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The Life of Muhammad THE LIFE OF MUHAMMAD BY THE REV. CANON SELL, D.D., M.R.A.S. FELLOW OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MADRAS AUTHOR OF 'THE FAITH OF ISLAM', 'THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE QUR'AN', 'BAHAISM', 'ISLAM: ITS RISE AND PROGRESS', 'THE RECENSIONS OF THE QUR'AN', 'THE CULT OF 'ALI', 'OUTLINES OF ISLAM' THE CHRISTIAN LITERATURE SOCIETY FOR INDIA LONDON, MADRAS AND COLOMBO 1913 www.muhammadanism.org July 15, 2003 PRINTED AT THE S. P. C. K. PRESS, VEPERY, MADRAS 1913 PREFACE IN this book no important subjects in the life of the Arabian Prophet have been overlooked, and some, indeed, have been treated very fully. I have based my statement of facts upon original authorities and in my deductions therefrom have tried to be fair and impartial. I have given some prominence to what has been called the 'political factor', as I think it has been too much overlooked. Certain modern Muslim writers of the liberal school now growing up in India have produced defences (which may be termed apologies) of certain events of importance; these I have dealt with at considerable length. I have used the better authenticated Traditions, for, after all, it is Muhammad, as revealed in his life and character in the Traditions, whom the Muslim people know and revere. For this use I have the authority of so great an oriental scholar as the late Emmanuel Deutch who in his famous article on Islam has said: 'If we make use of the Sunna for our purpose no one will blame us. This "Midrash" of Muhammadanism, as we should call these traditional records of the Prophet's sayings vi PREFACE and doings, both in the legendary and juridical sense of the word, has, albeit in exalted tones and colours often, told us much of his outer and inner life. Used with the same patient care with which all documents are used by the impartial historian, it yields precious information.' 1 In order to save space I refer in the foot notes, under the names of their respective authors, to the following books:— Muir, Life of Mahomet (ed. London, 1861); D. S. Margoliouth, Mohammad ; Dr. Koelle, Mohammad and Mohammadanism ; At-Tabari, Tarikhu'r-Rusul-wa'l-Milul (De Goeje'e Edition, 1882); The Rt. Hon. Syed Amir 'Ali, The Life and Teachings of Mohammad (ed. 1891); Maulavi Cheragh 'Ali, Critical Exposition of Jihad ; Muhammad bin Khavendshah bin Mahmud, 2 Raudatu's-Safa (ed. Lucknow, 1904); Baidawi, Commentary on the Qur'an (ed. Leipsic, 1848); and Masudi, Muruju'dh-Dhahab (ed. Paris, 1864). The Traditions recorded in the Sahihu'l-Bukhari are quoted from the Faidu'l-Bari (Lahore ed. A.H. 1318), which gives them with an Urdu translation. 1 Literary Remains of Emmanuel Deutch (ed. 1874), p. 70. 2 This author is commonly called Mirkhund, which name I use. PREFACE vii I refer to them under the name Bukhari. The Traditions recorded in the Jami'u't-Tirmidhi (Lucknow ed. 1903) are referred to under Tirmidhi. My own Historical Development of the Qur'an (3rd ed. S. P. C. K., London and Madras), I refer to as H.D. Qur'an. In the case of all the other books I give the names in full. I have used the Madras edition (A.H. 1274) of the Mishkatu'l-Masabih The quotations from Ibn Hisham are made from Muir's Life of Mahomet, which is a guarantee of their accuracy. I have adopted Rodwell's translation for all verses quoted from the Qur'an. I have not given an exposition of the dogmas of Islam, as it does not fall within the scope of this work. I have dealt exhaustively with that subject in my Faith of Islam (3rd ed. S. P. C. K., London and Madras). In other books I have already written on some of the subjects contained in this one. In such cases I have not hesitated to use passages taken from such writings of my own. EDWARD SELL. MADRAS, January, 1913. CONTENTS CHAPTER I THE STATE OF ARABIA PAGE Idolatry of the Arabs — Jews and Christians — Influence of Foreign States — 1 Rome, Persia, Abyssinia — Need of a leader — National religion a bond of unity CHAPTER II YOUTH AND EARLY MANHOOD Birth of Muhammad — Early infancy — Life with the Bani Sa'd — Visit to 7 Madina — Death of Amina — Life with his grandfather, 'Abdu'l-Muttalib — Abu Talib as guardian — Mercantile journey to Syria — The Fijar war — Employed by Khadija — Personal appearance — Marriage with Khadija — The Hanifs — Weak political situation — 'Ali and Zaid bin Haritha CHAPTER III THE CALL TO PREACH Mount Hira — Various forms of inspiration — First revelation — Muhammad's alarm and x CONTENTS PAGE Anxiety — Fits or swoons — The Fatra — Further revelations — Nature of 24 revelation — Various views as regards Muhammad's claims, Muir, Koelle, Macdonald, Geiger — Early converts, Khadija, 'Ali, Zaid bin Haritha, Abu Bakr — Call to preach — The house of al-Arqam as a place of refuge CHAPTER IV PERSECUTION AT MECCA Persecution by the Quraish — Dissembling allowed — Emigration to Abyssinia 47 — Indifference of the Meccans to the message of the Prophet — Abu Lahab denounced — Suggested compromise — Deputation to Abu Talib — Muhammad's fall and recovery — Increasing anger of the Quraish — Fresh converts, Hamza, 'Umar — Quraish severely denounced — Rising courage of the Muslims — Muslims boycotted — Muslims seek refuge in the Shi'b — Distress of the Muslims — Death of Khadija — Marriage with Sauda — Death of Abu Talib — Muhammad retires to Ta'if — Persecution at Taif — The Jinn — Failure of work at Mecca CHAPTER V PREPARATION FOR FLIGHT Thoughts of departure — Pilgrims from Madina — First pledge of 'Aqaba — Mus'ab bin 'Umair CONTENTS xi PAGE sent to Madina — The Mi'raj — Mus'ab's success at Madina — Another annual 69 pilgrimage from Madina — Muhammad meets pilgrims — Pilgrims accept him — Second pledge of 'Aqaba — Importance of Madina — Order given to Muslims to depart from Mecca — Muhammad and Abu Bakr follow — Revelations of the Meccan period CHAPTER VI MADINA AND ITS PEOPLE Entry into Madina — The political position in Madina — The Immigrants 84 (Muhajirun) — The Helpers (Ansar) — Bani Aws — Bani Khazraj — The Hypocrites (Munafiqun) — Christians — Jews — The charter of Muhammad — Position of the Jews — Revelations concerning the Jews — Change of Qibla — The Ramadan fast — Changing policy — Resentment against the Jews CHAPTER VII EARLY GHAZWAS AND SARIYAS Attacks on Meccan trading caravans — Sariyas of 'Ubaida and of Sa'd — Ghazwas of Abwa, of Buwat, of 'Ushaira — Sariya of Nakhla — Defence and criticism — Battle of Badr — Importance of the battle of Badr — Discussion as to who was responsible for the battle — Assassination of Abu 'Afak — Attack on the xii CONTENTS PAGE Bani Qainuqa' — Assassination of Ka'b ibn Ashraf and of Abu Rafi' — 108 Conflicting views on assassinations — Zaid bin Haritha captures a Meccan caravan — Battle of Uhud — Defeat of the Muslims — Revelations explain cause of the defeat — Assassination of Sufyan bin Khalid — Sariya of Bir Ma'una — Attack on the Bani Nadir CHAPTER VIII SOME DOMESTIC AFFAIRS Marriage with Zainab — Revelations approving of the Prophet's conduct — 152 Restriction of social intercourse — Victory over the Bani Mustaliq — Marriage with Juwaira — Scandal about 'Ayisha CHAPTER IX SUPPRESSION OF THE JEWS Meccans attack Madina — Failure of the attack — Bani Quraiza besieged — 160 Good conduct of the Bani Aws — Their intercession fails — Muhammad chooses Sa'd as umpire — His verdict — Massacre of the Jews — Criticism of apologies for this cruel act — Notes on the appointment of the umpire CHAPTER X THE CONQUEST OF ARABIA Expedition of Zaid against the Bani Fazara — CONTENTS xiii PAGE Punishment of the Bani 'Arniyya — Desire to secure Mecca — Muhammad's 176 dream about the Pilgrimage — Pilgrims start — Not allowed to enter Mecca — Encamp at Hudaibiya — Oath of fealty — Treaty with the Meccans — Rulers of other lands summoned to accept Islam — Mary the Copt — Marriage with Umm Habiba — Attack on Khaibar — Marriage with Safiyya — Attempt to poison the Prophet — Pilgrimage of 629 — Pilgrims perform the Hajj ceremonies — Marriage with Maimuna — Converts made — Sariya of Muta — Attack on Mecca — Conversion of Abu Sufyan — Submission of Mecca — Destruction of idols — Ghazwa of Hunain — Ghazwa of Ta'if — Divisions of the spoils of Hunain — Birth of Ibrahim — The verse of the sword — Ghazwa of Tabuk — Christians of Najran — Compulsion of Jews and Christians — Submission of the people of Ta'if — Abu Bakr and 'Ali make the Hajj of 631 — The Pilgrimage of Farewell — Ceremonies of the Hajj — Importance of the Hajj CHAPTER XI CLOSING DAYS The Sariya of Usama — Last illness of the Prophet — Address to the Companions — The Muhajirun and the Ansar — Injunctions to the Companions — Abu Bakr directed to say the xiv CONTENTS PAGE public prayers — Pardon of the Prophet's sins — The coming of the angel of 221 death — The grief of Fatima — Death — Muhammad's work, character and true position VERSES CITED FROM THE QUR'AN 233 THE LIFE OF MUHAMMAD CHAPTER I THE STATE OF ARABIA THE Arabs adored many gods. 1 The belief in the influence of the jinn was common; yet above the jinn, above all the gods in the Ka'ba, there was the Supreme One, Allah, the God. Ma'sudi tells us that in the 'days of ignorance', as pre-Islamic times are called, some of the Quraish also proclaimed the Unity of God, affirmed the existence of one Creator, and believed in the resurrection; whilst others denied the existence of prophets and were attached to idolatry. 2 Many of the people looked upon the idols as intercessors with the one God. Still the doctrine of the Unity of God was not altogether unknown 1 Suratu's-Saba' (xxxiv) 43 and Suratu Ya Sin (xxxvi) 5 show that they lived in heedlessness and needed a warner.
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