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CLEAN KWAT National Report Spain

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CLEAN KWAT National Report Spain CLEAN-kWAT Project [2016-1-TR01-KA202-033958] NATIONAL REPORT SPAIN By A.E.L.V. Fortuna 1 11.500 Puerto de Santa María (Spain) May 2.017 Índice 1. Introduction. 1.1. Geographic situation. 2.1. Population. 3.1. Administrative and political organization. 4.1. Economy 2. Current environmental situation in Spain. 3. Spanish geological context and its relation with renewable energies. 4. National energy policies. 5. National environmental policies. 6. Dilemma between energy production and protection of the environment. 6.1. Benefits and impacts of renewable energies in Spain and Andalusia. 7. Studies related to renewable energies in Spain. 8. Bibliography 1. Introduction. 1.1. Geographic situation. Spain is located in south-western Europe and in North Africa. It covers 505,955 km, occupying most of the Iberian Peninsula and shares borders with Portugal. The rest (12,500 km) are islands: the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea, and two autonomous cities (Ceuta and Melilla) in North Africa. Only 14 km. Separate Spain from the African continent, which gives it a great strategic value 1.2. Population. The population of Spain is 46,745,807 inhabitants, which gives a population density of 92.61 inhabitants per square kilometer. The distribution of the population is very irregular, concentrating on the coast and leaving large areas of the interior sparsely inhabited. 77% of the population lives in urban areas. As for religion, Catholics are 94%. The official language is Spanish or Castilian, which speaks 74% of the population as the mother tongue; Other official languages in some autonomous communities are Catalan (which speaks 17% of the population), Galician (7%) and Basque (2%). The capital is Madrid, other important provincial capitals by the number of inhabitants are: Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Zaragoza and Malaga. 1.3. Administrative and political organization. Spain is administratively divided into 17 autonomous communities: Andalusia, Aragon, Principality of Asturias, Balearic Islands, Canaries, Castile and Leon, Castile-La Mancha, Catalonia, Extremadura, Galicia, La Rioja, Madrid, Region of Murcia, Navarre , Basque Country and Valencian Community. The political system is Democracy, in addition there is a constitutional monarchy, in which the King is the Head of the State. The Autonomous Communities have Parliament, which makes possible that there is an autonomous government in each of them. Since 1,978 the Spanish Constitution governs the government of the State. 1.4. Economy. The economy in Spain is based on the services sector. In the 1970s there was a high presence of the industrial sector and the production of energy. The services sector has gone from 46% of GDP in 1970 to 75% in 2015. Spain has competitive companies in banking, distribution, engineering, infrastructure management and construction, water and waste management, hotels, energy production and distribution, renewable energy, insurance and telephony. Tourism represents an important source of income for the country's economy. 2.Current environmental situation in Spain. Climatic change. By means of Royal Decree 376/2001 of 6 April, the Spanish Climate Change Office (OECC) was created as a collegiate body under the General Direction of Quality and Environmental Assessment of the Ministry of the Environment to develop policies related to climate change. In Spain has been observed during the twentieth century and part of the s. XXI the following: - Warming has been more pronounced in spring and summer, and in the maximum temperatures. - By regions, the most affected by the warming are those located in the eastern half in torrno to the Mediterranean (from Girona to Malaga) and the Canary Islands. - Decrease in cold days and increase in warm weather. Greenhouse effect. The following graph shows the emission of greenhouse gases in Spain and the EU. Emissions of greenhouse gases in Spain and EU In 2014, GHG emissions increased by 0.45%. This is the first increase since the decline started in 2007 - Between 1990 and 2014, GHG emissions increased by 15% - In 2014 Spain contributed 7.7% of all EU-28 GHG emissions - Spain was the thirteenth EU-28 country with the lowest CO2-eq per euro of GDP in 2014 and the 11th with the lowest per capita emissions The overall emissions of the country up to 2.040 are expected to be 353.7 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent. This is 18 million more than what Spain expelled to the atmosphere in 2015, ie Spain is one of the European countries most exposed to the harmful effects of warming, not only will not reduce its emissions, but will increase them in the coming years. 