YOUTH IN REVOLT, PAGE 6

Issue #165, May 18–June 7 THE INDYPENDENTA FREE PAPER FOR FREE PEOPLE

TAKING IT TO THE STREETS by John Tarleton, p4 ANDREW STERN ddddddddd MAHMOOD MAMDANI ON AFRICA’S NEWEST NATION p8

THE LAST NOTORIOUS OF THE NETWORKER, DEAD BOHEMIANS p3 p14 2 MAY 18 – JUNE 7, 2011 THE INDYPENDENT INDYPENDENT.ORG! AND TWITTER, AND FOLLOW DAY OUR BLOGGERS EVERY AT FACEBOOK ON US JOIN CONTRIBUTORS: VOLUNTEER Andrew Stern, John Tarleton, Steven Wishnia Wishnia Steven Wolf. Amy and Tarleton, John Stern, Andrew Smith, Buczek Marlena Sophie Schneider, Ann Ragsdale, Powers, Nicholas Noor, Jaisal Newton, Heglar, Annaïse Mike McDonald, John Kane, Alex Ivanova, Mary Irina Forbes, Sophie Fisher, Seth Feltz, Renée Eichelberger, Erika Davidson, Davey, Donna Baumer, Ellen Bennett Alcoff, Sam (nyc.indymedia.org). website publishing open an is IMC NYC paper. production,withand media grassroots fostering to dedicated network international an movement, Indymedia global the of part is which Center, Media Independent City Indypendent The and content clarity. length, for articles edit to right the globally. and people of locally lives the affect — social economic, and — political power of systems how exploring lens, critical a through culture and news at look that submissions accept We advertising. and efits subscriptions, by ben sales, funded merchandise grants, donations, reader is Indypendent The awards, Alliance Media Community York New 50 than more of Winner project. this in ticipated par have 650 activists than media and more artists journalists, 2000, Since web management. provide site and fundraise distribute, photos, take design, draw, edit, write, report, who volun teers of network a by produced is It 200,000. than more of readership online and print our for Wednesdays on year a times 16 published paper is a York-basedNew news free Indypendent The Steven Arnerich, Ryan Dunsmuir, Anna Gold, Gold, Ryan Anna Dunsmuir, Arnerich, Steven Ellen Davidson, Anna Gold, John Tarleton Tarleton John Gold, Anna Davidson, Ellen THE INDYPENDENT SUBSCRIPTIONS AND DONATIONS: AND SUBSCRIPTIONS [email protected] ADVERTISING AND PROMOTION: AND ADVERTISING SUBMISSIONS AND NEWS TIPS: NEWS AND SUBMISSIONS ILLUSTRATIONS COORDINATOR: ILLUSTRATIONS [email protected] Lindsey Catherine Cornum Catherine Lindsey 500 SUITE BROADWAY, 666 [email protected] [email protected] indypendent.org/donate THE INDYPENDENT, INC. INC. INDYPENDENT, THE PHONE: [email protected] Elizabeth Henderson Elizabeth EDITOR/COORDINATOR: NEW YORK, NY 10012 NY YORK, NEW BOARD OF DIRECTORS: OF BOARD [email protected] READER COMMENTS: READER GENERAL MANAGER: GENERAL GENERAL INQUIRIES: GENERAL Frank Reynoso Frank Mikael TarkelaMikael is affiliated with the New York New the with affiliated is Arun Gupta Arun VOLUNTEER: DESIGNERS: INDYKIDS: 212-904-1282 INTERN: IndyKids reserves reserves Indypendent The

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155 First Ave. 155 First City New the for Theater St. 4th 58 E. Co-op Food Street 4th 451 St. West Forum Brecht Place Marks St. 130 Bakery Earth Whole St. Mercer 206 Books St. Mercer St. Leroy 66 Library Branch Park Hudson St. Crosby 126 Works Housing St. 172 Allen Bluestockings St. Barclay 125 37DC Headquarters floor 10th St., Wall 120 -99.5FM WBAI 14 BELOW WHERE DO I GET MY COPY OF THE INDYPENDENT? 646-732-3261 646-732-3261 • ALWAN FOR THE ARTS, 16 BEAVER ST after-party. performances will be followed by an East and the role of the internet. The tions of recent uprisings in the Middle and visual art that explore the implica featuring works of theater, dance, video, Works presents an artist response forum BE LIVE-STREAMED PERFORMANCE: 7-9pm • $11 212-353-4195 • www.cooper.edu 41 Cooper Sq Cooper Union Rose Auditorium, corporate state. sequent rise of the increasingly powerful sical liberalism in our society and the sub The book examines the demise of clas newest book, journalist Chris Hedges will discuss his LIBERAL CLASS TALK: CHRIS HEDGES ON 6:30pm • Free 212-874-5210 • nysec.org 2 W 64th St New York Society for Ethical Culture, the environment. ing and its effects on communities and discuss different issues related to frack and former government officials will ists, scientists, community organizers also known as fracking. Environmental extraction called hydraulic-fracturing, troversy surrounding the practice of gas the evening learning more about the con PANEL: A FORUM ON FRACKING. 6-9pm • $10-$15 Sugg. WED MAY 25 COAL SCREENING: HIGH PEAKS, 7-10pm • Free TUE MAY 24 [email protected]. Please send event announcements to community calendar of the documentary communities. There will be a screening mountaintop removal harms Appalachian sion and music to learn more about how Mountains for an evening of film, discus 347-689-3908 •347-689-3908 thecommonsbrooklyn.org The Commons, 388 Atlantic Ave, Bklyn composed the score for the film. wards for music by Morgan O’Kane who miner Chuck Nelson. Stick around after Jordan Freeman, and former union coal by a discussion with the film’s director, . Join local group New York Loves

Death of the Liberal Class TH

alwanforthearts . Pulitzer Prize-winning

ST.

THE REVOLUTION WILL

Low Coal . Hybrid Theatre

DEATH OF THE LOW 526 W. St. 526 112th Culture Book 518 St. W. 125th Branch Bruce George Library YorkNew Public 96 ABOVE (btwn W. 81st and 82nd Sts.) Ave. Amsterdam 444 Library Branch Agnes St. W. St. 209 23rd Branch Muhlenberg Library YorkNew Public St. 537 W. 59th Network Neighborhood Manhattan Ave. & 9th W. St. 23rd Restaurant Square Chelsea St. 23rd E. 228 Branch Epiphany Library YorkNew Public 14 followed TH .

org Spend TO 96 TO -

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- - TH TH power of independent filmmaking Festival, whose mission is to bring the premiere this year at the Brooklyn Film FESTIVAL. FESTIVAL: 2011 BROOKLYN FILM $8/$10 JUNE 3–12 community charities including the and raise money for MCCNY’s various delicious vegan meal, play some bingo Community Church of New York to eat a BINGO NIGHT. FUNDRAISER: VEGAN CHURCH LADY 7-8pm • $20/$16 FRI JUNE 3 Freedom Hall, 113 W. 128th St ware, clothing and books. as housewares, jewelry, CDs, kitchen Drive. Donate your reusable items such Freedom Socialist the rummage sale to benefit the$80,000 Clean out your closets and help support FABULOUS SPRING RUMMAGE SALE. FUNDRAISER: FREEDOM HALL 10am-4pm • Free SAT MAY 28 212-242-4201 • brechtforum.org Brecht Forum, 451 West St and war. manipulation, environmental destruction as well as its connection to racism, media of the automobile in the rise of capitalism book Mugyenyi for a discussion of their new Join authors Yves Engler and Bianca SOCIAL AND ECOLOGICAL DECAY. ISM ON THE ROAD TO ECONOMIC, TALK: 7:30pm • $6/$10/$15 THU MAY 26 718-388-4306 •718-388-4306 brooklynfilmfestival.org indieScreen (289 Kent Ave, Bklyn). Cinema (70 Henry St, Bklyn) and be screened at both Brooklyn Heights government in modern society. Films will abusive relationships and the role of from corporate takeovers and wars to year the films will tackle issues ranging to all Brooklyn and city residents. This 212-629-7440 • mccny.org MCCNY Art Gallery, 446 W 36th St and the Sylvia Rivera Food Pantry. Homeless Youth Services Sylvia’s Place newyork • radicalwomen.org/646-489-6529

ST. ST.

Stop Signs

STOP SIGNS: CARS AND CAPITAL

More than 100 films will Harlem Library YorkNew Public 310 Seventh Ave. 310 Seventh Gallery Video Ave. &Seventh St. Union Tea Lounge Ave. DeKalb 248 Brooklyn of Tillie’s Ave. Lafayette 30 BAM Pkwy. Eastern 200 Museum Brooklyn BROOKLYN St. W.150 100th Library Branch Bloomingdale &Amsterdam W. St. 156 Books Sister’s Uptown W. 503 145th St. Branch Grange Hamilton Library YorkNew Public St. 9 W. 124th Come to the Metropolitan

, which explores the role Newspaper Fund

Branch Branch

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43 Underhill Ave. 43 Underhill Diner Purity Ave. 315 Fifth Café ’sNice Ave. Bedford 197 Café Blackbird St. 1014 Fulton Café Outpost Rd. 43 Lincoln Buggy & Dune K-Dog Ave. Fourth 25 Branch Street Pacific Library Public Brooklyn St. Fulton 900 Hardware Community Sisters Ave. Myrtle 505 Café Pillow St. 5th Ave.&N. Bedford Verb Café Ave. Seventh 57 Ave. 5th 249 Shop Coffee Ozzie’s MAY–JUNE 212-477-4022 • lesecologycenter.org East River Park Amphitheater by the Lucky Chops Brass Band. treats from local chefs as well as music will feature delicious gourmet seasonal make another year possible. The evening accomplishments this year and to help nual Ecofest benefit to celebrate their East Side Ecology Center in their an BY THE EAST RIVER. BENEFIT: ECOFEST AND CELEBRATION 5-8pm • $75 SAT JUNE 4 Union Square • ourplanetnyc.org of food, displays and other attractions. Square followed by an afternoon festival there will be a requiem ceremony in thatUnion die each year from human cruelty,commemoration of the billions of animalsRALLY: OUR PLANET, THEIRS TOO. 10am-4pm • Free SUN JUNE 5 UPCOMING Sliding scale: $135-$195 Laboratory. Picher and co-sponsored by Theater of the Oppressed theatrical techniques at this workshop, led by Marie-Claire situations in public places. Come learn more about radical of the Oppressed, in which “actors” create “theatrical” Invisible Theater is one of the techniques of the Theater CLASS: THREE-DAY WORKSHOP: INVISIBLE THEATER. SAT MAY 28 • 10AM-6PM Sliding scale: $6/$10/$15 Co-sponsored by Verso Books. Jeremy Glick, Randy Martin and Bruce Robbins will also speak. of a world where man is born free but everywhere is in debt. politics and radical theory to parse the various implications Dienst considers the financialcrisis, global poverty, media INDEBTEDNESS BOOK LAUNCH & DISCUSSION: WED MAY 25 • 7:30PM Sliding scale: $68-$85 the Institute for Popular Education. popular education concepts and techniques. Co-sponsored by an introductory two-day, hands-on workshop in the use of TO PAULO FRIERE’S CONCEPTS & TECHNIQUES. CLASS: EDUCATION FOR LIBERATION: AN INTRODUCTION SAT MAY 21 • 9AM (btwn Bank and Bethune) and Bank (btwn

EVENTS

451 West Street Street 451 West

A MOVEMENT THAT MOVES

Join the Lower .

