1, Dilles Bottom, OH 43947 Dividing Ridges Chapter (740)676-1077. President: John Mocic, Box 170, RD#1, Dilles Bottom, OH 740-676-1077 Flint Ridge Chapter 2004 Jim Hahn, 770 South Second St., Heath, OH 43056 President: D. D. Ellis, 1071 Jo Ann Court, Heath, OH (740) 323-2351. Fort Salem Chapter 2004 Randall Hackworth, 1963 Moulton-Ft. Amanda Rd., President Dennis Link, 1037 Ritchey Rd., Felicity, OH 513-876-4140 Wapakoneta, OH 45895 (419) 657-6557. Fulton Creek Chapter 2004 Jon Anspaugh, 210 E. Silver, Wapakoneta, OH 45895 President: Don Mathis, 23000 St. Rt. 47, West Mansfield, OH 937-355-7065 (419)738-3708. Johnny Appleseed Chapter 2004 James G. Hovan, 16979 South Meadow Circle, Strongsville, President: Jeff Zemrock, 903 Twp. Rd. 2850, Perrysville, OH OH 44136 (440) 238-1799. King Beaver Chapter CHAIRMAN FRAUDULENT ARTIFACTS COMMITTEE President: Dick McConnell, 836 Cleland Mill Rd., New Castle, PA RUSSELL STRUNK, PO BOX 55, BATAVIA, OH 45103 724-667-9330 REGIONAL COLLABORATORS Kokosing Chapter President: Paul Hothem, 934 East High St., Mt. Vernon, OH Mike Rusnak, 1642 Friar Road, Stow, OH 44224 Lake County Chapter Mark W. Long, Box 627, Jackson, OH 45640 President: Douglas R. Divish, 35900 Chardon Rd., Willoughby, OH Steven Kelley, Seaman, OH 440-942-0563 James L. Murphy, University Libraries, 1858 Neil Avenue Mall, Mad River Chapter Columbus, OH 43210 President: Chuck Oliver, 2717 Stoney Creek St., Springfield, OH Gordon Hart, 760 N. Main St., Bluffton, Indiana 46714 937-390-0889 Jeff Carskadden, 960 Eastward Circle, Colony North, Mahoning Valley Chapter Zanesville, OH 43701 President: Rocky Falleti, 5904 South Ave., Youngstown, OH 330-788-1498 Elaine Holzapfel, 415 Memorial Drive, Greenville, OH 45331 Miamiville Archaeological Conservation Chapter Brian DaRe, 58561 Sharon Blvd., Rayland, OH 43943 President: Art Heaton, 165 North St., Batavia, OH 513-732-3807 Lloyd Hamishfeger, 203 Steiner St., Pandora, OH 45877 Mound City Chapter Dr. Robert Morris, Ward St. at N. Wittenberg Ave., PO Box 720, President: John Barnhart, 200 Northridge Rd., Circleville, OH Springfield, OH 45501-0720 Sandusky Bay Chapter Gary Fogelman, 245 Fairview Rd., Turbotville, PA 17772-9599 President: George DeMuth, 4303 Nash Rd., Wakeman, OH 440-839-2125 Sandusky Valley Chapter All articles, reviews, and comments regarding the Ohio Archaeologist President: Dale Stansberry, 13825 C.H. 64, Upper Sandusky, OH should be sent to the Editor. Memberships, requests for back issues, changes of address, and other inquiries should be sent to the Busi­ Seneca Arrow Hunters Club ness Manager. President: Don Weller, 3232 S. State Rt. 53, Tiffin, OH Six Rivers Chapter PLEASE NOTIFY THE BUSINESS MANAGER OF ADDRESS President: Brian Foltz, 6566 Charles Rd., Westerville, OH 614-890-0777 CHANGES IMMEDIATELY SINCE, BY POSTAL REGULATIONS, SOCIETY MAIL CANNOT BE FORWARDED. Standing Stone Chapter President: Thomas Hale, 11144 Hampton Dr., Pickerington, OH Sugarcreek Valley Chapter President: Steven Kish, 3014 Clark Mill Rd., Norton0, OH 330-753-7081 NEW BUSINESS OFFICEThei PHONr Fires ArEe NUMBECold ChapteRr 1-800-736-7815 TOLPresident:L FRE KevinE Boos , 5710 Old Railroad, Sandusky, OH 419-627-6254 A.S.O. Website: www.ohioarch.org TABLE OF CONTENTS PRESIDENT'S PAGE President's Page 3 Front Cover Information 3 At the time of this writing we are in the middle of a long rainy spell in Ohio. Fortunately, this is good for surface hunting and I The North Riverside Airport Road Site by Gary Felumlee 4 have had several successful hunts. In the last President's Page I referred to two farmers con­ Fluted Point Survey of the Darke County, Ohio Area by Elaine Holzapfel 7 cerning surface hunting on their property. Regarding the first, I visited him and received permission to hunt his fields before Incised Bar From Fairfield Co., Ohio by Don Casto 11 they were planted. I have visited with the second farmer twice but he still is reluctant to let me or anyone else hunt his fields. An Auglaize County Mastodon by Larry Swann 12 Nevertheless, we are still good friends. Turning to ASO business, the plans for the November 17-18, The Loader Site by Wayne A. Mortine & Doug Randies 14 2001, two-day meeting are progressing well. You may call Len Weidner 740-965-2868 to reserve tables. The Tarlton. Ohio Indian Effigy Cross Mound The committee to revise the Constitution and By-Laws is very by Hal Povenmire 18 close to presenting the revised version. This has been a long A Fortuitous Find by Jim Falor 19 tedious process, but is one which should not be undertaken A Seven Inch Adena by Jeffrey Haskell 19 hastily. Hopefully, it will be ready by the November meeting. At the Annual Meeting on May 20th, I gave a quick report Computer Enhanced Gorget Fragment by Kenneth Ratcliff & Richard Moats 20 about the state of our Society. We have 2,512 members as of Artifacts from an Early Summit County Collector, May 10th. Because of our web site - and the efforts of Steve Robert Kearney by Michael Rusnak 21 Carpenter - we are attracting new members across the United Two Birdstones from the Collection of Kenneth Black . 22 States and internationally. I am very optimistic that our member­ ship will grow significantly. It should be remembered that each A Recently Found Birdstone from Williams County, Ohio by Steve Ward 23 new member is entitled to back issues of the current Ohio Archaeologists for the year they join. Ravenna Upper Mercer Lithic Material in Portage County, Ohio by Gary J. Kapusta 24 I also stated that the Ohio Archaeologist continues to be the finest publication in its field. A Collection From One of the Original Families in Stow, Summit County, Ohio by Michael Rusnak 26 With immense dedication and work, our Treasurer, Gary Kapusta, and Business Manager, Don Casto, have kept our The Rush Creek Dovetail Spear by Bob White 28 finances in excellent order. A Fractured Base Dovetail by Bob White 28 Three Generations of Surface Hunters by Lar Hothem 29 The Stow Rockshelten In Retrospect Happy Hunting, by Gary Kapusta 30 President Walt Sperry A Tennessee Geniculate by C.J. O'Neill 31 A Double-Notched Winged Bannerstone by Steve Fuller 31 A Bar Amulet Boatstone by Arthur Holsinger 32 A Salvaged Three-Quarter Groove Axe by Robert J. Davis 32 Celt Talk by Don Casto 33 Ideas for Giving a Presentation on Ohio's Prehistory to Elementary School Students by Michael Rusnak 34 The Slow Development and Rapid Decline of the Antiquities Act of 1906 by Allan Charles Mastran and John R. White 36 Front Cover Photograph: Catlinite Artifacts by Steve Fuller 39 Eight lizard effigies from the collection of Fred Fisher. Harrod. Ohio, who A Panther or Otter Effigy Pipe has the largest collection of such effigies in the United States. From left to by Steve Fuller 42 right and from top to bottom - Auglaize County. Richland County. Hardin County. Allen County. Hancock County. Wyandot County. Miami County Table Layout 42 and LaGrange County. Indiana. Notice - Summer Meetings 42 Annual Converse Award Presented to Jim Murphy ... 43 Treasurer's Report by Gary J. Kapusta 43 Back Cover Information by David Didion 43 THE NORTH RIVERSIDE AIRPORT ROAD SITE by Gary Felumlee New Concord, Ohio Introduction reddish brown tinge to the otherwise inches and the maximum width is 2 inches. The North Riverside Airport Road site black surface. The surface of the fracture The material for the knife appears to be an is a multi-component prehistoric habita­ is black, however, suggesting that the unusual variation of Upper Mercer flint. tion site situated along the Muskingum point was broken long after it had been River two miles north of Zanesville in made, perhaps during historic plowing of Concluding Observations Falls Township, Muskingum County, the site. A close examination of the point The importance of the North Riverside Ohio. The site is located in the once culti­ by Michael Gramly revealed that it may Airport Road site lies in its proximity to vated bottoms along the west side of the be of the Cumberland type (personal Zanesville and the early chronological river immediately upstream from the communication 2000). A suggested date position its first visitors seem to have in our northern terminus of Riverside Airport for Cumberland fluted points is around prehistory. Evidence from the site shows Road, in an area slated for development 10,000 B.C. (DeRegnaucourt and Geor­ that early hunters were utilizing the narrow into private house lots. giady 1998). river bottoms just north of town and were The site is long and narrow and tends Another point from the site may also also making use of local flint outcrops far­ to follow the crest of a nearly undistin- date to the Palaeo-lndian period. This ther up stream. Later Archaic peoples also guishable rise in the field that parallels small point exhibits very shallow notching camped at the site as well. the river bank. Fire cracked rock and flint and limited parallel flaking and is made of The North Riverside Airport Road site, chippage were evident when the site was very fossiliferous black Upper Mercer like many sites located along the river cultivated in an area roughly thirty by one flint. This variety of Upper Mercer mate­ near Zanesville, faces an uncertain future, hundred feet along the rise. Most of the rial outcrops along both sides of the as housing and urban development chippage encountered was black Upper Muskingum River ten miles north of the infringe on formerly agricultural lands. Mercer with Flint Ridge material a site. It has been suggested that this arti­ minority type. Woodland pottery sherds fact may well be a reworked fluted point References have been noted in small concentrations tip (Gramly personal communication within several hundred yards of the site, 2000). A small steeply beveled unifacial Carskadden, Jeff but the North Airport Road site itself flint scraper found at the site could also 1963 A Gilbert, Ohio Multiple Occupation shows evidence of short-term visitations possibly date to the Palaeolndian period. Site. Ohio Archaeologist 13(1):22-23. by Palaeo Indian and Archaic peoples. This artifact is also made of black Upper Nearby sites, published in the Ohio Mercer flint. 1977 Archaeology of the City of Zanesville. Archaeologist, include the Gilbert Site on Ohio Archaeologist 27(4): 14-19. the east side of the Muskingum and eight Archaic Occupation DeRegnaucourt, Tony and Jeff Georgiady miles upstream (Carskadden 1963) and The remainder of the surface collection several sites within the city limits of 1998 Prehistoric Chert Types of the Midwest. from the site is made up of Archaic pro­ Occasional Monographs Series of the Zanesville, two miles downstream jectile point types, with the exception of Upper Miami Valley Archaeological (Carskadden 1977), one Late Woodland or Late Prehistoric Research Museum No. 7, Arcanum, All materials from the site discussed in triangle. A finely-made flint knife, well Ohio. this report were surface collected by the used and showing evidence of resharp- author a number of years ago and pro­ ening and exceptional secondary chip­ Justice, Noel D. vide at least a glimpse into the activity ping, completes the collection. 1987 Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United that was taking place there in prehistoric The earliest of the Archaic points is States. Indiana University Press, times. Native Americans camped at the probably related to the Big Sandy cluster Bloomington, Indiana. site would have had the rich resources of (Justice 1987) and could be typed as a the Muskingum River close at hand, and Raddatz point. This point type is given a the protection of the forested hills nearby. date range of 8,000 to 6,000 B.C. The It would have been a prime location for example from the Airport Road site is hunting, fishing, and gathering, although fashioned of Flint Ridge flint. somewhat removed from the intensively Five projectile points from the site occupied terraces at the confluence of would fall into the category of late the Licking and Muskingum rivers three Archaic Bottleneck points. They show to four miles downstream. In fact, the reworking, tip damage, and impact frac­ proximity of the site to the city of tures. These factors suggest that a small Zanesville is especially important, con­ hunting camp occupied the site some­ sidering the fact that nearly all of the sites time between 2,500 and 1,000 B.C. Each along the Muskingum at the mouth of the of the points in this type are made of Flint Licking have been covered with fill dirt, Ridge flint. ballast and cinders from the construction The large flint knife, mentioned earlier, of railroad yards, or historic industrial and deserves some further comment. It is not a commercial structures. preform or cache blade, but a finely-fin­ ished cutting tool. The lower working edge Palaeo Occupation exhibits what appears to be intentional The first visitors to the site were serrations, while the upper edge was left Palaeo-lndian hunters, as evidenced by intentionally jagged and coarse. The basal the base of a fluted projectile point. This area of the knife has a rectangular appear­ specimen was chipped from Upper ance and exhibits light grinding, which Figure 1 (Felumlee) Map of Muskingum County showing the location of the North Riverside Mercer flint and is somewhat oxidized on extends one-third of the way towards the Airport Road site (black dot along the the unbroken surfaces, giving the point a tip. The overall length of the knife is 4-3/8 Muskingum River two miles north of Zanesville.)

4 Figure 2 (Felumlee) Paleo fluted point base from the North Riverside Airport Road site. Figure 3 (Felumlee) Late Woodland or Late Prehistoric triangular projectile point, a possible reworked Paleo point tip, and a steeply beveled unifacial scraper, all from the North Riverside Airport Road site.

*f Figure 5 (Felumlee) A large finely-worked knife from Figure 4 (Felumlee) Archaic projectile points from the North Riverside Airport Road site. the North Riverside Airport road site.

5 i "V 1

j1 m'* • i ' 1 •' ,;T';

5

| • ^^ /

1 iCK>--.;^fsl I ffi Figure 1 (Holzapfel) The 36 Fluted Points from the Darke County, Ohio Area.

6 FLUTED POINT SURVEY OF THE DARKE COUNTY, OHIO, AREA by Elaine Holzapfel 415 Memorial Drive Greenville, OH 45331

INTRODUCTION huge chunks of glacial ice had stagnated, a landscape unlike any that exists in the This study was undertaken not only to and these kettles began filling with organic world today (Shane 1976). See Figure 4. count fluted points from the Darke debris, both vegetable and animal. Winters were probably colder than at County area (Figure 1), but also to deter­ Excavations at the kettle known as present and summers were sunnier. The mine what additional information the Carter Bog in the northern part of the climate was warming at a rate noticeable points could yield. This paper is taken county yielded one of the most complete within the lifetime of an individual, so from a more complete work which details and diverse assemblages of Pleistocene Paleoamericans may have discussed cli­ both the Early and Late Paleo occupation vertebrates known from Ohio. Excavated mate change as much as we do today. of the same area (Holzapfel 2001). were a giant ground sloth which weighed The term Paleoamerlcan is used here around three tons, an elk-moose with mas­ RESULTS OF THE SURVEY instead of Paleoindian. The word Paleoin- sive complex antlers, and mastodons with The survey recorded 26 fluted points dian was coined by Frank Roberts in huge tusks. These extinct megafauna from from Darke County and 10 from con­ 1935 and implies a descendant-ancestor the bog were radiocarbon dated at tiguous areas (Table 1). The most recently relationship between the earliest inhabi­ between 14,000 to 10,000 years old recovered fluted point was found in tants of the New World and modern (Mills 1975; Shane 1987), so the great Wayne Township, Darke County, by Garry American Indians. The descriptive, geo­ animals must have been contempora­ Mumaw in April 2001. graphical term Paleoamerican, used by neous with Paleoamericans. Raw material was identified for 63% of Grandy (1999), Owsley (1999), and others Although the county would have been the fluted points (Table 2). The material is more appropriate since skeletal studies suitable for habitation by 14,800 B.R, the from which the remaining points were indicate a Eurasian origin for the first first human occupation did not appear made did not originate in the glacial till Pleistocene and early Holocene people until around 11,500 B.R This occupation and must have come from distant (Jantz and Owsley 1997). is marked by the occurrence of fluted sources. Upper Mercer (Coshocton) flint

