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Second-Life Electric Vehicle Batteries As a Wind Energy Storage System to Avoid Power Reductions

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Second-Life Electric Vehicle Batteries As a Wind Energy Storage System to Avoid Power Reductions Master Thesis Second-life electric vehicle batteries as a wind energy storage system to avoid power reductions. A case study in Tenerife, Spain. ________________________________________________________________________________________ Author: Aaron Isaac López Tacoronte Master’s degree: Renewable Energy Advisor: Juan Albino Méndez Pérez Department: Computer Science and Systems Engineering ________________________________________________________________________________________ September, 2020 Reference Data Reference data University: Universidad de La Laguna Master’s degree: Renewable Energy Type: Master Thesis Date: September, 2020 Title: Second-life electric vehicles batteries as a wind energy storage system to avoid power reduction. A case study in Tenerife, Spain. Author: Aaron Isaac López Tacoronte Advisor: Juan Albino Méndez Pérez Department: Computer Science and Systems Engineering Aaron I. López Tacoronte 2 Abstract Abstract Increasing energy demand leads to environmental challenges such as global warming and climate change. This situation requires a paradigm shift to take place in the ways of generating energy. Sustainable carbon-free energy sources, such as wind or solar, must increase rapidly to replace the generation systems based on conventional sources that predominate today. However, the increase in the use of renewable energy systems has produced an instability of the grid, due to the stochastic nature of this type of energy, especially wind energy. These challenges require storage systems that provide viable power system operation solutions. In this work, the use of second-life electric vehicle batteries has been proposed to design electrical energy storage systems at a lower cost, so that surplus wind energy can be stored at times of low electricity demand and high wind resources, and thus, being able to avoid power reductions, with the main objective of reducing energy waste and making intelligent use of stored energy, in order to obtain an additional economic benefit. Firstly, the role of wind energy in the electricity generation structure of the island of Tenerife, Spain, has been studied. Second, research has been carried out on electric mobility on the island under study, so that the capacity of second-life electric vehicle batteries that may be available in the future can be estimated. And, finally, a technical and economic feasibility study has been carried out for the introduction of these storage systems in a wind farm in Tenerife. In the future, the proposed technology has the potential to become a low-cost battery energy storage system that is essential for increasing the integration of renewable energy into the grid, as well as reducing the environmental footprint by prolonging the useful life of the batteries for electric vehicles, which will offer added value to the entire system. Keywords: Isolated electrical systems, renewable energies integration, wind energy, energy storage systems, second-life electric vehicle batteries. Aaron I. López Tacoronte 3 Table of Contents Table of contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 7 2. Theoretical Framework .......................................................................................................................... 10 2.1. Integration of variable renewable energies ........................................................................................ 10 2.2. Electrical energy storage systems ...................................................................................................... 11 2.3. Electrochemical energy storage systems ........................................................................................... 13 2.4. Lithium ion batteries .......................................................................................................................... 13 2.5. Disposal and recycling of batteries .................................................................................................... 15 2.6. Second-life electric vehicle batteries ................................................................................................. 15 3. Experimental: Second-life electric vehicle battery wind energy storage systems in isolated electrical systems .............................................................................................................................................................. 17 3.1. Wind energy in the electric system.................................................................................................... 17 3.1.1. Data Analysis ............................................................................................................................. 18 3.1.2. Wind energy contribution model ............................................................................................... 20 3.2. Electric mobility ................................................................................................................................ 20 3.2.1. Data Analysis ............................................................................................................................. 21 3.2.2. Capacity of second-life electric vehicle battery energy storage systems ................................... 22 3.2.3. Electric vehicles registrations contribution model .................................................................... 22 3.3. Technical-economic feasibility a second-life electric vehicle battery energy storage systems in a wind farm 23 4. The role of wind energy in Tenerife ....................................................................................................... 25 5. Evolution of electric mobility in Tenerife .............................................................................................. 33 6. Case Study: Use of second-life electric vehicle batteries to store wind energy in Tenerife ............... 39 7. Conclusions .............................................................................................................................................. 48 References ........................................................................................................................................................ 51 Aaron I. López Tacoronte 4 List of Figures and Tables List of Figures Figure 1. Comparison of different types of electrical energy storage systems. Source: [27] ........................... 12 Figure 2. Commercial maturity of different electrical storage technologies. Source: [35] .............................. 12 Figure 3. Average load curve for the Tenerife’s power system (2015-2020). .................................................. 27 Figure 4. 2019 average load curve for the Tenerife’s power system. ............................................................... 27 Figure 5. Wind power installed by municipalities in Tenerife. Source: REE ................................................... 28 Figure 6. Evolution of annual energy generation (MWh) by technology between 2015 and 2020. ................. 30 Figure 7. Comparison of annual energy generation (%) by technology between 2015 and 2020. ................... 31 Figure 8. Monthly wind energy generation trend between 2015 and 2020. ..................................................... 31 Figure 9. Forecast of the annual wind energy generation from 2020 to 2030 .................................................. 32 Figure 10. Fleet of electric vehicles evolution between 2015 and 2020. .......................................................... 33 Figure 11. Fleet of electric vehicles evolution by vehicle type between 2010 and 2020. ................................ 34 Figure 12. Monthly electric vehicle registrations trend between 2015 and 2020. ............................................ 35 Figure 13. Forecast of the annual electric vehicle registrations from 2020 to 2030. ........................................ 36 Figure 14. Seasonal behaviour of electricity pool price. .................................................................................. 39 Figure 15. Daily profile of electricity pool Price. ............................................................................................. 40 Figure 16. Seasonal behaviour of wind speed in Arico. ................................................................................... 40 Figure 17. Daily profile of wind speed in Arico. Tenerife demand profile comparison. ................................. 41 Figure 18. Daily profile of ICOR Wind Farm generation. Tenerife demand profile comparison. ................... 42 Figure 19. Daily profile of ICOR Wind Farm power reduction. ...................................................................... 42 Figure 20. Capacity and load factor of ICOR Wind Farm in 2019. ................................................................. 43 Figure 21. ICOR Wind Farm Power Curve (MW). .......................................................................................... 44 Aaron I. López Tacoronte 5 List of Figures and Tables List of Tables Table 1. Analysis of electricity demand (MW) and generation structure (MW) of Tenerife's power system between 2015 and 2020. .................................................................................................................................... 25 Table 2. Power installed by technology (MW) in Tenerife. ............................................................................. 26 Table
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