In this timely book, cultural critic Richard

BUILDING 321 E. 140th St. 140th 321 E. Library Haven Mott Library YorkNew Public Ave. Garrison 940 Point The Ave. Intervale 928 Move the on Mothers Ave. &Brook 141st St. Park Brook BRONX St. Franklin 496 Branch Bedford Library Public Brooklyn E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: Phone: 212-904-1282 A FREE PA

In -

AT INDYPENDENT.ORG. WEEKLY CALENDAR VIA EMAIL SIGN UP TO RECEIVE OUR Brooklyn throughout the summer. based film program screening movies doors with Rooftop Films, a Brooklyn- documentary cinema in the great out FILM: 9pm • Free THU JUNE 9 718-417-7362 • rooftopfilms.com Fort Greene Park ship with the Brooklyn Film Festival. City Ratner. This screening is in partner Yards, and the company behind it, Forest massive development project, Atlantic lyn community members fighting the PER FOR FREE PEOPLE THE POLITICS OF

PLEASE REGISTER ONLINE: BATTLE FOR BROOKLYN follows the struggles of Brook

208 Bay St. St. Bay 208 Café Book Goes Everything St. Bay 36 Cafe Com Dot St. 75 Bennett Library Branch Richmond Port Ave. 5 Central Library George St. STATEN brechtforum.org

212-242-4201 Battle For This is

ISLAND ISLAND . Enjoy

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THE INDYPENDENT MAY 18 – JUNE 7, 2011 3 ------DAVIDSON ELLEN - His achievements came in other inachievementscame His His masterminding of 9/11

ment functionaries that consign nations to stroke a pen. of oblivion with the realms. Al lucrative Qaeda social networking pre-figured sites LadenBinMr. Facebook,like but was unable to monetize it appar hoodies of lackand a to entlydue ironic t-shirts. He was a pioneer in “asynchronous tions,” low-budget communica videos broad castfrom caves literal and figura tive, portending fire andtorment for his enemies, a technique now employed by other fanatics from tyrannical Muhammar Gad dafito SarahPalin. boosted everything profit from for- mercenaryblinkered American nationalism companies, and Lee career Greenwood’s to snack food sales, blovi flailing ating Islamophobes and Chinese manufacturers of tiny American LYNNE FOSTER LYNNE Mr. Bin Laden was 54, and leaves behind flags. His impact also ledto the creationof 216,000 Homeland Security jobs and phrasesultimately wascatch like, responsiblefor touch junk!” my “Don’t six wives, lots of children, scattered bands of dour, violent followers and one unbeliev fucked-upably world. - - The illustration credit for “Egypt’s Army and Muslim Brothers Join in a Dance Indeed, while Mr. Bin Laden was con CORRECTION: of Power,” in the April 27 issue misspelled the name of the illustrator, Julie Laquer. LEGENDS: Pete Seeger (left) and Peter Yarrow (right) of Peter, Paul and Mary perform at a May 13 benefit concert for fellow folk musician Anne Feeney who is recovering from small cell lung cancer. Called “the best labor singer in North America” by Utah Phillips, Feeney is the author of eight solo albums including “Have Been You to Jail for Justice?” and “Dump the Bosses Off Your Back”. Held at Local 1199’s auditorium in Midtown, the concert also featured the New York City Labor Chorus (foreground) and the Brooklyn Women’s Chorus (background). For more informa tion, see annefeeney.com. Music for Healing White’s seven dwarves than Court’s nine justices. the Supreme sumed by his own myth — Muslim lands, a a warrior liberator battling of infidels, a benefactor of Islamist guerrillas — he was ultimately a petty war criminal who made a name for himself as a freelance murderer but paled next to IMF and State Depart

------from The Indy ------The Indypendent Steven Arnerich and Arnerich, who has “I’ve worked with The Indypendent Mikael Tarkela, a recent addition to the team, are design currently force the behind each designing issue of the paper. news been doing design work with for the past four greatly years, enjoyed working with Dunsmuir. designersmore than canI fondly. John Tarleton, who worked as the Gen “Ryan’s fortitude and her grace under While Dunsmuir looks forward to having “It might be weird to say I feel lucky to But asking Americans to recall Mr. Bin Following Following news of Mr. Bin PresidentObamabulletthe For tions rest on deep aesthetic principle. Andshe is such a good Arnerich soul,” says. eral Coordinator at ful closing nights. pressure always kept us on track. Her skills as a designer made says.Tarleton the paper beautiful,” more time to focus on her own will work, always remember her time at she count—Ryan is that rare one has thata clear alwaysand direct expression; her solu 2001 to 2009, credits Dunsmuir’s patience with getting the staff through many stress pendent have worked insane hours unpaid for most of the years I lived in NYC, but somehow I Dunsmuirdo,” says. mine treaties on climate change, cut for taxes the wealthy, public torturesector unions and slash detainees,spending on bashhealth, education and pensions. Laden in 2012 may prove a too taxing public for more capable of naming Snow grams, are now bent on proving that the post-plastic surgery Bris tol Palin is a cleverly Mr. Bin Laden. disguised Laden’s death, Americans of sense a and healthcare lack jobs, ing positive self-identity poured into ritualistic frenzyof a instreets the home-team triumphalism marked drunken honking,public horn by ness and crowds trying to “U.S.A.! of chants recall to words the all U.S.A.!” Mr.Binthe headof to Laden was the first shot of campaign. his re-election Mr. sage Obama’s to voters mes will be Big Things,” “We contrasting Do himself from Republicans by his mination deter to commit cial assassinations, extrajudi launch illegal wars, expand offshore oil drilling, bail out Americans,investmenton banks, spy under “airplanes” which were Center 9/11 on Trade World struck the really computer-generated holo - - - - - meeting, Indy designer, Anna - - ’s ’s key Indypendent ore than eight years and 130 issues later,

ber 11 attacks thatber11 killed thousands of Americans. He inspired millions e terrifiede millions with the Septem The Indypendent to bed, and then, The Indypendent

Dunsmuir first joined “When I went to the first Another Arun Gupta, who currently serves as the terrifica was designer“Ryan evidenced as Mr. Bin Laden had dropped from view President Obama announced the Al The President said Mr. Bin Laden was

M Thanks, Ryan! Thanks, By Arun Gupta H Dead at 54 Dead Notorious Networker, Networker, Notorious Osama Bin Laden, Bin Laden, Osama Ryan Ryan Dunsmuir is step ping down The as Indypendent one designers. of the newspaper in after 2003 previously design work for newspa doing pers in California. Since then, has won from six the Community awards Media NewAlliance for outstanding design, York all in 1st or 2nd place. Arthur family, their to addition new a comed February. early Alcoff,in Bayano Lawrence Gold, Gold, took a wel Alcoff Sam break and she and 2010, from December design work in without going to bed herself, put in herday at regular Gupta a says. job,” full I was impressed with how smart everyonewas, and the quality of the content, was also but pretty it obvious the paper could use a little design Dunsmuir love,” says. newspaper’s General Manager and of is the one newspaper’s founding editors, notes Dunsmuir’s design skills and ethic. work by her many awards, a with pleasure and to an work incredibly allnight,often anup wouldstay put helping hard worker. She issue of of of others for striking at most Butwanted thefor terrorist,”“world’s Western powers. killed by U.S. forces on May 2 in Pakistan, his enduring legacy may have been summed fuck“Whotheasked, tweeter the who by up is Osama bin Laden?” in recent years, reduced to basking in past glories in a secluded villa suburb, in not unlike an his exclusive death-dealing part ner, ner, George W. Bush, currently believed to be lurking in a high-walled compound in a fundamentalist belt near Dallas, Texas. Qaeda leader’s death in night a address dramatic May late- 1. Showing that the when world the achiev of Americastill Sonycapable down isgoes Playstation network ing great things, elite U.S. Mr. Bin forces Laden’s compound stormed at night, losing the element of surprise, crashing only super-secret one stealthy helicopter and takingexecuting of task the complete minutes to 40 the unarmed terrorist leader, thus ensuring was extenthe what to willknow oneever no funded the by CIA decades ago. buried at sea, keeping with U.S. stoking policy the of ravings of conspiracy theorists who, having already determined that the 4 MAY 18 – JUNE 7, 2011 THE INDYPENDENT $199 million per day. per over $199 million of profits combined in raking are go) Far Wells and America of Bank Stanley, Citigroup, Morgan Chase, JPMorgan Sachs, (Goldman 6 Big the economy, the after crashing years Three banks. biggest six tion’s carnivalesque swirling, na a the and Wall Street targeted that protest in district cial finan the 20,000 into poured who mobilized demonstrators coalition (see the budget sidebar), proposed mayor’s the in cuts Yorkers. New dinary or on austerity against impose to mayor’s drive the movement resistance broad-based tantalizing a building for a possibilities the provided into glimpse they so, doing In script. usual the with broke groups vocacy ad and organizations community-based of ritual. obligatory almost an is Hall City of outside just walk side the on rally noisy small, a or Hall City of steps the on conference press a Holding mayor. the with struck is deal budget a final when cuts from interests its protect to allies game each group in which lobbies Council its City zero-sum a into drawn typically groups community- are advocacy and unions, organizations based sector public cuts, immigrants classes. English taking participants, job summer ed, neglect or abused being of risk at seniors, children homebound residents: vulnerable most city’s the among been have bean mayor’scounting our of victims The 2008. in BUDGET BATTLEBUDGET M Tarleton John By WIN? THEY BUT CAN to Fight the Rich New Yorkers Unite “Give the money back, and create some some create and back, money the “Give budget of round deeper another, Facing scores and unions several 12, May On budget his proposes Bloomberg When vital social programs while allowing thein millionaire’s Albany while legislators tax, a surchargerush behind lockedon high-incomeMarch doors 30–31: Moreto passearners than a budget 500 toprotesters expire. that frommandates several billions NYC community in cuts groups for occupy the State Capitol fice inthe StateCapitol. headlinesmake York New aretheyforblockadingarrestedof after across state entrancethethe Gov. to University Cuomo’sAndrew of City the from students and staff faculty, 33 23: March Feb. 26: union2,000 members rally at City Hall Park in support of Wisconsin State Capitol occupation. AUSTERITY RESISTING cuts since the economic crisis hit hit crisis budget economic the in since cuts billion $5.4 out ried car has Bloomberg Michael ayor ------hattan Community College. “You would would “You College. Man Community of Borough hattan the at lecturer adjunct palpable. was of liberation sense the NYPD, the by pens protest into herded being at years for chafed have Yorkerswho New Fed For did. — United (UFT) the Teachers of eration by led — one largest the though permits have not did marches eight the Seven of district. of financial the bottom Manhattan, Lower the at Streets Water and Wall at converging in at locations began marches various The jobs immigration. and services, human housing, education, as such themes around organized marches into coffers. city dollars of millions of hundreds bring would which earners, income of percent 3 top the on surcharge tax a Yorkrenew state support a Bloomberg to campaign have New that protest was demands ers’ the Among classes. poor working and the while punishing to super-rich upward the wealth redistribute that cies poli economic against York New in (see timeline) actions of growing series a in date to militant most and est larg the was lization expensive?” this an hour in a that is city ofoff $9 or hour an $7 are fuck people tosupposed live the Queens. “How Astoria, of 29, Macall, Jacob said jobs,” fucking decent “It was great,” said Marcia Newfield, an Newfield, Marcia said great,” was “It feeder eight of composed was protest The mobi 12 May The - - - - SIGNS OF THE TIMES: TIMES: THE OF SIGNS end of the protest. the of end the at dances Awoman (Top) 12 demonstration. May the for visuals handmade of hundreds produce to with up teamed - - - David Solnit (second from right), co-founder of Art & Revolution, consults with local artists he he artists local with consults &Revolution, Art of co-founder right), from (second Solnit David the freewheeling style of mass protest that that protest mass of style freewheeling the with encounter first their was it many, For placards. and banners flags, handmade ful A color of hundreds produced artists band. of team marching Orchestra Rude Mechanical the from scores musical stirring and walkers stilt economy, the about teach-ins city.” the in a change to make and streets the to for power take us un the unleash and to people’s. creativity . . leash got “You’ve Harlem. from activist parent and teacher school public a Torres, Mark said opposite,” the is do to need you what And militancy. their squash you and growing solidarity stronger.” the and larger crowd the getting feel could You march. another by joined be and corner a turn district, cial finan the in street one down marching be May 12: 20,000 peopleMay march12: 20,000 on Wall Street. immigrant rights. May 1: Thousands of immigrants and union members rally and march in Manhattan for worker and the cost of fightingthree wars inthe MiddleEast to budget cutsat home. rights. On the same day, several thousandworker of antiwar supportprotesters gather inSquare in Times Unionin rallySquareOne” Are and “We connecta holdmembersunion 10,000 9: April The demonstration featured open-air open-air featured demonstration The confine you in, people pen you “When