METHODS My first line of inquiry was a request for Table 1 information about fluted points from Number of Fluted Points from Counties Represented in this Survey Darke County which was printed in the Ohio Archaeologist. Collectors, avoca- tionalists, and farmers were approached. County and state N Percent Additional contacts were made at quar­ terly meetings of the Archaeological Darke (Ohio) 26 72% Society of Ohio in Columbus. Only well- Mercer (Ohio) 2 5% Montgomery (Ohio) 1 3% documented artifacts with reliable prove­ Randolph (Indiana) 5 14% nience were included in the survey. Jay (Indiana) 1 3% Exact recovery location for each arti­ Wayne (Indiana) 1 3% fact was considered of utmost impor­ tance. County provenience proved useful Total 36 100% in the absence of more detailed informa­ tion such as farm field, township, or Table 1 (Holzapfel) drainage system. points, which have been dated at was the favored chert among Darke All fluted points were photographed and numerous sites in the East. County Paleoamericans. The chert of measured, and the information was The Darke County area at this time was second choice, Four-Mile-Creek and/or recorded on concise data sheets (Figure 2). a unique composite or mosaic of grass­ Laurel, could have been obtained at no lands, conifer groves, and hardwood great distance (Figure 5). Other raw PLEISTOCENE GEOLOGY, FLORA, forests, presenting Paleoamericans with materials included Indiana Green (Attica), AND FAUNA OF THE DARKE COUNTY AREA For sixty thousand years Darke County Table 2 lay buried beneath glacial ice more than a Attributes of Darfce-County-Area Fluted Points mile thick (Gooding 1975). Around 19,000 years ago the ice began to melt, N=36 depositing a layer of boulders, sand, and Raw materials: Flint Ridge (Vanport) (6%) gravel which had been scooped and car­ ried from Canada (Selby 1978). This glacial Laurel/Four-Mile-CreeK (14%) drift 100 feet thick, blankets the entire Indiana Green/Attica (9%) county in the form of till plains which are Upper Mercer (20%) punctuated by three gravelly end moraines Sonora (2.5%)

(Figure 3). Thus, flint deposits lie deeply Harrodsbufg/Allen Creek (2.5%) buried and inaccessible. Hamson County (Wyandotte) (9%)

By 14,800 years ago the ice had Unidentified (37%) retreated from Darke County (Shane 1976). Heat treatment Glacial kettles or holes remained where 9% Table 2 (Holzapfel) iasai and Lateral Gnnding 100%

7 Harrodsburg (Aliens Creek), Harrison the Darke County area. Most appear to major streams or bogs. The data suggest a County (Wyandotte, Indiana hornstone), have been extensively resharpened. Paleoamerican preference for low, perhaps and Sonora. Average maximum width of fluted points swampy, hunting areas, marked by damp Exact provenience was known for 17 of only slightly exceeded basal width. Basal Brookston and Crosby soils. The lack of the 26 fluted points found in Darke County. width and length of lateral grinding were finds of fluted points on end moraines indi­ Strangely, all had been recovered from till surprisingly similar. Basal concavities cates a possible avoidance of high, grav­ plains and none had been found on end were fairly pronounced, averaging 4 mm elly areas. moraines (Table 3). in depth (Table 5). Two of the fluted Fluted points in Darke County, as in much of Ohio, seemingly occur as isolated finds. However, a thorough examination of Table 3 site collections sometimes reveals the Physiographic Regions Associated with Fluted Points in Darke County, Ohio presence of unrecognized Paleoamerican tools, such as pieces esquilles (Lothrop and Gramly 1982), unifacial blades (Con­ Physiographic region N Percent verse 1994), denticulates (Ellis n.d.), flake knives (Fogelman 1987), fan-shaped end Yorkshire Till Plain 2 12% scrapers and limaces (Gramly 1992), and Woodington Till Plain 8 47% other artifacts. Such a diverse inventory Arcanum Till Plain 7 41% could result from multiple activities which Mississinewa End Moraine 0 0% took place at small winter camps occupied Union City End Moraine 0 0% Farmersville End Moraine 0 0% by family groups. Of crucial consideration in Paleoamerican research is the observa­ Total 17 100% tion that isolated finds must be analyzed as true sites, and that the microvariability Table 3 (Holzapfel) of find spots is of great significance (Lepper1999). Findspots of 15 examples of fluted points are miniatures, (Figure 1) and were East of the Mississippi River, little evi­ points were concentrated in the vicinity not included in measurements. dence exists that Paleoamericans hunted of Darke County's two largest streams, or even scavenged megafauna. Darke County Paleoamericans almost certainly exploited woodland caribou and deer and Table 4 trapped small animals. They likely collected Drainage Systems Related to Finds of Fluted Points in Darke County, Ohio berries and ate other vegetable foods. Paleoamericans may have also gath­ ered nuts in the patches of hardwood Drainage System N Percent forest that existed during the late Pleis­ tocene. Processing tools such as Greenville Creek 4 22% glacially deposited igneous rocks, abun­ Tributary of Greenville Creek 1 6% dant on the surface of the ground, would Stillwater River 4 22% Tributary of Stillwater 6 33% probably have been utilized. These sites Fork of Whitewater 1 6% could remain archaeologically invisible. Between Stillwater River and 2 11% The acquisition of high-quality chert Greenville Creek would have been an important part of Paleoamerican life. Darke County Pale­ Total 18 100% oamericans traveled many miles to quar­ Table 4 (Holzapfel) ries and outcrops, and they possibly even traded for fine exotic cherts. Many of these materials have yet to be identified. the Stillwater River and Greenville Creek CONCLUSIONS The study of the Paleoamerican occu­ (Table 4). Such provenience indicates that Findspots of fluted points in Darke pation of Darke County is an ongoing Paleoamericans followed major water­ County indicate that their makers preferred project. Although the many facets of ways into the area. areas where they could take advantage of Paleoamerican life have yet to be deter­ A wide range in lengths, from 35 mm to several biotic provinces. Fluted points, all mined, whatever can be extrapolated 105 mm, was found in fluted points from recovered from till plains, lay adjacent to must begin with the fluted point. Similar surveys from other localities would pro­ Table 5 Metric Data of Darke-County-Area Fluted Points vide a more comprehensive picture of the Paleoamerican period in Ohio.

Variable N Range Average Median ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A special thanks goes to the following Lenqth 28 54 mm 35-105 mm 58 7 mm people: Marvin Gilley, Jason Traxler, Jon Thickness 29 4.2-10 mm 6.5 mm 6 mm Max. width 29 19-32 mm 25.6 mm 27 mm Anspaugh, Marie Brewer, Nancy Stump, Basal width 33 8-28 mm 23.1 mm 24 mm Dave Cox, Frank Myers, Tony DeRegnau­ Depth of 32 2-7 mm 3.94 mm 4 mm court, Larry Landis, Ron Helman, Ron basal Thiebeau, Bob Converse, Jim Stephan, concavity Doug Drieling, and Garry Mumaw. Length of 55 6-51 mm 21.31 mm 20 mm Flutes Without their enthusiasm, knowledge, Length of 28 10-52 mm 24.7 mm 24 mm and generosity, the Paleoamerican period lateral in the Darke County area would have qrindinq remained speculative. Table 5 (Holzapfel) REFERENCES CITED Holzapfel, Elaine Owsley, Douglas, and Richard Jantz Converse, Robert N. 2001 The Paleoamerican Occupation of the 1999 Databases for Paleo-American Skeletal 1994 Ohio Flint Types. Archaeological Darke County, Ohio, Area. M.A. thesis, Biology Research. In Who Were the Society of Ohio. Columbus. Department of Anthropology, Ball State First Americans? edited by Robson University, Muncie. Bonnichsen, pp. 79-96. Proceedings of Ellis, Christopher J. the 58th Annual Biology Colloquium, n.d. Early Paleoindian Lithic Industries of Jantz, Richard L, and Douglas Owsley Oregon State University, Corvallis. Northeastern North America in Their 1997 Pathology, Taphonomy, and Cranial Temporal, Spatial, Paleo-environ- Morphometries of the Spirit Cave Selby, Andrew C. mental, Site and Cultural Contexts. Mummy. Nevada Historical Quarterly 1978 The Glacial Geology of Darke County, Ms. in possession of the author. 40:62-84. Ohio, M.S. thesis, Ohio State Univer­ sity, Columbus. Fogelman, Gary Lepper, Bradley T. 1988 Projectile Point Typology for Pennsyl­ 1999 Pleistocene Peoples of Midcontinental Shane, Linda vania. Fogelman Publishing Company. North America. In Ice Age Peoples 1976 Late Glacial and Postglacial Palynology Pennsylvania. of North America, edited by and Chronology of Darke County in R. Bonnichsen and K. Turnmire, pp. West-Central Ohio. Ph.D. dissertation, Gooding, A. M. 362-394. Center for the Study of the Kent State University, Microfilms, Ann 1975 The Sidney Interstadial and Late Wis- First Americans, Oregon State Arbor, Michigan. consinan History in Indiana and Ohio. University Press, Corvallis. American Journal of Science 275:993- 1987 Late-glacial Vegetational and Climate 1011. Lothrop, Jonathon C, and History of the Allegheny Plateau and Richard Michael Gramly the Till Plains of Ohio and Indiana, Gramly, R. Michael 1982 Pieces Esquilles from the Vail Site. U.S.A. Boreas 16:1-20. 1992 Guide to the Palaeo-lndian Artifacts of Archaeology of Eastern North America North America. Persimmon Press, Buf­ 10:1-22. falo, New York. 1999 The Lamb Site, New York. Exhibit at Mills, Richard S. Clovis and Beyond Conference, 1975 A Megalonyx Jeffersoni from Darke Santa Fe. County, Ohio. Ohio Journal of Science 75:147-155.

FLUTED POINT SURVEY FORM

Type: Fluted point Length: ~0 mm Maximum width: 28 mm. at midpoint Basal width: 22.5 mm Maximum thickness: 6 mm Depth of basal concavity: 3.5 mm Length of lateral grinding: 22 mm. heavy Length of flute (obverse): 18 mm Length of flute (reverse): absent Raw material: Upper Mercer flint (Coshocton) Physiographic setting: Till plain, end moraine, bof. floodplain. etc. Minor drainage: Indian Creek Major drainage: Great Miami River Closest water: Indian Creek Soil type: GIvnwood silt loam Slope direction: south

Location of find: Northeast quarter of southeast quarter of Section 16 of Greenville Township, west side of Stills Road on Thompson farm. Found on north bank.

Consultant: John Thompson

Comments: B. Thompson found this point when he was cultivating corn in June. 1989. His collection contained a limace and a fan shaped end scraper he found in the same field.

Figure 2 (Holzapfel) Example of data form used in the survey. Figure 3 (Holzapfel) Map showing end moraines and till plains in Darke County (after Selby 1978).

9 YEARS B.P. 15,000 14.S00 14.000 13,500 113.000 | 12,500 12,000 111.500 11.000 0,500 0.000 | 9.S00 | 9.000 |

POINT TYPES

CLOVIS CUMBERLAND/BARNES AGATE BASIN PLANO LANCEOLATE JBIj HI-LO NOTCHED POINTS 1 FAUNA FROM CARTER BOG

mvnnnodt, nuudan. elk-mac |imt from} tioth, pant bow, pwcwy.

American maim, fisher, rabbti gmurKBO^ betvo, dear (wvclm) nuskrat, wle, deenaouM, (qurrd, wend, BMC brt er. binfa. fish,

FOREST TYPE

TUNDRA - grasses, willows 1 and birches

PARK TUNDRA - spruce dominated.

FOREST MOSAIC - mixed conifers

DECIDUOUS FOREST - oak. elm. maple -T—

Figure 4 (Holzapfel) Temporal relationships among Paleoamerican diagnostic artifacts, fauna from Carter Bog, and type of forest cover.

Figure 5 (Holzapfel) Map of sources of identified cherts used by Paleoamericans in Darke County.

10 INCISED BAR FROM FAIRFIELD COUNTY, OHIO by Don Casto Lancaster, Ohio

This incised bar (figure 1) was found on laid on the table till I bid for choice on At the same auction a fluted point was the Hoffman farm in Madison Township, what was left and just out of curiosity I sold to Jon Anspaugh of Wapakoneta Fairfield Co., Ohio. I obtained the bar at the took it. Converse further states no two (Fig. 2). It is made of Coshocton flint and Hoffman family household auction. The incised bars are ever exactly alike. The appears to be of a type called Crowfield information that I have indicates the Indian incising is actually deep grooves that form from examples found in Michigan. Crow- relics at this sale were picked up on the no recognizable pattern. field points are considered late in the farm in the late 1800s and early 1900s. This bar has almost all the incising on Paleo sequence. When Robert Converse revised his one side. On another side there is one original Ohio Slate Types in 1978, he groove. As you can see in the picture, References included an article and pictures of Incised (figure 1) one side was used as an Converse, Robert N. Bars. In this article he states these abrading stone. The bar is oblong and 1978 Ohio Slate Types. curious objects are among the scarcest of has pointed ends, one of which shows Archeological Society of Ohio. all slate and stone artifacts. I can support some evidence of cord lashing. It is made Lancaster, Ohio Page 90 & 91 this statement in that there were about of sandstone and is just over 336 inches thirty people bidding on the artifacts and by slightly less than one inch. Converse, Robert N. no one knew what it was. The incised bar 2001 Personal Communication. May

Figure 1 (Casto) Top and side views of incised bar from Fairfield Figure 2 (Casto) A 53/» inch Crowfield type fluted point from County, Ohio. the Hoffman farm.

11 AN AUGLAIZE COUNTY MASTODON by Larry Swann Chesterfield, Indiana

In early December of 1999, I received a muskego muck. Fossils occur just below occur in or around the bones. In this phone call from my friend Jon Anspaugh, the plow zone at a depth of twenty-one case, these were absent. (3) The marl or a historian and artifact collector from inches. clay usually contains traces of snail or pill Wapakoneta, Ohio. He reported that a Within a few hours, there lay before us clams. This find had neither. large tooth had been unearthed in a low a right tusk seventy inches long and Records from the county library indi­ area that was being drained. twenty-one inches around at the proximal cate that two other mastodons were The site was two and one half miles end, two upper right molars eight inches found in the immediate vicinity. One was east of St. Johns, Ohio, in section four of long and four and one-half inches wide. found in 1870 and another in 1874. Clay township. This is an area of gently The molars were attached to a partial Records show that they were found two rolling glacial till interspersed with small palate. A small portion of the right zygo­ and one-half miles east of St. Johns in bogs and marshes. matic arch and right occipital condyle the "Muchinippi Swamp." They had been From a hill near the house the low remained in position. Some skull frag­ purchased by and are deposited in Hei­ black soil of the small marsh was visible. ments were present, but these were in delberg College. In the ditch lay a tusk and several large very poor condition. There was no evidence of human inter­ teeth. The bones were those of a We took photographs, did interviews, action with the mastodon - no lithic tools mastodon (Mammut Americanum) which and took measurements. We recorded a or flakes and no signs of butcher marks dated from the Late Pleistocene Epoch, wall profile of soil and sediment changes on the bones, so we don't know what approximately fourteen thousand years and collected samples from each caused the demise of the mastodon. It ago. stratum. We then placed straps (hose could have either been washed in by a After recording its location by triangu­ clamps) around the tusk to prevent it glacial slough, or became mired in the lating measurements from two fixed from deiaminating. The fossils were care­ bog and perished. What we do know, bench marks, we gathered information fully removed and placed in water to however, is that he did exist and came to from people involved in discovering the keep them from drying out. rest in this location. We have preserved a site. We secured the return of another We then used a backhoe to dig a large record of information and collected and tooth which had been previously area around the site in an effort to locate preserved fossil specimens for the future. removed by an equipment operator. more bones, but found none. We probed to locate additional bones, This mastodon differed from others I ACKNOWLEDGMENTS but found none. We then removed the have dug in Indiana and Ohio for three I would like to thank the following overburden from the tusk and the area reasons: (1) the bones lay only 21 inches people, for without their help this project where the skull would have been. With deep, while most lie at a depth of four to could never have taken place: Allen Frey, the help of volunteers, we carefully eight feet. The fact that it was so shallow Jon Anspaugh, Scott Murray, Jim removed soil from the exposed bone. could explain its poor preservation and Bowsner, Larry Kramer, Mike Cramer, Below the surface, the soil changed missing parts. Kevin Cramer, Jim Frey, Tom Myer, and from brown earth to black peat. Beneath (2) Spruce and tamarack cones, along Stan Baker. this lay a marl/clay stratum known as with wood, seeds, moss, etc. usually

Figure 1 (Swann) The bones of the Auglaize County mastodon were found in this small marsh or bog.

12 Figure 2 (Swann) The bones were excavated by a crew of volunteers. Figure 3 (Swann) The right tusk of the Auglaize County mastodon measured 70 inches long.

Figure 4 (Swann) A molar of the mastodon is exposed. Figure 5 (Swann) Four molars of the Auglaize County mastodon.

WALL PROFILE

BONES OCCUR AT A DEPTH OF 21 INCHES

jU SIL.JUU

Dark Brown Soil

BONES

Pockets of red granular soil Brownish gray marl

Figure 6 (Swann) The tusk of the Auglaize County mastodon has been Figure 7 (Swann) A wall profile of soil and sediment changes, preserved. showing the level at which mastodon bones were located.

