D J
FINAL REPORT E-235 VOL. 23
Public Disclosure Authorized ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT EXAMINATION OF 500 KV TRANSMISSION SYSTEM FOR INDEPENDENTPOWER PRODUCERS Public Disclosure Authorized
_ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.1 Public Disclosure Authorized
EGAT - PROGRAM SUPPORT.NVESTMENT PROJECT
(WORLD BANK PARTIAL CREDIT GUARANTEE)
submitted to Public Disclosure Authorized Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand August 1997 FINAL REPORT
-ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT EXAMINATION OF
500 KV TRANSMISSION SYSTEM FOR INDEPENDENT POWER PRODUCERS
submitted to
Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
August 1997 The Study Team
Environmental Impact Examination 500 KV. Transmission System Project for Independent Power Producers
in Western and Eastern Areas
1 Project Management
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Samakkee Boonyawat Ph.D. Project Manager
Environmental Expert
2. Physical Resource
Worakai Usa B.S. Forestry/Watershed Scientist
3. Biology Resource
Surachit Waengsothorn M.S. Forestry Specialist
4. Hunan Use Value
Somnimitr Pukngam M.S. Land use and Agricultural
Scientist 5. Quality of life Value
Kallayanee Kullachai M.S. Socio-economic
/Environmental science 6. Supporting Staff
Yutthaphong Keereemuangkla B.S. Forestry/Project Staff
Anut Keawwong B.S. Forestry/Project Staff ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The environmental impact examination and analysis of the 500 KV Transmnission
System For IPPs in western area and eastern area report was accomplished as target with the support of various concerned agencies to whom the study team would like to take this opportunity to thank namely Royal Forest Department and Community Development Department for their supportive data as well as the accomnodation for field investigation
Last but not least, we are very appreciate EGAT's staff for their acconrmodating during the field survey and excellent cooperation in providing necessary data for this study
Project Management Content
page
Project Descriptions
1.1 Rationale of the Project in the National Context 1
1.2 500 KV TransmnissionSystem Project for IPPs 2
1.3 The Scope of the Project 3 1.4 Detailed Activities of the Project 7
2. Specification For The Project That Required For The Environmental
Impact Assessment Report
2.1 The Envirornmental Impact Assessment Deternined by the Project
Feature 10 2.2 The Environmental Impact Assessment Detennined by tne Area
Feature 12
3. Preliminary of EIA and Mitigation Plans of Project
3.1 General 12
3.2 EGAT s Environmental Guidelines for Transmission System 16
3.3 Priliminary Mitigation Plans For 500 KV. Transmission
System For IPPs 19
4 The Study of Environmental Impact Examination
4.1 Introduction 20
4.2 Physical Resources 20
4.3 Biological Resources 24
4.4 Human Use Values 58
4.5 Quality of Life Values 74 Content (Con'd)
page
5 The Overall Environmental Impact Examination
5.1 The Environmental Impact Examination Criterias 82
5.2 Summary of Environmental Impact Examination 83
5.3 The Overall Project Impacts 86
6 Mitigation Measures on The Environmental Impact
6.1 The Mitigation Measures on The Physical Impacts 87 6.2 The Mitigation Measures on The Biological Impacts 87
6.3 The Mitigation Measures on The Human Use Values Impacts 88 6.4 The Mitigation Measures on The Quality of life Values hnpacts 88
7 References 89 List of Tables
Tables page
2.1-1 Notification for Types and Sizes of Project or Activities Required 13
an Environmental Impact Assessment Report
2.1-2 Additional Types and Scales of Projects or Activities 15
Required for an Environmental Impact Assessment Report
4.3-1 Name, Length and Area of national forest reserve are passed 28
through by the 500 KV Transmission System for EPPs in
western area (line 1)
4.3-2 Name, Length and Area of national forest reserve are passed 29
through by the 500 KV Transmission Systmi foI irrS in western area (line 2)
4.3-3 Name, Length and Area of national forest reserve are passed 42
through by the 500 KV Transmission System for EPPs in eastern area (line 2)
4.3-4 Species diversity and appeamce of wildlife found in the study 48
areas and adjacant of the project of 500 KV Transmission
System for IPPs in western and eastern area
4.3-5 Summarized the number of wildlife species found in the 500 KV 55
Transmission System for IPPs Project
4.4-1 Land utilization by province in 1992 60
4.4-2 Utilization of farm holding land by province in 1992 61 List of Tables (Con'd)
Tables page
4.4-3 Planted area and Yield of Major Plant by Province in 500 KV 68
transmission line area in 1995
4.4-4 Production cost of major plant by region in crop year 1994/1995 69
5.2-1 Summerized environmental impact examination and mitigation 84
measures of 500 KV Transmission System of IPPs Project List of Figures
Figures page
1.3-1 500 KV. transmission line of western route of IPPs project 4
1.3-2 500 KV. transmission line of eastern route of IPPs project 6
1.4-1 Tree cutting within 30 meter wide of corridor for 500 KV.
transmission line system 8
1.4-2 Foundation plan and stub of 500 KV. transmission line system 11
4.3-1 Khao Chairaj and Khong Grud National Forest Reserve, Changwat 30
Prachuab Khiri Khan within the right of way of western route
4.3-2 Thab Sakae National Forest Reserve, Changwat Prachuab Khiri Khan 31
within the right of way of western route
4.3-3 Kui Buri National Forest Reserve, Changwat Prachuab Khiri Khan 33 within the right of way of western route
4.3-4 Yang Cha-am and Ban Rong National Forest Reserve, Changwat 35
Phetchaburi within the right of way of western route
4.3-5 Stunt dry dipterocarp forest of Cha-am and Ban Rong National Forest 36 Reserve, Changwat Phetchaburi
4.3-6 Yang Hak and Khao PumnNational Forest Reserve, Changwat 37
Phetchaburi within the right of way of western route List of Figures (Con'd)
Figures page
4.3-7 Nong Yaplong National Forest Reserve, Changwat Phetchaburi 38
within the right of way of western route
4.3-8 Stunt dry dipterocarp of Nong Yaplong National Forest Reserve, 39
Changwat Phetchaburi
4.3-9 Pu Yang and Pu Samson National Forest Reserve, Changwat Ratchaburi 41
within the right of way of western route
4.3-10 Khlong Rawemg and Khao Som Sed National Forest Reserve, Changwat 43
Rayong within the right of way of eastern route
4.3-11 Daeng and Chum Num Klang National Forest Reserve, Changwat 45
Chonburi within the right of way of eastern route
4.3-12 Tha Boomnee and Bo Thong National Forest Reserve, Changwat 46
Chonburi within the right of way of eastern route
4.4-1 The coconut plantation, existing land use at substation 1 (Bang Saphan) 62
of westem route
4.4-2 The existing land use (coconut plantation) at substation II (Thap Sakae) 62
of western
4.4-3 Pmeapple field and mango orchard, agricutural land along the 63
transmission line 1 (Bang Saphan - Chom Bung) List of Figures (Con'd)
Figures page
4.4-4 Paddy field after harvested under transmission line 1 in Changwat 63
Phetchaburi
4.4-5 The old coconut palm, existing land use at Rayong4-substation 65
4-4-6 Mixed orchard land use along transmission line 1 of eastern route 65
4.4-7 The pineapple field and pararubber plantation land use under 67
transmnissionline 2 of eastarn route
4.4-8 The paddy field and eucalyptus plantation land use under 67 transnission line 2 of eastern route
4.5-1 Small house within the right of way of line 1 (western route) 77
4.5-2 Medium house within the right of way of line 1 (western route) 77
4.5-3 Tharanukroh Cemetery in Changwat Chonburi within the right 80
of way of line 1 (eastern route)
4.5-4 Factory building in Changwat Chonburi within the right of 80 way of line I (eastern route) FINAI, REPORT
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT EXAMINATION OF 500 KV TRANSMISSION SYSTEM FOR INDEPENDENT POWER PRODUCERS
I PROJECT DESCRIPTIONS
1.1 RATIONALEOF THE PROJECTIN THE NATIONALCONTEXT
The Electricity GeneratingAuthority of Thailand (EGAT) is a state enterprise comes under direct supervisionof The Prime MinisterOffice. The EGAT,which was establishedon May 1, 1969 to nationalizeand consolidatethe functionand responsibilitiesof three independentstate enterprises ; the Yanhee Electricity Authority (YEA), the Lignite Authority (LA) and the North-East Electricity Authority (NEEA),now is in the process of privatization.