ANDREW STERN liminating 6,166 teacher positions; more than 4,100 by layoffs * 6. The measures he called for include: Mayor Bloomberg unveiled his proposed executive budget on May AXE BUDGET THE WIELDING Source: Office of the Mayor educing the daily ration of bread for city inmates. * eniors serviceswith such as meal delivery and at-home care. 30 percent cut in the Department of Aging’s funds to provide * 63.1 million in cuts for CUNY community colleges. * e able to open three days per week. million40 in cuts for libraries; critics say branches would only * losing 20 fire companies andfour swimming pools. * ndthrough another attrition. 2,000

E R s A $ b $ C a - - - tactics was not a coincidence as two of the the of two as coincidence a not was tactics flour that in aescalation ished briefly ago. This decade movement the alter-globalization of signature a dem became and (WTO) onstrations Organization Trade World Seattle 1999 the at prominence to came last Sources: Fiscal Policy Institute, 44% (2007): NY City 35% NY (2007): State 24% U.S. (2009): 9% U.S. (1976): Top 1% Percentage of Income Earned by the NUMBERS THE BY Slate - - ANDREW STERN

MAY 18 – JUNE 7, 2011 THE INDYPENDENT 5 ------SANDERS DAVE Assuming the May 12 coalition remains saidMarom, alsowho now, has orga For “If we can win on this budget, we can be intact — the UFT has a long history of op portunism and could always cut a separate deal with the indication no — there’s mayor yet that the member groups to are step planning out of well-worn grooves. a Staging spirited fightbackbudget cuts againstor engaging in targeted Bloomberg’s corpo rate campaigns against bad actors such JPMorgan as Chase and Walmart is one thing. Building a broad-based, truly independent mass movement that breaks with both the Democrats and the Republicans and presses fundamental demands about how power is interestwhoseinand exercisedYork Newin is quite another. nized with the May 12 coalition, the over budgetBloomberg’sridingstop priority to is cuts and the damage they could do to com munitiesacross noted,he However, the city. building the grassroots power budget to battle win could the have longer-term ben efits well.as in a position in the future to make demands for things we haven’t had yet . . . But if we lose on the budget, then we’re in the same place.” Jaisal Noor contributed to this report. For more information, see nocutsny.wordpress.com. onmay12.org and -

It remains uncertain whether the unions “They [the May 12 coalition] weren’t NET LOSSES: (Top Left) Police use orange netting to push back protesters who try to occupy theintersection at Wall and Water Streets. budget is dead.’” and more mainstream progressive commu nity organizations that came out en masse for May 12 would mass demonstration mobilize and/or make for common another cause with their more radical colleagues. planning ahead,” said a source close to the largestcity’sthe unions. of one leadership of planningactionbe “Thetimenextbig to the is not in now June.” - - R d T E b A R y R E t a

* of millions of hundreds and tax millionaire’s state’s the estore citycoffers. into flow would ollars * $3.2surplus projected city’sbillion the into ap * city$2 the cost that programs exemption propertytax three nd in renewal for up are exemptions these of Two year. a illion year. this lbany * $538 at a in million clocking currently overtime, police educe budget. 2011 NYPD’s the of percent 12 almost or ear, * of Department the of office central the in expenses educe more spend and positions 218 add to slated is which ducation, and services computer for contracts on $75 million han services. personnel dministrative Office Budget Independent All, For Economy Strong Sources: FIVE TO AVOID WAYS BUDGET CUTS ANDREW STERN ANDREW “We “We want to be in a position to sway at at City Hall on either June 25 or June days before 26,the July 1 deadline for conclud ing a budget. NYABC also community plans forums to hold in June citywidea part in Queensof Brooklyna and as the Bronx, outreach effort. the vote or stop it,” said Yotam Marom of the Organization for a Free Society, one of a number of small left up NYABC. groups “It’s thatgoing to makebe a real show down. We want to have a critical masspeople of from different backgrounds be strong enough to say, ‘We’re not leaving until this - - Scores of community groups joined the demonstration in the (Above) So, what? now Inspired in part by recent uprisings in Another coalition, New Yorkers Against financial district. GO WHERE THE MONEY IS: main Seattle WTO organizers, Lisa Fithian unionsSolnit, by Davidinbroughtand were catalyze help to the event. Wisconsin, Egypt and Tunisia, the May 12 action suggested new possibilities for build ing massive opposition to Bloomberg’s aus terity agenda. But, will it turn out one-off to event? Or is Maybe 12 something thata its organizers will build on? And what end? if so, to the Budget Cuts (NYABC),smaller march on Wall Street on March which 24, led a callingis mobilizationa for thatwill held be 6 MAY 18 – JUNE 7, 2011 THE INDYPENDENT more just tomorrow. that work from a place of hope to create a better, for leaders seeking to create inclusive movements justice, discusses her new book, a complete guide Author Linda Stout, a life-long agent of social FUTURE. JUST AND SUSTAINABLE ING: HOW CAN GROUPS WORK FOR TOGETHER A READING: 6,MON, JUNE 7PM • FREE tion about environmentalism and “Eco-Terrorism.” Join journalist and blogger Will Potter for a conversa READING: MAYSUN, 29, 7PM • FREE by Indigenous communities abouttion climate for an change.evening of discussion and short films made SAT, MAY 21, 7PM • $5 SUGG om s.c ing ock t s blue •212-777-6028 ST ALLEN 172 cafe trade fair center | activist bookstore radical bluestockings Issues. her Peoples at the UN Permanentgather Forum together on Indigenous to discuss theEach fate May ofIndigenous Mother Earth leaders and fromINDIGENOUS around PEOPLES the word AND CLIMATE PRESENTATION:CHANGE. Blu estockings welcomes the Land is Life delega WILL POTTER, GREEN IS THE NEW RED. LINDA LINDA STOUT, VISION COLLECTIVE CONVERSATIONS WITH THE EARTH:

- - - O Panayotakis Costas By BOMB’: ‘TIME Youth inRevolt people are increasingly offered unpaid or or or tem traineeships unpaid internships, low-paying offered increasingly are people young so basis, fulltime a on workers new hire to loath “are businesses where Europe, YorkNew Times exploitation. intensified with faced be will work some find do who people young that ensuring gut rights, and that protections “reforms” labor for pretext a then as it use architects neoliberalism’s ployment, percent. 25 at least is rate real but the cent, per 19 is 24 to unemployment 16 aged youth among official rate the States, United the In percent. 40 Spain in and percent France 25 in percent, 28 is youth among rate unemployment the Italy In explode.” to ing it to there “a call bomb wait time journalist one leading percent, 49 at estimated is rate unemployment youth the Nigeria, In every year. market job the enter who graduates ofuniversity the capital 325,000 availability foreign to advertising to reduced was ment Invest of Ministry the Egypt, In field. their holders of percent lack degree jobs college in 46 Tunisia, In unemployed.” be to adults as “young people … as times nearly three likely with most percent 20 around hovers world the of in unemployment youth ganization, in most countries. institutions of democratic semblance a even of lack the is pain the to Adding want they and deserve. future bright of kind the with people young provide not can today capitalism global because That’s world. Arab the to confined remain or soon youth protest is not likely to subside any time summer, bloody a wayto given has protests Egypt. and Tunisia in dictators backed Western- toppled that revolution social of agents crisis. very the created economic thus global Neoliberalism the by magnified been only has general in population the and and for toyouth provide of capital deregulation liberalization privatization, on based emerging countries.” for example “good a as Tunisia 2008 in praised rapist) Strauss-Kahn accused Dominique (and Director IMF years. five last the of four for list “Reformers” 10 policy. neoliberal of examples stellar previously were Egypt, aig asd ieped ot unem youth widespread caused Having Or Labor International the to According mass of So the Spring Arab while peaceful model economic an of inability the But top Bank’s World the made had Egypt two shining successes, Tunisia and and Tunisia successes, the shining two that is world Arab the in volt re youth-led the of irony great ne High youth unemployment is a major factor in the current wave of protests and revolts across the world. the across revolts and protests of wave current the in factor amajor is unemployment youth High offers the case of Southern of Southern case the offers The The ------Tower of Pisa and the Coliseum in Rome. Rome. in Coliseum the and Pisa of Leaning Tower the occupying by protested dents stu which system, university the from lion mil $425 cut government Berlusconi wing England the tripled Italy’s cap while right- on tuition, in Conservatives decade. December, last Last the in surged has enrollment student as even past the of thing a coming in declining abite. is take cuts budget as quality that education an for tuition fees higher much get youth and and bonds, stocks of value the rescue to designed bailouts get rich The cause. not did cri they sis a for pay people, working like young, to reforms the make and neoliberal austerity imposing are elites Political direction. posite in points the and Europe op America in North policy government but gap, might the education address higher for opportunities and funding More on.” live can’t they that jobs low-paying and for qualified aren’t ers work many that jobs high-paying between split has market job the nations, developed most- the “In of writes, Coy education. quality higher and to access work, of of question the lack is systemic the beyond West, youth fixable.” be not may unemployment “[c]hronic admits, soberly Coy but young,” the for improving opportunities about employment talk can-do were “with halls filled conference The Forum. nomic Eco World 2011 the haunted protest such in Coy writes Peter Reporter States. United the and own youth is protest on in Europe the rise future, their of out left feeling people young of numbers With labor them. absorb the can market than faster much growing been has graduates college of number the like China, economies capitalist dynamic in Even to the according jobworst markets,” its of one hits Mediterranean the of history the in generation educated highly most “the where Europe, Southern and countries Arab in only not and educated, highly are youth protections.” and benefits same the offer not do that contracts porary Nasser and Kelly Norman note the debt is is debt the note Norman Kelly and Alan Nasser researchers Writing CommonDreams.org, debt. at card billion, credit $830 total of exceeding levels debt loan student record to led has States United the in cation for decades. States United the in unfolding been has that privatiza tion gradual of process same the ing initiat are countries European other Many Across Europe free higher education is education free Across higher Europe be the in protest youth in factor Another underemployed and unemployed Many The creeping privatization of higher edu higher of privatization creeping The ht h setr of specter the that BusinessWeek Times ------. by Pluto Press in September 2011. September in Press Pluto by Eco to Democracy nomic Inefficiency Capitalist From city: nology and is the author of author the Techis and nology of College at City York New Sociology CUNY’s teaches Panayotakis Costas apathetic are immature. politically and they that myth the bunking bleak a de are over world the with people young future, Faced America. North and world Arab the Europe, in movements ing to grow central workers and been has dents February. in withdrawal police to the led that 15,000 than more of protest public and a strike, a and staff faculty occupations, more to led This Juan. San in campus main the occupy to police in sending and percent 50 than more of by increase tuition a imposing December last ante the upped Luís Fortuño Gov. Right-wing year. last campuses 11 the of 10 students down shut austerity university protesting public where Rico, to being before 7. May evicted system state the to increases fee and cuts engaged against occupation 66-day a in Wisconsin-Milwaukee of versity Uni the at students Remarkably, country. the around and there resistance worker sive mas the sparked that Madison in walkout astudent it was Wisconsin, In hikes. tuition percent 32 and cuts layoffs, with after hit being system 10-campus the at strikes and walkouts organized staff and stu faculty dents, 2009 September In policies. resisting austerity students California involved of States University United the in crisis nomic stitutions. in education higher public attending those than loans student on default to likely more far are colleges for-profit attending students result, a As graduates. college public to able avail those than jobs lower-paying often to lead that programs for rates tuition high stu charging on backgrounds, minority from dents prey often that colleges to for-profit turn students Many tuition. increase to es toare filled evencapacity as they continue colleg public that find they decline, income austerity issue, it. aggravate this policies addressing from recovery. Far economic any complicating ther fur burst, to bubble next the become may debt loan student warn They repaid.” being actively is debt that of “40 percent only and year” a billion $90 of rate the at “growing The solidarity among young people, stu people, young among solidarity The have battles Dramatic taken place in Puer eco the against protests major first The their see jobs and their lose Americans As , which will be published published be will which , Remaking Scar Remaking ------SARAH MAYO THE INDYPENDENT MAY 18 – JUNE 7, 2011 7 - - - - MEXICO or cornfield that . The rebels moved milpa Zapatismo The Zapatistas have an ambivalent rela- The images of Javier Sicilia, a lone indi sion is amplified by the sharedproduction,” “means of the forms the basis for survival across regional and linguistic boundaries. continued on page 13 ready won a major victory organizinga by major won ready the biggest march San Cristobal has ever seen. Some 20,000 rebels were present, bringing with them the fragrant aroma com of of element corn elusive the and smoke, and wood munity cohesion, described by one analyst as “the sacred fire of the movement.” Get ting that many rebels to San Cristobal was an enormous effort as each community was in charge of its own transport and food at a beansscarce. are and rice corn, timewhen tionship with the rest of Mexico. “Here we are,” their silence seems to say. “We territory have and self rule in our small corner of the country, done?” what you have vidual leading a march theof indignant and the impotent in Mexico sharply with City, contrasted as one, arriving and leaving in sharing formation, transport and territory. This cohe ------opened the event with comandantes The The Zapatistas have also largely severed When May 7 arrived, San Cristobal was delegates take turns to “be the government,” take turns the government,” delegates “be to to torch the passing before ropes learning the to is village.goal The another from delegates allow many people to learn how to “be the government” without giving birth to a pro class.political bureaucratic fessional, ties with visiting NGOs and no their communities. to visit longer foreigners courage en in trekking to jungle of outsiders, Thousands revolution, make to how learn to communities impor an as served They faith. good in came tant buffer against army and in 90s, they also the disrupted late forces but paramilitary daily and life inequalities jeal and generated behind. left were money and gifts as ousy drenched in warm sunshine and an expectancy air of filled theTV main crews jostled for position in square front of an where improvised stage. The Zapatistas arrived in a long, winding trail of men and women of all ages, each one wearing a ski mask bore that a number representing from which they the came. The square caracole quickly Za the the time by and overflowing, to filled patista national anthem, the Mexico’s had rebels al ------left? indios ” “We’ve had it up to here, Since 2006 the Zapatistas have con In southeast Mexico, the Zapatista Na The return of the Zapatistas to San Cris no mas sangre. morebloodshed.” no This idea captured the popular imagination and on May 8 hun dreds of thousands of people marched Mexicoover demanding a radical change all to government policy. tional Liberation Army (EZLN) answeredthe call and announced their plan to march into San Cristobal de las Casas on ZapatistasMaytheappearedfirst where town the7, in January 1994. It has been fiveyears since Zapatistasmobilizedthethislastmanner, in and many people remember the movement as a noble insurrection that lions but inspiredultimately fizzled mil out, victimof a bitter debate over the pitfalls and possibili ties electoral of politics. tobal thus seemed like a reckoning. Could the Zapatistas match the years when couldgather morethan 10,000 theymasked reb els to occupy the city, watched by nervous localpulledelitewho the shutters downand held their breath till the solidated their autonomous rule across five “caracoles,” self-governing councils whose - - - - Estamos hasta la madre, Classes taught by a distinguished faculty of scholars, scholars, of faculty a distinguished by Classes taught rights, labor of fields in the work meaningful Pursue Examine the critical issues facing workers and their and their workers issues facing critical the Examine practitioners and social activists practitioners and public policy non-profits, service, government organizations in today’s economy in today’s organizations For more information: more For www.sps.cuny.edu/murphy 212.642.2050 call or I I I MASTER OF ARTS DEGREE: ARTS OF MASTER STUDIES LABOR