13 THE LOADER SITE by Wayne A. Mortine, Newcomerstown, Ohio and Doug Randies, Warsaw, Ohio Introduction were 109 complete or basal fragments of that relate to these Adena occupations The Loader site is a multi-component "McConnell" lanceolate forms, as well as include three hard-stone celts (Figure 10) occupation situated along the Tuscarawas 25 of the stemmed or "Stringtown" lance- and 12 thick plain-surfaced grit-tempered River in Salem Township, Tuscarawas olates (Figure 3). Future investigations in pottery sherds. The average thickness of County, Ohio, about three and a half miles Ohio may prove that not all of these lance- these sherds is 10.6 mm. Thick grit-tem­ upstream from Newcomerstown (Figure 1). olates belong to the Piano complex. In pered pottery sherds are sometimes This report is based on the study of more fact, lanceolate points identical to the associated with Ashtabula points on sites than two thousand artifacts surface col­ McConnell and Stringtown forms have in the area (see for example Brown 1996, lected at the site over a fifty year period by been recently radiocarbon dated to and possibly Mortine and Randies 2001), the late Marvin Loader. Marvin was a New­ around 2000 B.C. in Ontario and Michigan but this was probably not the case at the comerstown resident and a cousin of Fred (see for example Fisher 1997). Lanceo- Loader site. Comparisons with pottery Loader, owner of the farm on which the lates account for 10.3 percent of the col­ thicknesses from other Early Woodland site was located. Marvin was an employee lection from the Loader site. sites in the Muskingum Valley indicate at the Newcomerstown file works, and was that the sherds from the Loader site a one-time member of the Archaeological Early Archaic probably date to the early Adena Cresap Society of Ohio. There are 50 points that relate to the phase (see Carskadden's pottery thick­ This report is the third in our series of early Archaic time period. These points ness chart reproduced in Mortine and articles which have dealt with large well- include one Thebes, 30 Kirk Corner Randies 1998). Had this pottery been documented artifact collections from pre­ Notched, 10 large MacCorkle, five LeCroy, associated with the Ashtabula compo­ historic sites in the lower Tuscarawas River and four Kanawha Stemmed (Figure 4). nent at Loader, the sherds would prob­ valley - collections which were amassed by These early Archaic points represent ably have averaged about 2 or 3 mm "old time" artifact hunters. Our first report about four percent of the collection. thicker. The presence of small amounts dealt with the Young site (Mortine and Ran­ of pottery associated with the early Adena component at Loader suggests dies 1996), a chert processing site west of Middle Archaic that some domestic activity was going on Newcomerstown in Coshocton County. There are two point styles at the site at the site during this period. The second dealt with the Salrin site (Mor­ that are related to the middle Archaic, tine and Randies 1999), an open-air terrace representing around 3.3 percent of the site about a mile east of Newcomerstown. collection. These include 11 Stanley and Middle Woodland - Hopewell The Young, Salrin, and Loader sites are all 33 Raddatz points (Figure 6). The nine Big Hopewell is represented at the Loader within about an eleven mile stretch of river Sandy points also probably fall into this site by 13 Affinis Snyder points, about bottoms along the Tuscarawas. period. On sites with middle and late one percent of the collection. Also related Archaic components there should be to the Hopewell component are 19 The Collection some evidence of pecked and ground bladelets, all made of colorful Flint Ridge During Marvin Loader's fifty years of stone tools, such as grooved axes, pes­ flint. Some of the 36 cordmarked grit- collecting on his cousin's farm he found tles, atlatl weights, etc. However, none of tempered pottery sherds found at the site and labeled 2414 artifacts. Of this these items were present in Marvin may also date to the Hopewell compo­ number, 1315 were complete and frag­ Loader's collection from the site. nent, but these could also date to the mentary projectile points and other items Late Woodland period (see below). These which were recognizable as to cultural Late Archaic/Transitional Archaic sherds average 6 mm in thickness and affiliation (Figure 2). Other pieces in the There are around 800 points that date the majority show evidence of the cord- collection include 394 tip and 75 midsec­ to the late Archaic or Transitional Archaic marking being smoothed over. tion fragments from broken projectile periods, representing 61.7 percent of the There are no known Hopewell mounds points, as well as 41 basal fragments that collection. The most common of these or earthworks in the immediate vicinity of were too badly damaged to be properly points include Brewerton Side Notched, the Loader site, although the Hopewellian classified. Also found were 238 bifacial Brewerton Corner Notched (Figure 7), Kohl mound could be found 12 miles blanks or preforms, 131 flakes that were Riverton, and Ashtabula (Figure 8). These upstream (Whitman 1977), and the Licht- worked into expedient knives, scrapers, and less frequently found types are listed enau Circle, a large circular Hopewellian or other tools, 121 end scrapers, 46 in Figure 2. An additional 58 small earthwork (Carskadden and Morton drills, three stone celts, 49 pottery stemmed and notched points from the 1986), could once be seen along the sherds, and one dark gray English gun- site collection probably date to the late Muskingum River two and a half miles flint. Missing from the collection were the Archaic, but these have been resharp- south of Coshocton (21 miles down crude artifacts such as hammer stones, ened or broken to the extent that they can stream from Loader). Although Hopewell cup stones, and net sinkers. We know not be categorized as to specific type. activity was not very intense along the from correspondence with one of These latter points represent 4.5 percent Tuscarawas, small Hopewell components Marvin's relatives, Dan Loader, that net of the collection. are evident in many site collections from sinkers were especially numerous at the the area. site. We can only speculate that the Early Woodland - Adena cruder (and sometimes heavier) artifacts The Early Woodland Adena people are Late Woodland were too much of a problem for Marvin to represented in the Loader site collection Twenty-three points in the Loader collec­ transport to his home and curate. by 26 points. These are divided evenly tion represent a middle Late Woodland between the early Adena Cresap type Intrusive Mound component. These points Earliest Artifacts and late Adena Robbins type, and repre­ include Jack's Reef Corner Notched, There were no classic fluted points in sent two percent of the points found at Jack's Reef Pentagonal, and Raccoon the collection. However, found at the site the site. Other artifacts found at the site Notched, and comprise 1.8 percent of the

14 collection. Also possibly related to the the river. The Young site, on the other that Ashtabula points are usually consid­ Intrusive Mound component are some of hand, is situated on a smaller, higher ter­ ered a northeastern Ohio type. However, the thin grit-tempered cordmarked and race nestled close to the valley edge at research during the last two decades has smoothed-over cordmarked sherds men­ the base of the bordering hills. Vanport shown that this type is also relatively tioned earlier, as well as the Levanna trian­ flint outcrops and quarry sites can be common on many sites in the Tus­ gular points discussed below. found in these hills overlooking the Young carawas and Muskingum drainages. site, and the manufacture of tools from Although Ashtabula points comprise only Late Woodland/Late Prehistoric this material was an important activity at 3.7 percent of the Loader site collection, Late Woodland or Late Prehistoric tri­ the site. Although not as colorful as the and only 2.1 percent at the Salrin site, at angular points are common finds on our Licking County Vanport, this local flint the nearby Young site they comprised local terraces. At the Loader site 131 tri­ was nevertheless of high quality and over 12 percent of the collection (83 angles were found, representing slightly quite workable. Instead of flint working, points). This had little or nothing to do over 10 percent of the collection. The tri­ activities that may have been relatively with the presence of the Vanport flint out­ angular points from the site range from more important to the inhabitants of the crops near the Young site, since most of the wider Levanna types, which date to Salrin and Loader sites farther up the the Ashtabula points from Young were the Intrusive Mound period, to the long river could have included hunting, fishing, made of Upper Mercer flint from the Wal- slender often serrated Fort Ancient forms and in later times gardening. honding valley. Sites along the Musk­ (Figure 12). In the Muskingum Valley, tri­ The manufacture and use of lanceolate ingum River are also known to have angular points are also characteristic of forms during the Piano period (or during produced Ashtabula points in quantities the late Late Woodland Prairie Chapel the late Archaic?) was an important similar to that found at the Young site (Jeff Phase as well as the late Late Woodland activity at all three sites. At the Young Carskadden, personal communication). or early Late Prehistoric Cole phase. We site, however, lanceolates comprise did not try to break down all of the trian­ almost a third of the collection (31.8 per­ Acknowledgments gles from the Loader site into these var­ cent), and many were made from the The authors would like to thank the ious time periods or phases, since the local Vanport material. Moving east and family of the late Marvin Loader for types often grade into one another, and up the Tuscarawas River nine miles to the allowing us to examine Marvin's collec­ many were too fragmentary. We can state Salrin site, lanceolate forms comprise tion. We would also like to thank Bonnie with some certainty, however, that no only 16.9 percent of the site collection. Mortine for her typing skills and Jeff Cole collared pottery rims were found at Two miles further upstream at the Loader Carskadden for drawing the map shown the site, nor was there any evidence of a site, lanceolates comprise an even in Figure 1. Fort Ancient village on the Loader farm. smaller portion of the site sample, only 10.3 percent. Thus the number and per­ References Historic Period centages of lanceolates decreases the Brown, Jeffrey D. The historic period is represented by a farther upstream one goes from the Van- 1996 The Johnson Site 11. gunflint, made of a dark gray translucent port flint outcrops near the Young site. Ohio Archaeologist 46(2):4-7. material that is distinctive of gunflints Information as to the presence or made by the English in the 18th and early absence of lanceolates on sites farther Carskadden, Jeff and James Morton 19th centuries. It is interesting to note up the Tuscarawas River valley is 1986 "Sacred Circles" along the Muskingum: presently not known to the authors, but a Preliminary Survey. that the historic Moravian mission town Ohio Archaeologist 36(4):48. of Salem, the last of five Moravian settle­ we would predict, based on the informa­ ments in the Tuscarawas Valley, was tion from the three sites we have studied, that lanceolates might become even less DaRe, Brian, Patty DaRe and Jeff Carskadden located only 400 yards from the Loader 2001 The Hatfield Site, Muskingum County, site. This mission was established in April common as one goes further up the Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 52(1):4-15. valley. 1780 and was abandoned in September 1781 (Olmstead 1991). While this gunflint People who inhabited the lower Tus­ Fisher, Jacqueline A. could date to the time of the mission, carawas valley during the late Archaic 1997 The Adder Orchard Site: Lithic Tech­ nology and Spatial Organization in the honey-colored French-made gunflints period were responsible for the largest Broadpoint Late Archaic. Occasional were more commonly used during this number of artifacts found at all three Publications of the London Chapter, period, with English gunflints becoming sites. Late Archaic Brewerton Side and Ontario Archaeological Society, the more popular style after the War of Corner Notched projectile points are the Number 3. 1812 (Noel Hume 1969). Thus the gunflint most common projectile points found on from the Loader site more likely was lost these sites. At Loader, Brewerton points Mortine, Wayne A. and Doug Randies by a hunter or farmer sometime after the comprise 49.3 percent of the collection. 1996 The Young Site: A Chert Processing area was first settled in the early 19th At the Salrin site Brewerton points com­ Site in Coshocton County, Ohio. century. prise 59.1 percent and at Young 33.8 Ohio Archaeologist 46(4):4-11. percent. We believe that these high per­ 1998 The Newcomerstown High School Site. centages will hold true for most, if not all Ohio Archaeologist 48(3):32-33. Observations and Comparisons 1999 The Salrin Site. Ohio Archaeologist A comparison of the frequencies of the of the large sites in our area of the Tus­ 49(3):28-32. projectile point types made by the prehis­ carawas Valley. At the recently published toric cultures that were occupying the Hatfield site, a hinterland small stream Noel Hume, Ivor three major sites in the lower Tuscarawas valley location in Muskingum County 1969 A Guide to Artifacts of Colonial Valley (Young, Salrin, and Loader) can be about 18 miles southwest of the Young America. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. seen by viewing Figure 2. Even at these site, Brewerton points also dominated spatially close sites some interesting dif­ the artifact assemblage, comprising 48 Olmstead, Earl P. ferences can be seen. Some of this diver­ percent of the points recovered (DaRe et 1991 Blackcoats Among the Delaware. Kent sity may have been caused by the land al. 2001). Various ideas as to why these State University Press, Kent, Ohio. forms on which the sites are located and point types are so common on local sites are discussed briefly in DaRe's article. Whitman, Janice K. the proximity to flint outcrops. The 1977 Kohl Mound, a Hopewellian Mound Loader and Salrin sites are situated on Regarding the 48 Ashtabula points in Tuscarawas County. broad, low, T-1 terraces relatively close to found at the Loader site, we should note Ohio Archaeologist 27(3):4-8.

15 Figure 1 (Mortine and Randies) Map of the Loader Salrin Young Tuscarawas River valley Approximate Diagnostic Site Site Site east of Newcomerstown Age Artifact (estimates vary) showing the location of the No. % No. % No. % Loader and Salrin sites. Paleo Indian 10.000 B.C. -8.600 B.C. Clovis Fluted 2 0.3 2 0.3 Piano Complex - - 8.000 B.C. (?) Lanceolate 109 8.4 106 14.8 211 31.8 8.000 B.C. (?) Stringtown Lanceolate 25 1.9 15 2.1 Archaic - - 7.800 B.C. - 6.800 B.C. Thebes 1 0.1 3 0.4 1 0.1 7.800 B.C. - 6.800 B.C. Lost Lake . _ . - - - 7.600 B.C. - 6.900 B.C. Kirk Corner Notched 30 2.3 1 0.1 - - 7.500 B.C. - 7,000 B.C. Dovetail 3 0.4 - - 6.900 B.C. - 6.500 B.C. Large Bifurcate-MacCorkle 10 0.8 8 1.1 - - 6.500 B.C. - 5,800 B.C. Small Bifurcate-Lecroy 5 0.4 - - - 6.200 B.C. - 5.800 B.C. Kanawha Stemmed 4 0.3 . 1 0.1 6.000 B.C. - 5,500 B.C. Kirk Stemmed . . 5 0.7 2 0.3 5,700 B.C. - 4,700 B.C. Eva Basal Notched - - - - 5,500 B.C. - 5.000 B.C. Stanley Stemmed 11 0.8 7 0.9 - - 5,000 B.C. - 3.000 B.C. Raddatz Side Notched 33 2.5 - - 5,000 B.C. - 3.000 B.C. Big Sandy-Otter Creek 9 0.7 16 2.2 32 4.8 3,400 B.C. - 2.400 B.C. Vosburg Corner Notched - - 8 1.1 - - 3.000 B.C. - 2.700 B.C. Brewerton Side Notched-Matanzas 368 28.4 222 31.0 102 15.4 2,700 B.C. - 2.400 B.C. Brewerton Corner Notched 271 20.9 201 28.1 122 18.4 2,500 B.C. - 1.900 B.C. Lamoka 16 1.2 _ 12 1.8 2,500 B.C. - 1,000 B.C. Table Rock/Bottleneck 14 1.1 10 1.4 23 3.5 2.000 B.C. - 1,500 B.C. Genesee/Late Archaic thick stemmed 14 1.1 - - 28 4.2 2.000 B.C. - 1.350 B.C. Normanskill ------1,700 B.C.-700 B.C. Ashtabula 48 3.7 15 2.1 83 12.5 1,600 B.C.-800 B.C. Riverton 53 4.1 18 2.5 8 1.2 1,500 B.C.-600 B.C. Buck Creek Barbed 16 1.2 - - - - 3.000 B.C. - 1,000 B.C. Small misc. Late Archaic points 58 4.5 23 3.2 Early Woodland Pre Adena and Early Adena 1.300 B.C.-500 B.C. Meadowood ------1.200 B.C. - 150 B.C. Cogswell. Kramer. Cresap 13 1.0 -i 800 B.C. - 600 B.C. Motley 1 1 1.5 2.5 3.8 Late Adena - - 150 B.C. -A.D. 100 Robbins 13 1.0 Middle Woodland Hopewell A.D. 100 - A.D.200 Affinis Synders 13 1.0 - - - - A.D. 100 - A.D. 400 Comer Notched - - 8 1.1 3 0.4 A.D. 100 - A.D. 400 Hopewell bladelet cores ------A.D. 100 - A.D. 400 Hopewell bladelets 19 Early Late Woodland * - - - - A.D. 400 - A.D. 650 Lowe Flaired Base 7 0.5 Middle Late Woodland - Intrusive Md. - - - A.D. 650 - A.D. 750 Jack's Reef Corner Notched 10 0.8 1 0.1 - - A.D. 650-A.D. 850 Jack's Reef Pentagonal 7 0.5 - - - A.D. 750 - A.D. 850 Raccoon Notched 6 0.5 2 0.3 1 0.1 A.D. 750 - A.D. 850 Levanna Triangle - - - 7 1.0 Late Late Woodland/Late Prehistoric A.D. 850 - A.D. 1650 Triangle -1 131 10.1 30 4.2 1 0.1 Historic Early 19th century English gunflint 1 * - - ' Figure 2 (Mortine and Randies) Table listing the frequencies and Totals 1315 99.8 715 99.6 664 99.8 ages of the various diagnostic projectile point types found at the Hopewell bladelets and Historic gunflint were not figured into the percentages. Loader, Salrin, and Young sites.