The EGAT has the main responsibility to provide electricity for the whole Kingdom of Thailandby generating,transmitting and selling the bulk energy to two distributingentities namely the Metropolitan Electricity Authority (MEA) and the Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA) including other energy also undertakes other businesses related to the production of electric energy or contributingto EGAT's operation.
EGAT is finmly commnittedto provide an efficient power services to meet the requirments nation-widewith sufficiency,reliability and at the reasonablerate, while enhancingand protecting the environmentas well as encouragingpublic participationin EGAT's operation.
A rapid growth of electricitydemand has been witnessed over the past decade in Thailand, as a result of the country's favorable economy.The system peak in the fiscal year 1995 was recorded as 12,267.9MW, representing almost 15% growth from the prior year The total energy production rose to 79,112 million kWh; about 47% was used by the industrial sector, 27% by the business sector, 21% by the residential sector and 5% by the others. 2
The power demand in Thailand is expected to continuously increase at high rate as the
national economic growth is anticipate to increase at rapid pace particularly in business and industrial
areas.
The continuing surge in electricity demand in Thailand has made it imperative for EGAT to
expand and upgrade its system in order to maintain acceptable level of efficiency, service quality and
reliability. A huge investment program is required for EGAT to build the new power plants and
transmission system facilities to meet the growing demand.
The EGAT prepares its Power Development Plan in line with the National Economic and
Social Development Plans and the Government policy on private sector participation. The current
EGAT Power Development Plan (PDP 95-01) has been formulated to cover the period during Eight,
Ninth and Tenth National Economic and Social Development Plans up to fiscal year 2011.
The current Power Development Plan is based on long range load forecast of EGAT prepared
by the Load Forecast Subcommittee. The power and energy demand in Thailand during fiscal year
1995-2011 will increase at an average annual rate of 6.70% and 6.94% respectively. The long range load and energy are forecasted to be 33,532 MW and 228,445 Gwh respectively by year 2011.
1.2 500 KV TRANSMISSION SYSTEM PROJECT FOR IPPs
The Government has strong policy for the privatization of power supply industry to increase the competitiveness in electricity business, as well as to increase the efficiency and to reduce the invesment in public sector.
The cabinet approved a directive in this regard in September 1992 called the Four Step Plan for the Thai Power Utilities for the performance and organization restructuring in Thai Power Utilities in response to the privatization policy.
The Four Steps Plan has included three forms of private participation in the power sector as given below: 3
(1) Subsidiary Companies
(2) Small Power Producers (SPPs).
(3) Independent Power Producers (IPPs).
EGAT is actively involved in the implementation of IPPs The invitation announcement to the
private sector for participation in the build-own-operate (BOO) scheme of the IPPs which are scheduled for the commission during 1996-2002 was made in 1995.
The current EGAT long term Power Development Plan (PDP 95-01) has included about
13,100 MW total power purchase from IPPs up to the year 2011, representing 30% of the total installed capacity at that time. To facilitate the private sector investment in IPPs projects, EGAT will
construct two 500 KV transmission lines along the Gulf of Thailand from Bang Saphan (Prachuap
Khiri Khan Province) to Chom Bung on the western coast and from Rayong to Nong Chok and Wang Noi on the eastern coast.
These 500 KV lines will receive the power from IPPs power plants and transmit most of the generated power to the load centers at Greater Bangkok and the surrounding areas.
1.3 THE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The scope of work under 500 KV Transmission System Project for the IPPs is devided into two component as follows:
1.3.1 500 KV TransmnissionSystem for IPPs in Western Area
The 500 KV Transmission System for IPPs in Westem Area includes the following:
1) Transmission Lines
The Transmission lines for the disbursement of power friom IPPs in the Western Area includes the construction of the following 2 transmission lines (Figure 1.3-1): ~KHAOBINHANGWT EACHABURI CHANG WAT SAMUT SAKHON
30:~~~~~~~~~-
~~ I 2 ICANGWAT SAMUT SONGKIIRAM
GULF OF THAILAND
CHN TWAPHETCHABURI
#GAAM AND BANBtONG NATIONAL FORES RESERVE
.4GULF OF THALANVD
4"-~~~~ ~ Amphoc~PraaBSuri Jj
~~- CHANG WAY PIRACHUAB KiHR KHAN KMBUR
4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
2~~~~~4 I50ANDI I03 flqure1OflSESSSIII 3 1500 lieK of wsteGnrouteofGULF'sOFojecA 5
(1) Construction of 275 km long i ru^te of M'V double circuit
line from Bang Saphan to Chom Bung
(2) Construction of 280 km long 2 route of 500 KV double circuit
line from Bang Saphan substation to Chom Bung
2) Substations
The substations for the disbursement of power fromn IPPs in the
Westem Area includes the expansion of the following 3 existing substations:
(1) Expansion of Bang Saphan 500 KV substation with installation of
500/230 KV of 1000 MVA transformer and line shunt reactors and addition of communication system.
(2) Expansion of Chom Bung 500 KV substation with installation of
line shunt reactors and addition of conmmunicationsystem.
(3) Expansion of Sai Noi 500 KV substation and addition of communication system.
1.3.2 500 KV Transmission System for IPPs in Eastern Area
The 500 KV transmission System for IPPs in Eastem Area includes the following:
1) Transmission Lines
The Transmission lines for the disbursement of power from EPPs in the Eastern Area includes the construction of the following 2 transmission lines (Figure 1.3-2):
(1) Construction of 155 km long I route of 500 KV double circuit line from Rayong 4 to T Junction. 6
1400 ~-'~*,- .
Line 2/
. . Khiet Nong Chok ApoeaNmPo ..-----. =t-~t6-fr
BANGKOK METROPOLIS ',"Amph Bg la
~-CRANGWAT C_ACHOENGSAO .. . i
B~~~~fANGWAKCONMETROIS J, / 4 t-.