Once in a while, however, a single inci Javier Sicilia, poet and father of Juan SPS_MALaborStudies_10125x69_Indypendent 10/5/10 10:18 AM Page 1 let in the head. Most MexicansMosthead.thebecome in let have numbed to the extreme blood. of intheriver up sweptget cruelty theydon’t and hope dent can trigger a powerful reaction. JuanFrancisco Sicilia was one of found seven bound friends and murdered on March south of 28 Mexico City, with evidence point ing to a drug cartel. His killing has sparked a national mobilization and a ment new aimed move at shifting government perpetualfrom anaway warfare toward and policy integrated political solution. Francisco, launched “The March for Peace with Justice and a Dignity,” three-day event that culminated in a rally in Mexico The City. idea was simple – a silent a march single and slogan: “

By Michael McCaughan SAN CRISTOBAL, Mexico—This is caught nation in the grip of an escalatingwar drug that has cost 40,000 lives five in years. the The past daily body countvaries but is usually measured in the dozens. Methods of extermination range from and decapitation mutilation to asphyxiation and a bul The Zapatistas Return Amid Failed Drug War War Drug Return Amid Failed The Zapatistas 8 MAY 18 – JUNE 7, 2011 THE INDYPENDENT by acknowledging this sacrifice, which sig which sacrifice, this acknowledging by begin us Let self-determination. of moment this possible to make have died Many lence. vio political in blood, in at paid price comes great a It generations. several it in comes, once is opportunity the If this opportunity. gets people every Not determination. past. the writing re always are we why is This past. the does so changes, present the As eternal. present tend so, doing to they In the a make present. past the give they history, a write tionalists - na When prone toare think. as nationalists self metaphysical a not self, historical a is It Sudan. South of people the is self that dependent, in Today,become will Sudan Sudan. South 2011, when in of people the independent, was self became that Sudan when 1956, In self-determination? as know we what in outcome. political any about people natural is But nothing there ofSudan. the South of destiny natural indepen the is referendum, dence, the of outcome the order. of a new political founding the marks Self-determination moment. historic — a was independence or unity — Sudan South W article. this in discussed events and organizations names, key the of some for guide reference a vided 2011. 9, July on independence formal achieve to slated is which endorsed Sudan, of South the creation voters of percent referen 99 2011 some dum, January a In Sudan. South nation, newest Africa’s to relation in issues these of many explores Mamdani Professor March, in University Makerere Uganda’s at rights. human of theory and history the the and Terror, and on War War Cold and the war Africa, in civil genocide of history the culture, colonialism, and politics between intersection the on writes Mamdani Mahmood 2008, in both and (U.S.) by Policy Intellectuals” Public “Top 20 the of one as Named Note: Editor’s Mamdani Mahmood By THE QUEST FOR ANEW POLITICAL ORDER and the African Experience South Sudan AFRICA Now, the referendum is a moment of self- of moment a is referendum Now,the self. political a is cases, both in self, That self the is who example, for Consider, that us convince to try may Nationalists n ae 11, page On talk a on based article, following the In endum held in January 2011 on on 2011 January refer in the held endum that deny to difficult is it view, of point one’s hatever a pro has Indypendent The (U.K.) magazine magazine (U.K.) Prospect Foreign ------

