DOCSLIB.ORG

The Epitranscriptome in Translation Regulation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Epitranscriptome in Translation Regulation Downloaded from http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/ on October 1, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press The Epitranscriptome in Translation Regulation Eyal Peer, Sharon Moshitch-Moshkovitz, Gideon Rechavi, and Dan Dominissini Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; Cancer Research Center and Wohl Centre for Translational Medicine, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer 5262160, Israel Correspondence: [email protected] The cellular proteome reflects the total outcome of many regulatory mechanisms that affect the metabolism of messenger RNA (mRNA) along its pathway from synthesis to degradation. Accumulating evidence in recent years has uncovered the roles of a growing number of mRNA modifications in every step along this pathway, shaping translational output. mRNA modifications affect the translation machinery directly, by influencing translation initiation, elongation and termination, or by altering mRNA levels and subcellular localization. Features of modification-related translational control are described, charting a new and complex layer of translational regulation. ellular homeostasis requires regulation of introduced the novel notion that internal chem- Cprotein levels, as impaired regulation can ical modifications of mRNA and long noncod- result in cellular death or dysregulated prolifer- ing RNA (lncRNA) are potentially dynamic and ation (Hershey et al. 2012). Protein levels are a sometimes reversible events, which constitute consequence of three fundamental factors: the essential regulatory elements in basic RNA-pro- abundance of messenger RNA (mRNA), the cessing steps such as splicing, transport, trans- efficiency of translation, and protein stability. lation, and decay. The epitranscriptome, as this First isolated from ribosomal RNA (rRNA) ensemble is now known, comprises a growing almost seven decades ago (Cohn 1951), modi- number of chemical adducts: m6A, inosine (I), fied RNA bases were later also discovered to 5-methylcytidine (5mC), 5-hydroxymethylcyti- be abundant constituents of mRNA, with N6- dine (5hmC), pseudouridine (Ψ), 20-O-methyl- methyladenosine (m6A) as the most prevalent ation (Nm), and N1-methyladenosine (m1A). internal mRNA modification (Desrosiers et al. This review focuses on m6A as well as on more 1974). To date, 170 different modified nucleo- recently characterized mRNA modifications and tides have been identified in RNA from all types their effects on translation. and species (Boccaletto et al. 2018), expanding the RNA alphabet to embed transcripts with N6-METHYLADENOSINE (m6A) additional information. The introduction of transcriptome-wide mapping methods and the m6A is the most common internal (noncap) discovery of enzymes capable of removing m6A mRNA modification found in eukaryotic or- and of dedicated m6A-binding proteins have ganisms as well as in RNA of nuclear-replicat- Editors: Michael B. Mathews, Nahum Sonenberg, and John W.B. Hershey Additional Perspectives on Translation Mechanisms and Control available at www.cshperspectives.org Copyright © 2019 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; all rights reserved; doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a032623 Cite this article as Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2019;11:a032623 1 Downloaded from http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/ on October 1, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press E. Peer et al. ing viruses (reviewed in Fu et al. 2014). m6A ing family protein 1 (YTHDF1) and YTH do- constitutes 0.1%–0.5% of adenosine residues in main-containing family protein 3 (YTHDF3) mRNA, corresponding to ∼3–5m6A modifica- (regulation of translation); YTH domain-con- tions per transcript. Although m6A was discov- taining family protein 2 (YTHDF2) (regulation ered in mRNA decades ago (Desrosiers et al. of RNA turnover); and heterogeneous nuclear 1974), its study was jump-started in recent years ribonucleoprotein A2/B1 (HNRNPA2B1) and with the identification of the m6A-specific de- YTH domain-containing 1 (YTHDC1) (pro- methylases: the fat mass and obesity-associated cessing of primary microRNAs and alternative protein (FTO) and AlkB homolog 5 (ALKBH5) splicing) (Meyerand Jaffrey 2017). These discov- (Jia et al. 2011; Zheng et al. 2013), followed by eries opened up the field of epitranscriptomics the development of high-throughput m6A map- for accelerated investigation. ping