-Amphoe Phanat Nikboiu
''- - iE ''1 '~~>.:rS= 'V-~i ~>t- >t.~A' GULF OF THAHLAND '' ~~~ ' ^-4~1:w ...... ~-; 'v;Ast ' E; 'KHAOKHfAEW.- KHAO CHOMPV WILDLIFE SANCTUARY k.M,CELANG73 eS Ss F , ;hX,fTWAT,\,, 13100 (4,1100 45'lB 101 1515lS,' = 0 iqure\1.4-2 500 Ky. transmission line of easteEr route of IPPs project Fiqure 1.3-2 500 KV. transmissionline of eastern route of IPPs project 7 (2) Construction of 170kmlsion1g 2 route of 500 KV double circuit line from Rayong 4 substation to T Junction 2) Substations The substations for the disbursement of power from the IPPs in the Eastern Area includes the construction of 1 new and expansion of 1 existing substations as follows: (1) Construction of 500/230 KV Rayong 4 substation with installation of line shunt reactors at 500 KV Rayong 4-Nong Chok and Rayong 4-Wong Noi lines and addition of communication system. (2) Expansion of the 230 KV Rayong 2 substation with addition of communication system. 1.4 DETAILED ACTIVITIES OF THE PROJECT The implementation of the 500 KV Transmission System for IPPs has the following details for the constructions and procedures: 1.4.1 Drilling for soil survey on changes of soil layers, soil properties, groundwater level and soil resistance applying the 25.25 mm. diameter of drilling rig stroke through the iron at 7 m. in depth. Soil samples will be gathered with hand auger at 3 m. deep. The data obtained from the survey will be used for the foundation construction of all transmission posts. 1.4.2 Tree cutting down will be considered in the area whereas the transmission system would be possibly affected and it will be done in compliance with the criteria stated in the meeting solution on the transmission line assembly with the following practices for the 500 KV Transmission System (Figure 1.4-1); 1) Trees and plants will be cut down to the level of soil surface and not permitted to grow furthermore in the area where located the transmission posts and the surrounding bases within a 8 R.O.W.______rA SEE Fiqure 1.4-2 i TRANSMISSION LINE _ ( TRANSMISSIONLINE LA T. Ti so. . \XDANGERTREE- f j X S X ~~~~~~~~~~~TRIM LINE VEGETATIONOF CO0MMERCIAL1.0m o*______ 10 15 20 31 .... 406 1/2 RIGHTOF WAY SECTION A -A Fiqure 1.4-1 Tree cutting within 30 meters wide of coridor for 500 KV. transmi1sios line sYstem 9 distance of 4 m. except those to be stamped as stated in the Forest Regulations can be kept the height at not exceeding 30 cm. above ground. 2) Trees along the transmission lines will be completely cut for 6 m. wide (3 m. far from each side started from the center of the transmission post). 3) Trees/plants outside the mentioned areas in (1) and (2) (or in 6-14 m) will be kept at 30 cm. high above ground- 4) Some cash crops are excluded with the following conditions: (1) those grown in a distance of 14 m. far from the center of transmission post for both sides will be kept at not exceeding 3 m. high. (2) those grown in a distance of 22 m. far from the center of transmission post for both sides will be kept at not exceeding 5 m. high. (3) those grown in a distance of 27 m. far from the center of transmission post for both sides will be kept at not exceeding 7 m. high. New batch of tree/crop can be practiced with a particular condition as earlier mentioned. 5) Those trees existing in the area along the transmission line mentioned will be cut down in the basis of necessity for the construction work and maintenance of the transmission line only and in compliance with the above mentioned criterias in (1), (2), (3) and (4) but it must not be the obstacle for the maintenance work. 6) Those trees with possibility to fall down into the transmission line area must be cut down since it would cause any danger to the transmission system. 10 1.4.3 The 4 x 4 x 4 m. boreholes will be drilled for foundation construction of concrete molding for iron posts and stub for the assemblv as elaborated in Figure 1.4-2. Before applying concrete in the area, water spraying is necessary to prevent moisture absorption from new concrete the thickness ot compressed soil should not exceed 20 cm. and should be 15 cm. higher than the former soil level. 1.4.4 The assembly of double circuit transmission posts will be undertaken over the project area with the interval distance of 400-450 m. depending on the topography of a particular area. And the post will be coated with zinc to prevent rusing. The mobilization of materials for the assembly will be through vehicles using the existing walking route into the site. For those undertaken in slope area will be pulled up at the right of way at 60 m. of distance for pilling the assembling materials and equipment. 1.4.5 In stringing the 500 KV transmission line, 795 MCM ACSR/GA line will be carried out through the controlled tension method passing through the tensioner. Soft sling winl be used and followed by puller with some ground clearance. The ground clearance of not under 11 m. will be practiced in forest area and 13-16 m. in community area. 2 SPECIFICATION FOR THE PROJECTTHAT REQUIREDFOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT The Environmental Impact Assessment of any development project in Thailand has been determined by 2 major criterias namely the project features and the project areas with the following details: 2.1 THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT DETERMINED BY THE PROJECT FEATURES The WMinstry of Sciences, T.echnology and Ev uoe Authioa ized iugh ihe Decree on the National Environmental Quality Extension and Prevention of 1992 has issued the announcement on types and scales of project or activities to be undertaken by the government, state enterprise or private 11 LEG4\ / l L / / G~~~LE2 LEGsX / ! \ LEG3 FOUNDAT: \/ I ON PLAN CVERTICAOF TIE,TV N POtOTLAPLNE FOUNDA1itTIO -'C.G. ff ffOE5TAL SPECING \ RA TC.6. . PEEC STAL zl. (O EoA TA IS kE F .51 t St-i; 4 r;S'-(TYPE I L> 05 SCTI N -6 R eacT0 BABAHT _ OF STLIO ANGLE 0C *t 7B CG.AOFPEDESTA STACING -1., ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1S C| OF PEDESTTAL S PioaEDESTALTB| @ 41 I XE VAOE__ --- t, on .5 026 OFFSET DIM. TNDT SLOPE 5PACIF4nCo0 KAy 70 TAt-S8 5 , !t g 0Th 42.4 0.27005 Om 48.S 0.27663 0720 SB.? ~0.26937 PAO Cg 1~~~~~~~~~~~~0461.32 0.3030S PAOSBOTTOM OARS A~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~*~B.AS.SI1E'Is'70 1. 0.33335 SECTLINiŽA.zA OCT TO SCA.LE) WAO SO.?S6. 0.27660 Fiqure 1.4-2 Foundation plan and stub of 500 KV transmission line system. 12 sectors that require the analysis on environmental impacts assesstrlewt report in the first issue (192) of which the list attached are as Table 2.1-1 Moreover, The Ministry has further issued an addition notification for types and scales of project or activities that are required for environmental impact assessment report in the second issue (1992) wherein more details are stated as shown in Table 2.1-2 . 2.2 THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT DETERMINED BY THE AREA FEATURES Those areas required for the environmental impact assessment is the conservation forest area identified by law and the cabinet concerning the natural resource conservation classified as 4 types: I) Wildlife sanctuary announced through the Act on Wildlife Preservation and Protection in 1960 2) National Park through the Act concerned in 1961. 3) Watershed area class I specified by the NEB through the Cabinet Resolution. 