cal violence in Sudan? in violence cal a awaiting interlude more to appropriate antidote politi ongoing an but be peace will or peace to lead independence Will Sudan? as know we state old the as such order, cal politi old the of version a reproduce it will or order, political new a Will establish South the question: different a raises this state, of a new creation to the changed has project to state? independent come an demand Sudan, New a Sudan, of unity of champion a historically (SPLA), Army ation even different, possibilities? with contradictory, history a as or other an colonizing people one of history the as South, the and North the between relations of history the write we will how mination, unity? of creating process litical po the about us teach it does What Sudan? emer South the independent an state, new a of gence understand unity Pan-African ahead. years and months and days the to lines how we may of think South Sudan in guide as serve to questions of set a pose to moment. historical this nifies contradictory, means — it can be created by created be — it can means contradictory, of them. free to break gled strug and shackles many so as rangements ar the people saw in political question these reason: one for was This independence. of moment the at occurred it rather lonialism, co of moment the at not was division that African East Sudan. it created —and Federation the and Federation Central the African — federations great two ated cre Britain Africa. West French and Africa Equatorial French Africa: in units political great two created France force. by this peoples rethink united we have empires Historically, suggest platitude. I continent. the process. of anon-linear inevitability ofand and thus tance the persuasion politics impor the recognize must unity creating in not interested Anyone of blueprints. utopian struggles, political of outcome the is political unity because is This formula. a to ing accord unfolding were it if as levels, higher lowerto from line, straight a in fashion, ear lin in develop not does unity self, the Like UNITY AFRICAN Finally: Now that the SPLA’s political political SPLA’s the that Now Finally: People’s Liber Sudan the How did Third: Two: of As we self-deter the history write to committed those should How One: want I ground, firm on tread than Rather Unity can be created by different, even even different, by created be can Unity but up, split units political great These divided imperialism that say often We ------gest we revise this judgment in retrospect. in judgment this we revise gest sug I contradictory. as Most these saw observers self-determination. to peoples all of right the and states, all of sovereignty the charter: its in provisions two had (OAU) to divorce. right ademocratic ible with right to is in not union marriage incompat democratic the as just separation, to right a democratic with incompatible necessarily not is unity a African on position democratic why is This freedom. through unity and bondage through unity unities: of kinds ent differ between distinguish to need we why force, and it can be bycreated is choice. This between the North and the South. So how So South. the and North the between stalemate military a was there instead, tory; vic military no was there Internally, ments. of develop combination of a result different state. independent and aseparate tablish es to 1993 in overwhelmingly voted people the over 1991, Eritrean in the state empire Ethiopian victory joint their and Front (EPRDF), Democratic Revolutionary People’s Ethiopian the and (EPLF) Front Liberation People’s Eritrean the movements, armed an Ethiopi and Eritrean between relation close the of spite In reason. one for notable was War. Cold of the end the was factor relevant the Externally, Derg. the as known regime, Mariam Haile Mengistu the over victory in a military culminating cades, the was four de nearly lasting outcome of it a struggle Internally, external. and in ternal developments, important two of come possible? cessation was how cases: both in question a is forced on why a This we state. to need ask always is Cessation part. a of cessation to agreed has history in state No second. the is Sudan South 1993; in Ethiopia from ing separat first, the was Eritrea state: Af rican independent previously a new from a state of self- creation the of of examples determination, great two Africa, of to sovereignty. pre-requisite the as seen be should self-determination text, con democratic a In people. the to state the of relation internal an is termination self-de other whereas powers, to external to states, state the of relation the is eignty Sover self-determination. and sovereignty DETERMINATION SELF The Organization of African Unity Unity African of Organization The In South Sudan, self-determination is the the is self-determination Sudan, South In The referendum independence on Eritrean out the was self-determination Eritrean history postcolonial the in are, There between relation the rethink to need We ------Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA). Agreement Peace 2005 Comprehensive the in South the in referendum a for provision a include to North the in ernment of gov the agreement the explains sion, that aggres of U.S. target next the be it will that fear the fear, post-9/11 of grip real the tor, fac mythis view, itonly In is Iraq. and stan of invasions Afghani it, U.S. following and, was factor external factor was 9/11 external more That decisive. the Sudan, South of question. unanswered an remains this now, Until tory? bec o a iiay vic military a of absence the in — independence — objective ical n polit its win a d u S h out S d i d The result of the referendum could not not could referendum the of result The case the In provisional. is answer My ------agree to a referendum? My answer is: the the is: answer My referendum? a to agree South. the in state dent indepen an for vote popular overwhelming an to lead would referendum the that dence indepen Eritrean to leading process the of experience the of and involved issues the of understanding historical a with anyone to have in been doubt. It would have clear been Why then did the power in the North North the in power the did then Why - - always be neighbors. be always will South and North region, the left power colonial the for at Whereas one least reason. is misleading a master. analogy The colonial as Ethiopia of spoke independence Eritrean for called who some as just independence, of thinks Sudan South in tendency one how end of is a This indeed relationship? colonial You can leave your marriage partner, but partner, marriage your leave You can pendence the the pendence od refer a hold to agreement erd a ferred de endum o ota n o ront f - con d a e h tion with with power. U.S. tion s inde Is - - - - MARLENA BUCZEK SMITH highlight key developments in that history. that in developments key highlight to like they would I geographies, histories. overlapping have distinct are North South Though and overlaps boundaries. history that geographical and history, a have Neighbors neighbor. your leave cannot you moral world in a second way: some of the the of some way: second a in world moral masters. of their identity on — Westerners the thereby cultural taking English-speaking became America North in slaves African how of force. think parallel, of a For relations through is that manufactured consent of kind the but consent by mostly — assimilated culturally were They Arab. became Sinnar in became those of Most Fur. Darfur in those of Most soldiers. slave- as Sinnar and Darfur in stayed South dramatically. increased also demand from the state to the The ofmarket. scale the shifted demand the places, other and ritius Mau and Reunion in islands, Ocean dian In the in developed were plantations slave As slave-soldiers. for demand a was it state; the from mainly for slaves came demand the it, to Prior consequences. of number a has economy islands. Ocean to Indian plantation transplanted was Caribbean century the 18th late when in only intense became But slave the west. trade the in Sultan ate of Darfur the and Nile the along Funj the of Sultanate the of formation the with onward century 17th the from slaves for plundered South The slavery. migrations, forced were soldiers. or als the form not of and roymerchants, refugees with Christianity and North the with lam Christian of history thousand-year a ended ofSinnar Sudan. in the history state Muslim have slave trade. Arab the raids these termed historians colonial further, be explored to need that reasons For soldiers. for slave mainly slaves, for sultan South the the raided expanded, ate it As Sinnar. at tal capi its had that sultanate a with of Funj, the house royal the rose Shilluk the among From South. the from migrated Shilluk the when trade, slave regional the before even the South, not the North. the not South, the of stateinthe Muslim first from cameSudan family royal the that and — Christian was Beja, and Nubia in North, the in power cal politi that remember should we South, the Is equates that understanding conventional the Given Sudan. in Islam of history litical the po in states the region and inaugurating Christian demolishing North, the in states gin with voluntary migrations. voluntary with gin be us Let forced. and voluntary both tions, the period before Western colonialism, colonialism, Western before period the One interesting example takes place in in place takes example interesting One ISLAM OF ROLE THE This history should disturb our simple simple our disturb should history This most of Nonetheless, those enslaved in the economy slave plantation a of rise The better of know we that migrations The first the was Funj the of Sultanate The In contrast, Islam came to the North in in North the to came Islam contrast, In - migra of that was development first The ------colonial Uganda. colonial in district quarantined a was too Karamoja — colonialism of history the in however,unusual not is, separation of kind bound This aries. cross to required permission with period, colonial be the in to separated came artificially South and North how is This North. the from South the quarantine to ed colonial in decid power British when point Sudan, in policy turning the marks army, and colonial the in officers Southern by revolt. It was spearheaded Flag White the as known be to come has what with 1920s the Spirit of Deng had caught the Mahdi the caught had of Deng Spirit the said Dinka The Sudan. and North South between border present-day the along area the Abyei, of Dinka the to then and Sudan, the Kordofan, and spread tofirst Mahdiyya the rest of northern Darfur in base firm its social With Empire. British the shake to after revolt greatest the Uprising, 1857the Indian was, rebellion late-19th-century this Mahdi, the Abdulla, Mohamed by Led yya. Turki the as known rule, British-Ottoman mark of anti-colonial nationalism is the the is nationalism Mahdiyya anti-colonial of mark hall the marks that event The nationalism. anti-colonial of that is North Sudan in between South and relations shaped has that South. the from of slaves are descendents in the North Arabs to Harare. Garang’s return was a shock shock a was return Garang’s Harare. to Mugabe Robert of return the with parisons com drew Many languages. Sudanese other and Arabic of speakers included They west. to east and South to North from — Sudan of diversity entire the represented They him. receive to out turned people million a more than 2005, July in Khartoum and to returned Agreement Peace Comprehensive the areas. to border South the from struggle the expanded SPLA the which on basis the It was Khartoum. in opposition political the and SPLA the between alliance of political a basis the was Sudan New a for demand The state. the reform of the existing for but state, new a of creation the for call not did SPLA The Sudan. liberated a was it South; was not an program independent ical polit People’sArmy’s Sudan The Liberation INDEPENDENCE TO SUDAN NEW FROM it. improved than rather South, of the situation social and had political the Sudan worsened of independence the that alize re to South the in classes popular the and class political the both for long take not it did that is fact the for South, the in liberation struggle armed the of context real the is Islamization. enforced as later bization, Ara enforced as first at Sudan, in unfolded project national state-enforced A inde pendence. after Sudan South of people the met The third point is key: an even worse fate fate worse even an key: is point third The in begins nationalism Sudanese Modern The second great historical development development historical great second The After SPLA leader John Garang signed signed Garang John leader SPLA After — period colonial the than — rather This , the great Sudanese revolt against revolt against , Sudanese great the Continued on page 10 page on Continued .

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THE INDYPENDENT INDYPENDENT THE 9 MAY 18 – JUNE 7, 2011 2011 7, JUNE – 18 MAY 10 MAY 18 – JUNE 7, 2011 THE INDYPENDENT AFRICA letter, P, stands for the people of Sudan, not not Sudan, of people the for P, stands letter, second The Sudan. for but Sudan, South for Sudan. South independent for an latter the Sudan, New a for called first The war. civil Sudan’s first from group to a rebel successor a II, Nya Anya and SPLA the by were represented lines two the Sudan, South of case the In Azania. of Congress ricanist Pan-Af the and ANC the dif between the ference was this the Africa South of In history struggle. the throughout other each contested separation representing those and SPLA. the in defeated was dan Su New a for called that line the ANC, the in won Africa, South non-racial a for unity, for called that line the Whereas important: is them also between difference The Arman. Yassir and Khaled Mansour like population Arab the Similarly, from cadre key included SPLA the Kassrell. Ronnie and Slovo Joe as such population, white from individuals contest. important religious in recruiting succeeded ANC The or racial the a turn into to struggle regimes ruling of attempt the undermining in successful were Both ANC. Khartoum. to return his after soon of Garang death the and SPLA and the on eve also the of victory; in of 1993, Hani and Chris the assassination (ANC) Congress National can Afri The victory; its of eve the Tongogara 1979 of on in Josiah killing the and National (ZANU) Union African Zimbabwe the Remember struggle. armed an of close the towards nated elimi be to leaders strong for unusual not is it that us remind also should It fact. this to fies testi region this in movements makes. individual of one death the difference more the zation, leader — the weaker the organi SPLA strong a with movement The a was Garang. of political death the after the especially leadership, of the in orientation lies answer the of Part WHY? South. independent an for called and goal the up gave of goal it Sudan, of whole the in power historic its realizing of verge the on was SPLA the Arman. when precisely Yassir then, Ironically, or Kir, Salva Garang, by led whether — won in elections have likely most would it 2010, Sudanese the in tion. domina that against struggle North-South joint of story: story the subsidiary a was there But independence. after cially espe story, main the is domi nation Northern True, South. the of oppression Northern of history one-dimensional is a there not that fact the derlines North. the in class political the to especially spectrum, political the across 9 page from Continued The first letter, S, in SPLA does not stand stand not does SPLA in S, letter, first The unity the forces In representing both cases the with SPLA the comparing worth is It liberation of history The participated had SPLA the If un survey historical This ------0 0 N ➤ Republic Chad Central African - - - 200 km 200 in the South but not in the North. the but in not South the in Be Why? North. cause the 1972 reformed the state agreement the in support popular little had agreement the because collapsed also It North. the in regime the for venient con longer no was it when brokedown and years 10 lasted It the of Agreement. Ababa result Addis a as 1972 in forged was dan power-sharing. of experience the was development key The developments. political ongoing in lies swer an the of part Another leadership. political point? this How we to did get triumphant. emerged has state. existing the of formation a new state but in the reform of to the lay in not lay salvation whypolitical gether, North the and South the of future the why of statement explicit most the was state. anew to create not state, The the reform to project a was nationalism. SPLA Sudan South separate to a also but Islamism, to national Arabism, of to isms, kinds other to alternative an project, nationalist a as founded was The SPLA Sudan. one inside peoples many in as plural, not singular, is It Sudan. of peoples Libya h 20 Cmrhnie ec Agree Peace Comprehensive 2005 The Su in agreement power-sharing first The of nature the in lies answer the of Part independence for calling line the Today, 1986 in Dam Koka at speech Garang’s Democratic Republic Democratic 200 Miles 200 DARFUR Of Congo Of SUDAN SUDAN SOUTH KORDOFAN Egypt ------cord. The key lesson was that power-shar that was lesson key ac The cord. 1972 the of lessons on built was ment political order, but on two conditions: first first conditions: two on but order, new political the join to invited were militias Rival base. broad the as known was problem this to solution Ugandan Move The Uganda. Democratic of ment Federal the and Move ment Freedom Uganda the being known was terrain best the militias, The armed multiple by marked war. civil a of out come post-civil a situation. in war peace civil of maintenance and state the of organization between link the with do to has first The violence. litical po on other the and order, political on one is link? that what so, If violence? and mocratization de between link a there Is context? the present in mean democratization would What VIOLENCE AND DEMOCRATIZATION democratization. without sharing both and the North the It South. in was power- opposition the out left It SPLA. the North and the in Party Congress National the groups, ruling two between elites, between power of sharing a remained it Still, to arms. wealth to power political from ranging powers of the sharing broader a for result, called CPA a As narrow. too been had ing Think of Uganda, 1986, which had just just had which 1986, Uganda, of Think observations, two with begin to want I ★ Juba JONGLEI KHARTOUM Uganda WHITE NILE ★ UPPER NILE Khartoum SINNAR BLUE NILE Kenya Ethiopia Eritrea ------RED SEA fiction: that Africans have a herd mentality mentality herd a have Africans that a fiction: spread Colonialism origin. colonial of is Authority. Native call to used British the that Authority trict Dis the — authority local the — state local the reform to managed internal has of None violence. cases these another between is clue similarity One Why? stability. than rather violence to lead to seem elections But system. multi-party a and elections ducing by intro state central the have reformed All violence.” “ethnic as violence internal of types all to refer to common is It Congo. Eastern and Coast Ivory the Darfur, Kenya, in Valley Rift the in as such Africa, colonial Uganda. in Army Resistance National the the Rwandan in Army Patriotic Rwanda and or movements, armed Ethiopian and itrean Er the Front, Liberation People’s Tigrayan the and Front Liberation People’s the Eritrean between relationship of the womb like the another, in nurtured was class litical po one where like or — Ethiopia — of out Eritrea another of womb created the was within from state one where is The exception states. within but states, between not is states African in between violence Political violence states. and boundaries state in with violence violence, external and ternal As a form of power, the Native Authority Authority Native the power, of form a As have cases these All one in common. thing kind ofThe first inviolence abounds post