tools, m6A-seq (Dominissini et al. 2012) and methylated RNA immunoprecipitation and PSEUDOURIDINE (Ψ) sequencing (MeRIP-Seq) (Meyer et al. 2012). Transcriptome-wide mapping of m6A revealed Ψ was the first posttranscriptional modification an evolutionarily conserved, nonrandom distri- to be identified and, taking all classes of RNA bution (Dominissini et al. 2012; Meyer et al. into account, is also the most abundant. Recent- 2012); m6A preferentially decorates 50 untrans- ly it was shown to be more abundant in mRNA lated regions (UTRs), long internal exons, and than previously believed, with a Ψ/U ratio the vicinity of stop codons. Sites preferentially of 0.2%–0.6% in mammalian mRNA (Li et al. appear within the consensus sequence RRACU 2015). It is formed by isomerization of uridine in (R = A or G) (Dominissini et al. 2012). which the base is rotated 180° along the N3-C6 The deposition of m6A in mRNA is per- axis. Although the modified base has unaltered formed by a multicomponent methyltransferase Watson–Crick base-pairing properties, it gains complex of which several components have been an additional hydrogen-bond donor at its non- identified: methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3), Watson–Crick edge, thus endowing it with the catalytic component; methyltransferase- distinct chemical properties (Ge and Yu 2013). like 14 (METTL14), an RNA adaptor needed Ψ plays roles in the biogenesis and function for METTL3 activity; Wilms Tumor 1–associat- of spliceosomal small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) ing protein (WTAP), a regulatory factor that and rRNA. Methods for transcriptome-wide is also responsible for nuclear speckle localiza- mapping of Ψ using Ψ-specific chemical labeling tion; RNA-binding motif (RBM) proteins 15/15B by CMC [N-cyclohexyl-N0-(2-morpholinoethyl) (RBM15/15B), mediators of methylation specif- carbodiimide metho-p-toluenesulfonate] iden- icity by directing the complex to specific tran- tified hundreds of Ψ sites in yeast and human scripts; and KIAA1429/Virilizer, whose func- mRNAs (Carlile et al. 2014; Schwartz et al. 2014; tion is still unclear (reviewed in Meyer and Li et al. 2015). No preferred localization of Ψ Jaffrey 2017). to specific regions of mRNA was shown. The balance between writing (adding) and Installation of Ψ is catalyzed by pseudo- erasing m6A from transcripts confers upon uridine synthases (PUSs) and can be achieved this modification a dynamic nature, which is ev- through two distinct mechanisms (Li et al. 2016a): ident under stress conditions (Dominissini et al. (1) RNA-independent pseudouridylation that is 2012), supporting a role in regulation of gene catalyzed by a single PUS enzyme responsible expression. Indeed, m6A plays a role in many for both substrate recognition and catalysis; or aspects of gene expression, affecting RNA splic- (2) RNA-dependent pseudouridylation that re- ing, nuclear export and retention, translation, lies on RNA–protein complexes consisting of and turnover. The major mechanism by which box H/ACA noncoding RNAs in conjunction m6A exerts its effects is by recruiting m6A reader with the centromere-binding factor 5 (Cbf5)/ proteins: fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) Dyskerin protein complex. Although mRNA Ψ (Edupuganti et al. 2017); YTH domain-contain- is dynamically regulated in response to environ- 2 Cite this article as Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2019;11:a032623 Downloaded from http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/ on October 1, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press The Epitranscriptome in Translation Regulation mental signals (Carlile et al. 2014), pseudouri- to a GUUCRA tRNA-like motif (R = A or G) dylation has not been shown to be reversible. and have T-loop-like structures, are evenly dis- tributed along transcript segments, and consti- fi N1-METHYLADENOSINE (m1A) tute roughly 10% of all identi ed sites. Last, TRMT61B-dependent m1A sites are primarily Using mass spectrometry and a mapping meth- located within the coding region of mitochon- odology based on immunocapture and massively drial mRNA, where they inhibit translation parallel sequencing, m1A was recently identified (Li et al. 2017b). as a new epitranscriptome marker that occurs on thousands of human and mouse mRNAs 20-O-METHYLATION (Nm) (Dominissini et al. 2016; Li et al. 2016b). m1A was known to exist in transfer RNA (tRNA) The ribose ring can be methylated at the 20 po- and rRNA and is unique in that it has both sition to form Nm (Boccaletto et al. 2018), a methyl group and a positive charge