16 WW*

Figure 3 (Mortine and Randies) McConnell and Stringtown lanceolates from the Loader Figure 4 (Mortine and Randies) Archaic Figure 5 (Mortine and Randies) Archaic points site. points from the Loader site. Top row, from the Loader site. Top row, Kirk Comer MacCorkle; middle row, St. Albans; bottom Notched; middle row, Lamoka; bottom row, row, LeCroy Bifurcate. Matanzas (Brewerton Side Notched). The first four points in the top row resemble somewhat the asymmetrical Charleston Comer Notched point type.

f, Cff^

Figure 7 (Mortine and Randies) all Brewerton Figure 6 (Mortine and Randies) Archaic Comer Notched points from the Loader site. The Figure 8 (Mortine and Randies) All Ashtabula points from the Loader site. Top row, 1st 1st and 2nd points in the top row may have been points from the Loader site. point, Thebes, 2nd-5th points, Big Sandy: made from the same piece of Nethers flint, which middle row, Raddatz Side Notched: bottom was quarried on the eastern end of Flint Ridge in row, Stanley Stemmed. Muskingum County.

1 i - • 1

i S_ i ^r ^*,Ni

Figure 10 (Mortine and Randies) A celt Figure 9 (Mortine and Randies) Early Woodland (left) and a bi-pitted cup stone, two of the Figure 11 (Mortine and Randies) Middle Adena points from the Loader site. rare ground-stone artifacts found at the Woodland Hopewell points from the Loader Loader site. site.

Figure 12 (Mortine and Randies) Triangular points and an English gunflint (top right) from the Loader site.

17 THE TARLTON, OHIO INDIAN EFFIGY CROSS MOUND by Hal Povenmire 215 Osage Dr. Indian Harbour Bch., FL 32937

In recent years we have learned that High Banks Earthworks near Chillicothe, The purpose of this abstract is to make effigy Indian mounds have religious and Ohio. This road would have passed the basic data available to other astronomical significance (1). Most effigy within several hundred yards west of the researchers so that the real significance mounds are in the shape of animals. A Tarlton Cross Mound. The two great of this effigy mound may be understood. curious exception to this is the Tarlton earthworks structures have significant I wish to thank L. Truesdell for his field- Cross Mound. It is in the shape of a cross astronomical alignments (3). work and Brunton compass measure­ with two equal length arms. There is a Extending the azimuth of this road ments. central depression at the center of the another 30 miles takes one to the general cross. The height is approximately 30 area of the archaeological and astronom­ References inches but was probably higher in the ical sites of Serpent Mound, Fort Hill, past. Although this mound was exca­ Fort Ancient, Seip Mound and Tremper (1) Krupp, E.C. (2000) Slithering Towards vated in the past, no reports were pub­ effigy mound. Solstice. Sky and Telescope Vol. lished. There is a small stone mound near We have little data of what the level of 99 No. 6 June pp. 86-88. the western arm of this mound and native Indian astronomical knowledge (2) Squire, E. G. and Davis, R.H. (1848) nearby are several small, typical burial was but this mound could shed some mounds (2). Tarlton Cross is in a small Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi insight. Certainly they had knowledge of Valley Bartlett and Welford, state park and is located on the USGS Polaris and true North. There is little or no Cincinnati, Ohio. 7'.5 Stoutsville, Ohio 1992 quadrangle. data to suggest that they had knowledge The mound itself has the approximate of magnetic directions or lodestones. The (3) Lepper, B.T. (1995) Tracking Ohio's coordinates of long. 82° 47' 07" W. and age of this mound is not known but other Great Hopewell Road. Archaeology lat. 39° 33' 44" N. at an elevation of effigy mounds in this region of Ohio are Magazine Nov.-Dec. pp. 52-56. approximately 990 feet. approximately 1000 years before present. The general orientation of the arms is in the cardinal points of NSEW but with a consistent deviation of about 21° west of north. The northern arm points to a true azimuth of approximately 339°. This can be measured to only about 1° accuracy. Today, the magnetic deviation of the area is approximately 6° but has changed sig­ nificantly in just a few decades. The period of precession is approxi­ mately 25,725 years. This converts to approximately 71.458 years per degree or 1.399° per century. If the Cross Mound was constructed approximately 1500 years ago, then it was built for the car­ dinal points. Folklore in the area suggested that the arms of the cross pointed to several very large burial mounds a short distance away. Extending the azimuth of the arms THE CROSS outward does not support this theory. The true purpose of this mound is a

18 A FORTUITOUS FIND by Jim Falor 310 Canyon Dr. North Columbus, Ohio 43214

These are a few of the artifacts I found Marion to check in on my 94 year-old I have only been a member of the ASO while surface-hunting in Northern Franklin grandmother and I couldn't resist pulling for two years, and have only been hunting Co. in January of this year. The site is sit­ into the site for a very quick recheck. I for a little over a year so you can imagine uated about 200 yards west of the Olen- had been out of the car for only 2 or 3 how lucky I feel to have found this piece! tangy River just across from Highbanks minutes when I saw the bannerstone lying Needless to say, I am now thoroughly Metro Park. The two gorget or pendant on the surface covered with mud. It is infected with the "collecting bug" and preforms and the point preform were all made of a grey-colored banded slate and eagerly await Spring's arrival. I would wel­ found on the same day about two feet is 3.25 inches long and 2 inches wide at come any information or comments from apart. The rectangular preform is 3.5 the center. It is perfectly drilled and the all the more experienced collectors out inches long by 2 inches wide while the hole is a bit under 0.5 inches in diameter. there! bell-shaped one measures a little over 3 What were perhaps pointed ends seemed inches long and 2 inches wide at the to have been broken by the Indian since bottom of the flared end. the breaks are smoothed down and cov­ Exactly 2 weeks after these finds were ered with the same patina as the rest of made, I was returning from a trip to the piece.

Figure 1 (Falor) Artifacts found in Franklin County with end view of bannerstone.

A SEVEN INCH ADENA by Jeffrey Haskell 6145GrandridgePt. Concord, OH 44077-9767 This large classic Flint Ridge Adena point was found by my father many years ago. It was discovered on a promontory overlooking Lake Erie in Lake County.

Figure 1 (Haskell) Large classic Adena point from near Lake Erie.

19 COMPUTER ENHANCED GORGET FRAGMENT by Kenneth Ratcliff, ASO and Richard Moats, ASO This gorget fragment was found in North Central Licking Co. in 1989 by the late Clyde Brockmeyer. The engraving was immediately noticed but could.not be completely appreciated because of imple­ ment damage and wear all but obliter­ ating the original design. Recently, the fragment was washed, dried, and talcum powder was rubbed onto the surfaces. The fragment was then digitally scanned on a flat bed scanner at 250 dpi. In a pho­ tographic program, brightness and con­ trast were manipulated to expose and enhance the engravings. The damaged areas were retouched and the key elements of the pictogram were logically extended and connected to produce the final rendered image. 1 inch The meaning of the engraved elements is very speculative. However, the concen­ SCANNED IMAGE tric circles and rays suggest depiction of a solar eclipse.

CIRCLES INDICATE KEY ELEMENTS ENHANCED IMAGE

Figure 1 (Ratcliff) Engraved gorget from Licking County.

20 ARTIFACTS FROM AN EARLY SUMMIT COUNTY COLLECTOR, ROBERT KEARNEY by Michael Rusnak 4642 Friar Rd. Stow, Ohio 44224 Figure 1 shows a large frame, con­ large blade in the center is slightly nearby counties throughout the 1930's, taining 80 Adena cache blades found in beveled and measures a full 7 inches in 40's, 50's, 60's and until his death. Addi­ the Portage Lakes area of Summit length and 2.5 inches at its widest point. tionally, he acquired artifacts from County, Ohio. The blades average Its location is only identified as Ohio. farmers and other collectors. between 3 and 3.5 inches in length and Most of the other blades in the frame are Aside from a few large frames, his 1.5 inches at the widest point. This cache labeled Summit, Medina, Portage, massive collection was mostly kept in was part of a collection of prehistoric arti­ Trumble or Columbiana Counties. A few deep drawers of a large cabinet. The facts that once belonged to the late Mr. of the blades are labeled from other Ohio entire collection had included hundreds Robert Kearney of Akron. On a video counties and neighboring states. of flint blades and tools, drawers full of tape "tour" that Mr. Kearney had made of These two large frames are but a remnant hard stone axes and celts, plus several his extensive collection—most of which of what was once a massive collection. slate gorgets, banners, and birdstones was sold after his passing in 1990—he Recently, several members of the from Ohio, neighboring and western explained that the cache originally con­ Cuyahoga Valley Chapter were invited by states. He also possessed numerous clay tained 125 blades and that it was found Mr. Kearney's family to view the video­ heads and other pieces from Mexico. in the Portage Lakes area—south of tape of his entire collection, which had Most of these artifacts were carefully Akron in Summit County. On the video, numbered in the thousands of artifacts. shown and explained with great appreci­ he also showed the remaining blades and The video was originally made for insur­ ation by the collector on this fascinating explained that the entire cache would not ance purposes, but it showed the scope video document. fit in the frame. of what some early collectors amassed. Much thanks to the Kearney family for Figure 2 shows another large frame of Mr. Kearney had collected all of his life. sharing this information with members of blades from Mr. Kearney's collection. The He hunted fields mostly in Summit and the Cuyahoga Valley Chapter and the ASO.

Figure 1 (Rusnak) Frame of 80 Adena blades from a 125 Figure 2 (Rusnak) Frame of large spears. blade cache from Summit County, Ohio.

Figure 4 (Rusnak) Close-up of 7 inch Dovetail.

Figure 3 (Rusnak) Detail of cache blades which average between 3 and 3'A inches.

21 m

TWO BIRDSTONES FROM THE COLLECTION OF KENNETH BLACK

Shown are two birdstones which have the Dr. Young collection and the Dr. Ohio. Along the tail are a number of tally- passed through several famous old col­ Stanley Copeland collection, it is from marks. It too was in the Bunche, Young lections. At the top is a porphyry bird- Fulton County, Ohio. and Copeland collections. stone which was originally collected by Bottom is a slate example with heavy Dr. Roland Bunche and which later was in lime incrustations from Miami County,

22 A RECENTLY FOUND BIRDSTONE FROM WILLIAMS COUNTY, OHIO by Steve Ward 420 N. Broadway Butler, Indiana

On April 21, 2001, my friend Gary saw a small piece of slate sticking out of the slate forms an eye. It also has a small Weiner and I decided to hunt for arrow­ the ground. I picked it up and when the incised mouth which is often seen in this heads. We were searching a field near sand fell off, this birdstone was lying in type birdstone. Edgerton, Ohio, and we had been my hand. The right side of the birdstone was par­ hunting for about two hours. It was about It is the chunky body style with a small tially broken and smoothed in prehistoric time to go home when I looked down and head. Characteristically, the banding in times.

Figure 1 (Ward) Obverse and reverse of a banded slate chunky style birdstone found in Williams County, Ohio in April, 2001.

23 RAVENNA UPPER MERCER LITHIC MATERIAL IN PORTAGE COUNTY, OHIO by Gary J. Kapusta 3294 Herriff Road Ravenna, Ohio While doing research on local lithic under cultivation and has been for sev­ being glacial cobble or unidentifiable. In resources I discovered another source of eral years. A large number of area farms fact, a major source of Upper Mercer flint close to home. Located on the we visited have samplings of this mate­ Mahoning black, which probably pro­ drainage divide between the Great Lakes rial in their fields. We hope that future vided the stone for this site, outcrops and Mississippi River is State Route 44 crop rotation will expose this flint and a only a mile or so distant (Kapusta 1990). which runs north and south. On the east full survey can take place. Unquestionably there was Flint Ridge side of the divide is the West Branch Conversation with a local collector and Coshocton flint brought into the which flows into the Mahoning River from Ravenna revealed that there were area. Artifacts collected locally attest to which runs east to Newton Falls in other outcrops which he noted in the Vil­ that fact, but its use was minimal. Other Warren County and which eventually lage of Mantua in Portage County. This materials found in the study area are drains into the Ohio River. On the west location is several miles north on State Onondaga chert and red Pennsylvania side, the drainage feeder streams flow Route 44 but south of State Route 62 jasper which originate as glacial cob­ into the Cuyahoga which empties into near the Cuyahoga River. We will pursue bles. The preponderance of evidence, Lake Erie. North of the intersection of this lead when time permits. however, shows distinctly that the State Route 44 with State Route 14 is a While searching for the source of local majority of materials used here were of deposit of flint. The flint outcrops on pri­ black flint we also found much Plum Run local origin. vate property near the western median debitage in the form of chips, thumb The historic and prehistoric Mahoning ridge midway between State Route 14 scrapers and arrowheads - made of Trail ran through Portage County and is and the Portage County Airport on the Plum Run black. We discovered this now State Route 5. The trail seems to west side of State Route 44. material in the winter of 1999 and the have merged with other trails in Trum­ Jeff Adams and I have been diligently spring of 2000 in many fields near the bull, Mahoning and Portage counties. investigating as much of Portage County Plum Run outcrop along State Route 62 The Ashtabula Watershed, Cuyahoga and adjacent areas as possible. How­ in Alliance. Contrary to popular belief, War, Salt Lick and Great trails all merged ever, urban growth is consuming farm­ Plum Run lithic sources extend well or crossed in this vicinity. Lithic materials land at an alarming rate and if this beyond their publicized Alliance location. from the south could very well have information is not recorded soon it will The geological difference between Plum been brought here and traded be forever lost to development. Run and Mahoning black is that Plum throughout the region. There are more Portage County was home to many Run is said to be related to the Van Port areas we intend to study which may prehistoric people and their evidence is formation while Mahoning black is of offer a more comprehensive review of well noted in collections from around the Upper Mercer origin. flints and cherts use in this part of Ohio. county. Many artifacts in local Portage We have found that Plum Run flint My interest in Coshocton lithic County collections are made from a dull extends over a multi-county area - in sources first began while hunting with black high quality Upper Mercer mate­ some places more than 4 miles from its my father many years ago. Personal rial. Over many years I have found known source. It approaches or rivals in familiarity with these sources allows me pieces of debitage of local material quality and color the famous Flint Ridge to distinguish the differences between which resemble Nellie chert from near flint from east of Newark, Ohio. local materials and those from the Coshocton. Although this stone was From the limited number of archaeo­ better-known deposits near Warsaw and usually identified as having come from logical reports we have reviewed, the Nellie in Coshocton County. The abun­ the Coshocton quarries, I began to reported Upper Mercer flint found locally dance of battered and rejected materials wonder why prehistoric people would are said to be of Coshocton origin found in our area could only have come bring such large pieces of unworked because of the resemblance of Ravenna from local sources. It would make little material so far north instead of in a pre­ and Mahoning black flints to those from sense for prehistoric people to travel form stage. Now I believe I have the Coshocton. Our investigations may over 100 miles to Coshocton county to answer to that question. The stone is of prove these assertions to be in error obtain flint and then discard it or waste it local origin even though it bears a very since the presence of local sources of many miles from where it was quarried. close resemblance to the classic mate­ lithic materials was completely unknown Practical experience dictates that prehis­ rial from Coshocton. to them. toric people would not burden them­ The Ravenna material is of a higher The results of our search, over an area selves with heavy useless chunks of flint quality than most of the other Upper estimated at more than 30,000 acres, only to be thrown away after carrying it Mercer Mahoning black flint found have given us a whole new outlook on many miles. throughout Portage and Mahoning the materials used by aboriginal people Personal observation is the only way Counties and beyond. Ravenna black in this area. The suggestions of trade of knowing what is out there. Go out and has less iron content and fossiliferous routes which brought this material to our document what is found - carefully bag inclusions than Mahoning black and area may be flawed since there are sev­ it and tag it, mark down its location on a retains much of its shiny surface with eral locations where local materials map and assign numbers or references age. Most of the material shows the could have been easily procured. to the site. Return as often as possible outer cortex and it grades from poor to The report of a project completed in and make additional notes. It usually high quality. Both grades were used 1990 (33P06) (Church 1990) states that takes many years of collecting and extensively for local artifacts. This flint is the occurrence of materials found at a recording to recognize the difference more than likely a better quality con­ site near Berlin Reservoir constituted between large and small sites. Visiting tinuum of Upper Mercer Mahoning approximately 16% Plum Run, 83% and communicating with local people black. At present most of the outcrop is Coshocton Upper Mercer, the balance and examination of local collections will

24 help in your research. Don't forget to References References and suggested reading material; visit your local historical society and ana­ lyze their collections. 1998 Ohio Flint Types 1972 Ohio Archaeologist While reviewing the limited reference Robert N. Converse Robert N. Converse; Flints used material available to the avocationalist, Published by the Archaeological Ohio's Prehistoric Indians Vol. 22 #2. Pgs. 36-39 we noticed that there are few new dis­ Society of Ohio 1998 coveries reported and many inaccuracies Personal Visits and communication; 1990 The Island Creek Burial Site appear in their publications. It seems that Darl Fifer 1963(n.d.a.) many of today's archaeologists are 1999 Jeff Adams Personal Communication A.S.C. Group, Flora Church dependent and content with old informa­ 1999. Archaeological Survey of ten tion published several decades ago and Prehistoric sites at Berlin lake continue to cite these references without 1999 Jeff Adams, Gary Kapusta - Others Mahoning and Portage Counties, doing adequate research of their own. Deerfield, Ohio Ohio. (Partial data report) This report is a firsthand study of 200 Year Anniversary, Archaeological Displays 2000 Ohio Archaeologist unrecorded lithic sources over a broad Kapusta G. J. area. New discoveries may redefine its 2000 Personal visits; Mahoning Black Flint accuracy and updates will keep it cur­ Stow Historical Society Vol. 50 #4 Pgs. 18-19 rent. Newly compiled information will be Mantua Historical Society reported for others who need to identify Portage County Historical Society. the materials they recover during their Anonymous Private collections field work. One final caution - be responsible and always obtain permission - written if pos­ sible - before you enter any property you intend to study.