H. MIKAEL TARKELA tensions. North-South of consequence a as seen is it discussed, the is South in violence Even internal when South. the within lence vio on discussion any hardly is There violence. North-South of specter the on focuses today Sudan South in violence of tion militia? his with withdrawing from election the loses and candidate SPLM an as contests who general a vent pre to is what But candidate. independent an as election the contested had Athor Gen Nile. state of the oil-producing Upper in Malakal attacking — bellion Jonglei re into of militia his led He state. governor for tion rebelled 2010 elec April the losing after who Athor, George litia. that is mi his with leaves commander answer obvious The election? an loses or SPLM the within position his loses leader a if happens What ask: to has one that so militia, own his has (SPLM) Movement Liberation People’s Sudan the in leader cal politi Every important militias. also respective their but over command arms their only not bers of the broad base have kept mem different Sudan, South in But base. broad a create to ing up militia. over your control gave you provided — tion posi governmental a — you power political in second, share a have could arms; your up yougave provided militarist, or monarchist whether objectives, political your keep could you e ed o ok t oh in both at look to need We ques the on discussion Most Gen. of example the Take attempt is too, Sudan, South ------THE INDYPENDENT MAY 18 – JUNE 7, 2011 11 ------Saviors and – In Shi‘ism – Known as Zimbabwe’s – John Garang delivered a delivered Garang John – – Secretary general of the – The Sudan People’s Liberation . The basic questionThebasicthatfacesSouthSudan The future of South Sudan and its people hundreds hundreds of soldiers in Southern Sudan and instead encouraged the uprising, founding Liberation People’s the Sudan the in process Army in 1983. In the 1960s had been Garang involved in the Southern Anya eco agricultural Ph.D. in a earned He gency. Nya insur received and UniversityState Iowa at nomics He Georgia. Benning, Fort at training officer’s Agreement Peace Comprehensive the signed with the Sudanese government in January as July in Khartoum to returned 2005.Garang in later weeks three died and president, vice a crash. helicopter a Josiah Tongogara Ton presence, magnetic his for Guevara Che liber the in army guerilla main the led gogara at figure central a also was He struggle. ation the Lancaster House Conference that led to He in died a car independence. Zimbabwean peace the after days Mozambique in accident 1979. December in signed was deal Speech Dam Koka Ethio in talks peace Dam Koka the at speech pia in 1986, saying the SPLM/A view is that “both Arabism others, and among Islam, are into fab the woven inextricably components ric of unique Sudan’s and singular identity.” He offers a broad definition of Africanas a non-racial political identity and that Arab is a cultural assertion and is present all over Sudan. Mahdiyya/Mohamed Abdulla the Mahdi is an important the figure, Christian Messiah. akin In 1881, Mohammed to Ahmed-Ibn-Seyyid-Abdulla declared him self the and Mahdi led a uprising successful British-Ottomanthe Sudan, over against rule brieflyestablishing the firstmodern African state. Robert Mugabe Zimbabwe African National Union since the 1960s, Mugabe has headed the government elected being since another or position one in Prime Minister in 1980. He returned to the capital of Harare in 1979 December to huge, supportive crowds following the Lancaster Agreement. House SPLM/A estab quickly 1983and in founded was Army lished the Sudan People’s Liberation Move ment, the political wing. John Garang 1983. was in both head to elected who live within a state, whereas an ethnicfederation distinguishes legally and cally politi between different kinds of depending on their residents, ethnic origin. is not very different from the one that faces most African countries. Will South learn Sudanfrom the African experience — of on going civil war and ethnic conflictrethinkpolitical citizenshippolitical theand — and politicalnew order? a create to order instate rides on the answer this to question. Mahmood Mamdani is the director of Makerere the Institute of SocialKampala, Research Uganda, in and Professor Herbert Lehman of GovernmentUniversity. He is the author of at Survivors: ColumbiaDarfur, Politics and the War on Terror ------– A series series A – – The – Dinka – Founded in 1989 as an an 1989 in as Founded – – As a Sudanese military of – A charismatic leader of the Afri the of leader charismatic A – – A committee of security services that committeeservices security of A – ficer,Garang was sent toquell a mutiny by REFERENCE GUIDE Gupta Arun By Hani Chris can National Congress, Hani was also com of mander its military wing and took over as in Party Communist African South the of head 1991 from among Joe Slovo. He was popular base a large youth the in townships, building for the and SACP, was the considered lead ing to a candidate succeed Nelson Mandela but presidency, was assassinated by an ex Resis Afrikaner neo-Nazi the to close tremist 1993. April in Movement tance Agreement Peace Comprehensive of of agreements reached from 2002 to between 2005 the government of Sudan and the SPLM/A, which established accords reso for wealth-sharing, and power- a cease-fire, the of right the and conflicts various of lutions self-determination. for Sudan South of people Derg Haile Emperor deposing 1974, in founded was of control assumed It year. same the Selassie Mariam Haile 1977withMengistu by Ethiopia leader. undisputed the as Deng of the Spirit the and Dinka are a Nilotic people who the traverse North-a Nilotic people are South divide. Their traditional economy based is on cattle herding and millet farming. The Deng is an important entity in the Dinka fertility. and rain for responsible religion, Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Demo cratic Front (EPRDF) Front cratic umbrella group for various national fronts, it Ethiopia. in coalition ruling the currently is Eritrean People’s Liberation Front – Founded in (EPLF) the early 1970s, the EPLF was by the 1980s the main guerrilla organization fighting the Soviet-backed Ethiopian state. It was allied with similar movements such as the Tigrayan People’s Liberation (TPLF), Front formed in 1975, the Ethiopian state in which May 1991. Under U.N. overthrew supervision, a referendum was held in 1993, creating the state of Eritrea. The next year the EPLF became a political party, the Peo which Justice, and Democracy for Front ple’s then. partysince sole Eritrea’s been has John Garang The second possible source of violence is The solution for the first problem isdual The solution for the second problem is to NorthSouth,and whichthreehas likelyori gins: populations with roots on both sides of the new border, IDPs, and peasants and pastoralists with shared livelihoods. within the South. It arises from the persis tence of the Native Authority as the form of local power that turns culturalinto a source of political and differencelegal discrimi nation. nationality for border and migrant popula tions in the near future, which sibly could lead pos to a confederation in the distant future. reformIftheAuthority.SouthNative Sudan is organized as a federation, how will citizenship be defined in each state in the fed eration:as ethnic territorial?or territorialA federation gives equal rights to all citizens ------, men over wom bafuruki Will South Sudan be an exception? Will indicationOne canfoundinthebeperiod CompareliberatedSPLA-held areasSu in The second source of tension is the popu The third source of tension is in the area Should the populations borderof regions, In sum, then, there are two major sourc This depends on the sources of North- South Sudan create a new kind of state, or will reproduce it a reformed colonial state? before CPA was signed in 2005. Before the signing,thereliberatedwere areas, while af terwards the whole of South Sudan became a liberated area. The fact became is independent six years ago, in 2005. South Sudan dan with Sudanese government-held areas, also in South Sudan before 2005. The tial ini trends are not encouraging. Structures of power in both areas are the same. Bothareas areruled administrative by chiefs who implement customary law as defined in the colonial period, which systematically privi leges natives over en, and old over young. From this point of there view, is difference no between lo how cal power is organized in the North and in South.theBecause discrimilocalthepower nates actively and legally between different kindscitizens of South of Sudan, isbound it generateto tensions and conflictover time. dofan.The borderstates politicallywere the most receptive to Garang’s call for a Sudan. New The border states also felt betrayed by the decision to South create Sudan. At an the same independent time, the political class in the border states is exposedretaliation from the to Northern political elite, one reason why it may turn to the SPLA for protection. internally of displacedlation persons (IDPs): the population of refugees from the south ern war who lived in the North. How many not do North?We thein live stillcontinue to know, but at the low end it is estimated at hundreds of thousands of people. Are they citizens of where they live, Sudan, or of the new state in which they historically resided, South Sudan? Like Eritreans theywill most likely in be the victims faila of Ethiopia, ure to think through the citizenshiption. ques of Abyei, along the DarfurMisseriyaNgokthe the of whereand North-South border, Dinka have shared livelihoods and political struggles for more than a thousand Historically, years. African societies had no fixed borders; the borders were porous, and flexible mobile. But the new borders are fixed and hard; you either belong or you do not. cannotYou belong to both sides of the bor politicalWillnewthe arrangement der. with Ngok the Misseriya the and pit fixed borders Dinka against one another? pastoralistscrosstheNorth-Southwho bor der annually in search of water in season, the dry the IDPs who have settled in dualcitizentheyshould have — homes new their ship? es of political violence after independence. First, there is possible violence between NORTH-SOUTH TENSIONS The second type of violence, that betweenstates, is specificto cases like Ethiopia and Eritrea, and Uganda South and North Sudan be an exception? and Rwanda. Will South tensions. First, there are the statesthat lie within border the North theor South whichpopulations but have that historically came from both. This is Nile, the Nuba case Mountains in and Southern Blue Kor ------(immigrants). Thesystem intherural areas, inside each bafuruki bafuruki This administrative structure inevitably As the market system developed, more Africa is littered with examples of this The Native Authority made an adminis Wherever the colonial notion of Native The colonial tribe was not the same as a criminated against racially, natives tribal homelands in were privileged. the generated inter-tribal conflicts.with,every administrative area Tois multi-eth begin nic, yet, in every multi-ethnic area administration official discriminated against ethnic minorities,especially accesscame to it when to land and appointment of chiefs, that is, participation in local governance. and more people migrated, either in search of jobs or land, and multi-ethnic.more andbecamearea more In every administrative a situation where the population was multi- ethnic and power mono-ethnic, was the that more and more people result were disen franchised as not being native to the even area, if they were born in the area.conflict was the inevitable Ethnicoutcome. conflict.kind dynamicof the is It that drives ongoing civil wars such around as in Darfur. the continent tribal homeland. The difference whereas was natives that in urban areas were dis criminations: one based on race, the other on tribe. Race divided nativesin nativesurban areas. divided Tribe natives from non- from RACE AND TRIBE Colonialism was based on two sets of dis ated homelands and Native Authorities. My research suggests that theethnic cleansing.program of Take a with colonialism began case Buganda, of south-central Uganda’s re gion, where the national capital Kampala is located. All the Catholics were moved from Buganda to Masaka. Meanwhile, located Mengo, within Kampala, was considered a Protestant homeland. Administrative coun tieswere designated as Protestant Cathoor lic or, in a few cases, Muslim. The tribe or region of the chief designated the nature of the homeland he administered. The ethnic cleansing in Buganda was religious, it was tribal elsewhere. trative distinction between those who were born or lived in the administrative area and descendedso-calleditswere from thosewho original inhabitants. The distinction, in to day’s political language, was between tivesand na formed tribe from a cultural identity to an administrative identity that descent,culture.basedonjust not became It claims to be a blood identity. Tribe became a sub-set of race. Authority has remained, authorities define there the population on thescent, not residence. basis of de BLOOD IDENTITY In actual fact, colonial administrations cre privileged natives all over others. pre-colonial ethnic group. The pre-colonial ethnic group was but a not cultural group. an You could become administrative Muganda a or a Munyankole or a Langia Dinka in or the pre-colonial period. But you could not change your tribe officially in the colonial administration. Colonialism trans and tend to stay in one place, so have always lived Africansin tribal homelands. This was the colonialists’ justification for ad ministering every colony as a patchwork of tribal homelands 12 MAY 18 – JUNE 7, 2011 THE INDYPENDENT ELECTIONS the support of the corporate media, Harper Harper media, corporate the of support the right. to the further politics Canadian in middle new a fashion to been has goal Harper’s Party, Conservative sive Progres conservative fiscally the with Party Reform conservative socially unified populist, which the Conservatives, the as of 2003 in head power to came he Since ority. pri his been never has conservatism social to Harper. alternative the to become Layton Jack for was expected one no What Liberals. the Ontario beat could he in where province known) are districts (as ridings electoral key on focusing by 1988 since government Conservative majority first the to minority a from went the He over election. 2008 percent 2 only by increased vote whose Harper, Stephen for tion: and against - polariza a foremost signified election This ELECTORATE POLARIZED has remained progressive. meanwhile, issues, critical most on public opinion 1994; in effect into went that ment ing in the North FreeAmerican Trade Agree culminat UnitedStates, the with trade pacts free- percentofvoterspushedthrough 60— Mulroneyter —Brian also opposed by some Minis ConservativewhenPrime 1980s, late and economic elite have veered right since the political The right. the to shift a been really not has there so Conservatives, the rejected This vote. means more 60than percent of the electorate national the of percent 39.6 only won party Harper’s ways, multiple split well with under50 percentvote the if is win can didate can a system, past-the-post Harperites. to the alternative federal only the as but possibly opposition the just not as Party Liberal the replaced Layton and majority his got for. Harper aiming were they results the got NDP, ocratic social-dem ofthe leader ton, to four. 49 seats from eled shriv which sovereigntist Quebecois, Bloc the and seats, 34 to dropped (Canada’s which Party), Democratic the Party of equivalent Liberal once-mighty the of the expense at coming seats, 102 to 37 from bloc parliamentary its increased NDP The ever. time first the for Opposition Official (NDP) of position the into Party New Democratic left-leaning the pelled space. of democratic ering smoth the and policy energy devastating ecologically sent, of and dis poverty nalization crimi unions, public-sector on attacks agenda militarization, right’s of the push to now has 167Harper of members parliament deceiving. be can appearances but right, the to shift political a consolidating be to seem Party Conservative his and Minister Harper Stephen Prime election, 2 May in Canada’s Commons of House 308-seat the in ity a major winning TORONTO, Canada—By Judy Rebick By In CanadatheCenterNoLonger Holds To keep this alliance intact and maintain maintain and intact alliance this To keep but Christian Evangelical an is Harper first- Canada’s of Because Jack and Lay Harper Both pro election same the But ------is now the Official Opposition party, but will it stay true to its its to true stay it roots? will progressive but party, Opposition Official the now is NEW DEMOCRATIC PARTY LEADER JACK LAYTON: LAYTON: JACK LEADER PARTY DEMOCRATIC NEW ------ernments, will continue to grow. continue will gov ernments, Liberal and Conservative both under increased which poor, and rich gap between the so rich, the and system corporations favorof in tax planet. the altered the already has Harper on projects most the of carbon-intensive one production, oil sands Alberta tar for support more and unions; tor sec public on attacks poverty; of nalization crimi increasing Harper; under percent 40 than more jumped having spending military with militarization, of levels G20 high 2010 summit; June the during Toronto in brutal ity police as systematic the engagement, by civic witnessed and democracy ing suffocat include government Conservative fair. is they system tax the if unsure if are even beneficial, generally are taxes think and healthcare public single-payer support majority vast The years. 10 last over the increases both marriage, gay support percent 70 and abortion to right woman’s a firm, polling top support ofCanadians 75 that percent a found Environics, by recent A study steam. losing is here Right Reli gious The rights. LGBT and rights ductive repro in to be his ability will limited restrict immigration. Its tactic is to create divisions anti- divisions create to is overtly tactic Its not immigration. is party Harper’s Reform Party, Canada’s or Party Tea the Unlike stronghold. Liberal a now until been have Toronto,which in communities Asian from support Con more won and the targeted and servatives Harper, enthu backed media siastically corporate the and interests business south, the to neighbor its than ter bet significantly crisis economic global the weathered has Canada seats, more winning from NDP the stop to Conservatives the moved to voters of Liberal number a Right-wing for reasons. majority a won Harper WON HARPER WHY The real dangers of a no-holds-barred no-holds-barred a of dangers real The The NDP NDP The ------WIKIMEDIA.ORG form the government. the form to gets seats most the wins party whichever and election the to prior minister, prime the including slate, their choose parties vidual indi democracy, parliamentary a is ada Can As race. specific a in Conservative the defeat could candidate whichever by for voting or coalition Liberal-NDP a creating by either left” the “uniting for called gressives immigrants. marginal other and refugees criminalizing by immigrants “bad” and “good” between n Cnda top t mr o a peace a of role. keeping more to troops Canadian ing return spending, military maintain to tion elec the during pledged but Afghanistan in federal intervention military a continued the opposed for called has Layton repression. G20 the into inquiry already has he rights, LGBT and of supporters and feminists strong are caucus his of much and Layton Parliament. in movements social for voice as they often have little to do with each other. and English Canada, which is a positive sign, gether the concerns of progressives to in Quebec bring can Quebecois half is that caucus NDP an Having NDP. the and Liberals the between split then was vote opposition the the Conservatives allowed to win in more ridings this because But seats. more five them garnering increased, also Canada English in Quebecois support for Layton, the voteNDP speaking province. With polls French-showing broad the in seats 58 to one from caucus NDP the increased and 1993, since Quebec whichBloc Quebecois, hadhas a majority in sovereigntist Vot the with Harper. fatigued also were defeat ers to way a as NDP the than behind swung voterscountry, the of rest the progressive more always Quebec, In FACTOR QUEBEC THE mjrt Cnevtv gvrmn, e b Hre, s to is Harper, by led government, society. civil and democracy Conservative majority a HARPER: STEPHEN MINISTER PRIME n h btl aant apr mn pro many Harper, against battle the In An NDP opposition also means a greater greater a means also opposition NDP An The real danger from from danger real The ------postal workers, one of the most militant militant most country. the in the unions of one workers, the postal with beginning perhaps privatization, is Harper likely through to unions workers. public-sector attack public among higher even and workforce, the of percent 31.4 at remains it but years, recent in declined has Canada in Unionization increased. not has militancy union down, benefits and wages has driven and unions which private-sector weakened deindustrialization, as well as has NDP the power, for In up issues. stand progressive to pushed is eco policies, neoliberal nomic accepted has which NDP, the that ensure to is important most is what progressives, For Conservatives. the to tive alterna the as NDP the positioning in ceed or itself rebuild suc will if will Layton Party ALTERNATIVE AS NDP journalist and writer living in Toronto. in living writer and journalist activist, feminist a long-time is Rebick Judy again. happening from result election of type this prevent to reform electoral for movement a build to is aim Their start. promising a is street it so action, been never has there referenda, cial provin unsuccessful two including early 1990s, the since Canada in for reform organizing electoral been has there account While him able. hold to going are they now and Harper against voted majority the say They Reform. Electoral National for Action a of Day organized election the during to warming. agreements global address international and national undermine to Harper’s trying is to which government, resistance the of another component is tar cutting clear the and mining against sands, movement justice mental Building broader support for an environ an for support broader Building Liberal the whether seen be to remains It Finally, many of the youth who mobilized youth who of mobilized the many Finally,

