DOMESTIC MARKETING OF PRODUCTS - INDIAN EXPERIENCE

by V.T. Markose

Abstract

Till 1975, import of or into India in substantial quantities was a regular feature. During the eighties, the quantum of import of coconut products into the country declined considerably. During the last 5 years, the import has been quite insignificant. Except for the by-product-, all other major coconut products such as copra, coconut, desiccated coconut and coconut oil do not figure in the export of coconut products. Domestic market for coconut products is so vast that demand for coconut and coconut products is country-wide in spite of the fact that concentration of the crop is confined to the littoral states in the country.

Domestic market for coconut products consists of a chain of intermediaries such as village merchants, commission agents, brokers and wholesalers or dealers, especially for the trade in coconut, copra and coconut oil. Of late, there is a tendency to bypass the intermediaries in certain fields so that the farmers are assured of remunerative price for coconut. This is all the more significant in the case of the major coconut growing state in India, namely , where processing of coconut to copra or the trade in copra is organised through village co-operatives formed for this purpose and the co-operative market the produce to the apex body namely, KERAFED, a Government Agency which operates in such as way that the farmer is protected against crash in coconut prices. Price stabilization measures such as *

* Chief Coconut Development Officer, Coconut Development Board, Cochin, India.

104 open market intervention by the Government agencies is often resorted to during the peak harvesting season to protect the interest of the farmers.

Coconut oil price is highly sensitive to demand supply situations and often exhibits violent fluctuations. As 90% of the production of milling copra is concentrated in Kerala, production of in a particular year in Kerala, distribution of imported edible oil, particularly palm oil in the State, and the overall availability of other edible oils in the country,influence the coconut price level to a consider­ able extent.

The future of coconut industry presents a rosy picture. Production and productivity levels show perceptible improvement. For the year 1990-1991 production level has attained the figure of 9,700 million nuts and in all likelihood it may touch 10,000 million mark by 1991-1992. Need of the hour is to accomplish product diversification either by transfer of technology or development of indigenous technology so that the new products could even tap the export market. Such a situation warrants a new orientation to the present marketing system so as to explore new markets outside the country. Introduction of coconut oil in consumer packs on a large scale, manufacture of desiccated coconut and coconut cream in sizable quantities, etc. would go a long way to stabilise the coconut prices at remunerative level to the coconut growers, processors and traders.

Coconut, an important oilseed crop of tree origin grown in India, commands a unique position as a source of food, drink, shelter and vegetable oil. On the edible oil sector, seven percent of the total consump­ tion is shared by coconut oil and hence coconut has been declared as an oilseed by the Government of India in 1990. Coconut cultivation, trade, processing, and indus­ trial activities generate employment opportunities to 15 million people in the country. Coconut is a poor man’s crop in India because small and marginal farmers are the major participants in coconut production. About 5

105 million farm families depend on the crop for their livelihood. The contribution of the crop towards the national income is to the extent of Rs.35 billion or 1.4 billion USS. Export of coir and coir products earn foreign exchange to the tune of Rs.627 million annually.

Coconut, the cultivation of which is concentrated mainly on the coastal tracts in India, enjoys widespread acceptance and countrywide consumption. With the production of coconuts touching 10 billion nut mark a year, India, the third largest coconut growing country in the world, may have to resort to imports in certain years to meet the internal demand. Barring coir and coir products,almost all other coconut products produced within the country fall slightly short of the internal requirements. Almost the entire coconut products figure prominently in the internal trade. As such, there are well established trade channels for coconut products within the country. The vast improvement in communication and transport systems has enabled quicker movement of goods from one corner to another as well as in transmission of market intelligence to different market centres. The coconut oil trade is in the hands of well established private business houses who deal other vegetable oils also. Because of the requirement of a very huge capital investment for the trade, coupled with the highly fluctuating nature of the prices of coconut products, it is a difficult path for new entrants to tread.

Among the coconut growing States in India, the four States in the southern region viz., Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh together account for more than 90 percent of the production of coconut in the country. The distribution of area under and production of coconut in the different States and Union Territories is furnished in Appendix 1.

Trend in Supply of Coconuts

Import of coconut and coconut products is almost negligible during the last five years. As such, trend in

106 production of coconuts will clearly reveal the actual trend in supply. Coconut production during the last five years (Appendix 2) shows an increasing trend. Production of coconuts during the period 1985-1990 has registered a 6 percent growth rate. During 1990-1991, coconut production has touched the level of 9.7 billion nuts, registering an increase of 3.6 percent over the previous year. It is almost likely that production level would attain 10 billion nuts mark by 1991-1992.