4) Conservation area specified for land utilization in mangrove forest area of Thailand through the Cabinet Resolution dated December 15, 1987. S PRELIMINARYOF EIA AND MITIGATIONPLANS OF PROJECT 3.1 GENERAL The transmission system and substations in the 500 Transmission System of IPPs Project is not required to conduct the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) by current law and regulation. The EIA for the transmission system will be expected only when the whole or portion of line routes is located in Watershed classification class lB or forest conservation area class C, Wildlife sanctuary area, National Park area, Mangrove area. 13 Table2.JA Notification for Types and Sizes of Projects or Activities Required an Environmental Impact Assessment Report Items Types of Project or Activities Scales I Dam and Reservior Storage volume of 100 million cubic meters (MCM) or more or storage surface area of 15 square-kilometers or more 2 Irrigation Irrigation area of 80,000 rais (12,800 hectares) or more 3 Commercial Airport All scales 4 Commercial Port and Harbour With capacity for vessels of 500 tons-gross or more 5 Mass Transit System and Expressway. as defined All scales by the Mass Transit and Expressway Act or Project similar to Expressway or Rail Type Mass Transit System 6 Highway or road as defined by the Highway Act , All project with equivalents to or above the minimum Passing through following areas: standard of rural highway including roaded expansion (a) Wildlife Sanctuaries and Wildlife Non-Hunting Areas as defined by the Wildlife Conservation and Protection Act. (b) National Park as defined by Nation Park AcL (c) Watershed area classified as class 2 by the Cabinet Resolution (d) Mangrove Forests Designated as National Forest Reserve (e) Coastal Area within 50 meters from the Maximum Sea Level 7 Coastal Reclamation All scales 8 Mining as defined by the Mineral Act All scales 9 Thermal Power Plant Capacity of 10 mega-watt or more 10 Hotel or Resort Facilities in areas adjacant to 80 rooms or more rivers, coastal areas , lakes or beaches or in the vicinity of National Parks or Historical Parks ii Building in areas adjacant to rivers , coastal areas, Height of 23 meters or more or total of all floors area lakes or beaches or in the vicinity of National or area of any floor in the same building is Park or Histirical Park 10.000 square meters or more 14 Items Types of Project or Activities Scales 12 Residential Condominium as deftned by the 80 units or more Condominium Act. 13 Land appropriation for residential or commercial Land plot is 500 units or more or total land area exceed purpose 100 rais (16 hectares) 14 Hospital or Nursing Home: (a) In case locates in area adjacant to rivers (a) in-patient's bed of 30 beds or more coastal areas , lakes or beaches (b) In areas other Than (a) (b) in-patient's bed of 60 beds or more 15 All Project or Activities in Watershed area All scales classified as lB by the Cabinet Resolution 16 Industries (1) Petrochemical Industry Using raw materials which is produced from oil refinery and/or natural gas seperation with production capacitv of 100 tons/day or more (2) Oil Refinery All scales (3) Natural Gas Seperation All scales (4) Chlor-ALkalineIndustry requiring NaCl as raw Production capacity of each or combined productes of material for production of Na2CO3 , NaOH, HCI, 100 tons/day or more Cl, , NaOCI and Bleaching Powder (5) Irons and/or Steel Industry Production capacity of 100 tons/day (production capacity calculated by using production capacity of furnace in ton/hour multiplied by 24 hours) (6) Cement Industry All scales (7) Smelting Industry other than Iron and Steel Production capacity of 50 tons/day or more (8) Pulp Industry Production capacity of 50 tons/day or more (9) Pesticide Industry or industry producting Active All scales Ingredient by chemical process (10) Chemical Fertilizer Industry using chemical All scales process in production Note: NaCI = sodium chloride; Na2Co3 = sodium carbonate; NaOH = sodium hydroxide HCI = hydrogen chloride; Cl = Chlorine ; NaOCI = sodium hyperchloride Source: Notifications of Ministry of Science, Technology and Environmental , August 24 BE 2535 (1992) and September 9 BE 2535 (1992) issued under the Enhancement and Conservation of National Environmental Quality Act BE 2535 (1992) 15 Table 2.1-2 Additional Types and Scales of Projects or Activities to be required for an Environmcntal Impact Assessment Report Items Types of Project or Activities Scales I Sea dumping All scales 2 Any building locating at the riversides , seashore , seaside, Scale of building: lake or nearby National Park, Historical sites which would (1) The height is above 23 m. be affected on the environmental quality (2) The total area of all storeys or either one is equal to 10,000 sq.m. and above 3 Condominium specified in the law Those with over 80 rooms 4 Land estate for residence or for commercial purpose 500 plots and above or the area of plot is over 100 rais 5 Hospital or Public health stations (1) Those located at the riversides, seasides , lakes or 5.1 Having 30 patient beds and above seashore which would affect on the environmental quality (2) Those are not in (1) 5.2 Having 60 patient beds and above 6 Industry with some toxic or pesticide through chemical All scales process 7 Industry conceming the production of chemical fertilizer with All scales chemical process 8 Highway or road as specified in the law and pass through: All scales equivalent or lower than the standard of rural highway including the embankment to be constructed or the existing one (1) Wildlife sanctuary and non-hunting area (2) National Park (3) Watershed area class II by the Cabinet resolution (4) Mangrove forest area identified as National forest reserve (5) Coastal area within 50 m. from the maximum water level 16 However, the environmental impacts by some of the project components and their mitigation measures are recorded in the following sections for IBRD. 3.2 EGAT S ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES FOR TRANSMISSION SYSTEM For the construction of transmission system. i.e., in selecting the line routes for transmission lines and substation sites, EGAT use to minimize the impact on the environmental elements, like forest, wildlife, watershed area, population, archeological sites and scenery to the most feasible environmental criteria. The EGAT' s environmental guidelines for transmission systems as follows: 3.2.1 Route Selection 1) Not locating a line through the following (1) Restricted watershed area class lA as well as the forest conservation class C by laws and regulation (2) Holy places, archeological sites and government site 2) Avoiding to locate a line through the following (1) Watershed area class lB. mangrove forest, national parks and other conservation areas (2) Community and developed areas 3) Avoiding to locate a line running parallel with, or close to telephone and telegraph cables in a long distance. 4) Avoiding to locate a line near an airport. 17 3.2.2 Route Alternative Route alternative for the 500 KV Transmission Line of Westem and Eastem Areas had been proposed before EFiEstudy as follows; 1. Westem Area Route selection had been done together with a field survey by EGAT staff. The reasons for the proposed route were selected as follows; 1) Transrnission line route cannot be pararell to the railway line and main road because both side of these two communication lines are near residential comnmunities. 2) Transmission line should not pass over the railway line. 3) The selected transmission lines were pass through the National Forest Reserve only at the edge of the area where the land is mostly used for agricultural proposed. 4) It is not many route selection/altemative due to the westem area was in the southem peninsular which was narrow and near the border line of Myamnar. 2. Eastern Area Route selection also had been done together with a field survey by EGAT staff. The reasons are as follow; 1) There are many residential homes along both side of the road which has network roads. 2) Avoid passing through the residential area as much as possible. 3) Only Line 2 of the Transmission line pass through two National Forest Reserves where the existing land is used for agricultural purposes or forest plantation. 18 However, before cons-tuction of the new trans-iqnn system, a detailed survey will be done by EGAT staff together with the staff of The Royal Forest Department (RFD) to check and mark the number of forest tree to be cut. And EGAT will have to submit the report to RFD in order to get permission to use some part of the National Forest Reserve as the right of way for the transmission line. 3.2.3 Construction 1. Avoiding to construct a new access for construction purpose, but trying to utilize the existing tracts. 2. Avoid cutting trees over the limitation. 3. Clean up the construction sites upon the completion of the construction work. 3.2.4 Preservation 1. Performing the environmental impact study for the lines passing through the watershed class lB area and mangrove forest. An additional impact study on electrical effects is also performed for the extra high voltage lines. If necessary, development of an implementation plan or mitigation plan will be performed in accordance with the regulation of the govemment agencies concemed. 2. Along the valley, cut down, only where necessary, the trees considered to be hazardous to the stability of the transmission system. 3. The landowners are permitted to cultivate the economic crops at EGAT s options along the right of way corridor. 