under an abundant modification present in mRNA, physiological conditions, which could markedly rRNA, tRNA, snRNA, and microRNA, which alter RNA structure and protein–RNA interac- is essential for their biogenesis, metabolism, tions. Transcriptome-wide mapping of m1A and function (Liang et al. 2009; Daffis et al. revealed unique features of its distribution that 2010; Lin et al. 2011; Züst et al. 2011; Deryu- strongly indicate functional roles: (1) m1Ais sheva et al. 2012; Jöckel et al. 2012; Somme et al. strongly enriched in mRNA 50UTRs, close to 2014). Nm modification is catalyzed either by translation initiation sites; (2) m1A is present in stand-alone methyltransferases that recognize highly structured regions
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Impact of Epitranscriptomic Marks on Post-Transcriptional Regulation in Plants
    Briefings in Functional Genomics, 00(00), 2020, 1–12 doi: 10.1093/bfgp/elaa021 Review Paper Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/bfg/advance-article/doi/10.1093/bfgp/elaa021/6020141 by University of Pennsylvania Libraries user on 04 December 2020 The impact of epitranscriptomic marks on post-transcriptional regulation in plants Xiang Yu †, Bishwas Sharma† and Brian D. Gregory Corresponding author: Brian D. Gregory, Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 433 S. University Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Tel.: +1 (215) 746-4398; Fax: +1 (215) 898-8780; E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Ribonucleotides within the various RNA molecules in eukaryotes are marked with more than 160 distinct covalent chemical modifications. These modifications include those that occur internally in messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules such as N6-methyladenosine (m6A) and 5-methylcytosine (m5C), as well as those that occur at the ends of the modified RNAs like + the non-canonical 5 end nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD ) cap modification of specific mRNAs. Recent findings have revealed that covalent RNA modifications can impact the secondary structure, translatability, functionality, stability and degradation of the RNA molecules in which they are included. Many of these covalent RNA additions have also been found to be dynamically added and removed through writer and eraser complexes, respectively, providing a new layer of epitranscriptome-mediated post-transcriptional regulation that regulates RNA quality and quantity in eukaryotic transcriptomes. Thus, it is not surprising that the regulation of RNA fate mediated by these epitranscriptomic marks has been demonstrated to have widespread effects on plant development and the responses of these organisms to abiotic and biotic stresses.
    [Show full text]
  • The Chloroplast Epitranscriptome: Factors, Sites, Regulation, and Detection Methods
    G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Review The Chloroplast Epitranscriptome: Factors, Sites, Regulation, and Detection Methods Nikolay Manavski 1,† , Alexandre Vicente 1,†, Wei Chi 2 and Jörg Meurer 1,* 1 Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhaderner Street 2-4, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; [email protected] (N.M.); [email protected] (A.V.) 2 Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-89-218074556 † Both authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: Modifications in nucleic acids are present in all three domains of life. More than 170 dis- tinct chemical modifications have been reported in cellular RNAs to date. Collectively termed as epitranscriptome, these RNA modifications are often dynamic and involve distinct regulatory pro- teins that install, remove, and interpret these marks in a site-specific manner. Covalent nucleotide modifications-such as methylations at diverse positions in the bases, polyuridylation, and pseu- douridylation and many others impact various events in the lifecycle of an RNA such as folding, localization, processing, stability, ribosome assembly, and translational processes and are thus cru- cial regulators of the RNA metabolism. In plants, the nuclear/cytoplasmic epitranscriptome plays important roles in a wide range of biological processes, such as organ development, viral infection, and physiological means. Notably, recent transcriptome-wide analyses have also revealed novel dynamic modifications not only in plant nuclear/cytoplasmic RNAs related to photosynthesis but Citation: Manavski, N.; Vicente, A.; especially in chloroplast mRNAs, suggesting important and hitherto undefined regulatory steps in Chi, W.; Meurer, J.