Among the coconut growing States, the contribution of Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu in production of coconuts has direct bearing on all India production. Especially, production of coconuts in Kerala influences the price of coconut products at the national level. This is one of the major factors in tilting the price level, and this, coupled with import of palm oil for distribution in Kerala, affects the price of coconut oil considerably. Spectacular improvement in production of coconut in Kerala and regular distribution of palm oil through the public distribution system at rates much lower than that of coconut oil always contributed to the downswing in price level.

Marketing of Coconut Products

The intervention of the Government agencies in coconut products trade has been minimum and as such coconut and coconut products in India enjoy a free market and the price is dependent on the overall demand and supply position. Government intervention takes place only to protect the interests of farmers so as to ensure a remunerative price, whenever the price level plummets below the support price.

Tender Coconut

Tender is a refreshing drink and is consumed as a soft drink in the metropolitan cities and smaller towns. Around ten percent of the production of coconuts in India is harvested at tender stage and is

107 marketed in big cities, towns and nearby market centres. Tender nuts are harvested throughout the year, almost every week from the same garden. Of late, the tender coconut is gaining popularity because of the preference of consumers to natural drinks vis-a-vis synthetic ones. This is all the more evident in Kerala State where harvesting tender nuts was not at all practised until recently. A situation has emerged where the retail sale of tender nuts is a common sight in cities and towns in Kerala. This is a clear enough signal pointing the scope of expanding tender coconut market on a large scale in Kerala State.

Price-wise, the difference between synthetic drinks and tender coconut water is negligible. The slight edge of synthetic drinks over tender coconut water is that synthetic drinks are available in attractive consumer bottles and pouches and can be stored under refrigerated conditions and preserved for longer periods.

Tender coconut is a popular soft drink in West Bengal, Orissa, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka States and also in the North Eastern States. The demand for tender coconut is comparatively negligible in Kerala because of the fact that mature nuts and its by-products are completely utilized for edible purposes, oil extraction and husk for coir fibre extraction. In the states of W. Bengal, Maharashtra and Orissa, bulk of the nut production is harvested at tender stage and marketed as soft drink. The demand for tender nut is very high during summer period extending from March to May in the country.

A process to bottle coconut water from mature nuts and to standardise it to the level of soft drink has been developed by the Regional Research Laboratory, Trivandrum, India. Test marketing of this product in some of the cities revealed encouraging results.

Mature Nuts

Harvesting pattern of coconut influences the arrival of coconut in the assembling and retail markets

108 as well as at the processing centres. In practice, the number of harvests in India ranges from 6 to 8 times in a year depending on the location, at an interval of 45 to 60 days in between harvests, frequency of harvests being more in summer months.

The marketing channel in coconuts consists of intermediaries such as village merchants, commission agents/wholesalers, and retailers within each State and outside the States. In the case of interstate trade, it passes from wholesale dealers/'commission agents of producing States, wherefrom, the stock of nuts enters into internal markets. Fully husked nuts are sold in the retail market for local consumption. Mature nuts with full or partial husk are traded in the assembling markets for interstate transaction. Trucks are the most popular transport vehicles used for interstate movement. For internal movement, bullock carts are common. Transportation by country boats through waterways is prevalent in Kerala State, along the coastal belts.

Smallholders dispose of their crop directly to copra makers. In certain areas, village merchants collect the nuts from small farmers as well as from large scale holdings and after grading, sell the produce to retailers and to copra making units. While disposing of nuts to copra making units, trade allowance at the rate of one to five nuts per 100 nuts is allowed to the purchaser, depending on the size of nuts and location of transaction. If the purchaser or processor resorts to selection of good quality nuts among the lot, no allowance is permitted. In some areas, the buyer pays the price of coconuts only after sale of copra. In certain areas in Kerala, there is a practice of selling split nuts to copra makers. This practice is known as ’Vettithukkam’ in local language. In many places, processors sort out small nuts and separate them from the lot. While counting, five to six small nuts are counted equivalent to four nuts. This often results in a loss to the producer as the assessment of size of nuts is made by visual judgment of the purchaser. This practice of ’Vettithukkam’ acts as a guard against any malpractice in sale practice.