4. Upon completion of the transmission line construction work, ground cover around the towers will be planted and land will be contoured when required to provide a protective covering for the earth and to prevent soil erosion. 19 3-3 PRELIMINARY MITIGATION PLANS FOR 500 KV TRANSMISSION SYSTEM FOR IPPS 33.1 lransmission Lines The 500 KV transmission lines will be mainly constructed in the open land. The only little risk that may cause the delay of the project is the acquisition of rights of way which the negotiation with the land owners always need a long lead time and process has to be involved with many concerned stated agencies. However, the negotiation with the land owners for the compensation are underway. The EGAT will pay the compensation to the owners; While the ownership will be remained with the farmers. The compensation for some part of the rights of way is already settled. 3.3.2 Substations Five (5) Substations are involved in the project; while the land for only two following substations will be required to purchase under the project: 1) Bang Saphan 500 KV Substation 2) Rayong4 500 KV Substation Since EGAT need to purchase the land from private owners for these substations, the critical factor that could affect the project s success was the land owners cooperation. The EGAT negotiated with each owner separately and purchased all the land at the price accepted. After selling the land to EGAT, almost all previous occupants will move to the other places nearby. As the land owners sell their land by their own consent and hence there are no forced resettlement issue concerning with this component. 20 4 THE STUDYTHE ~OF ~ ~ ENVIRONMviENTAL ~ ~ ~ ""' ~~~~~~'~~~'J 1WvirACEES)L A IkI A 'IrTI-V% 4.1 INTRODUCTION Although the 500 KV Transmission System of IPPs Project doesn t have to be done a report about the environment impact by its project and its site as formerly mentioned, the project which has to financially loan fromn the World Bank needs to be done the EE (Environmental Impact Examination) report that covers all the following 4 principle topics as the regulations needed by the Office of Environmental Policy and Planning. 4.1.1 Physical resources: only water resources and main rivers that the transmission line cross over are hightlighted. The impact on water resources are considered. 4.1.2 Biological resources: only national forest reserve where the transmission line pass and the wildlife found from the survey are studied. The impact is then evaluated. 4.1.3 Human use values: the study focuses only on the existing land use and agriculture. The kinds of plants grown and the expected impact on the land used are described. 4.1.4 Quality of life values: the study focuses on comimunitues/households or land property that are expropriated along the transmission line. 4.2 PHYSICAL RESOURCES 4.2.1 Introduction The 500 KV Transmission System of IPPs Project construction by the Electrical Generating Authority of Thailand needs to have space boring for foundation towers of 4x4x4 metres wide, long and deep respectively. The boring damages the topsoil layer, causes erosion and affects the the water properties in the sources. The more or less impact depened on the distance between the boreholes and the water- resources, the land slope and use which helps block and slow down the water 21 suspension getting into the water resources. The Environmental Impact Examination of the project; therefore, mainly studies the physical surrondings of water resources and the nearby area where the transmission lines cross over in order to find out if the area can serve the construction and the cor.tinual irr.pact that JL.ay b aus bvy crosivnL LLuunclud Lii physical cLhaLngeLo La I water resources when the project is being constructed. The suggestions to the project construction impact are given for people in the nearby areas to have the water consumption from subsurface water or shallow well. 4.2.2 Objectives 1) To study water resources and surrounding areas where the 500 KV Transmission lines of IPPs Project cross over. 2) To study the project construction primary impact that may have on water resources. 3) To suggest the preventive solutions to the impact that caused by the project construction. 4.2.3 Study methods 1) Study the primary data from topographic map of Royal Thai Survey Department scale 1 : 50,000 to find out the locations of rivers and major canals where the transmission lines cross over. 2) Field check with the 1:50,000 scale map and record the water resources' physical description such as shape, slope, water flow, depth and surrounding area use to know the water condition. 3) Analyse the water condition, the possible impact possibly caused by the project and suggestion to the impact that may have on water resources. 22 4.2.4 Study results 4.2.4.1 Bang Saphan - Chom Bung Transrnission Line (Western Area) The 500 KV Transmission System of IPPs Project has 2 transrmission line in the Western Area. Line 1 is from substation, Amphoe Bang Saphan, Changwat Prachuab Khiri Khan and the line 2 is from Thap Sakae substation, Amphoe Thap Sakae, Changwat Prachuab Khiri Khan to Chom Bung substation, Amphoe Chom Bung, Changwat Ratchaburi. The field survey of water resource along the two transmission line finds out the following: 1) Line 1: cross over Pranburi and Phetchaburi rivers and Mae Prachan and Angthong streams which have the following Physical descriptions: (1) Pranburi River: line I cross over the rivers at the bridge which is close to the end of Pranburi Dam. The water way is curved with clear slow flowing current of water throughout the year (perennial stream). The river including the banks is around 20-25 meters wide. One of the river bank is highly slope and the other is plain. Both of the river banks are covered with glass, bushes and big trees such as Sai (Ficus sp.) and Chaamchuree (Samanea saman Merr.). Soil is alluvial soil. (2) Phetchaburi River : line 1 crosses over the river in which the water flows strongly throughout the year (perennial stream) at Ban Thamairuak, Amphoe Thayang in Phetchaburi. The river is about 25-30 meters wide. Its plain banks are partly covered with bamboo and weeds which are mainly glass and reed. Orchards and some crops such as string bean, chilli, maize, mango and banana etc. are grown along the river bank skirts. (3) Maeprachan Stream: line 1 crosses over the stream, which is the branch of Phetchaburi River, at Ban Maeprachan, Amphoe Thayang in Phetchaburi. The stream, in which the clear water throughout the year (perennial stream), is approximately 15-20 meters wide. Its plain banks are covered with grass and kinds of villagers' orchard such as banana, coconut, mango, jack fruit and betel nut. 23 (4) Angthong Stream : line I crosses over the stream at Ban Thamakluae, Amphoe Chombung in Ratchaburi. The stream, in which the water flows throughout the year, has small quantity of water in dry season. It is shallow with about 10 meters wide. The stream bed is covered with small gravels. Its plain banks are covered with dense grass. The villagers grow annuals and kitchen garden in the surrounding plain areas. 2) Line 2: crosses over Pranburi River at the bridge across the river at the end of Pranburi Dam. Adjoining to lme 1, the area for the right of way is, then, co-used and the river banks are in similar descriptions Moreover, the system also crosses over Phetchaburi River at Ban Kladjik, Amphoe Thayang, Phetchaburi and Angthong stream, Amphoe Chom Bung, Ratchaburi. The river stream are not different from those over which line I crosses. 4.2.4.2 Rayong4-Nong Chok Transmission Line (Eastem Area) The 500 KV Transmission System of IPPs Project has 2 transmission lines for the Eastem Area starting from Rayong 4 sub-station to the T-junction of Nong Chok substation. The field survey of the natural water sources along the 2 transmission line reveals the followings: 1) Line I : crosses over Bang Prakong River, the natural water sources at Ban Ronghuad, Amphoe Bangkla in Chachoeng Sao. The river is huge, deep and curved with about 200 meters wide. The water is rather high turbidity and slowly flows throughout the year. Along the river banks, some phreatophytic such as Nipa palm are generally found while in the river some aquatic plants like water hyacinth, water plantain, water lettuce and other are found. Some communittes are settled along the river banks. 