    [Show full text]
  • Epitranscriptomics: a New Layer of Microrna Regulation in Cancer
    cancers Review Epitranscriptomics: A New Layer of microRNA Regulation in Cancer Veronica De Paolis †, Elisa Lorefice †, Elisa Orecchini, Claudia Carissimi * , Ilaria Laudadio * and Valerio Fulci Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00161 Rome, Italy; [email protected] (V.D.P.); elisa.lorefi[email protected] (E.L.); [email protected] (E.O.); [email protected] (V.F.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (C.C.); [email protected] (I.L.) † These authors contributed equally to this work. Simple Summary: MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs, acting as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. In the last two decades, their role in cancer as oncogenes (oncomir), as well as tumor suppressors, has been extensively demonstrated. Recently, epitranscriptomics, namely the study of RNA modifications, has emerged as a new field of great interest, being an additional layer in the regulation of gene expression. Almost all classes of eukaryotic RNAs, including miRNAs, undergo epitranscriptomic modifications. Alterations of RNA modification pathways have been described for many diseases—in particular, in the context of malignancies. Here, we reviewed the current knowledge on the potential link between epitranscriptomic modifications of miRNAs and cancer. Abstract: MicroRNAs are pervasive regulators of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level in metazoan, playing key roles in several physiological and pathological processes. Accordingly, these Citation: De Paolis, V.; Lorefice, E.; small non-coding RNAs are also involved in cancer development and progression. Furthermore, Orecchini, E.; Carissimi, C.; Laudadio, miRNAs represent valuable diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in malignancies. In the last twenty I.; Fulci, V. Epitranscriptomics: A years, the role of RNA modifications in fine-tuning gene expressions at several levels has been New Layer of microRNA Regulation unraveled.
    [Show full text]
  • The Epitranscriptome of Noncoding Rnas in Cancer
    Published OnlineFirst March 20, 2017; DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-16-1292 MINI REVIEW The Epitranscriptome of Noncoding RNAs in Cancer Manel Esteller 1 , 2 , 3 and Pier Paolo Pandolfi 4 ABSTRACT The activity of RNA is controlled by different types of post-transcriptional modi- fi cations, such as the addition of methyl groups and other chemical and structural changes, that have been recently described in human cells by high-throughput sequencing. Herein, we will discuss how the so-called epitranscriptome is disrupted in cancer and what the contribution of its writers, readers, and erasers to the process of cellular transformation is, particularly focusing on the epigenetic modifi cations of ncRNAs. Signifi cance: Chemical modifi cations of RNA play a central role in the control of messenger and ncRNA activity and, thus, are tightly regulated in cells. In this review, we provide insight into how these marks are altered in cancer cells and how this knowledge can be translated to the clinical setting. Cancer Discov; 7(4); 359–68. ©2017 AACR. AN INTRODUCTION TO RNA MODIFICATIONS adenine methylation ( 2 ), DNA seems to have a smaller reper- toire of modifi ed nucleotides. RNA molecules can show All life forms need mechanisms to regulate RNA levels a more diverse spectrum of modifi cations that includes, and activities. An important part of these control belts for among others, pseudouridine or a hypermodifi ed 7-deaza- RNA occurs at the transcriptional level, but it is becom- guanosine (queuosine). ing apparent that a signifi cant part of RNA homeostasis From an academic standpoint, the RNA modifi cations can depends on RNA stability and degradation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Epitranscriptome in Stem Cell Biology and Neural Development
    Neurobiology of Disease 146 (2020) 105139 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Neurobiology of Disease journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ynbdi Review The epitranscriptome in stem cell biology and neural development T ⁎ Caroline Vissersa,b, Aniketa Sinhab, Guo-li Mingc,d,e,f, Hongjun Songc,d,e,g, a Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA b Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA c Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA d Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA e Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA f Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA g The Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: The blossoming field of epitranscriptomics has recently garnered attention across many fields by findings that Epitranscriptome chemical modifications on RNA have immense biological consequences. Methylation of nucleotides inRNA, m6A 6 6 1 including N6-methyladenosine (m A), 2-O-dimethyladenosine (m Am), N1-methyladenosine (m A), 5-methyl- Stem cells cytosine (m5C), and isomerization of uracil to pseudouridine (Ψ), have the potential to alter RNA processing Brain development events and contribute to developmental processes and different diseases. Though the abundance and roles of Brain disorders some RNA modifications remain contentious, the epitranscriptome is thought to be especially relevant instem cell biology and neurobiology.