1 0 9 In the ’Vettithukkam’ system of transaction, the producer takes the husked nuts to the premises of the buyers, cuts open, and drains out the nut water. Nuts are then weighed and for every 10 kg weight, the buyer offers the price of two kilograms of oil quoted in the wholesale market on the day of transaction. Minor adjustments, depending upon the source of coconut and season of harvest, are also made in determining the price. In the coastal belt, the farmer gets Rs.2 to 3 more for every 10 kg. weight. Farmers from hilly tract get Rs.2 to 3 less for every 10 kg. Similarly, in the lean season, the quality of nut is poor and hence recovery of copra and oil is less. Consequently, similar deduction in price is made. The buyer and the seller (the farmer) are benefited under this marketing system. For good quality nuts, as determined by the weight, the farmer is benefited - rather he gets his due share and better price than what he could have obtained by selling in terms of numbers. The buyer is also benefited as the variations in size, water content etc., among the nuts are eliminated. Since the only variable is the shell content, risk is reduced to the minimum. Handling large number of nuts at a time for disposal may not be feasible and that is the only lacuna in this practice. However, to small farmers who sell small lots of nuts, this is an ideal system and the price will always be optimum.

Grocery shops, vegetable shops and vegetable markets are the main centres of retail outlets. In Kerala, the major coconut growing State, fully husked nuts are traded in the market, whereas the farmers dispose of nuts invariably with husk on. In Tamil Nadu, partial husking is resorted to because during trans­ portation to distant places, partial husking enables easy handling and prevents breakage and damage of nuts during storage under extreme climatic conditions.

In certain regions in India, especially in Karnataka and Orissa States, regulated markets for coconut also function. Farmers bring in their produce to regulated markets and auctioned in public. The merchants who buy them grade them according to size and

110 maturity, and after partial removal of husk, send to dealers in the consuming centres where they are stored and traded in the wholesale and retail markets. A chain of three or four intermediaries are involved in between the producer and the ultimate consumer. Usually, the price realised by the producer will be around 60 percent of the price paid by the consumer. About 15 percent will be spent on further processing such as partial dehusking and transportation charges and 20 percent shared as trade profit by middlemen involved in the transaction and balance 5 percent as tax incidence. But when a farmer in Kerala disposes his produce directly to a copra maker, a higher share of the price, say, 80 to 90 percent of the consumer price is realised. Price of coconut is fixed on the basis of the previous days’ closing price of coconut oil in the important markets published in the leading newspapers everyday. The price will be adjusted upward or downward depending on the quality of nuts brought by individual farmers. Wherever coir processing is prevalent, especially in Kerala, the husk is sold to coir processing units. In Kerala, where retting facilities are available close to the copra making centres, husk is invariably utilised for extraction of fibre.

Edible Copra

Edible copra making is well established in Kerala, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Edible copra is produced in the form of cup as well as balls (whole nuts after removal of shell). The hand-picked white colored and well dried copra selected from the bulk milling copra is also traded as edible cup copra. Cup copra is produced mainly in Lakshadweep and a few centres in Kerala. It is used as a dry fruit and also in the preparation of sweets and curries. Edible ball copra is very much in demand for social and religious functions also -in North Indian States. The cup copra is graded and is used in ’Pan’ (used for chewing with betel leaf, arecanut and tobacco).

In Karnataka, edible copra is mainly in the form of balls and is called ball copra. Farmers or

111 processors of edible copra market their produce through regulated markets. Copra is packed in gunny bags at the rate of 45 to 50 kg per bag. Mode of transport is usually bullock cart or tractors. The most popular grades traded are ’Summa’, ’Cola’ and ’Dubbah Ball copra from Karnataka is mainly traded in distant markets such as Bombay, Pune, Delhi, Ahmedabad, Himachal Pradesh, Assam and Rajasthan. Truck is the main mode of transportation for interstate trade.

In Andhra Pradesh, ball copra with shell is traded in partially dehusked form, and as such, keeping quality of this copra is more than one year.

In Kerala, Badagara and Kozhikode are the main centres of edible copra production as well as the assembling markets for edible copra. The edible ball copra produced in these centres is known as ’Calicut Gola’. Edible cup copra from Kozhikode is graded as ’Rajapur’, ’Madras’ and ’Dilpas’.