2) Line 2 : also crosses over Bang Prakong River , the natural water source at Ban Pakklongbangkhanak, Amphoe Bang Nam Priew in Chachoeng Sao. The crossing area is far away from the junction of Nakhonnayok River and Prachinburi River. It is a sharp curving river with about 150 meters wide. The rather dirty water flows throughout the year. Along the river banks, some plants that need a lot of water such as Nipa palm, Crinum lily and other are found while there are some aquatic plants in the river such as water hyacinth, water lettuce, duck weed, water plantain and others. 24 4.2.5 Tne Environmental impact Examination The condition of water sources that may have an impact caused by soil erosion due to the project construction and the physical condition of water sources that get an impact caused by soil erosion along the sloping sides and sedimentation are all taken into consideration of the environmental impact exanination. The study reveals that one of the sloping sides where both of Western Transmission System crosses over Pranburi River at the end of Pranburi Dam is so steep and the soil texture is sandy soil which is erosive. In case there is the foundation tower boring close to the sloping side, it may cause only little imnpacton the water sources. However, the foudation construction should not be done near the riverbank it should be far from the streambank at least 50 meter as reulation. According to the Eastem Area Transmission System that crosses over Bang Prakong River, the project construction does not have any impact on soil erosion that goes into the water sources since the river is so huge, its sloping sides are not so steep and its water property is already rather high turbidity. 4.2.6 Recommendations 1) The foundation tower boring and other construction activities such as the transportation of construction materials, material storage and worker housing should be located at least 50 meters away from the water sources to avoid soil erosion that may occur. In case, it is necessary to use the area which is close to water sources, soil barriers should be built to block soil erosion getting into the water sources. 2) Plant cover should be grown along the banks, the plain area and the surrounding project site to avoid soil erosion. 4.3 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCE 4.3.1 Introduction At present, Thai people are very alert to natural resources and environmental conservation. This can be proved as Thai people who live around the project area and general people protest against many major developmental projects that have impacts on environments. Some kinds of 25 biological resources such as forest and wildlife are the natural resources that people pay attention to conserve as much as they do to other groups of resources. Therefore, any projects that have an impact on forest and wildlife resources tend to be against by people. The 500 KV Transmission System of IPPs Project construction inevitably affects forest and wildlife resources because some parts of the transmission lines go through the natural forest. Then, it is neccessary to study the existing condition of available biological resources especially forest and wildlife and to find out the appropriate mitigation plans. 4.3.2 Objectives 1) To study the forest conditions that the transmission system crosses over especially where there is the national forest reserved. 2) To study the species of wildlife that may be affected by the project. 3) To evaluate the possible environmental impact on forest and wildlife, to propose mitigation measure and to decrease the impacts that may occur. 4.3.3 Study Methods 1) Forest Resource Study The study focuses on the forest conditions in the area of national forest reserve and the one that is surrounding the project area. The field data is collected by sampling plots, the 17.85 radius temporary circular plot, pararell to the transmission system dispersing along the land use and the forest types and recording data of trees that have dbh above 10 cm.. The recorded data are tree species, size, height including the species and the numbers of bamboo. The 5X5 meters square plot is placed in the center of the circular plot to study sapling which is dbh less than 10 cm. and the height is more than 1.30 meter, The recorded data are species, number and height of all saplings in the plot. 26 in the upper right corner of 5X5 meter sq-are plot, a 2X2 met.er square plot is placed to study seedlings that is less than the height 130 meter height. All species and number of seedling found in the plot are recorded. 2) Wildlife Study Species of rare or nearly extinct wildlife are studies. However, other species in the studied areas are not ignored although they may get impacts of the project and can adjust themselves. The species and number of wildlife found are recorded. They are classified into 4 groups: Mammals, Birds, Reptiles and Amphibians. 4.3.4 Study Results I) Forest resource Eventhough the 500 KV Transmission System for IPPs in the Western and Eastern Areas are not under the conditions of environmental impact study but some parts of the project intruded in the national forest reserve. According to the National Forest Reserve Act of 1964 stated the meaning of Forest' and "National forest reserve clearly - Forest means lands including mountains, creeks, swamps, canals, marshs, streams, lakes, islands and coastal areas that no one occupied by law. National forest reserve means the registered forest by the nation under the laws and regulations as the national forest reserve. According to the National Forest Reserve Act, national forest reserve may not have trees or bushes cover. Now people intruded mostly of national forest reserve and settle down there. So the remaining of national forest reserve areas of Thailand become less comparing to the other conservation area where are strictly protected. The field study revealed that, the national forest reserve in the Westem line area are deteriorate because the invaders occupied the lands for agricultural purposes. However, forest 27 area are still in mountain and out of the right of way. The result of each reserved forest are as follows: (1) The Western line areas (Bang Saphan-Chom Bung) pass 3 provinces Prachuab Khiri Khan, Phetchaburi and Ratchaburi. The transmission line 1 passes national forest reserve forest with total length about 36.15 km. or an area 289.2 hectares (Table 4.3-1) and line 2 passes reserved forest with total length 98.95 km or an area 791.6 hectares (Table 4.3-2) The detailed of each reserved forest in each province are: Prachuab Khiri Khan : there are 3 national forest reserved as following: Khao Chairaj and Khlong Grud national forest reserved (Figure 4.3- 1), only line 1 passes this forest about 11,000 meters lenght or area of 88 hactares. Most areas are coconut plantation. The north part of the forest is pararubber plantation which are seven years old with 7 meters high, and dbh 13 centimeters. Thap Sakae national forest reserved, the line 1 passes the reserved forest about 2,700 meters or 216 hactares (Figure 4.3-2). The whole areas of the line is coconut plantation. While line 2 passes through reserved forest is about 28.250 meters or 226 hactares with land use are pine-apple, coconut, paddy fields, and kapok plantation. Some area is casuarina plantation which has spacing 3X3 meters, 10 meters high and dbh 14 centimeters. Furthermore, the line 2 goes very close to the natural forest where is in the western side of the transmission line about 500 meters. The remaining forest is exist only on the steep mountain. The forest type is dry mixed deciduous forest, because the site locates on the rain shadow zone, the forest is poor condition. Most of trees are small in size and low in economic value. The dominant species is Thong Laang Paa (Erythrina subumbrans Merr.), other common species are Pe Gaa (Oroxylum indicum Linn.), Ngui Paa (Bombax anceps Pierre), Po Sam Rong (Sterculia foetida Linn.). There is only one species of bamboo, Phai Paa (Bambusa arundinacea Munro) dispersing over the forest area, which has density about 903 culm per hectare. The field study revealed that the average density of tree is 133 individual per hectare. Most of them are small in size. The total average timber volume is 15.986 cubicmeters per hectare. In order to the forest fire that burned in dry 28 Takit4 Name, Lenght and Area of natuonal floret reserve are p-saed through by the 500 KV Transmission System for IPPs in Western Area (Line 1) No. Name of National ForestReserve Lenght of Area of right Existing landuse Tranmissionline (m) of way (ha.) Changwat Prachuab Khiri Khan 1 Khao Chairaj and KhlongGrud 11,000 88.0 Coconut,Para rubber and Eucalyptusplantation 2 Thap Sakae 2,700 21.6 Coconut 3 Kui Buri 23,000 184.0 Pineapple Changwat Phetchaburi 4 Cha-am and Ban Rong 7,900 63.2 Sugarcane,Stunted dry dipterocarpforest, casuarinaplantation 5 Yang Hak-KhaoPum 4,200 33.6 Sugarcane 6 Nong Yaplong 3,850 30.8 Stunted dry dipterocarp forest 7 Yang 1,500 12.0 Orchard Changwat Ratchaburi 8 Pu Yang and Pu Samson 2,700 21.6 Shiftingarea Total 36,150 289.2 29 Table- .