    [Show full text]
  • Association of N6-Methyladenosine with Viruses and Related Diseases Fang Wu1,2, Wenzhao Cheng1,3*, Feiyuan Zhao1,2, Mingqing Tang1,4,2, Yong Diao2 and Ruian Xu1,4,2*
    Wu et al. Virology Journal (2019) 16:133 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-019-1236-3 REVIEW Open Access Association of N6-methyladenosine with viruses and related diseases Fang Wu1,2, Wenzhao Cheng1,3*, Feiyuan Zhao1,2, Mingqing Tang1,4,2, Yong Diao2 and Ruian Xu1,4,2* Abstract Background: N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification is the most prevalent internal modification of eukaryotic mRNA modulating gene expression. m6A modification is a dynamic reversible process regulated by three protein groups: methyltransferases (writers), demethylases (erasers), and m6A-binding proteins (readers). m6A modification is involved in all phases of RNA metabolism, including RNA folding, stability, splicing, nuclear exporting, translational modulation and degradation. Main body: In recent years, numerous studies have reported that abnormal m6A modification causes aberrant expression of important viral genes. Herein, we review the role of m6A in viral lifecycle and its contribution to the pathogenesis of human diseases. Particularly, we focus on the viruses associated with human diseases such as HIV- 1, IAV, HBV, HCV, EBV and many others. Conclusions: A better understanding of m6A-virus relationship would provide new insights into the viral replication process and pathogenesis of human diseases caused by viruses. In addition, exploration of the role of m6A in disease-causing viruses will reveal novel approaches for the treatment of such diseases. Keywords: N6-methyladenosine (m6A), Methyltransferases, Demethylases, m6A-binding proteins, Viral diseases Background codons, 5’untranslated region (5’UTR) and 3’untranslated Like histone and DNA, RNA undergoes covalent modifica- region (3’UTR) [7–9]. tions that fine-tunes its function [1]. Post-transcriptional m6A modification is dynamically and reversibly regu- modification of RNA is very common in eukaryotes, with lated by methyltransferases (writers) [10, 11], and re- more than one hundred types of RNA modification reported moved by demethylases (erasers) [12]; in addition, it so far [2].
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical RNA Modifications: the Plant Epitranscriptome Celso Gaspar Litholdo, Cécile Bousquet-Antonelli
    Chemical RNA Modifications: The Plant Epitranscriptome Celso Gaspar Litholdo, Cécile Bousquet-Antonelli To cite this version: Celso Gaspar Litholdo, Cécile Bousquet-Antonelli. Chemical RNA Modifications: The Plant Epitran- scriptome. Epigenetics in Plants of Agronomic Importance: Fundamentals and Applications, Springer International Publishing, pp.291-310, 2019, 10.1007/978-3-030-14760-0_11. hal-02125075 HAL Id: hal-02125075 https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02125075 Submitted on 19 Dec 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Chapter 11 1 Chemical RNA Modifications: The Plant 2 Epitranscriptome 3 Celso Gaspar Litholdo Jr and Cécile Bousquet-Antonelli 4 Abstract RNA post-transcriptional modifications create an additional layer to 5 control mRNA transcription, fate, and expression. Considering that they are non-­ 6 genetically encoded, can be of reversible nature, and involved in fine-tuning gene 7 expression, the landscape of RNA modifications has been coined the “RNA epig- 8 enome” or “epitranscriptome.” Our knowledge of the plant epitranscriptome is so 9 far limited to 3′-uridylation and internal m6A and m5C modifications in 10 Arabidopsis. m6A is the most abundant and well-studied modification on mRNAs, 11 and involves the activities of evolutionarily conserved “writer” (methyltransfer- 12 ase), “reader” (RNA binding proteins), and “eraser” (demethylases) proteins.