In Alleppey market in Kerala, best quality white coloured copra is sorted from the bulk milling copra and is marketed as edible cup copra. The grades of edible copra in Alleppey are known as ’Dala’ and ’Rai’. The markets for edible cup copra are Northern, Western, Eastern and North Eastern regions of India.

In the case of ball copra, the wholesaler in the production centre purchases it from farmers either direct or through regulated markets. It is sent to distant market centres after grading and proper packing. The wholesalers at the receiving end market it through retailers.

Edible copra commands a premium price over milling copra, the premium being 25 to 35 percent in the case of ball copra and 10 to 15 percent in the case of cup copra.

Several grades and classifications of edible copra prevail in the market. Such grade specifications are based on the quality and the end uses. Price also varies depending on grade specifications.

112 Milling Copra

Production of milling copra is concentrated in Kerala State. The total production of milling copra is estimated to be around 0.47 million tonnes. Whatever quantity produced is consumed by the milling units within the country.

The usual practice of marketing milling copra in Kerala is by direct sale from copra makers to millers in their vicinity. Large scale processors haul their produce to assembling markets or purchase from depots of government sponsored agencies because pricing in these centres is more competitive. The price offered for individual lot is based on moisture content, quality, colour of copra and the ruling market price of coconut oil.

Price of copra is fixed on the basis of the prevailing wholesale price of coconut oil. In certain areas, price of copra is determined according to the ruling wholesale price of copra. Copra with 6 percent moisture content is considered as standard quality. But in practice, copra with higher level of moisture is often traded. In such situations, the miller or buyer of copra claims an allowance known as ’Ghati’. On fully dried copra, ’Ghati’ will not be deducted. ’Ghati’ varies depending on the driage of copra and usually varies from 2 kg to 5 kg per 100 kg of copra traded.

Coconut Oil

Sixty percent of the total copra produced in Kerala is crushed within the State and the rest is traded to millers outside the State, especially in the major milling centres of Bombay, Calcutta, Tuticorin and Madras through wholesalers/commission agents.

Coconut oil is marketed in bulk in 200 kg steel drums and transportation is mainly by trucks and very rarely through railway wagons. The cost of transportation through railway wagons is comparatively cheaper, but the longer duration of time involved in

113 transit invariably results in loss. Moreover, transportation by road facilitates to unload the goods straight into the godown of the upcountry miller or wholesaler. Transaction of bulk packs is fixed either through commission agents or brokers. The bulk buyers are mostly soap making units and paint manufacturers.

Small packs are becoming more and more popular among the consumers, especially in the urban areas. Packings in lOOg, 200g, 500g, l,000g and 2,000g are moving briskly in all the markets. Various packing materials are used for small packing such as HDPE cans, glass bottles, PVC bottles and Polythene pouches. From each market centre the produce moves to retailers. The retailers, who buy 16 kg tins, sell oil in small quan­ tities. The largest moving small package is 200g, HDPE bottles. The coconut oil price rules at the lowest level in Kerala whereas the price of oil outside Kerala is always higher by 20 to 25 percent.

Taking into account the growth in demand for small packs, there is stiff competition among different brands marketed by millers. Oil marketed in small packs is of superior quality because it is micro filtered with very low content free fatty acids. Moreover, the containers and the labels are very attractive. While designing the container, utmost attention is paid to the convenience in handling the containers by consumers. Since containers are sealed air tight, contamination and adulteration are eliminated to the minimum possible extent. Keeping quality is very high when compared to other types of packing. Small packs are priced at 45 to 50 percent more than the bulk packs. Since the price of small packs are revised once in three to six months, day to day price fluctuations do not affect their price. The small packs move from the manufacturer to the wholesaler or agent and then to the retailer. Sometimes it also moves directly from the manufacturer to the retail outlet and then to the consumer.

The most common packing is in 15 kg tin con­ tainers. The practice in this case is that traders order their requirement from the millers and require them to fill in requisite number of tins and depict the

114 labels supplied by traders. In this case it will be marketed in the brand name of the traders. Labels for this purpose are supplied by the traders. Many oil mills in Kerala and those operating from Bombay have their own sales outlets for coconut oil in important cities/towns in India. They can make branch transfers which will not attract interstate tax.

Desiccated Coconut

Desiccated coconut making units are concentrated in Karnataka. A few units are operating in Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. There are about 35 desiccated coconut making units of which more than two third are concentrated in Karnataka. The annual production of desiccated coconut is around 20,000 tonnes.