- Z Name , Lenght and Area of national forest reserve are passed through by the 500 KV Transmission System for IPPs in Western Area (Line 2) No. Name of National Forest Reserve Lenght of Area of right Existing landuse Tranmission line (m) of way (ha.) Changwat Prachuab Khiri Khan 1 Thap Sakae 28,250 226.0 Pieapple,Coconut, Paddy field and Kapok plantation 2 Kui Buri 35,500 440.0 Pineapple Changwat Phetchaburi 3 Yang Hak-Khoa Pum 17,300 138.4 Sugarcane, Pineapple and Eucalyptus plantation 4 Nong Yaplong 7,650 61.2 Stunted dry dipterocarp forest Changwat Ratchaburi 5 Pu Yang and Pu Samson 10,250 82.0 Shifting area and Eucalyptus plantation Total 98,950 791.6 30 ______~~~~~~~~~~~~7-7 59 4 - 5 - 8-:P t_r-rf*1vKT;_7 Rr 57 Khao Chairaj and Khong Grud National IForest Reserve Kh4oWn KI 56 ------kh--&-i- - - 55 . , - 54-0:\. , ; ; ;TF ,>Da>ng r^ Ra,81 n 54~ 53 S 53 - l 4 ri w 52 wD\Jithin~8>i- the= ngh- ;%t'5 of way,>/|4 of western routeP/ i _, ,,ti b/ \X 75' _']l j iK4 , so -r r< --x> % i1 > (; |-- 46. '...... :...... ii; ,..... e .. /t..: zr i g , r>_i: : ' iiii i'' }i';3"|T,j''\-__.>%, * ...... ique -41 K ao ,hia an Kion Gru -hngnaioa -K--h*.!i- foes reev a PrchaJ rorit Khan 47jj 04 i.l . K'...''' .., _ .. ~~~~...... ' 48 590m.-E'50 51 52 53 54 . . 6 78 59 60 qur 4".31 Kha C'.i :.ra...... and...... l,;iiii,jKlon ;m -;;"4.j Gru natona frest reserve....ChnwtPaha KhiriK a " itt !&witi i n the righ of; way;,of wesiiii.:itemroute.ig 31 90 ------0 '':'t .;' : '' W 89 h ,,,,,,-,;'-,,,,,x_,--'' . ....-- /'. 83 ,, j4 ,; _-1 -t vje*, . ., --- Vj X < * - 0 , * k', 3 : ', . ' if i 0 'Z : : _., ; ,. '- ".:, - vT . 8~~~~~~~~6 52it-,( 1'.-7 S8 5 t / 6 3 85 ^Cl ;jt!X! s-3- 844 . , s r A i 4^ _ it 0 t}es...>: i/,~~~~~~~6 . i: - Thap Sakae National Forest Reserve :, :, , / "' ,-/ . ; 80 _; A - t-r 77 . Z,,.,\-4,$-'-,w:-- ....*' i,, , ,:,, ...... 76 .8--: 75,ii'--8ftj ...... T, ,, 75'. 79 - / - -- a _ 4 67 | X ,Y/0; '66 t' ¢, r- - ,-66-: k ,t 65 , ,. . '.-U : :.. 65 7 , T > 8 < , ;- ' - -. as--- / 1;^ g 7g; .~~~~~ 64 ~ ~ T; \l-v--- .- z 64 \\ ;; ' % t g , 0 ,; . ; O; Z,4~~~~~~scal 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 5'60mtE61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 -iqure 4.3-2 Thap Sakae national forest reservenChangwat Prachuab Kbii Khan within the r-ight of way of western route. 32 season everv year, the density of saplings and seedlings is low which are about 1,500 and 6,250 individuals per hectare respectively. Kui Buri national forest reserve, line I passes through the pineapple field around 400 meters or 3.2 hectares (Figure 4.3-3). Line 2 crosses 1.3 kilometers or 10.4 hectares of pineapple field as same as line 1. Phetchaburi: there are 4 national forest reserve as following: Cha-am and Ban Rong national forest reserved, Only the distance of the line I pass through this reserved forest is 7,900 meters or the area of 63.2 hactares (Figure 4.3- 4). Most of land use are sugarcane fields. In the north part are casuarina plantation with spacing 2X2 meters, 12 meters high with 15 centimeters diameter at dbh. However, there is stunted dry dipterocarp forest with crown cover 60 %, 7-8 meters high (Figure 4.3-5). Trees are small and dense. The dominant trees are Ma Kok (Spondias pinnata Kurz), Ngiu Paa (Bombax anceps Pierre), Ta Kbro (Schleichera oleosa Merr.), Ta Khop Paa (Flacourtia indica Merr.), Ma Khaa Tae (Sindora siamensis Teijsm. ex Miq.), Rok Faa (Termiinalia alata Heyne ex Roth.) and so on. The study from the field survey found that the density of the forest is about 190 trees per hactare, they are mostly small in size trees (10-30 centimeters diameter) about 175 trees per hactare. Stem volume is about 9.910 cubicmeters per hactare. There are the density of sapling and seedling are about 2,400 and 5,000 trees per hectare respectively. And there are no bamboo. Yang Huk-Khao Pum national forest reserved, line 1 passed through with the distance about 300 meters or an area 1.2 hectares. The land use are sugarcane fields. Line 2 runs along about 17,300 meters or area 69.2 hectares, there are no remaining natural forest cover. Most land uses are sugarcane and pineapple fields. Besides, there is small area of eucalyptus plantation at Khao Pranok with spacing 2X1 meter, 9 meters high and 5-6 centimeters of diameter at breast height (Figure 4.3-6). Nong Ya Plong national forest reserved. The distance of line 1 pass through this forest is 3,850 meters or 30.8 hectares and line 2 is 7,650 meters or 61.2 hectares (Figure 4.3-7). Both lines, land use is stunted dry dipterocarp forest (Figure 4.3-8) due to the lateritic soil, thin 33 I ttYK 627 X 775 gl~~~~~~~~~ | XKUBUI AIONA OETRSRE< 57+ig 56ue4SSKiBr ainlfrs eev,haga rcubKiiKa ihntergto 55~~wyo wsenrue 34 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 j 7-T 22 21 20 19 4gg 7Q. 7 :6 ON, KUI BURI NATIONAL FOREST RESERVE 14 76 . 13 12 4- I-W 07 4. 04 03 02 01 z 98 97 scale 96 0 95 km. 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 18 81 92 83 84 85 S6 87 Figure 4.3-3 (Con d) 35- 24 _- /, ._! f 5Ia \ - 8;< '; *^' '.t- ~ 23 22.- ; National3Yang Forest Reuerve4')' ( 21 19 R' w:>)r~~~ J Lo 167 13 Ya Chaam and Ban -8amRafRong B Nateonal ForesthRnsdie 29S a.y1rg t .... r 58320-E 83 84 8S 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 1 Fiqure 4.S i Yang Cla-am and Ban Rong nationalforest reserve,AhangwatPhethaburi within thie right of way of weste route. 36 .- *' S 'j [~~~~~~ Fiqure 4.8-5 Stunted dry dipterocarp forest of Cha-am and Ban Rong National Forest Reserve, Changwat Petchabui. 37 9'~~~~*.~ 2 ; 4 8 14a-- _ 471 1 :. v-.- ty--/-,,-;;f- y*>pj;l -S_* _ j _. - _ r- -, - *.:-'lv si --. :L.;,47 4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 42~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Yanghak-Khaopum National Forest Reserve 38 Fwe ti- i ;t 37 -, . - ~~~~~~~ 36 8fi :>v3 w 35 :== / , ,^{;;- 33~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 0~'C ~IV''!':,;v''.ti.:. 34 -24- 34 32 . :-, * , 82 83 91 92*''T~~' 93 ~~~~km.- -t94 96 82~83~E4 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 2 93 4 95 9 qure 4.S36 Yang Hak and Khoa Pum national forest reserve,Changwat Phetchaburi within the right of way of western route. 38 _ t-> -: r-{gls**- !La. -~ A 74 . ,- .... Pu Yang and Pu Samson National Forest Reserve ,l ,', 73 724 71- 70 ''~< W 69 1* 68 ''-- tAtWA~~~~~~~~ 67 'T - 66{~. 4 65 ~1 64 Nong Yapiong National forest Reserveh P h 63 rt 62 -7 61 ~4~~ . (0 1 74 575 OOE 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 8 Fiqure 4.S-7 Nong Yaplong national forest reserve,Changwat Phetchaburi within the right of way of western route. _ z 0 (b C) 40 layer top soil, low moisture content in the soil. Tne forest fire ccur every dry season causes few sapling and seedling for succession. The crown cover about 20 %, 6 meters of crown height and the density have only 13 trees per hectare, the total stem volume about 0.626 cubicmeter per hectare. Those dominant trees are Ma Kok (Spondias pinnata Kurz), Ngiu Paa (Bombax anceps Pierre), Mok Yai (Holarrhena antidisenterica Wall.), Ta Khop Paa (Flacourtia indica Merr.), Yang Phluang (Dipterocarpus tuberculatus Roxb). Mostly are small in size, the dbh are less than 10 centimeters or 1.3 meters high and the density of sapling are 3,500 trees per hectare. They are Teng (Shorea obtusa Wall.), Waa (Syzegium cumini Skeel), Samo Thai (Terninalia chebula Retz.), Rang (Shorea siamensis Miq.), Ma Khaam Pom (Phyllanthus emblica Linn-), Salaeng Chai (Strychnos nux-vomica Linn.). As the same species of trees and saplings, the density of seedling are about 11,667 trees per hectare. Yang national forest reserve, line I passes about 1,5000 meters or 12 hectares. The land use is orchard, the rose apple trees mixed with mango and coconut trees. (3) Ratchaburi: both transmission lines pass only Pu Yang and Pu Samson national forest reserved (Figure 4.3-9). The distance of the first line pass through the areas is about 2,700 meters, 21.6 hectares, the land use are old cultivation and deteriorate. The distance of the second line passes through the reserved forest area is about 10,250 meters, 82.0 hectares, the whole areas are old cutivation the same as the areas of line 1, but in the north of the reserved forest are small area of Eucalyptus plantation with spacing 2X4 meter, 10 meters high and dbh 10 centimeters. 