Footnote During our search for flint sources we found large amounts of hematite. It grades from poor quality concretions to pure hematite found along Silver Creek. Silver Creek enters the West Branch of the Mahoning River in Portage County. Hematite may be the cause for complaints from local residents about rust in their water and its rotten egg smell which may come from the iron and sulphur in the coal deposit found in the middle and eastern parts of the county. This hematite may have furnished the red ocher use by many aboriginal people since there are plenty of reds, oranges and yellows. It could have been used for such artifacts as plummets, cones and paint sticks as well as axes and Legend. celts. Hematite may also have been a Study Area Figure 1 (Kapusta) Ravenna * trade item along with salt from local Plum Run Quarry - O Ravenna Black - rb deposits near Warren, Ohio. Newly Discovered Plum Run Material • prm

25 A COLLECTION FROM ONE OF THE ORIGINAL FAMILIES IN STOW, SUMMIT COUNTY, OHIO by Michael Rusnak 4642 Friar Rd. Stow, Ohio 44224

Not too many years ago, Stow, Ohio Also of note, the Hanson property is black flints. There are also several fine was a farming community. Inevitably, its within a mile of one the most famous examples of quality Plum Run flint—a location between Akron and Cleveland caches ever found in Ohio—the Luken's gray variety with the distinctive orange has brought rapid development, and with Cache. This cache of 356 Flint Ridge splashing—as seen in figures 10 & 11. A development, the loss of plowed fields Adena blades, complete with red ocher few Flint Ridge pieces were seen among where a person might find traces of the and the remnants of a wooden container, the artifacts as well as several unknown prehistoric past. was found in 1982. (See Converse, Ohio or local materials. Since moving to Stow 13 years ago, I Archaeologist, Summer 1984 & Holzapfel, have attempted—along with ASO Ohio Archaeologist, Fall 1996) Stone Tools member Gary Kapusta—to learn what I Several small slate celts or adzes were could about the area's archaeology Flint Artifacts found among stone tools. These show before it, as in so many other places in The collection contains flint objects much polish. A group of 4 are shown in Ohio, disappears, (see Rusnak Ohio from each of Ohio's prehistoric time figure 12. There are also three rougher Archaeologist, Summer 2000 & Kapusta periods. shaped slate celts in the collection. Most Ohio Archeologist, Winter 2000). It had one broken late Paleo Lanceo­ impressive is the fine large hard stone Recently, I had the rare pleasure of late made of Nellie-like chert, shown in celt in figure 13. The piece is nearly 8 examining artifacts found on the farm of figure 2. The distinctive wood grain inches and has a distinct bit, which does one of Stow's original families, when Mr. banding in the material is visible on close show up well in the photograph. Addi­ Fred Hanson (Figure 1) allowed me to examination. This blade has the charac­ tionally, there is one well-worn full examine and report on his father's collec­ teristic thinness and fine flaking typical of grooved axe (figure 14), a cone or small tion of prehistoric artifacts. ancient Piano craftsman. Additionally, pestle, and a nutting stone. there is one large, broken uniface flake Other slate objects were also well rep­ The Hanson Family blade made of quality black Upper resented. Four broken gorgets of different The Hansons were one of the original Mercer flint. types—elongated, rectangular and families to settle in Stow, arriving in 1836. Several Archaic types dominated the expanded center—are seen in figure 15. Mr. Hanson keeps a picture of the collection. Figure 3 shows a Concave Three are made of gray, banded slate family's original two-story log cabin, Base Corner Notch blade and figure 4 an and one is a sandy color. All are quite which was built shortly after their arrival. Archaic Bevel made of Flint Ridge mate­ smooth to the touch. The family also built a stone and brick rial. Serrated points and side notch Again, the Hanson collection is an excel­ house—which still stands—in 1850. pieces were also present (Figure 5). lent representation of time periods, lithic Numerous, corner notch blades and materials and many types of tools, objects Charles Fred Hanson Collection exhausted points were among the broken and blades used by early Ohioans. Mr. Hanson's father, Charles Fred points. Much thanks to Mr. Fred Hanson and Hanson, found all of the artifacts in this Two Woodland Examples, such as the his family for allowing me to study his collection. He was born in 1898, lived large, well-made Stemmed Adena of blue father's collection, and to share it here and worked on the family's dairy farm Upper Mercer, are shown in figure 6. The with ASO members. In doing so, they until much of it was made into a golf large blade is a piece of particular beauty. help us all preserve something of Ohio's course in 1966. Somewhat thin for its size, it is quite prehistoric past. Obviously a cherished heirloom, Mr. symmetrical and finely knapped. It must Hanson has kept the artifacts exactly as have been a magnificent knife in its day. References his father left them—in boxes inside an Three typical Fort Ancient or Whittlesey old suitcase, along with a number of Culture triangle points, pictured in figure 1994 Converse, Robert coral and brachiopod fossils, and lined 7, are also among the collection. Ohio Flint Types, The Archaeological with a newspaper from 1936. Figure 8 shows an assortment of some Society of Ohio, Columbus of the many scraping tools. Crescent- 1984 Converse, Robert Noteworthy Collection shaped blades, end-scrapers as well as a "The Luken's Cache," What is especially noteworthy about the hafted scraper are just a few of those Ohio Archaeologist, Summer Vol. 34, collection is its completeness. It contains represented in the collection. Figure 9 No 3. p 20 all types of artifacts found on the prop­ shows two of the three flint drills. erty—hard stone tools, slate objects, 1996 Holzapfel, Elaine broken as well as whole points, drills and Lithic Materials "The Luken's Cache in 1996," scraping tools. Its completeness makes Additionally, the lithic materials display Ohio Archaeologist, Fall Vol. 46 No. 4 the collection a good representation of the an assortment of Ohio flints and cherts. pp. 14-17 many cultures that once lived in the Stow Examining all of the flint artifacts— 1994 Hotham, Lar area. Additionally, the fact that it contains broken and unbroken—the overwhelming artifacts from nearly all of the prehistoric Ancient Art of Ohio, Hotham House majority were black flints. Both black and Books time periods makes the grouping an excel­ dark blue Upper Mercer, some Nellie-like lent cross section of Ohio's vast prehistory. material, as well as some of the local

26 Figure 1 (Rusnak) Fred Hanson and son Jimmy. Figure 2 (Rusnak) Thin, broken Paleo lanceolate. Figure 3 (Rusnak) Concave base corner notch.

Figure 4 (Rusnak) Archaic bevel. Figure 5 (Rusnak) Hopewell points. Figure 6 (Rusnak) Two Adena points. Larger is of blue-black Upper Mercer flint.

Figure 8 (Rusnak) Representative knives and tools. Figure 7 (Rusnak) Triangular points. Figure 9 (Rusnak) Drills.

h Figure 10 (Rusnak) Knife of Plum Run flint. Figure 11 (Rusnak) Two points of Plum Run flint. Figure 12 (Rusnak) Slate celts.

Figure 13 (Rusnak) Large granite celt. Figure 14 (Rusnak) Full grooved axe. Figure 15 (Rusnak) Slate gorgets.

27 THE RUSH CREEK DOVETAIL SPEAR by Bob White Thornville, Ohio

I acquired this Dovetail spear at a garage sale on July 15, 2000. It had been found on the surface at Rush Creek Golf Course in Thorn Township, Perry County, Ohio, in 1971. The point is fashioned from Carter Cave flint, a flint from Kentucky which is rare in this area. It measured 6V2 inches long when acquired and is now 6% inches due to restoration on part of the base. It is VA inches wide. The point is expertly chipped over its entire surface. The blade has been polished and the edges are very sharp.

Acknowledgment: Personal communication with Jim Hahn, Newark, Ohio.

Figure 1 (White) Dovetail spear from Perry County, Ohio.

A FRACTURED BASE DOVETAIL by Bob White Thornville, Ohio The flint knife shown in Figures 1 and 2 is a Fractured Base Dovetail. The type is char­ acterized by a facet or scar on either side of the base. The literature maintains that this type is rare in Ohio and that the reason for the burin facet remains a mystery. The provenience of this piece is unknown. This Dovetail is 4 inches long and measures 2 inches wide at the barbs. It is made of dull gray chert that is unfamiliar to the author. It exhibits large percussion scars and has been beveled the length of the blade on both edges with pressure retouch, preparation similar to that of an Archaic Bevel. This example is slightly serrated and apparently ready for use. Before removal of the ends on the base, the Dovetail resembled another Ohio type, a large-base Dovetail. The base has been thinned and extensively ground to accommodate hafting. The Figure 2 (White) Close-up of burin on the base of this dovetail has a burinated base of Fractured Figure 1 (White) Fractured Base Base Dovetail. 45 degree angle on one side and a Dovetail made of dull gray chert. sharper angle on the other side. The burination may have been applied after the point was hafted. If the shaft was too small and the base protruded beyond the shaft, removal of the ends of the base could have improved the tool. It is interesting to note that knapping char­ acteristics in this Dovetail resemble other Archaic chipping patterns.

28 THREE GENERATIONS OF SURFACE HUNTERS by Lar Hothem P.O. Box 458 Lancaster, Ohio

An ASO member for 20 years and an method, she gives special attention to was rather hurriedly pocketed, as there employee of the U.S. Postal Service, knolls near streams and to washed-out was more hunting to do, and she did not Susan Elder began surface-hunting for places in the fields. On the half-dozen realize the importance of the artifact until artifacts about 1968. She lives near large properties where Susan has per­ she had taken it home and studied it. Amanda in southwestern Fairfield County mission to look, she also carefully The Clovis is made of light gray flint and searches areas near Clear Creek searches the ground near springs. with tiny white specks, which has been valley. This is a region of rolling hills and Over the years Susan has picked up identified by several persons as an small streams, with some low places that celts, a 3/4 groove axe, three hoof pes­ Indiana hornstone variant. The point is were probably glacial bogs and lakes tles, a hematite plummet, and three or unusual. It is double-fluted on one face, before they were drained by pioneer and four broken slate gorgets. She has found once from the base, as is typical, but later farmers. probably 400 points, blades, scrapers once also from the tip. Away from work she spends time with and drills and all have been carefully Susan also enjoys the outdoors and her family, and two sons and two grand­ placed in frames. The regional material is the change of seasons in one of the most sons are also surface-hunters. Susan mainly dark Upper Mercer flint, with attractive parts of Ohio. Other interesting manages to find a few artifacts though, some Flint Ridge and unidentified flint artifacts remain to be picked up in south­ as in much of Ohio, some of the once and chert. western Fairfield County, and Susan will artifact-rich fields have reduced their Probably the most exciting find Susan certainly find some of them. And in time yield due to low-till/no-till practices. In has made so far is a fluted Clovis point there will be four generations of Elders to addition to the usual walk-and-look picked up not far from her home. This walk the fields.

Figure 1 (Hothem) Archaic serrated blade, Figure 2 (Hothem) Pentagonal blade, Late Figure 3 (Hothem) Stemmed blade, high-grade heavily resharpened and shortened, 1 'A inches Archaic, cream-colored Flint Ridge material, translucent Flint Ridge, 3V: inches long. Late long. Carter Cave material, the needle tip is of V/t inches long. Fairfield County. Archaic or Early Woodland. Fairfield County. interest. Fairfield County.

Figure 4 (Hothem) Clovis point, Early Paleo Figure 5 (Hothem) Early Archaic Notched-base Figure 6 (Hothem) Drill or perforator, 4/. inches period, possibly gray Indiana flint, 3 inches blade, Upper Mercer flint, 4 inches long. The long. The material may be Flint Ridge. Fairfield long. The double-fluted face and the tip-to- artifact has been heavily used on the blade County. base flute can be seen. Fairfield County. sides. Fairfield County.

29 THE STOW ROCKSHELTER: IN RETROSPECT by Gary Kapusta 3294 Herriff Road Ravenna, Ohio 44266

The circumstances surrounding the ciously offered them to me in order to site than I had written and that there were rediscovery of the Stow Rockshelter by return them to where they originated. extensive field notes and a collection of me and Mike Rusnak is a story in itself. It My good fortune was about to become artifacts excavated from the shelter by began with a casual conversation even better. In six weeks, a 40th year Charles Sofsky in 1955. They had been between me and Bob Converse. Bob class reunion was scheduled and Larry boxed up for over 45 years. Tom Piggot, asked if I lived anywhere near Stow, Cross was coming back to Stow to who was curating the Sofsky material, Ohio, and I replied that it was about 10 attend. We made arrangements for him had told Prufer about Sofsky's work and I miles west of where I live. He sent me a to bring the artifacts with him and that is took the collection I had to Kent State copy of an article by David Mitten with a how I obtained the collection. When we where it was measured and recorded by description of the Stow Rockshelter compared the collection with the old Sara Peddee, Prufer's who assisted in excavation completed by Mitten in 1952 photographs, we noticed there were a the project and wrote the final report. and published in the Ohio Archaeologist few pieces missing, but overall it was Prufer has since given the site a desig­ in 1955. According to the article, James extraordinary to have recovered nearly all nated number and the article has and Larry Cross of Stow joined Mitten of a collection which had not been seen appeared in the Ohio Archaeologist. It and helped in the excavation. for more than 48 years. was a major contribution to the prehis­ tory of this part of the state. Mike Rusnak and I then made a trip to True to my promise to Mr. James Cook, Stow and found the rockshelter. We then I occasionally take this collection from Thus, a site of great importance to attempted to locate David Mitten or Stow to various places for display and to northeastern Ohio has been published someone from his family, but we struck relate the story behind them. and recorded - due to the cooperation out. We then tried to find the Cross family An additional bonus came one evening between amateurs, avocationalists and with similar results - nothing. Rusnak and I when Dr. Olaf Prufer called me and prominent professionals - all working wondered about what happened to the inquired about the Stow Rockshelter. He together to a common end. We thank artifacts. Were they still in town some­ told me that there was much more to the everyone involved for their contributions. where, long forgotten and gathering dust? Our inquiries on that came up empty. We revisited the shelter, took some photos of it and I wrote a small article for later publication in the Ohio Archaeolo­ gist. Sometime afterward, I had a per­ sonal discussion with Dr. Nigel Brush who told me that David Mitten had even­ tually earned a doctorate and was presently at Harvard University. I had written a preliminary draft but had little further information on either the arti­ 0 THE STOW ROCKSHELTER facts or the people involved in the exca­ vation. The trail seemed to be cold. Then one hot summer day, my neighbor Danny Butcher, was in need of some topsoil and asked if I could deliver him some. During a conversation with him I told him I had been trying to locate some lost artifacts from a rockshelter in Stow. He said "Stow! I had a cousin who did a dig at a rockshelter in Stow in the early 1950s." I asked who it was and he said it was James Cross and his son Larry. When I returned home I got out the article and there they were, the same people I had been searching for, for more than a year. Danny contacted the Cross family who now live in Arizona and told them about the 1955 article from the 1950s excava­ tion. They were never aware that Mitten had published it. I made a copy and Danny sent it to Mr. Cross and he was quite surprised and pleased to receive it. I then called Mr. Cross and after one thing led to another in our conversation, Mr. Cross told me that he still had the artifacts from the rockshelter - still in his possession after forty years. He gra-

30 A TENNESSEE GENICULATE by C.J. O'Neill 3109 Duck Point Drive Monroe, NO 28110

This banded slate geniculate is considered to be one of the finest ever found in Tennessee. It is 3% inches long and 23/. inches wide. It was found in Robertson County.