The consuming centres are north, west and north eastern parts of India. About 40 percent of the production is consumed by organised biscuit and con­ fectionery manufacturers and the remaining 60 percent is traded through wholesalers in North Indian markets. The main consumers of this item are local bakers, sweetmeat shops and households. The important markets are New Delhi, Indore, Kanpur, Bombay, Ahmedabad, Calcutta and some other towns in the North Eastern region. The wholesalers in the up country markets sell to retailers and from there the product reaches the consumer.

Coir

In Kerala, husk is a by-product in the copra making units. Large quantity of husk is available from these processing centres. Natural retting is practised in Kerala where backwaters and lagoons offer the facility for retting. Coir fibre extraction in Kerala is mostly manual and about 80,000 cottage type units are spread throughout Kerala engaged in fibre extraction. An equivalent number or more spinning units convert the coir fibre into yarn which forms the raw material for over 4,000 coir manufacturing units.

A large number of mechanical fibre extraction units have come in States like Tamil Nadu, and a few in

115 Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Orissa. These units mainly dispose of fibre after production for general use in all States and curled fibre which forms the raw material for rubberized coir products. The product moves direct from the factories to the consuming units or centres.

The other by-product, coconut shell, is utilised as fuel in the processing centres. There are a few units manufacturing shell powder and shell charcoal. Two large units are being set up for the manufacture of activated carbon. One small scale unit in private sector has already started production.

Another product, namely coconut toddy which is tapped from the coconut palm, is marketed as an intoxi­ cating drink of the common man in the rural areas of Kerala State. In certain coconut growing States, toddy tapping is a flourishing business. In Kerala, there are about 30,000 tappers who are fully engaged in this trade. Distribution and sale of toddy provide employment to another 30,000 people. Eighty million liters of toddy is produced annually which is sold through a chain of retail shops spread throughout the rural and urban areas.

Import of Copra and Coconut Oil

India faces frequent shortages in supplies of vegetable oils. Therefore, coconut oil/copra was one of the major items of import. However, as a measure of incentive to coconut farmers, import has been restructured to minimum quantity in recent years. The quantity of copra and coconut oil imported during the last five years has been negligible. Import duty on coconut oil consists of custom duty at the rate of 125% plus an auxiliary duty at the rate of 45%, so that the total incidence is 170%. In the case of import of copra, custom is levied at the rate of 55% and auxiliary duty at 45%, with total incidence at 100%.

1 1 6 Price Trend

Normal Price Behaviour

The prices of copra and raw coconut move in tune with that of coconut oil prices. Coconut oil prices in upcountry markets are determined on the price of coconut oil at Cochin Market. Coconut oil constitute about 6 percent of total vegetable oil production in the country. But, the price behaviour of coconut oil has been found to be uncertain and erratic characterised by wide and violent fluctuations, resulting into unpredictable changes in the daily, weekly, monthly and yearly price levels.

The normal price trend of coconut oil over a period of years is that the price declines progressively from December-January to May-June. The lowest being in April-May. Thereafter, the price tends to improve progressively till November-December, the highest price being in November. This trend compares well with harvest/arrival pattern of coconut. However, on many occasions this trend was found to be disturbed due to various reasons.

Coconut oil prices generally have moved independently during the past 10 years and have not been influenced significantly by the price behaviour of any particular oil in the country. However, the overall availability of oils and fats in the country including the imports and the relative price have a definite influence on the demand for coconut oil and on its prices.

The Trend During the Last Ten Years

A study of the prices of coconut oil during the period 1982-1983 to 1991-1992 indicates a generally normal price behaviour pattern. It also indicates the month wide variations during many occasions contrary to the normal pattern. The average annual price which was only Rs. 1,555 per quintal in 1982, increased to Rs.2,371 in 1983-1984 and to Rs.3,221 in 1984-1985. But this

1 1 7 steady upward trend was reversed in 1985-1986 and the average price declined to Rs. 1,701 per quintal. However, a fairly steady trend was witnessed during the period 1986-1987 to 1990-1991, except in the year 1989-1990. From the very beginning of 1990-1991 a steady upward trend was observed and prices rose to unprecedented level in 1991-1992. The average price which was only Rs.2,433 in 1986-1987 rose to Rs.4,284 per quintal in 1991-1992.