    [Show full text]
  • After the Epigenome: the Epitranscriptome 22 March 2017
    After the epigenome: The epitranscriptome 22 March 2017 and Professor of Genetics at the University of Barcelona, explains that this RNA also has its own spelling and grammar, just like DNA. These "epigenetics of RNA" are called epitranscriptome. "It is well-known that sometimes DNA produces a RNA string but then this RNA does not originate the protein. Because in these cases the alteration is neither in the genome nor the proteome, we thought it should be in the transcriptome, that is, in the RNA molecule", Dr. Esteller explains."In recent years, we discovered that our RNA is highly regulated and if only two or three modifications at the DNA level can control it, there may be hundreds of small changes in RNA that control its stability, its intracellular localization or its maturation in living Chemical modifications of nucleic acids constitute the beings". Epigenome (DNA) and the Epitranscriptome (RNA), which regulate the activity of the Genome. Credit: In human cells, this field did not start to be studied IDIBELL in depth in the last five years. "For example, we now know that RNA can be methylated just like DNA and in a highly specific way", says Dr. Manel Esteller, "and even more recently we observed that Our genome is made up of 6,000 million pieces of these epigenetic modifications of RNA may be key DNA that combine four "flavors": A, C, G and T in the regulation of "guardian" RNAs, also called (Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine and Thymine). It is non-coding RNAs". our Alphabet. But to this base we must add some regulation, just like the spelling and grammar of The article also points out that the epitranscriptome that alphabet: this is what we call Epigenetics.
    [Show full text]
  • Mrna and Trna Modifications As the Two Sides of the Same Coin?
    REVIEW ARTICLE The epitranscriptome in translation regulation: mRNA and tRNA modifications as the two sides of the same coin? Namit Ranjan1 and Sebastian A. Leidel2,3 1 Department of Physical Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany 2 Max Planck Research Group for RNA Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Munster,€ Germany 3 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland Correspondence Translation of mRNA is a highly regulated process that is tightly coordinated N. Ranjan, Department of Physical with cotranslational protein maturation. Recently, mRNA modifications and Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for tRNA modifications – the so called epitranscriptome – have added a new Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, layer of regulation that is still poorly understood. Both types of modifications Germany – Tel: +49 5512012958 can affect codon anticodon interactions, thereby affecting mRNA translation E-mail: [email protected] and protein synthesis in similar ways. Here, we describe an updated view on S. A. Leidel, Department of Chemistry and how the different types of modifications can be mapped, how they affect Biochemistry, University of Bern, translation, how they trigger phenotypes and discuss how the combined action Bern, Switzerland of mRNA and tRNA modifications coordinate translation in health and Tel: +41 316314296 disease. E-mail: [email protected] (Received 2 April 2019, revised 7 June Keywords: disease; epitranscriptome; post-transcriptional modifications; 2019, accepted 11 June 2019, available ribosome; RNA modification; RNA sequencing; translation online 27 June 2019) doi:10.1002/1873-3468.13491 Edited by Maria Papatriantafyllou Protein synthesis is essential to life. Thus, it is regulated ribosome during protein synthesis, proteins begin to by a variety of sophisticated mechanisms and comprises fold into their final three-dimensional structure and four phases: (a) initiation; (b) elongation; (c) termina- acquire protein modifications [2].
    [Show full text]
  • An Emerging Role for Isomirs and the Microrna Epitranscriptome in Neovascularization
    cells Review An Emerging Role for isomiRs and the microRNA Epitranscriptome in Neovascularization Reginald V.C.T. van der Kwast 1, Paul H.A. Quax 1 and A. Yaël Nossent 1,2,* 1 Department of Surgery and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; [email protected] (R.V.C.T.v.d.K.); [email protected] (P.H.A.Q.) 2 Department of Laboratory Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 29 November 2019; Accepted: 21 December 2019; Published: 25 December 2019 Abstract: Therapeutic neovascularization can facilitate blood flow recovery in patients with ischemic cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death worldwide. Neovascularization encompasses both angiogenesis, the sprouting of new capillaries from existing vessels, and arteriogenesis, the maturation of preexisting collateral arterioles into fully functional arteries. Both angiogenesis and arteriogenesis are highly multifactorial processes that require a multifactorial regulator to be stimulated simultaneously. MicroRNAs can regulate both angiogenesis and arteriogenesis due to their ability to modulate expression of many genes simultaneously. Recent studies have revealed that many microRNAs have variants with altered terminal sequences, known as isomiRs. Additionally, endogenous microRNAs have been identified that carry biochemically modified nucleotides, revealing a dynamic microRNA epitranscriptome. Both types of microRNA alterations were shown to be dynamically regulated in response to ischemia and are able to influence neovascularization by affecting the microRNA’s biogenesis, or even its silencing activity. Therefore, these novel regulatory layers influence microRNA functioning and could provide new opportunities to stimulate neovascularization.