FLICKR/LONDON SUMMIT Despite political attacks attacks question. unions, public-sector political against open an Despite is major ity Harper the to react Toronto. like cities big around and in color of communities cially espe sectors, vulnerable with up link to each need They to other. talked mainly and methods, on old and tactics relied old have groups unions and social long, progressive too For the government. challenge movements directly that for longer no available is funding State election. the during did they which mobilization, broad through a party the can pressure movements whether grassroots on hinges liament culture autonomy.and language, their tect pro to Quebec of people the of aspirations the he supports that stated clearly has Layton Jack federalist, remains NDP the while that was changed really what However, erals. a into Lib the over take to position get to in direction moved this has Layton Jack but state, capitalist gov a of erning pressure the right under the to moved always How trade unions will will unions trade How the What does NDP in par ------THE INDYPENDENT MAY 18 – JUNE 7, 2011 13 Brooklyn BCAT Channel 56/69 Brooklyn BCAT 9AM Mon-­Fri Channel 67 Bronxnet Thurs & Tues 9AM TV SATELLITE Free Speech TV DirecTV Ch. 9415/ DISH Network Ch. 348 8AM, Noon, 7PM, Midnight Mon-­Fri Link TV DirecTV Ch. 9410/ Dish Network Ch. 375 & 6PM Mon-­Fri 11AM ESPAÑOL EN NOW! DEMOCRACY democracynow.org/es DEMOCRACYNOW.ORG and Transcripts Video, Audio, PACIFICA RADIO PACIFICA WBAI 99.5 8AM, Mon-­Fri TVPUBLIC ACCESS CUNY-­TV Channel 75 (All Boroughs) 6:30PM Mon-­Fri, 1AM Mon-­Thurs Channel 34/82 Manhattan MNN 8AM & 7PM Mon-­Fri Independent News Hour Amy Goodman with and Juan Gonzalez TV-Radio-Internet

The corporate media got it wrong on Iraq. in to the Tune show that got it right. KARA NEWHOUSE KARA ------Da Comandante ,” ,” the other campaign – With just a moment in the limelight Ja Sicilia has launched a citizen initiative “We know you didn’t understand any The Zapatistas remain the ever-patient la otra campana vid during the rally, addressingvictimsvi rally, duringthe vidof olence throughout Mexico. The Zapatistas have been alone for too long, and lackingfor deridedsense”“common and refusing to throwtheirweightbehind three lesserthe of evils election at time. vier Sicilia has already politicalMexico’s system fails to respond concluded to that if the current crisis of representation, and if a sweeping new security law is approved, the 2012 presidential elections shall be a point lesscandidateexercise:A boundgaggedand institutional by corruption will electedbe to lead a nation edging dangerously close to a er based in the Burren, Ireland. He is work MumiaAbu-Jamal. of biography a on ing politico-military dictatorship. research and writer a is McCaughan Michael to to surround parliament until our demands are heard.” that is gathering momentum and which has no affiliation with Mexico’s discredited po litical parties. In 2006 the EZLN launched “ an attempt to build a that would popular eschew movement elections and challenge the state from below. If there is one lesson learned since 1994, it is that tas the cannot Zapatiscarry the burden of hope aloneand that the rest Mexico of must do its own share the of heavy lifting. thing,” joked one San Zapatista Cristobal, referring delegate to the of in each translation speech into several indigenous lan guages. “But that’s the way it goes, you just had to put up with us. Thank you for your patience.” outsiders in a country rent by violence and corruption, quietly building an autonomous alternative, a living example of what a dis ciplined, long-term struggle are “You not alone,” said can achieve. scalerestaurants andoffices us.” by for paid By the end of the three-day march Sicilia’s tone had hardened, that recognizing Calderon had no perhaps intention him of any heed. Sicilia paying called for civil disobe dience should the government ignore their demands. “It takes balls to strike back, refuse to to pay taxes, and it will take all of us of which is determinedpoliticiansis whichup by “in of ------of the Clandestine At the national “March for Peace” that culminated in a rally of over 100,000 comandantes

Meanwhile, the next day in Mexico City, Mexican President Felipe Calderon re Mere days after the march, Amnesty Juan Sicilia countered, “We are not try Nonetheless, the situation is fragile as the The 30 Continued from page 7 and withstand the twin pressures of andparamilitary army aggression and state funds usedtempt fromto rebels the away Zapatis ta ranks. at least 70 victims of violence took turns to speak out, including Patricia Duarte, whose infant son was burned to death in a crèche in Sonora along with 47 other children. In Mexico today, the state of insecurityers everything cov from the village of San Juan Copala, Oaxaca, whose inhabitants fleestate- masseen to forced to year last due were sponsored violence and the parents of those children who died in the nursery. San Juan Copala declared an autonomous zone, Za patista-style, on Jan. 1, 2007 and was mediately im besieged by paramilitaries close links with to the state governor. Unlike the back to weapons no hadChiapanthey rebels theirup claims. sponded to the march with a televised dressequatedendcallanthe whichinhe for ad to state violence with surrender to the drug cartels. “We have might, right and the law belligerentsaida Calderon, side,” ourinon sisting that the army would remain on the streets and at the center of his national se curity strategy. International released a Mexican security report forces of accusing torture, pearances and disap murder, including charges of disguisinginnocentvictims violencearmy of as members of drug gangs. criticized Amnesty Mexico’s also justice system for ing to charge faila single member of the armed forces with criminal activity despite dozens well-documentedof cases. ing to overthrow the government. We want to rebuild the social fabric of this nation.” Sicilia said that the Mexican paying people an were intolerable price for nable an war that no one unwinasked for, the course MOUNTING TOLL: people in Mexico City on May 8, a mock cemetery is erected representing the victims of the gov ernment’s failed drug war. known, their words attributable to no one. no to attributable words theirknown, Zapatista communities struggle to survive