During the current year, i.e., 1992, a definite change in the normal price behaviour is observed in the oil market. Inspite of peak crop season, the price of coconut oil showed an unprecedented upward trend from the very beginning of the year. Current year witnessed the highest recorded prices in the history of coconut oil trade in the country.

The present firming up tendency is expected to continue during the remaining months of the year and is attributed to the following reasons for the present high prices of coconut oil in the country.

Firstly, the fall in arrivals of copra in the traditional markets and production centres resulting in shortfall in the availability of copra to indigenous crushing mills. Eventhough nearly 60% of the total production of copra in a year normally arrives in the market, the actual fact is that the arrivals in the traditional terminal markets is reported to be very much low and erratic compared to those of previous years.

The major reason for the large scale diversion of copra from the traditional markets was reported to be due to the intervention of the government-sponsored Kerala State Kera Karshaka Co-operative Federation (KERAFED) and the Kerala State Co-operative Marketing Federation (MARKETFED) in the copra market. There are about 900 Primary Cooperative Societies which buy copra as agents of KERAFED and MARKETFED for bulk procurement. Due to various incentives like ready cash down payment, reasonable prices and convenience, the farmers now prefer to sell their produce to the societies. In other

118 words, the risk on transportation of copra to distant centres and sales at the advantage of the buyers at the price offered by them has been considerably reduced.

The KERAFED and MARKETFED, having sufficient resources at their disposal, procure whatever quantity of copra available in the market, rendering the oil millers in the private sector to find it difficult to procure required quantity of copra for their own mills. This has resulted in a general fall in production of coconut oil in the private sector.

It is reported that the KERAFED and MARKETFED have built up a sizable stock of copra during the current season besides the accumulated stock already procured earlier. These organisations release only a very limited quantity for crushing at present. This policy tremendously helped to keep the prices at a steady higher level.

The demand for coconut oil is reported to be very steady from all the centres. The distribution of imported palm oil in Kerala State did not adversely affect the demand for coconut oil because of inadequate supply of palm oil. The general inflationary trend in the country is another factor for the high price of coconut oil. It is observed that the current prices of all vegetable oils are ruling at a very high level compared to their respective prices during the corresponding period in the previous years.

The Government of India has fixed the floor price of copra at Rs.1,700 per quintal for year 1991-1992. But the prices have been always ruling at much higher levels than the floor prices.

The Influence of International Prices in the Internal Market

As the entire production of coconut and oil is consumed within the country and there is no import of the commodity worth mentioning, the international prices of coconut does not exert any influence in the internal

119 market. However, the general behaviour pattern of international prices of coconut oil'is fairly in line with that of the internal price behaviour even though the internal prices are ruling at much higher levels. The average international price of coconut oil in April 1992 was only Rs.1,747 per quintal as against the price of Rs.4,081 per quintal in the Indian market. A statement showing the average annual prices of coconut oil at Cochin and the international prices during the period 1987-1991 is given below.

Year Prices at Kochi International Price Rs. ps. /Qtl. Rs. ps./Qtl.

1987 3,054 579 1988 3,177 791 1989 2,415 827 1990 2,727 606 1991 4,060 1,082

Conclusion

Stabilisation of prices is the essential need of the hour. This will go a long way in protecting the interests of small farmers. During the peak season, the Central Government fixes support price for copra every year, only with the purpose of ensuring remunerative prices to small farmers. A permanent agency to update a supply management programme so as to contain the violent fluctuations in prices of copra/coconut oil will be a definite advantage to the farmers as well as to the consumers.

With the production level attaining 10 billion nuts and sufficient improvement in production,it is also essential to plan diversification of coconut products and locate different coconut-based industries in the favourable locations. The present marketing channels consisting of a chain of intermediaries has to be streamlined so that the farmer’s share in price is not eroded.