25 years. Cuality Air. Average concentrations SO2, NO2, PM10, PM2,5 y O3 Over the period from 2003 to 2014 there was an improvement in the quality of the regional background air in Spain, characterized by a marked decrease in the average concentrations of SO2 and significant reductions in NO2 and particulate matter. The reduction of ozone concentrations has been less marked than the rest of the pollutants. In particular, SO2 levels have been reduced by 57.9%, with a particularly intense decline between 2007 and 2009. On the other hand, the NO2, PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations offer drops of 35, 1%, 32.8% and 27.4%, respectively. Carbon footprint Known as "the totality of greenhouse gases (GHG) emitted by direct or indirect effect of an individual, organization, event or product". Such environmental impact is measured by carrying out an inventory of GHG emissions or a life cycle analysis according to the type of footprint, following recognized international standards such as ISO 14064, PAS 2050 or GHG Protocol, among others. The carbon footprint is measured in mass CO2 equivalent. Once the size and the footprint are known, it is possible to implement a strategy of reduction and / or compensation of emissions, through different programs, public or private. Part of the environmental impact control policies in Spain include the development of projects: European Climate Fund projects in Spain On the 29th of July 2014, the Decree163 / 2014 issued Decree-Law notices, as it implements the carbon record, compensation and carbon dioxide absorption projects. The voluntary registration was born with the vocation of encouraging the calculation and reduction of the carbon footprint by Spanish organizations, as well as promoting projects that improve the sink capacity of Spain, thus constituting a measure of Fight against climate change of a horizontal nature. The year 2015, with 62 selected projects, has been the one that has had a greater number of projects since in 2012 the first summons was launched - The residential and agricultural sectors are the ones with the highest number of proposals selected in 2015 (19% and 17%, respectively). - Climate Projects aim to avoid emissions in diffuse sectors, such as transport, residential, waste, agriculture and livestock, industry (not included in emissions trading) and fluorinated gases. Contamination of waters. Currently there are rivers with worrying levels of pollution, due to human activities (domestic, industrial and agricultural), which add to the water these substances: detergents, fertilizers, pesticides, nitrates... or are the landfills of some cities (organic remains). Another problem is the use of water to irrigate crops and transfers between rivers, which makes the watershed biodiversity suffer. In the southern area the most important problem is water scarcity. In the northern part of the country, the black waters, rivers near the industrial zones. 3. Spanish geological context and its relation with renewable energies. In our country we can find a variety of landscapes and climates that can favor the installation of certain types of renewable energy sources, for this we must place ourselves in the Spanish geological context. The Iberian peninsula is the most southern and westernmost of Europe, the only one between two seas and the closest to the African continent, is in a temperate zone of the north hemisphere and enjoys a Mediterranean climate in most of Its territory except in the northern zone that predominates a more continental climate. The special characteristics of the relief organization also singles out Spain are: • The solid form, as a consequence of the great extension in latitude and longitude of the Peninsula, of the little articulated character of its coasts, giving a marked continental character to the interior of the Peninsula • The high average altitude resulting from the existence of the Castilian Plateau • The ring road arrangement of the mountain systems that are established around or independent of the Castilian Plateau. This singularity of relief gives the country a continental character in much of the territory and explains its hydrographic network Spain is also a country known for having many hours of sunlight which helps to proliferate energies such as thermosolar. We conclude that Spain has a good capacity to install different types of renewable energy thanks to its geographical singularity. Most of the renewable energy produced was hydro, followed by wind after it, the biofuels. Spain for its climatic conditions has been the first country in the world to require the installation of solar panels in its new buildings since according to some reports like those of Greenpeace solar energy could providen seven times the electrical demand that would have the peninsula in 2050. In this map we can see the distribution of renewable energies in Spain In Spain the renewable source that stands out is undoubtedly the wind, but also the hydroelectric and the solar have their weight. Hydroelectric: Historically this has been the first way to exploit a renewable energy source that was used in the world, in fact, already in the early twentieth century began to build large hydraulic dams in Spain. These plants that are built on the river channels, are based on the creation of a reservoir of water in order to have a reserve of energy, which at certain moments is released.
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