Indigenous Indigenous Revolutionary Committee who the stage melted on honor guarda formed of un faces their event, after the crowd the into Zapatistas 14 MAY 18 – JUNE 7, 2011 THE INDYPENDENT for Tribes. grantwriter a isYork,” who29,Grunthauer, Jeff says generational art space, “there’s no similar place in New and performance artists. As a multi-cultural and multi- visual, writers, between cross-pollination promote to to artists gather and express themselves, and especially lem Renaissance. Tribes’ goal Har is to thebe a ofspace forlast young the as it describes Cannon, of friend of all types. Unofficially,zine. it’sincubator an artists for emerging maga semiannual a publishes and art visual exhibits performances, musical and readings etry po hosts that organization nonprofitarts lation on the adjacent wall. on the piano while watching a video instal tune a out tapped someone Occasionally oppositeroom.theon sidethewas of ano phonesatprominentlyonepicorner; ain band played in the garden. A silent gramo a whilerooms main apartment’sthethree visitorswanderedhundred a Netherlands, ingsand drawings of eight from artists the realtor’s sign out front. when a visiting friend asked about him the out in March that the building was for foundsale blind, is who Cannon, gallery. art ning A Gathering of the Tribes, a salon and run he’sbeen time which of half for years, forty past has lived in the townhouse at 285 East 3rd Street for the aboutwayrightthatfeeling himself now. 76,Cannon, I The LastoftheBohemians CULTURE floor apartment for five years, payinga month, $1,000 ing, Cannon would be able to live in closhis currentat signedsecond- they agreement the to Accordingme.” with square be togoing was she like seemedwho one 20 potential buyers, Cannon says Zhang “was the only moreofthan Outbuilding. the managing ofstress the organization’swithoutworkthe on carry His to was $950,000.goal for 2004 in building the sold he and profitin 1990. non a asincorporated wasTribeseyesight. his losing began he time 1989,same thein around CUNY from retirednovelist, and poet a as well as CollegeHunter and College Evers Medgar at professor humanities a was who Cannon, yes.” say always I cost, gonna it’s art show, can I read some poetry here — in spite of what veniently placed across from the front door. went directly to the living room couch, which was con Steve see to bydropping well-wishers and Friends us. conversation, actors filedin and out ofthe roombehind play,new his for actorsaudition to todayWardlaw, who’shere and Grunthauer with room explains. living his Cannon in We’resitting no,” say can’t I is, problem “My MOUNTING DEBTS sorry for myself.” for sorry so feel “I of opening the at St E3rd 285 of backyard the in gather Visitors xve Wrlw 6, pawih ad long-time and playwright a 63, Wardlaw,Exavier Officially, Gathering A ofthe Tribes is a At the opening, which featured the paint Financing Tribes got Cannon into significant debt, significant into Cannon got Tribes Financing havean I can Steve,says and in someonecomes “If dered if the salon’s proprietor, Steve Cannon, wasn’t art opening titled “I feel so sorry for myself.” I won n April, a Lower East Side salon hosted a multimedia Angels, Giants, and Monsters and Giants, Angels, . During our During . - - - - - Steve Cannon Steve ------up to code. Despite higher-rentinstalling tenants in the it bring and building renovatethe to $500,000 about troubletooksheover.eversince toldspentsheSheme $2,200 a month (which he has been paying since 2009). withtheoption to renew for additionalan five years at ownershipof thebuilding, he if can’t concern main his regain to like would Cannon While $1,000. to $200 artist. artist. It’s needed.” ofplacedoesn’t UnitedtheStatesfor inexist emerging kind “This echoes: Choice fate. building’s the of less thauer says, “I’m confident Tribeswill survive” regard supporters, though low on funds, are optimistic. Grun agreement, it only covers his tenancy through 2014. But by the jazz pianist Jason Moran. hosted 29 May fundraiser another be will Theresays. tradition tural of the East East Village/Lower Side,” he the last places left that carries on the great counter-cul locations — over $7,000 — to Tribes. “Tribes is one of Manhattan sevenTwo Boots’at day’sproceeds entire Tribes”“SaveThe day,arecentlyhosted donatingthe Festival,Howl! the on Cannon collaboratedwith has to see how he’s doing. the New York Studio School. She dropsat scholarshipin ona Steveto nowled which Park, TompkinsSquare showannualPark”Tribes in theanAround organizes “Art in shown were Choice’spaintings 2004, In ago. when she was living in a shelter on East 4th Street years mortgage. buildinginstead,andgave ten yearstopay him offthe monthbuilding.hisin Warwick offered tothe sell him Village realtor Arnold Warwick to ask if Westhe upcould staycalled suggestionfriend’sa a at and homeless, other with generousyoung artists with so uncertain prospects. In 1970, been he was he’s why explain may townhousebuytothe howofcame story CannonThe TRADITION A COUNTER-CULTURAL work. is staying in his home and being able to continue Tribe’s It seems Zhang, too, has been plagued with financial Even if Zhang or the future ownerhonorsfutureEven orthe Zhang ifCannon’s Phil Hartman, the owner of Two Boots Pizzeria, who Cannon met painter, self-taught a Choice, Deanna

IRINA IVANOVA IRINA IVANOVA vstr pnaeul donates spontaneously visitor a dayother every like seems it and amongHammons supporters,his lery, Salon 94 and the Steve artist gal Tilton Jay the as luminaries being sold “as is.” is building the that and tenants, the negotiatewith toowner next tenancy, saying it will be up to the Cannon’s on comment wouldn’t She Zhang. says him,” stopping notI’mahead. go house, the buy est, he says, but no solid offers. inter some had He’s $150,000. approximately is budget annual Tribes’ million; $2.9 for listed is building month.The a $3,000 at estimates mainte he which costs, the nance cover would that amount an artists charging state, only current its in Tribes tain to main pockets”and building the backbuy deep some “with here,” she says. stay him let still agreement,butI the extended never “he graces: good her through apartment his in staying only is Cannon claims building She money. losing she’s the because selling she’s that her.saysShecalled Iaskedwhen supposed to be a charity?” Zhang years. two over to months several for werevacantunits other building; the sold he since occupied ously continu been that’s apartment the building. Cannon’s is the only monthspendsa onabout $2,000 still she apartments, three other Cannon counts such art world art suchcounts Cannon wantssomeonehetoget“If to allies for looking is Cannon “I have two kids to raise — am I —Irina —Irina Ivanova ------THE INDYPENDENT MAY 18 – JUNE 7, 2011 15 Democracy Now! AMY GOODMAN , actor and acƟvist , actor $17.95 pbk| 209 pages Capitalism would have us believe need we our bosses. This volume the reveals history of workers who dare to disagree — ve Director, Ɵve , Execu .” Ɵes Union The Center for Constitutional Constitutional for The Center Fight for and the Rights Civil From Social Justice, Guantánamo to Rights Ruben Albert by THE PEOPLE’S LAWYER DANNY GLOVER DANNY Revolt on Goose Island:The Chicago The Catastrophe of Market Democracy ers.”— www.haymarketbooks.org Ʃ ANTHONY D. ROMERO ANTHONY D. author, author, Order online at online Order $19 • American Civil Liber American MONTHLY REVIEW PRESS REVIEW PRESS MONTHLY read this book www.monthlyreview.org | 800.670.9499 www.monthlyreview.org on can survive for decades, take on take decades, for survive Ɵon can , author, author, , —Kari Lydersen FactoryTakeover andWhat it Says About the Economic Crisis , former political prisoner in Indonesia, political prisoner in Indonesia, former , —Coen Husain Pontoh nally, is a book that relates the important history of the CCR history the important relates a book that is nally, “The seeminglylogical themselves and just idea that workers should the benefits of their labor has and reap regarding make the decisions always fraught with the potential to topple or reform been a concept and clearly copiously researched This ambitious, whole societies … analyzedwritten a sweeping diversity text provides with of examples, the specific politics but with underlyingcool detachment from pas- for the larger concept.” sion “This is very It shows book at the right enlightening and comes time. classus that the working can efforts.” liberate itself by its own le government, and remain honest to to honest and remain Ɵle government, new from from new now more than ever.”— than more now “Albert Ruben tells a great story, and this is one we need to hear need to one we and this is story, a great Ruben tells “Albert and reminds us why it ma us why and reminds “Here, “Here, to order: order: to “If you want to understand how a progressive how a progressive understand to want “If you organiza a hos its values, ------FILM , , or even the carries a decid —Kenneth Crab The The Thin Red Line City of Life and Death Geared to express airy religiosity over “Life is more difficult than death,” Kado tianity and personal rather redemption than busi German church, a In resistance. popular nessman and obvious Schindler equivalent John Rabe (John Paisley) breaks into guilty tears when announcing that a hundred Chi nese women must sacrificeto themselves the pleasure of the Japanese to ensure the safety of other Nanjing residents. With similar pa thos, right before his forced departure from watches he as knees his to falls Rabe city, the the Chinese clamor for help behind a fence. assistant, atones Rabe’s (Fan Wei), Mr. Tang for his selfishly opportunistic behavior staying in Nanjing to face certain by death, but by he for his gratitude is pregnant motivated countrymen. his for support not escape, wife’s of treatment in misogynistits edly undertone hope, compassion, male of enablers as women mourning and resilience. affec Kadokawa’s tions are reflected through hisromance with a Japanese prostitute and his Yu spiritual (Gao bond Jiang Miss sister-in-law, Tang’s with anyuan), who gives him her when rosary, he school Christian a attended he reveals direction,though wartimeChuan’s madness, of because misfires accomplished, undeniably its tightness. Visual motifs like the recurring focus on hands prove as transparent as the Carefullymusical score. portentous wrought compositions appear as clean and detached as the black-and-white cinematography that shape. them gives kawa ruminates in conclusion, after freeing filmmak the If war. of prisoners Chinese two er’s exercise in Hollywood grandiloquence was closer to the contemplative nuance Malick’s of unadorned unadorned humanity of Eastwood’s Letters from Iwo Jima, this final note would complacent. less sounded have ------, , Lu Chuan’s City of Life and

ity of Life and Death third feature film, details the un speakable speakable atrocities that occurred

channels the national, political and

The The film opens with recollections of the After reading Japanese soldiers’ accounts re stubborn Japan’s challenging of Instead The “good” characters stand out because C

and Death and Death (2009) City of Life and Death Directed by Lu Chuan by Kino International Released 24 May through Forum Film at Playing City of Life City during the 1937 Nanjing Massacre, Japanese forces when captured the former capital estimated an killingChina, of Republic the of 300,000 civilians80,000 raping and women period. six-week a over massacre’s onset from first-hand written accounts on postcards and a powerful evoca tion of the otherworldly setting through the eyes of Japanese officer Kadokawa (Hideo Nakaizumi). Once consciousness historical the abandons it however, narrative unfolds, play. morality obvious an into devolves and of events, Chuan decided to attempt to hu manize their brutality. As quence of rape, murder and violence crushes a numbing se the survivors’ spirits, the film fails individual strugglesof the to integrate vincingly con evil.banality of overall the with characters specif the officiallyluctance acknowledge to ics of the Nanjing tragedy, Death ethnic dimensions of this shameful episode power. of abuse of parable universal a into they are qualifiedas Western — by associa tion if not pedigree — and their Chris of charitable sphere within a framed are gestures