Figure 1 (O'Neill) Obverse and reverse of banded slate geniculate from Tennessee.

A DOUBLE-NOTCHED WINGED BANNERSTONE by Steve Fuller P.O. Box 891 Wooster, Ohio

Among the more refined of the winged bannerstone styles is the double notched variety. These are seldom crudely made and often have wings which are quite thin. The central hole was apparently drilled before the notches were cut since the sides of the notches usually show stria- tions from the drilling. Because of their fragility, many examples are broken though the center. It is not unusual to see specimens which have had repair holes made to tie the two broken pieces together after being broken by their owners.

Figure 1 (Fuller) A double-notched winged bannerstone made of banded slate. It was found in Oxford County, Ontario, Canada.

31 A BAR AMULET BOATSTONE by Arthur Holsinger RR 3, Box 275 South Portsmouth, KY 41174

In 1970 my brother and I were hunting a sandy ridge in Greenup County, Kentucky, and my brother found what he thought was a broken axe. After we cleaned off the dirt we saw that it was similar to a bar amulet but had no drilling on the ends. Instead it was grooved across the exag­ gerated hump in the center. In addition, it was hollowed out on the bottom like a boatstone. It resembles the bar amulet pictured on the cover of the Ohio Archae­ ologist in the collection of Ron Helman. Editor's note: Mr. Holsinger asks if anyone knows of a similar artifact. I have seen a similar bar amulet/boatstone, undrilled and deeply hollowed out from Tennessee. I know of no others. If any of our readers can help Mr. Holsinger please write him.

•Sfeist;*;;;

Figure 1 (Holsinger) Two views of a bar amulet/boatstone found in Kentucky.

A SALVAGED THREE-QUARTER GROOVE AXE by Robert J. Davis Milford, OH 45150

I found this example of an archaic three-quarter groove axe while surface hunting a field of cover crop in northern Kentucky in November of 1997. It is made from a light colored compact hardstone and measures 63/t" x 3%". At some point during prehistoric use, it sustained damage along a section of the trailing edge from the poll to the bit area, perhaps from being used as a pounding tool. Instead of discarding the axe, its maker decided to repair the break by pecking and grinding the affected area smooth, thus leaving no jagged edges. Salvaging was a fairly common aboriginal practice, especially in hardstone artifacts where remanufacture of the tool from scratch would have involved a tremendous amount of time and effort. This is an excellent indication of the conservative nature of this semi-nomadic hunting and gathering culture.

Figure 1 (Davis) Salvaged three-quarter grooved axe.

32 CELT TALK by Don Casto 138 Ann Court Lancaster, Ohio

When you hear collectors talk about In figure 3 is a group of small celts from celts they use such terms as large, 2 to 3Vz inches and in figure 4 is a large medium, small and miniature. I have celt more than 7 inches long. never seen a definition of what length a I don't expect this to be the final paper celt should be in order for it to be called a on celt classification but it may be a miniature. The same holds true for other starting point. Similar information could sized celts. apply to adzes and gouges. When celts are grouped according to size you can get a feel about what cate­ gory they fall into. If you lay out a group of miniature celts (Fig 1) anything over 2 inches looks out of place. In figure 2 are two medium celts that look as though they should not be in the same length group — from 3'A in. to 7 inches. This _____ Miniature Small Medium Large group represents the size of a vast 2 in. or less 2 in. to 3 in. 3 M to 7 in. °vtr 7 in. majority of celts. Trying to add another size classification to this group would be CELT CHART overkill.

Figure 1 (Casto) Three miniature celts. Left example is 1 % inches Figure 2 (Casto) Medium celts. Left is 4fa inches from Wyandot County. from Ross County. Center is from Perry County and is VA inches. Right is &/> inches from Fairfield County. Right is 1 'A inches and was found in Fairfield County.

Figure 3 (Casto) Small celts. Left is 2J4 inches, center 2'h inches and Figure 4 (Casto) Large celt 7% inches long from Delaware County. right 2'/: inches. All from Fairfield County.

33 IDEAS FOR GIVING A PRESENTATION ON OHIO'S PREHISTORY TO ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS by Michael Rusnak 4642 Friar Rd. Stow, Ohio 44224

There probably is no better way to pro­ A Time Line If the teacher can get you some magni­ mote interest in Ohio's Prehistoric past One useful idea was suggested to me fying glasses or a couple of microscopes, than giving a presentation to a group of by Bob Knotts, a surface hunter and look at some of the artifacts under high elementary school kids. Sharing your member of our local Cuyahoga Valley or low magnification. Students will see knowledge—and field finds—with kids Chapter. Bob told me the first thing he the fine chipping, colors or fossils of the provides a useful educational resource does in any presentation is unroll his flint in detail. Also, let the students hold a for both the school and teacher. Addi­ "string time line." A time line helps illus­ piece of translucent Flint Ridge material tionally, you can help build a lasting trate the incredible age of such artifacts up to the sunlight. The material's beauty appreciation for Ohio's vast prehistoric as Archaic Bevels and Paleo points. will speak for itself. heritage, and maybe even introduce To make a string time line, you take a someone to a lifelong interest. Presenta­ length of string 60 feet long. Place a Pump Drill tions are also a good way to help make mark—I used a knot—every 6 inches. Almost without exception, a pump drill is the public aware of the Archaeological Each 6 inch space then will equal 100 a favorite item with fourth grade classes. Society of Ohio. years on the time line. That means that This ingenious device amazes youngsters. In this article, I would like to offer a few every 5 feet is 1,000 years. And to go As one student put it —"I didn't know you ideas that have worked well with grade back the 12,000 years or so of Ohio's could drill a hole with some sticks and a school students. Some of the ideas are past, you'll use 60 feet of string. string." And to the boy's credit, he was, in ones others have shared with me, and Before you begin your presentation, tie his own way, expressing a genuine appre­ some are ones I have stumbled onto one end of the string onto something like ciation for the pump drill's ingenuity. Stu­ myself. As any experienced teacher the pencil sharpener and then run the dents will line up to try it. Some get the knows, pictures and a few "hands on" string to the back of the room. With 60 hang of the yo-yo like bounce right away, activities can help students learn tactilely feet, it will bend across a couple of walls and others - like me - need to practice a and visually—and besides, they're lots of in the classroom, where I tape or tack few times. Figure 1 is a drawing to make a fun too. them up high enough to be seen. pump drill for a presentation. You might You might not be able to work in all of Another good thing to do with the time even leave a copy of the drawing in case these ideas into a single presertation, but line is clipon some clothes pins at historic the class might want to build one. hopefully, some will prove useful. milestones - one at 100 years back and a little more than 200 years ago for 1776, Comparison of Points that were Slides and one at the year zero. You can then Re-Sharpened As we all know, nothing helps a pres­ refer to the time line during your talk as a Putting together a small group of two entation like pictures. One advantage of a way to illustrate the great age of the points. or three points of the same type but of slide show is that it helps organize a During your presentation, have the stu­ various lengths can help illustrate that presentation, and the slides will keep dents hold up their fingers, showing not all points are arrowheads (see figure your discussion focused. about a half inch. Tell them this distance 2). You can explain that flint could be re- It sounds simple but just a few slides represents the length of their lives on this sharpened, and that some of the small can go a long way, and show the students time line. Compared to the half inch of pieces are really exhausted knives, that some of the remarkable objects found in their lives, the 60 feet time line will have been resharpened to a stub. Just Ohio that you don't have in your collection. impress on the kids just how old some of like the pencils they use at school, a knife Take Bird Stones, for example. These the flint artifacts are. I have to admit the might start out large, but in the end is too elegant objects are rare, and you likely string time line impresses their great age small to use. don't have any to display. on me each time I use it. However, the slide I have of six dark Guess the Object slate bird stones on a red background Frames of Field Finds & A guessing game can also lead to a has actually brought gasps from the Hands-on Activities good discussion. If you have some fourth graders. Few of the students I Of course, you'll want to bring a few unusual object in your collection, or even have spoken to have ever even seen a frames of field finds. Including some flint some stone tool like a pestle, ask the picture of one. Many youngsters have tools - scrapers, perforators, and drills - students to guess what the object is. showed their appreciation for the slides as well as points can make for a good Guessing a purpose can help pique of the slate objects by drawing pictures discussion on the everyday use of these curiosity. It's also a good baited hook to of bird stones and the winged banners in objects. It can lead kids to think about begin your presentation, let them think their response notes to me. tools we use today that have a similar about it during your talk, and give them If you don't have a slide presentation purpose, such as a scraper to get the the answer after you finish. of Ohio artifacts, you can use one that I snow off the windshield of a car. have put together from the photographs Also, try to include some pieces of flint A Demonstration of How Well of Ohio Archaeologist magazine. For this (not in a frame) that the students can a Fresh Blade Cuts article, I have put together a series of 30+ touch and handle—some broken points This idea is definitely a demonstration slides on a Power Point presentation. All perhaps, or well worn scrapers. Let stu­ item, and NOT a hands-on activity for kids. of the pictures of flint points, stone and dents feel how well a scraper fits in their If there is a flint knapper in your local slate objects are ones that I scanned hands, and explain to them that they are chapter, ask him to make you a fresh from the magazine, and the slides are holding in their hands a tool that bladelet out of some quality material like organized by prehistoric time periods someone else held in their hands thou­ obsidian. You can then demonstrate how (See below for information.) sands of years ago. well a fresh bladelet can cut.

34 After explaining that the flint artifacts stone tools are not just an American past. write a little feedback or critique of your have dulled some from being in the Stone tools are everyone's past. Ancient presentation. Teachers are always ground for a thousand years, have the people in all parts of the world made and looking for good writing assignments for teacher pull a bit of leather tight, and used flint and stone tools at one point in their students—especially ones where gently cut it with the bladelet. The first time. I like to tell students that stone there is real purpose. Ask that the kids time I saw Carl Fry of our Cuyahoga tools have shown up in Europe, Asia, answer such questions as these: What Valley Chapter do this, I understood why Australia and Africa as well as the Amer­ were their favorite objects? What did they flint was so valuable to ancient people. icas. Terrific flint knives have been found learn about Ohio's prehistory? What pic­ Again, use caution if you choose to do in place like Sweden, Russia and China. tures did they like the best? What else this demonstration, as a fresh bladelet is The Egyptians made fine flint arrow would they like to see? as sharp as glass and you can cut yourself points, the Mayans, for example made Lastly, if you are worried that you will easily. Wearing gloves is also not a bad huge, detailed ceremonial flint pieces to not be able to fill a class period, don't idea. Never allow students to try this one. name just a few. If you go back far worry-nothing makes a group of kids enough—as the saying goes—everyone's come alive like a talk on Ohio prehistory, Speak to All of the Students past was in flint. and they'll have plenty of questions for Speak to the girls as well as the boys. I Additionally, it's good to make a connec­ you to answer. am reminded of something that Mr. tion between your presentation and their Adavasio of Mercyhurst College said own homes. I like to explain to students Power Point Slides during his presentation to the ASO last that Ohio's aboriginal people were probably If you would like a copy of a slide pres­ year on pre-Clovis sites. He made a point living right under our feet. Since I teach in entation on Ohio prehistoric artifacts, that the image of the prehistoric, the City of Akron, most of our prehistoric simply send a self-addressed envelope, "macho," male hunters was changing. sites—and there were many—have long stamped with $.68 postage, to the There were, of course, women with pre­ been bulldozed and cemented over when address above. Make sure that the enve­ historic groups—women into whose the city was built. Still, it gives a youngster lope is suitable for a 3.5 inch floppy disk. smaller hands a thumbnail scraper would a connection to know that artifacts similar I will send it to you. fit nicely. Tell students to imagine a lady to the ones they're handling are not distant The presentation should display on any using a fine flint perforator to make her­ like pictures in their textbooks, but closer to Windows computer with Microsoft Power self a new pair of shoes or to sew a shirt. home. They were once used and later Point. Students can view the presenta­ Imagine a lady using a bladelet to peel found in their own hometown. tion on their classroom computer. Better a wild carrot or scale a fish. The girls in yet—if the school has a projector for the the class will nod in agreement with you. Feedback Notes computer, you can show these exciting Also, it's good to make a point that Lastly, ask the teacher to have the kids pictures on the big screen.

Figure 1 (Rusnak) Adena points in various stages of exhaustion. Display illustrates how flint can be resharpened until there is little left of the blade.

DfiiLi. 3 FooT OF CO»3>

ftUE F*o~

HUMS i JO&Mk) ftfltfH$n>1* Vi)» R£ST- fticf

Figure 2 (Rusnak) Plan of how to make a pump drill.

35 THE SLOW DEVELOPMENT AND RAPID DECLINE OF THE ANTIQUITIES ACT OF 1906 by Allan Charles Mastran John R. White Liberty, Ohio and Youngstown State University Youngstown, Ohio

Sometimes it's good to take pause and Sec. 3. That permits for the examination itself came from a variety of growing sci­ reflect on some of those aspects of of ruins, the excavation of archaeological entific fields including hydrology, geology, archaeology which invisibly but vigilantly sites, and the gathering of objects of forestry, and anthropology (Hays 1959:2). antiquity upon the lands under their affect the way we do our work. One such These fields worked together to conserve respective jurisdictions may be granted omnipresence is the Antiquity Act of by the Secretaries of the Interior, Agricul­ natural resources and to design a man­ 1906. The product of a protracted debate ture, and War to institutions which the agement system for the available between various self-interest groups, this may deem properly qualified to conduct resources. Different values were required act has served for almost half a century such examination, excavation, or gath­ if resources were to be efficiently utilized. as the principal bulwark against the ering, subject to such rules and regula­ Values had to change from a wanton, wholesale looting of archaeological sites tion as they may prescribe: Provided, careless utilization of seemingly inex­ located on lands "owned or controlled by That the examinations, excavations, and haustible natural resources to a more gatherings are undertaken for the benefit the Government of the United States". conservative realization that resources of reputable museums, universities, col­ were limited and must be managed for Over the years it has taken quite a legal leges, or other recognized scientific or bombardment. But it is still the law and it educational institutions, with a view to the future. would do us well to read it, understand it, increasing the knowledge of such The preservation movement upheld the and ruminate on its development and objects, and that the gatherings shall be same progressive philosophy which drove decline. It is, therefore, herein repro­ made for permanent preservation in the overall conservation movement. By the duced. A cautionary note: Keep in mind public museums. end of the 19th century, federal officials that its prohibitions do not affect any land fostered a regulatory interest for the but that which is federally administered. Sec. 4. That the Secretaries of the remaining natural and cultural resources of Departments aforesaid shall make and the Western states (Dilsaver 1904:7). The American Antiquities Act of 1906 publish from time to time uniform rules 1890 census showed that the American and regulations for the purpose of car­ [16 USC 431-433] frontier had closed, creating an anxiety rying out the provisions of this Act. Be it enacted by the Senate and over the future of the nation. Travelers House of Representatives of the United exploring the west had always admired Approved, June 8, 1906 States of America in Congress assem­ with awe the inspiring scenic beauty of the bled, That any person who shall appro­ mountains and canyon lands inherent to The Antiquities Act (PL. 59-209) was priate, excavate, injure, or destroy any the West but at the same time they con­ historic or prehistoric ruin or monument, the culmination of the efforts between spired to wantonly extract the region's or any object of antiquity, situated on individuals, scientists, conservationists, minerals, forests, and water resources. lands owned or controlled by the Govern­ preservationists, their organizations, Explorers were also puzzled and inspired ment of the United States, without the and the U. S. Congress during the Pro­ by the physical remains of what appeared permission of the Secretary of the gressive Era, 1890-1920. The enthu­ Department of the Government having to be lost civilizations manifesting them­ siasm for the reforms of Progressivism, jurisdiction over the lands on which said selves as cliff dwellings and pueblos or the coalescing philosophical relation­ antiquities are situated, shall, upon con­ "cities". These ruins were spread ship between conservation and preser­ viction, be fined in a sum of not more throughout the West in Colorado, Utah, vation in the Western states, and the than five hundred dollars or be impris­ New Mexico, and Arizona. The process by oned for a period of not more than ninety development of professional scientific which they were eventually spared days, or shall suffer both fine and impris­ organizations led ultimately to the pas­ destruction was slow and complex. onment, in the discretion of the court. sage of a modern preservation act and the beginnings of a U. S. national park In 1846, Henry Rowe Schoolcraft Sec. 2. That the President of the United system. exhorted Americans to relive the deeds of States is hereby authorized, in his discre­ Pre-Civil War colleges offered training the "handy and vigorous American aborig­ tion, to declare by public proclamation his­ in philosophy and religious morality, sci­ ines" pointing to their "strong, efficient, toric landmarks, historic and prehistoric and popular" government as a model for structures, and other objects of historic or ences as academic disciplines were in the United States. The anthropologist, scientific interest that are situated upon the their infancy. College studies just after lands owned or controlled by the Govern­ the Civil War divided themselves into the Schoolcraft predicted, would eventually ment of the United States to be national various humanities, and later, during the "instill within his fellow citizens the virtues monuments, and may reserve as a part last half of the 19th century, into the of the fiercely independent Indian, in this thereof parcels of land, the limits of which social sciences. The role of scientific dis­ way completing his aboriginal destiny" in all cases shall be confined to the ciplines increased as U. S. social organi­ (Hinsley, Jr. 1981:192) By 1880, the frontier smallest area compatible with proper care zation became more clearly defined. had all but faded away and the heroic and management of the objects to be pro­ Progressivism brought an optimistic and figure became the scientific explorer, the tected: Provided, that when such objects naturalist, and the ethnologist. are situated upon a tract covered by a enthusiastic belief in scientific method. bona fide unperfected claim or held in pri­ Progressives relied on modern reform The "professionalization" of American vate ownership, the tract, or so much methods. The drive towards conserva­ sciences was the result of a change in thereof as may be necessary for the proper tion reform stemmed from Progressive attitude. Large numbers of scientifically- care and management of the object, may thinking. The earliest federal efforts at minded people entered academic disci­ be relinquished to the Government, and archaeological preservation developed plines between 1860 and 1920. The the Secretary of the Interior is hereby from the same cultural resources as did research fields of prehistory, paleon­ authorized to accept the relinquishment of the regional efforts to preserve historic tology, and geology gathered enough such tracts in behalf of the Government of sites (Rothman 1989: 10). Conservation momentum to eventually branch the field the United States.