    [Show full text]
  • The Regulation of RNA Modification Systems: the Next Frontier in Epitranscriptomics?
    G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Perspective The Regulation of RNA Modification Systems: The Next Frontier in Epitranscriptomics? Matthias R. Schaefer Centre for Anatomy & Cell Biology, Division of Cell-and Developmental Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, Haus C, 1st Floor, 1090 Vienna, Austria; [email protected]; Tel.: +43-1-40160-37702 Abstract: RNA modifications, long considered to be molecular curiosities embellishing just abundant and non-coding RNAs, have now moved into the focus of both academic and applied research. Dedicated research efforts (epitranscriptomics) aim at deciphering the underlying principles by determining RNA modification landscapes and investigating the molecular mechanisms that es- tablish, interpret and modulate the information potential of RNA beyond the combination of four canonical nucleotides. This has resulted in mapping various epitranscriptomes at high resolution and in cataloguing the effects caused by aberrant RNA modification circuitry. While the scope of the obtained insights has been complex and exciting, most of current epitranscriptomics appears to be stuck in the process of producing data, with very few efforts to disentangle cause from consequence when studying a specific RNA modification system. This article discusses various knowledge gaps in this field with the aim to raise one specific question: how are the enzymes regulated that dynami- cally install and modify RNA modifications? Furthermore, various technologies will be highlighted whose development and use might allow identifying specific and context-dependent regulators of epitranscriptomic mechanisms. Given the complexity of individual epitranscriptomes, determining their regulatory principles will become crucially important, especially when aiming at modifying specific aspects of an epitranscriptome both for experimental and, potentially, therapeutic purposes.
    [Show full text]
  • Enabling Exploration of the Eukaryotic Epitranscriptome (E4)
    Title of proposed program: Enabling Exploration of the Eukaryotic Epitranscriptome (E4) What is the major obstacle/challenge/opportunity that the Common Fund should address? Chemical modifications play a crucial role in the regulation of biological processes. For example, the function of a protein is often modulated by its stable tagging with different chemical groups, such as phosphates, sugars, or lipids, while specific chemical marks made along the chromatin (i.e., the DNA and/or its packaging proteins) can dial gene expression up or down. One area that lags behind most others in this context is the systematic characterization of all the chemical modifications that can befall RNA molecules (both coding and non-coding), sometimes referred to as the “epitranscriptome” (Saletore et al. Genome Biol. 13:175 (2012). A few covalent RNA modifications, such as 5’mRNA capping, alternative splicing, and polyadenylation, have been studied extensively. However, the functional roles of many other covalent RNA modifications remain unknown although they are likely to influence important parameters affecting RNA function, such as its stability, trafficking, localization, enzymatic/sensing/regulatory activity, and patterns of interactions with other molecules. The RNA Modification Database indicates that there are at least 65 RNA modifications that occur in eukaryotic cells (Cantara et al., 2011, Nucl. Acids Res. 39:D195-201). Transfer and ribosomal RNA can be heavily modified and some of these modifications can also occur in messenger RNA. For example, recent studies have identified N6-methyladenosine sites in thousands of human mRNAs and suggest that this modification may play a role in regulation of alternative splicing and gene expression (Dominissini et al, 2012, Nature 485:201-6; Meyer et al., 2012, Cell 149:1635-1646).
    [Show full text]