120 Appendix-i

ALL INDIA FINAL ESTIMATE OF COCONLTr 1 9 9 0 -1 9 9 1

AF£A FFODUCTICf'J STATE/LNICN TERRITCRIES. ( ‘000 H a.) (M illio n N uts)

1989-90 1990-91 1989-90 1990-91

ANDERA FfcADESH 59.0 6 1 .2 6 5 4 .8 730.6

ASSAM 9.S 9 .8 78.9 78.9

GOA 2 3 . 5 2 3 .8 107.5 110.0

KARNATAKA 226.3 232.9 1,16 6.5 1,20 1.6

KERALA 832.2 8 6 4 .1 4 ,3 5 7 .6 4 ,5 2 7 .3

MAHARASHTRA 7 .8 7 .8 1 (8 .3 109.0

0F:ISSA 32.6 3 2 . 6 182.0 182.0

TAMIL NADU 2 2 5 .- 226.4 2 , 302 . A 2 ,3 5 8 .7

i KI FTJkA 7 b (':• 7 .0 4 .2 4 .2

1‘JEST EGNGAL 19. e 19.8 263.3 263 . 3

ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR 23.8 23.9 83.1 8 3 .6 ISLANDS

7 c -d LAKSHADUJEEF' 2 .8 2 .8 2 5 .6

TOO I CHEERY 1.7 1.8 24.9 25.8

ALi_ INDIA 1472.2 1, 513.9 9 ,3 5 8 .8 9 ,7 0 0 .2

Sot tree : Dj roc: tare, tc- of Eccnar.: c? «and Statistics, Ministn/ cr rjgricul tore. Govt of Irrije.

1 2 1 j p e n d i r •■•2

i REND AND FEODLO ICN Of- CQJONLf! >•! INDIA

/'ear D‘'odLic t . .on 'IOO ha; (.mi lion nuts)

1981-S2 1,090.8 5,939.9

1 961'—'do 1,149.2 6,356.1

1,165.6 5,307.9

■| -| pJT p 6,912.8

1. " 9 \ i “r-CO 1 n 225.6 a , / ' o. 5

1966-37 i ,231.2 6.376.3

1987-88 1,346.0 7,269.9

I96y—69 1,425.5 3,541.4

.1969—90 i , 4 7 2 .2 9,350.3

1990-91 1,513.9 9,700.2

F------=

122 Append»-?

COC' ik'TfCcT HJS» PRICE AT sJr-JZ^ TtK YEAR:

*p * - “■£ t

Ve=r :?s:-s: •K'2-£3 locn.ji _caz-gr. 17E5-5: i53i-57

;32:aV ;■ v / ;3*; ,* ?f!2t5A 30=1,25 !£*.= . 75 33"' /X- 313-0.('' 25X-.-1 23 'V, 1": "» 3162,'X ri< >: c. k 175«. >n ;?90.0 2S75.< 250*'. .(*; ::X'.x

12-K.a lAic.id Siv.-.'* ii 1700.0; :«:.5 2*75,50 23;'.X

_n -o-x Jw.) t 14C-.75 1625.y ** - 25-?:.;o 2-:*: .x 2* f. , v 353?. -

JAV.y y-yv- 12*2.50 — j 2 71. 2:oc.( >5 5.. v 2=3;. c*;

Sedteoe' :25t.2f 12;-:.«- 1630.0. 27«. t: 1225.x 23:6.75 ~y, 3l5;.(\' 22-X. 7 5XX.-X 3025.0:

OctrPr' ilvO.iv I 1850..’ 2S75-.0' •>V "/t 2570.00 3(-::.o: 3225.«- 2125.OF T'OX'/X 4275.00

’ll/er 2=' : • '?c V :9;=. 5:c.cc 2757.5: 72 v /y 3375.0 2. :^ :.x riecws' 1153.23 :36>.=y S'^o.-X1 2000.00 1225.00 2762.50 . S" ,77 33i( .0v 2231.X 3232. x; 4:25.0' ui'aSfy n ? '.1): 1*25.03 1975.0: 3062.5! 1240.00 2660.00 3203.0: 320(*.00 220;-.o: . •.*• 4400.00

Fe3ru£r> lOSl.2: 1314.75 225).« 2412.3< 125;’/X 2512.50 ?/'«..Vi 2S75.0C 230C.& 34-X.X 43O0.X

10». to 1262.51 2300.C»? 2175.02' 1275 .C*. 2325.00 3275.00 2600.00 23x.'X :?x.c< 38QC.0'

123 Appendi*-4

iaW PRICE AT tt)OI r.AF.iF TO LAST TEX «#:

.In

»«• 1 9 9 1 - 2 ; l-ST-33 1993-04 1984-B5 1985-6: 1*6-5' 1*7-66 1996-9« . coc-c- Cv.VC; *1-92