36 of anthropology, as a science of physical models of the ruins for the Department of disturbed the abodes of the dead" (Lee and cultural development of man, from the Interior in time for the Philadelphia 1970:5). The Pueblo project spurred the the stem of social science. Darwin wrote Centennial of 1876. That the ruins could interest of Eastern preservation societies. the Origins of Species in 1859 furthering demonstrate such architectural sophisti­ The New England Genealogical Society an acceptance of the idea of biological cation came as a complete surprise to among others, were impressed by the evolution. This supplied an impetus to onlookers and soon, influential people - Pueblo architecture and approached create an anthropological discipline though still a minority - became inter­ Congress with the first legislative attempt which concentrated on the prehistory of ested in the fate of these prehistoric ruins at saving American antiquities on a man. Anthropological theories provided (Rothman 1989: 11). national level. The Society presented its interpretations of processes permitting The public quickly took notice and measure on May 10, 1882. Though it an integrated view of the physical and began to make inquiries about the ruins failed to pass, Congress noted that social development of man (Voget of the Southwest. This interest led to five "these extinct towns, the only monu­ 1975:12). Nineteenth century American developments significant to American ments or interpreters of these mysterious anthropologists were moralists before archaeology. 1879 was a year that was to races, are now daily plundered and they became scientific (Hinsley Jr. mark the start for a movement that 27 destroyed in a most vandal way" (U.S. 1981:8). years later would lead to the first national Congress 1882). Anthropology achieved credibility late preservation legislation. First, Congress Preservation and scientific organiza­ in life. It had a unique history among the established the Bureau of Ethnology as a tions implored the government to aid social sciences. An increasing awareness department in the Smithsonian Institu­ them in their research by removing public of the Native American as being ethni­ tion. The Bureau was designed to collect land from sale and settlement and to pro­ cally heterogeneous forced the growth of data on all aspects of remaining Native tect antiquities from treasure hunters. It the social sciences as disciplines and American life. It was headed by John was a new issue for the federal legisla­ underlay the drive to understand Native Wesley Powell. Later the Bureau became tors. Congress felt that there was just too Americans scientifically. In 1874, John the leading organization for the protec­ much land involved and that it would be Wesley Powell remarked "there is now no tion of antiquities on federal land (Lee better if only interested organizations great uninhabited and unknown region to 1970:1). Second, Frederick W. Putnam, continued to do what they could. It which the Indian can be sent. He is head of the Peabody Museum, Harvard, marked a turning point, however, as it among us and we must either protect wrote copiously on the archaeology of was the first time the issue of federal him or destroy him" (Hinsley, Jr. Arizona and New Mexico as well as the preservation law was brought before 1981:146). Another event occurred which ethnography of various southern Cali­ Congress (U.S. Congress 1882). fornia tribes. His works traced the histor­ was to spur preservationist thinking. By Interest in both archaeology and eth­ ical relationships among these Indians 1890, the western U.S. was settled and nology continued to grow. In 1889, a and defined their language, customs, the Native Americans were no longer petition was presented to designate Casa morals, social organization, and other subjects of an American foreign policy. Grande, Pima County, Arizona, as a cultural features. Instead they became a focus for national reserve. Congress passed the domestic concern. Governmental It was Putnam who had purchased the measure on March 2, 1889, but the bill responsibility for its native population Great Serpent Mound land in Adams only allowed for the preservation of Casa was shifted from the War Department to County, Ohio for the Peabody Museum. Grande specifically. A precedent was set, the Department of the Interior. Putnam was, at the time, a major leader though, because the bill allowed the Progressive enthusiasm, the coupling in American archaeology. Third, The President of the United States to reserve of conservation values with preservation American Association for the Advance­ the land upon which Casa Grande stood causes the scientific interest in Native ment of Science, America's most presti­ (Lee 1970:20). Americans, and the public's curiosity of gious scientific association, elected Following the persistent interest in prehistory all but dictated that the Antiq­ Lewis Henry Morgan as its president. antiquities, new chapters of the AIA were uities Act of 1906 would eventually come Morgan just happened to be the foremost chartered throughout the Eastern states to pass. anthropologist of his time. The Associa­ and then into the Western states, such as During the last quarter of the 19th cen­ tion developed its "Section H" which was Utah, Colorado, California, and Wash­ tury, the public and private desire for pre­ dedicated to anthropology. Members of ington. Chapter members continued to serving the past spread from the East Section H formed a committee to pro­ put pressure on Congress to pass pro­ into the Western states. Eastern preser­ mote preservation legislation (Lee tective antiquities legislation. A terrible vation was a process of locally scattered 1970:3). Fourth, Professor Otis T. Mason irony developed at this time. As the organizations occasionally supported by of Columbia founded the Anthropological public's interest in the prehistory of the state government. In 1888, the state of Society of Washington in 1888. The U.S. was ignited, so was their desire to Ohio passed legislation to protect the Society published its journal, The Amer­ obtain artifacts from the places they pur­ Great Serpent Mound in Adams County, ican Anthropologist, which was to portedly wished to preserve. The demand Ohio (U.S. Congress 1905). In the West, become the official flagship journal of the for Western artifacts started cottage more and more explorers were com­ modern American Anthropology Associa­ industries. Since "objects of antiquity" menting on Southwestern ruins and the tion (AAA) in 1902. And lastly, in 1879, were located on public land, they had no possibilities of prehistoric civilization. In Charles Eliot Norton, a professor of art legal protection. Treasure hunters were 1849, a U.S. Army lieutenant, James H. history, along with his colleague Francis always afraid someone else would find Simpson, was given explicit orders to Parkman, founded the Archaeological an artifact before they did. Archaeology learn everything he could about the Institute of America (AIA). Norton was virtually an unknown science to the Spanish Trail from Santa Fe to Los accepted the challenge of gaining public and there were only a few profes­ Angeles. In his report, Lt. Simpson's respect for American archaeology along­ sional archaeologists. Mineral exploration descriptions of Inscription Rock (El Moro side that of Classical archaeology. The and ranching were added to the removal National Monument) in western New AlA's first project was to study Pueblo of antiquities for monetary gain (pot Mexico, completely surprised his supe­ Indians, including their architecture, cus­ hunting) during the 1880's. Cowboys riors. In 1874, photographer William toms, and social organization. The pro­ often discovered ruins among the canyon Henry Jackson traveled with the well- ject's field director was Adolph F. lands as they herded cattle and freely known scientist Ferdinand H. Hyden to Bandelier who reported that "treasure withdrew antiquities from them. photograph Mesa Verde. He made hunters have recklessly and ruthlessly Colorado rancher Richard Wetherill dis-

37 covered and named Cliff Palace near Bonito, the best of the ruins at Chaco failed because most of the committee Mesa Verde Arizona. Wetherill, accompa­ Canyon. Word spread to the AIA, and it, members were from Western states. nied by his brothers, excavated and in turn, notified the Department of the Later legislation failed because the removed large amounts of artifacts from Interior and urged them to halt the Hyde Public Lands Committee, The Bureau of the Palace including whole, unbroken Expedition's excavations. It was this inci­ American Ethnology, the Department of pottery, skeletal remains, basketry, and dent and others like it that helped speed the Interior, and various scientific organi­ wood and stone implements. Wetherill the process for legislative protection of zations and preservation societies failed sold part of his finds to the Colorado His­ the federal lands. to reach a reasonable compromise in two torical Society and kept the rest (Lee By 1900, The General Land Office areas. One, who was going to administer 1970:30). The publicity afforded Wetherill's (GLO) looked into the possibility of these proposed parks and reserves? And diggings spread through the Southwest turning some canyons into national two, where was the money for custodian­ and inevitably filtered back to the East. parks. At the same time, The Colorado ship going to come from? The fledgling By 1891, the Cliff Palace notoriety Cliff Dwellings Association launched a Records of the Past Exploration Society, reached an international audience. A drive to create Mesa Verde into a national chaired by the Reverend Henry Mason Swede, Gustav Adolf Nordenskjold, park. They leased the land from the Ute Baum, entered the preservationist debate excavated Mesa Verde and published a Indians for $3,000 dollars per year and in 1902. Reverend Baum was a major book on his findings entitled The Cliff planned to improve roads and construct proponent of preservation. He was a Bib­ Dwellers of the Mesa Verde (Norden­ a rest house (Lee 1970:37). By 1904, The lical archaeologist who had turned his skjold 1893). Enraged archaeologists and GLO removed Mesa Verde from the interests to American archaeology. In the preservation groups used this episode to Public domain. first issue of the Records of the Past support the need for rapid federal In a report to the House Committee on Journal, he outlined his recommenda­ involvement in devising a protective pro­ the Public Lands, January 19,1905, the tions for preservation laws (Baum gram safeguarding antiquities. Honorable John F. Lacey stated "the pro­ 1902:4). The Society's journal was suc­ cessful in that it was able to attract public Pothunting went unchecked and con­ posed park contains some of the most attention to antiquities in general. It also tinued to flourish as a lucrative business. remarkable ruins in America. Their per­ achieved a good reputation among pro­ Careless, untrained excavators destroyed manent preservation is greatly desired by fessional archaeologists. many architectural details and features in the people of Colorado as well as by the looting process. The demand for orig­ those interested in archaeology else­ On April 20, 1904, Reverend Baum, inal pieces became so great that a new where....The land is not useful for future along with Francis Kelsey, Secretary of cottage industry sprang into existence settlement" (U.S. Congress 1905). In the AIA, William A. Jones, Commissioner forging antiquities. Forgeries were openly addition, Mr. Lacey stipulates,"....the of Indian Affairs, and Mgr. Dennis J. sold to unwary travelers. Buyer beware ruins are not only of local but of national O'Connell of the Catholic University of took on a new significance as the walls of interest, and many tourists who now America, sat before the Senate sub-com­ mansions in the East were covered with never heard of the Mesa Verde ruins mittee of The Committee of the Public beautiful - but fake - southwestern arti­ would visit them if the area was under lands on the matter of the preservation of facts (Lee 1970:33). Local people, citizen government control" (Lee 1970:40). The historic and prehistoric ruins, etc. (U.S. and cowboy alike, had no interest or removal from public domain included Congress 1904). Professor Kelsey put schooling in archaeology or preservation. Chettro Kettle and Pueblo del Arroyo before the Committee a set of criteria They looted artifacts and sold them to which had been homesteaded by which he and the others present deemed museums and private collections in the Richard Wetherill in 1900. He relinquished important to any preservation laws. He East without as much as a second his rights to the land but his problems felt that it was important to pass legisla­ thought. But, how critical can we be? We with the federal government were not tion to protect monuments upon the must remember that looting pre-dated resolved until the Antiquities Act was national domain. Legislation should be anthropological science. The West's per­ passed in 1906 (Lee 1970:40). immediate and of a preservative nature spective on antiquities differed from that At the turn of the century, three sepa­ rather than administrative, "it (the legisla­ of the East. The easterner's definition of rate bills were considered by the Public tion) should not attempt to deal with the past included land still being utilized Lands Committee and presented before things that may arise in future, but should by western settlers. Reserving public Congress. All were duly rejected. Another meet immediate contingencies in order to land from settlement created a perceived bill, H.11021, would have created more preserve what we have" (U.S. Congress hardship on potential homesteaders. national parks. In 1900 there were only 5 1904). Kelsey informed the Committee Ranchers and settlers needed water, and parks while concurrently, there were that parties of collectors were constantly water sources were always in or near forested reserves containing a total of 46 excavating on public land in order to prehistoric ruins. Ranchers just couldn't million acres (Lee 1970:44). The bill remove all available objects of value. understand why giving up their livelihood attempted to correct an imbalance They were disfiguring the environment in for an old ruin made any sense (Rothman existing between the forests and the parks the process and in such away as to leave 1989:13). To most westerners, old ruins by emphasizing natural and scenic areas. any other remains valueless for scientific were nothing more than abandoned The Department of the Interior sought purposes (U.S. Congress 1904). He homes. Easterners, on the other hand, broad discretionary powers for the Presi­ lamented that the government domain developed a mythology around them. dent (Lee 1970:53). The parks would be was so extensive that no system of The practical considerations of ranchers controlled by the Department of the Inte­ policing could be devised to guard the and settlers ultimately placed them on rior who would be empowered to design country's property without specific legis­ opposite sides of the fence from Eastern rules, and regulations and to create serv­ lation. He reminded the Committee that science and preservation societies. ices necessary for the management of the the Department of the Interior was inter­ ested in protecting antiquities but had In 1896, Richard Wetherill guided the proposed parks. This was the first bill to bring up the idea of a national park little or no funds for them. Kelsey Hyde Exploring Expedition under the implored the Committee to take action tutelage of F.W. Putnam. The Expedition system. The examination, excavation, and collecting of artifacts would also have because the public expected it. The was sponsored by the American Museum interest generated by the preservation of of Natural History. Putnam had chosen been allowed, provided the explorations were under the guidance of reputable antiquities was no longer limited to scien­ Wetherill as the expedition's field boss. tists or educational institutions. The gen- They excavated 198 rooms of Pueblo institutions. Unfortunately the measure Continued on page 40

38 CATLINITE ARTIFACTS by Steve Fuller P.O. Box 891 Wooster, Ohio

Catlinite, or Minnesota pipestone, was The human effigy pipe at the top is effigy maskette in the center has an a material used by many historic Indian 25/8 inches high and was found near unknown provenience but was collected groups during the post-contact period. Rock River in northern Illinois. It has lead by Raymond Vietzen. The elbow pipe Such items as pipes, effigies, beads and or pewter inlay. The Mic-mac type pipe was found in Richland County, Ohio. The ornaments were made of this dense red on the left was found in the northern beaver effigy, lower right, was apparently stone. In the color plate is a group of six Indiana - southern Michigan area. Mic- salvaged from a larger pipe and drilled for catlinite artifacts which date to the early mac pipe on the right was found in suspension as an ornament. It too was historic era. Alexander County, Illinois. The human collected by Vietzen.

Figure 1 (Fuller) Catlinite artifacts from the Midwest dating to the early historic period.