A ril 961.73 T .a S 1137.96 2130.00 1388.33 1246.46 1776.47 2133.12 1626.9: c#7 22t4.0C

Si. 911.1« 17.84 1147.31 2146.20 1276.4c : 3 s . 5 3 1356.57 197*4.40 : 3-1.70 153-0.5: 2:??.oc

■jire «26.59 «36.75 1203.50 2365.48 1174.13 1231.74 204c.47 2010.21 MC*. ’Y, 1645.42 2445.0

.5*2} 333. fc 939.10 1312.5: i405. Bv 1184.5c :2°i.4i 2052.5- 2014.20 143.6.55 l:-2 .:: 2572.2k

A ojst 938.90 *4.88 1433.10 2169.32 1061.4c 1356.74 2125.63 2004. 1 0 1474.35 163( .25 2662.0C

919.44 *5.03 1493.50 2338.64 1049.13 1703.92 2170.72 2133.26 1596.2' 2014,47 :V-

D itxe' 899.30 1776.05 1676.67 2340.79 1099.92 1*6.74 2132.62 2212.29 1436.51 2054.2: 3137.O0

>c.«*:-er 8’8.97 1164.08 1785.68 2285.24 1023.12 1592.e4 2185.23 2296.04 1521.59 233-4.60 3405.0-

I*ec=*i»r 861.6« 1198.1? 1865.46 2275. (X' 1047.18 1905.92 2090.8: 2i£".2G 1562.5' 22(6.4! 3234. •» i-e iiirf 641.53 1247.50 1922.59 ?j°9.00 1044.40 19)1.67 2055.0. 2103.0 1535.? 23.70.24 w ilt. ret'Xiry 802.95 1146.59 2093.54 1665.00 1037.25 1796.43 2143.34 1739.21 1660.61 2440.00 3068.00 fere h 776.48 1035.00 1980.01 1535.63 1095.21 1751.!* 2063.00 1594.38 : 5 i'.:: “X 2c-c. X-

A^rac-e 983.55 1025.91 1566.91 2140.76 1122.66 1561.40 206-3.4? 2038.23 :54c. 21 1 *6 .5' 23.5.17

124 ipenaix-:-

C30QNJT OIL PftICE AT i.OCHI flWET FOR LAST TEN YEARS

;In Rs./Gtl.)

•ear 1921-62 ■982-33 19S3-54 1964-S5 1965-86 1956-37 19S7-3S 1933-39 1999-90 1990-91 1991-92

A y ii m . n 1149.75 1714.55 3205.91 2136.25 1903.70 2715.36 3217.70 2442.92 23*3.S! 3450.00 n , .361.50 1199.43 r o . * 3229.00 l*5*.fc2 1980.55 2515.33 2972.20 2353.35 ::i3 .8 5 3340.00

. wr.r 1369.09 1452.25 1939.6-5 3631.67 1792.93 1397.83 3106.52 3029.55 1319.00 I4C3.33 3749.00

.<32.75 2012. 00 3535.5: 1834.56 1990.00 3100.16 3022.*0 2202.50 25*9.60 3927.00

A-JCJSt 1*16.00 1516.6: 2166.90 3309.55 1637.92 2072.63 3276.9-0 3006.60 2237.72 2301.00 406*.00

S'-jtMt-s' 1357.22 1507.2« 2257.(0 3539.« 1606.67 2561.53 3272.50 32 1 6 .« 2:432. £-3 3->B5.75 43(4.0.

G etar : 316.43 16*6.30 2510.24 35*5.1« ■650.00 28 4 6 .« 3206.50 3329.7? 2249.59 VAS « 4789.00 fever o r 1270.90 1305.06 2676.59 3395.9: 1540.00 293C.59 3889.28 3*47.01 2297.42 3557.00 5232.00

D eces*' 12

1235.00 1901.36 2890,91 3133.12 1547.60 2850.63 306.3.66 3143.9! 2287.00 3535.71 4763.00 fc jr^ s rv MS21.90 1715.91 3145.83 2513.54 1555.50 2662.62 3213.75 2656.84 2416.1« 3699.76 4656.00

^ rc T 1137.0« 1529.00 2969.7-' 2350.00 1640.42 2636.14 3120.00 2406.05 237C.2C 3:32.08 4061.00

Average 1306.55 1557.72 23=5.91 3:39.31 1701.29 2<32.°9 3157.94 306C.5C 3036.65 4283.63

125