39 eral public had awakened to the impor­ the best measure from both a scientific preservation of antiquities. It was agreed tance of preserving the past for future and administrative point of view. The that the amount of land withdrawn from generations (U.S. Congress 1904). people before the Committee wanted to the public domain must be specific and The Committee listened to objections omit petty disagreements and get some­ the Department of the Interior should not against the Smithsonian Institution's pro­ thing passed quickly. "Set the bill on the be allowed to withdraw just any amount posal, S. 4127. This measure would have statute book and then let experience of land it wished. As an example, the created an administrative division enlarge it or add to it as necessary" (U.S. panel informed the Committee that the between the Secretary of the Interior and Congress 1904). state of Ohio had purchased 75 acres the Smithsonian. Professor Kelsey The problem of counterfeit artifacts encompassing the Serpent Mound (U.S. informed the members of the Committee was brought up. Factories in Mexico Congress 1905). The Honorable Mr. that such an arrangement would lead to were producing 10,000 fakes per year. A Rodey of New Mexico proposed a limit to constant friction between the authorities, Mexicanist from the American Museum land withdrawal. To quote Rodey, "If all thereby nullifying any beneficial results of of Natural History, had samples of for­ the ruins in Northern New Mexico were the legislation (U.S. Congress 1904). As geries which could not be discerned from withdrawn from entry, there would be a proposed by S. 4127, exploration authentic articles and were being sold to tract of country withdrawn as big as the responsibilities would be given solely to museums all over the country (U.S. Con­ State of New York, on which they (the the Smithsonian. The Smithsonian would gress 1904). The forgery problem was not ruins) are as thick as hills and valleys" have total control over all excavations. given much discussion only that the (U.S. Congress 1905). Rodey asserted Critical issues involved were the right to panel implored the government to do that there were dozens of privately- explore and the ultimate control of exca­ something about it. Readers of this owned land grants encompassing large vation results. The Smithsonian would article know only too well how this tracts of land and he wondered if private gain an unfair advantage over other insti­ problem has remained with us. owners would have the right to excavate tutions such as the Peabody Museum on their own land? He requested that a Late into the hearing, the Committee and New York's Museum of Natural His­ limit should be placed on the power of and the panel discussed the matter of tory with respect to excavation and the the Secretary of the Interior to withdraw funding for preservation. As the Lodge- guardianship of recovered remains (U.S. land, positing that the Interior Secretary Rodenburg Bill was written, §2 appointed Congress 1904). shouldn't reserve more than a specific a custodian and provided for his compen­ amount of the country in any one section sation as overseer of antiquities in parks. An opposing bill, S.5603 (Lodge- of the country (U.S. Congress 1905). It was a paper feast however, for the Sec­ Rodenburg), would deal with antiquities Extensive debate followed as to what this retary of the Interior had no custodial already on public land. The Smithsonian amount should be. bill had placed antiquities under the Sec­ funds. Further, there was a great deal of retary of the Smithsonian. The Secretary governmental red tape surrounding the One year prior to the Lodge-Roden­ of the Interior would then have to acquire acquisition of appropriate funds (U.S. burg petition before Congress, William H. permission from the Smithsonian to Congress 1904). On January 11, 1905 the Holmes, Chief of the Bureau of American explore and excavate. The Lodge- panel of preservationists met before the Ethnology in the Smithsonian, presented Rodenburg Bill was designed to meet the House. Francis Kelsey, who had forcefully the Smithsonian's version of an antiqui­ needs of the public, scientists, and edu­ spoken before the Senate Committee ties bill to Congress. The Smithsonian bill cational institutions by granting them all now enlightened the House. Professor gave the President of the U.S. executive equal access and privileges (U.S. Con­ Kelsey reminded the House that the AIA power to preserve antiquities and estab­ gress 1904). Copies of the Lodge-Roden- was not the only organization concerned lish boundary limits. There was, however, burg Bill were sent out to all major with the passage of federal antiquities no added protection for historic, scenic, universities, historical societies, and sci­ legislation. The Committee inquired about or scientific resources on public land. The entific institutions in the U.S. the possibilities of granting foreign rights Secretary of the Interior could issue or privileges to excavate American The panel sitting before the Committee excavation permits but only at the archaeological sites. The response was agreed that looting was a problem but request of the Smithsonian. The AIA that foreign applications were rare. Pro­ acknowledged that the most promising objected and in May 1904, Reverend fessor Kelsey explained that there were ruins were being excavated by major Baum angrily accused the Smithsonian of not antiquities available in which foreign institutions. These institutions (including being partisan, unfair, and guilty of offi­ interests would be developed. The Com­ the Smithsonian) took what they wanted cially sanctioning favoritism (Lee mittee was reminded that other countries to stock their own museums. The com­ 1970:65). The Smithsonian group, how­ had regulations concerning their own petitive desire to get to the most spec­ ever, managed to convince Representa­ antiquities and that there should be an tacular artifacts often led to the neglect tive Alva S. Alexander of N.Y to oppose element of reciprocity in the legislation. of a more scientific approach to the the Lodge-Rodenburg bill and, as a con­ The AIA had schools, for example, in excavations themselves. If antiquities sequence, it failed. Reverend Baum took Rome, Athens, and Palestine. The scien­ were to be preserved, they should be the defeat personally and openly tific community felt that it was dangerous part of a broader scientific work which accused the Smithsonian of imposing its to rule out foreign participation (U.S. Con­ included a complete photographic will upon Congress. Conflicts in person­ gress 1905). Charles Bowditch dissented. record. The panel reminded the Com­ ality continued to stall the legislative He perceived the Lodge-Rodenburg Bill mittee that archaeology was in essence process. Preservation advocates could as being cumbersome and inaccurate. destructive and everything removed from not agree on the administrative aspects Bowditch claimed the bill was ambiguous an excavation was contextually, at least, of preservation and, as a result, many and contained no provision for the coun­ lost forever. A photographic record would alliances dissolved. terfeiting of artifacts. Bowditch did agree be maintained in a federal repository in that scientific societies were anxious for In 1905, archaeologist Edgar Lee Hewett Washington, D.C. (U.S. Congress 1904). antiquities to be preserved on federal arrived on the steps of Congress. He ulti­ Finally, all recovered antiquities would be land, but he was confident that the mately became responsible for creating placed under the control of the Secretary present bill would not pass (U.S. Con­ the piece of legislation known to this day of the Interior. All legitimate institutions gress 1905). as The Antiquities Act of 1906. Hewett had would have equal rights to excavate and the support of Congress in the person of the Secretary of the Interior would issue Another critical aspect of impending Representative John F. Lacey, an avowed all permits (U.S. Congress 1904). The antiquities legislation was the amount of conservationist and defender of national Lodge-Rodenburg Bill was agreed to as land that had to be sequestered for the forests (Hays 1959:43). Hewett was a

40 westerner himself who understood south­ of government nestled in Washington, D.C. but also to the use for which the object was western people and their problems. He Not many Americans could visualize a made and to which it was put, subjects not also had academic credentials and exten­ viable connection between being a world likely to be of common knowledge ... in our sive field experience which lifted him out of power and prehistoric Anasazi ruins. The judgment the statute, by use of undefined the "vandal" class of the Wetherills. In Antiquities Act was an expression of the terms of uncommon usage, is fatally addition, Hewett had the respect of Rev­ opinions of upper-class officials during the vague in violation of the due process erend Baum. In 1904, the General Land Progressive Era. They were positioned to clause of the Constitution [Judgment Office (GLO) asked Hewett to detail a com­ make decisions for the public welfare. Pro­ reversed (Opinion No. 74-1177, June 24, prehensive report on all antiquities located gressive legislators mistakenly thought the 1974 in the United States Court of Appeals upon federal lands in the Southwest. law would stop vandalism. Unfortunately, for the Ninth Circuit). (Emphasis added.) Hewett noted 20 districts and listed each however, the Antiquities Act had very little district's best cultural features and most to no effect on uneducated people. The References Cited distinguishing characteristics. Hewett Act was just a general consensus of what serendipitously managed to construct an should be reserved for posterity. The ambi­ Baum, Rev. Henry Mason archaeological model which would serve guity of the Act made it a catch-all preser­ 1902 The Records of the Past and American to establish monuments after the Antiqui­ vationist law. This ambiguity, however, Antiquity. Records of the Past, 1:4. ties Act passed (Lee 1970:70). He pro­ would ultimately lead to its downfall as an posed archaeological reserves of limited Dilsaver, Larry M. effective protective tool against vandalism. area and federal protection for archaeolog­ 1994 America's National Park System: The In a 1974 case, United States v. Diaz, the ical sites not on federal land. He Critical Documents. Rowan and Little- Act was condemned as "fatally vague" by renounced the Lodge Rodenburg Bill as field: Lanham, Maryland. the U.S. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in being too hastily written and not serving San Francisco. The case history, in brief, Hays, Samuel P. the general interest of archaeology. In follows. In 1973 one Ben Diaz, an Ari- 1959 Conservation and the Gospel of Effi­ addition, he claimed, the bill would have zonian, was charged with appropriating ciency: The Progressive Conservation forbidden qualified people - including the "objects of antiquity" from a sacred cave Movement, 1890-1920. Harvard Uni­ Bureau of Ethnology - from excavating. versity Press: Cambridge. Hewett's proposal seemed to meet the on the San Carlos Indian Reservations. The objects were recently made Apache holy requirements of all the scientific and Hinsley Jr., Curtis preservation organizations. items — masks, headdresses, churingas, 1981 Savages and Scientists: The Smith­ fetishes, muddogs, etc. Found guilty by the sonian Institution and the Development On January 9, 1906, Representative U.S. Magistrate, his case was bound over of American Anthropology 1846- 1910. John F. Lacey introduced "An Act for the to the District Court where the guilty verdict Smithsonian Institution Press: Wash­ Preservation of American Antiquities" - the was affirmed. Diaz appealed to the Ninth ington D. C. Antiquities Act of 1906. On February 26, Circuit Court of Appeals on the specific 1906, Senator Thomas Patterson of Col­ grounds that by any reasonable definition Lee, Ronald F. orado introduced companion bill S.4698. the recently-created religious paraphernalia 1970 The Antiquities Act of 1906. Depart­ ment of the Interior, National Park Ser­ Both his and Lacey's measure followed were not "objects of antiquity". Judge W.T. vice: Washington, D.C. Edgar Lee Hewett's recommendations with Sweigert agreed and the Act was declared minimal change. President Theodore Roo­ unconstitutionally "vague" (McGimsey and McGimsey, Charles R. and Hester A. Davis sevelt, himself an outdoorsman, naturalist, Davis 1977:15). Such a call is inevitably 1977 The Management of Archaeological and an ardent conservationist, signed the either a fatal or, at best, a horribly disabling resources: The Airlie House Report. bill into law June 8,1906. one. Judge Sweigert's obiter dictum is Special Publication of the Society for The passage of the Antiquities Act worthy of repeating here: American Archaeology. merged conservation with preservation Nordenskojld, Gustav, von and created alliances between government We have no doubt as to the wisdom of the 1893 The Cliff Dwellers of the Mesa Verde. bureaucracies, science, the public, and legislative judgment that public interest in Translated by D. L. Morgan: Norstedt: geographical (East and West) perspectives. and respect for the culture and heritage of Stockholm. Progressive beliefs and values helped to native Americans requires protection of regulate Western lands for the greater their sacred places, past and present, Rothman, Hal good of the American public. An entire against commercial plundering. Protection, 1989 Preserving Different Pasts. University of generation had fought for the Antiquities however, can involve resort to terms that, Illinois Press: Champaign. Act, the charter for the AIA, and Mesa absent legislative definition, can have dif­ Verde National Park. Through exploration, ferent meanings to different people. One Voget, Frank W. publication, and organization, the con­ must be able to know, with reasonable cer­ 1975 A History of Ethnography. Holt, Rhine- sciousness of the public was raised. The tainty, when he has happened on an area hart, and Winston: New York City. public came to understand preservation forbidden to his pick and shovel and what issues only after persistent efforts in the objects he must leave as he found them.... U.S. Congress, Senate 1882 Senator Hoar Having the Secretary face of blind indifference. The Antiquities Nowhere here do we find any definition of Read a Letter to the Senate Regarding Act became, in fact, an effective teaching such terms as "ruin" or "monument" Indian Antiquities for the New England tool. But it also left some unresolved prob­ (whether historic or prehistoric) or "object of Genealogical Society. 47th Congress, lems. It was, after all, a compromise. antiquity." The statute does not limit itself to 1st Session. Congressional Record. There were no guidelines for the funding Indian reservations or Indian relics. Hobby­ of parks or antiquities management. ists who explore the desert and its ghost 1903 Committee on Public Lands. Preserva­ Though it was a federal law, its effects towns for arrowheads and antique bottles tion of Historic and Prehistoric were yet to be fulfilled. In addition, the Act could arguably find themselves within the Ruins, Etc. 58th Congress, 2nd Ses­ sion. Congressional Record. failed to address national problems as the Act's proscriptions. Counsel on neither site United States became increasingly indus­ was able to cite an instance prior to this in U.S. Congress, House of Representatives trialized. American society had no time for which conviction under the statute was sought by the United States.... Here there 1905 Committee on the Public Lands. The a Native American past. The public per­ Mesa Verde National Park Report Pre­ was no notice whatsoever given by the ceived no symbolic ties to the American pared by John F. Lacey. 58th Congress, Indian. The West was still a backward area. statute that the word "antiquity" can have 3rd Session. Congressional Record. Archaeological ruins were far from the halls reference not only to the age of the object

41 A PANTHER OR OTTER EFFIGY PIPE by Steve Fuller P.O. Box 891 Wooster, Ohio

A rare and unusual effigy pipe is shown in Figure 1. It portrays either a panther or an otter with claw-like appendages. The tail of the animal extends around the bottom edge of the pipe. It is made of fine-grained brown quartzite. This interesting pipe has some unusual features. Although the bowl is in the back, as can be seen in many effigy pipes, the stem hole was made into the side of the animal making the effigy at right angles to the stem. This is a feature seen on few effigy pipes.

Figure 1 (Fuller) Animal effigy pipe made of quartzite. It was found in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, in 1913. Stem hole is at right angles to the effigy.

TABLE LAYOUT For November 17, 18, 2001 Meeting NOTICE Summer Meetings

SATURDAY, AUGUST 11th - Pattison Park, 1 mi. west of Owensville on US Rt. 50, Clermont Co. Sponsored by Fort Salem and Miami Archaeological Conservancy Chapters. For more information call Dennis Link 513-876-4140

IMPORTANT NOTICE - THE ABOVE DATE HAS BEEN CHANGED FROM July 22nd AS ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED.

SUNDAY, AUGUST -\9* - Seaman's Fort on St. Rt. 113 West, Milan, Ohio. Sponsored by Sandusky Bay and Their Fires Are Cold Chapters. For more information call ) 1 i e Gene Edwards 440-965-4451 — Kevin Boos 419-627-6254 ) c 1 c SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 9"1 - ) s 1 : Sponsored by the Mahoning Valley Chapter. I f - - Churchill Park at the junction of 1-80 and St. L ) ( Rt. 193 - Belmont Ave. Exit off I-80 at Liberty 3 C (near Youngstown), Ohio. } : Displayers and dealers welcome. ) c For more information call Dale Wright 330-539-4922 — FIRE EXIT Rocky Faletti 330-788-1598 FLOOR MGR.

MEN'S MAIN uJ. BUILDING I REST ROOM ENTRANCE ""' KUUM OCCUPANCY 9701

DRAW. BY: DENNIS TACKETT

42 ANNUAL CONVERSE AWARD PRESENTED TO JIM MURPHY The annual Robert N. Converse Award was presented to archaeologist Jim Murphy at the meeting of the Archaeo­ logical Society of Ohio on May 20, 2001. Murphy, who was undergoing hospital treatment, was represented by Jeff Carskadden who accepted the plaque and $100 on his behalf. Jim Murphy is one of Ohio's most accomplished archaeologists and has written numerous articles for the Ohio Archaeologist. He has also published a bibliography of Ohio archaeology and written a major book, The Archaeology of the Hocking Valley.

ARCHAEOLOGIST JIM MURPHY I greatly regret that I was not able to accept the Converse Award in person May 20, but I was in the middle of a hos­ pital stay. Coming at the time it did, the award was a real morale booster, and I appreciate the honor very much. It is both gratifying and humbling to be included in such a diverse group of respected archaeologists, all of whom have shared a common goal of increasing our knowledge of Ohio archaeology.

Jim Murphy stands in back of the Tycoon Lake Hand-ln-Eye petroglyph which he con­ siders one of his most significant archaeolog­ ical discoveries.

TREASURER'S REPORT The fiscal year 2000 ended with has increased by several hundred mem­ shows for the year 2000. (It would be expenses totaling $65,509.82, of this bers in less than two years. ideal someday to have the entire show amount $56,414.32 was the usual yearly The 4 state meetings held at the self-sufficient) operating expense. $9,095.50 was for Aladdin Shriners' Complex (Columbus) The average cost per show is approxi­ reprints of the Society's book publica­ totaled $10,600,00 mately $2,700.00. The generated income tions. Other expenses incurred were the To help offset the costs of the shows, from the table charges and raffle average Publication of the Society's Magazine (4 table charges and raffle income netted approximately $1,200.00. issues), the Business Manager and the $4,617.00. This gave us a ratio of 60/40 Editor's yearly fees, and the balance was split. The Society paid 60%; the gener­ Gary J. Kapusta the everyday operational expenses. ated income paid 40%. Treasurer We ended the year 2000 with a total The out-of-pocket expense from the membership of 2,578. Our membership Society was $5,983.00 to provide the 4

Back Cover: AN ERIE COUNTY ADENA POINT by David Didion 415 Scott Street Sandusky. Ohio.

This fine 4'A inch Adena spear was found by Larry Cisano of Huron, Ohio, near Sandusky Bay at the mouth of Pipe Creek. It is made of Flint Ridge flint. The Adena point is probably one of the best Adena points ever found in Erie County.

43 OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio, to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals, museums, and institutions of learning, and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in the society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.