2) The Eastem Transmnissionline (Rayong-Nong Chok): the line 1 passes .3 national forest reserve in 2 provinces (Table 4.3-3) Rayong and Chonburi with total length 28.4 kilometers or and area 113.6 hectares whereas the line I does not pass any national forest reserved, the study shows that: (1) Rayong: the distance of line 2 passes only one national forest reserve, Klong Rawaeng and Khao Som Sed, about 19,150 meters or 153.2 hectares (Figure 4.3-10). There is no forest cover in this reserved forest. The most parts of the land uses are farm crops such as pineapple, cassava, sugarcane fields and pararubber plantation which have spacing 3X7 meter, 10 meters high with dbh about 20-25 centimeters, some area mixed with coconut plantation. 41 .~~~~~~~~~~~...... tr-...... , ...... 84 ...... 79 ~~~~~~y. 77 >;;; ...... W .Strs.8 -. S -.. >.. -S~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. -Kii~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Fiqure4. ~~~u aga d Pu Samsonnational forest reservehagtRtcbuiwhnte rightof way of western route.... 42 Tab;e~J44 ai-a.e, Ler.ght ard Area of natio..ala-21 reserve a P-ed thrnough hv the 500 KV Transmission System for IPPs in Eastern Area (Line 2j No. Name of National Forest Reserve Lenght of Area of right Existing landuse Tranmission line (m) of way (ha.) Changwat Rayong I Khlong Rawemg and Khao Som-Sed 19,150 153.2 Pieapple,Coconut, Cassava and Para rubber field crop Changwat Chonburi 2 Deang and Chum Num Klang 5,050 40.4 Para rubber and Eucalyptus plantation 3 Tha Booninee and Bo Thong 4,200 33.6 Sugarcane, Paddy field and Eucalyptus plantation Total 28,400 227.2 43 48 Nk DEANG AND CHUM NUM KLA 47 NATIONAL FOREST RESERVE; 46 45 4 44 43 S j, 71 42 ?,2 llv, 4 KHLONG RAWERNG AND KHAO SOM-SE 41 NATIONAL FOREST RESERVE 4( r 3S, t7 M ij 'A N j) I...... 36 35 4 z 32 'k. I - -- 31 r 30 .y 29 N 7 287 77 scale 0 1 2 26 7 OOV. 45 46 47 48 49 50 _'E 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 1 1qure 4.3-10 Khlong Rawemg and Khao Som-sed national forest reserve,Changwat Rayong within the right of way of eastem route. 44 (2) Chonbri lin-e2 passes 2 national forest reserves wbich are Pa Daeng and Chum Num Klang national forest reserved. The distance about 5,050 meters or 40.4 hectares (Figure 4.3-11). The south part of this forest is pararubber plantation which has 3X7 meters spacing, 10 meters high and 20 centimeters of diameter at dbh. The north part of the area is Eucalyptus plantation which were harvested already. The remaining are the copies trees with 2-3 meters high. Tah Boonmee and Bothong National forest reserve The distance of the transmission line is about 4,200 meters or 33.6 hectares (Figure 4.3-12). The southern part of this forest is paddy field. The center of the area is Eucalyptus plantation with spacing 2X4 meter, 8 meter high and 12 centimeters of diameter at dbh. The northern part is field crops which rotated every year depend on market value such as pine-apple, cassava and sugarcane. 2) Wildlife Resource In the study Wildlife is defined according to wildlife manager as all species of animals particulary vertebrates living in nature or those that people feed and release into the nature (Ngampongsai,1988) The field data collection focuses on the wildlife found and need to be conserved in the areas where the transmission system crosses over and the surrounding areas as well. The followings are the descriptions of wildlife that is needed to be conserved. (1) They are one of all 15 species listed in the Wildlife Reservation and Protection Act (WRPA) 1992 (2) They are listed in the Red Data Book of IUCN (1994) as endangered species, threatened species and vulnerable species. (3) They are listed in the Ecological Research Department Report (1993) in the book titled "Endangered Species and Habitats of Thailand (4) Wildlife species are regarded as threatenedor endangered species in The Endangered Animal of Thailand by Humphrey and Bain (1990). 45 56- - ~~~~~~48 5 '-,57f_nr. e0^ 452\1,t:zl 1 g X , s S".o 43 ._ KILONGRAWENG/ADKHODSO-SE NTO AND CHUMS NUMRVKLANG; R 491e?\f $# 461 47 4 48~~~h rih ofwa f eatrLrue 463 -~~~~~~~~! 7rxe^owkfR{A, x }|t{--w 93.n\!t gt8,\=>t--,,,*llucetl 92 3 \ 38 Esxa? > ; _ n ^ j| t.n _. 92 ~~~~~~~~~~~J _-. --^tm-- -i--- V0-*o . ,, . * \; \ i "S ^ILl fh s \' {31CK^h!{t,I,fia\XlN.i <43" h^L;#^ Kh^L} 9 I s F sN;'4 1 lil8t_' vl,\5l^0lN 16f 91 A1SX_ ___ _;.=- -~ t 't FsJ?U;t it#?3 X 1/ s 1 t t S_s .,~ /* ~_2*| ?f ;,t ;v /f ¢ t} s7 90 . /1i ,13f**l0hr, 5t vo< - \ Hs ? t Q t 1 X v rz; ^ t | M3 . . .L 89 , _ : . ,. 9\&M~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 4 04S,~|t~2-1-7;2@ >-_e*0F??.___. .~~~~~~- \ S f? nf// _ _ / ;?4!S0? 8;99.N;,|_ t/_F s; \i'vHn nC86n't /l-'''t¢$ /tiTHA BOONMEEAND BO THONG-r hr .2 ^T%/ 1 WWg4^, t, 1 *4/ , 'NATIONAL FOREST RESERVE48t*5z 8)6 . 13-)* S . rUrS,,g;F,{|.\R4gnN.,- _1 ...... Qt -, t o8/ .s5 /7 t \t nAnNpntiatz j nanNonqT;n \ Ul ~~~~~~~~~~ONt4g|- - 85 - \ 1 x |> 3 @ 94-85RF=41:_--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~jj4 r M1Q-0- )lt' . w. ,., ~~~5<3 t ?h T5/N T V( 6- N-}qT-- t 84 sc- I 1.. B- ,1m j - ; 9 J _83 72l°i 5 4 5 6 5 5 9 6 16 Fique4s-12ThaBoomeanBoTogntoafoetrsrecnwtChbuiihn theof righteastern of wayroute.~~~~~~~~~-Q 47 The field study doesn t find any species in the areas that are significant to the conservation. The significant species are usually in the abundant natural habitats and they are strictly protected. The reserve forest where the 500 KV tranrnission system crosses over had already cut down for agriculture and other purposes. however, many species found are mostly small in size and they can well adjust their livings to people's various activities. The followings are the study results categorized by wildlife species (Table 4.3-4). (1) Mammals: there are 10 species of mammal scattering along both Western and Eastern transmission line, can be classified The 500 KV Transmission System for IPPs in Western Area. Six species of mammal are found. Most of them are in the coconut estates, the major economic plant of Prachuab Khiri Khan. Living and feeding up their babies on the coconut tree top, they have coconuts as food. They are Pallas s squirrel (Callosciurus caniceps) and Roof rat (Rattus rattus). In the area close to the national forest reserve, there is dry niixed deciduous forest but not abundant on high mountains. Northern treeshew (Tupaia glis), Small asian mongoose (Herpestes javanicus) and Common palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus) are found. In Phetchaburi where there are rice fields, Polynesian rat (Rattus exulans) are found. Moreover, in dwarf mixed deciduous forest in Ratchaburi Lesser bamboorat (Cannomys badius) are commonly found living underground. The 500 KV Transmission System for IPPs in Eastem Area. Eight species of mammal such as Northern treeshrew (Tupaia balangeri), Common palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus), Small asian mongoose (Herpestes Javanicus), Cambodian Striped squirrel (Tamiops rodophit), Roof rat (Rattus rattus), Pallas' s squirrel (Callosciurus caniceps) are found in Kao Kiew open zoo in Chonburi. The biggest mammal that destroys the agricultural plants is Wild boar (Sus scrofa) whereas Polynesian rat (Rattus exulans) are found in Chaechoeng Sao and the boundary of Bangkok where there are rice fields. (2) Birds: Not less than 75 bird species are found. Most of them found in the area of both transmission routes are similar. They can be classified according to the area along the transmission routes as follow: 500 KV Transmission System for IPPs in Western Area, there are not less than 55 species of bird. Most live in the open area or agricutural areas where pineapple, sugarcane, 48 Table 4.5-A Species diversity and appearnce of wlid found in the study areas and adjacant of the project of 500 KV Transmission System for IPPs in Western Area and Eastern Area No Common Name Scientific Name Appearance on 500 KV Transmission System for lIPPs in Westem Area Eastem Area Mammals 1 Cambodian striped squirrel Tarniops rodophii - X 2 Southern treeshew Tupaia glis X 2 Northern treeshew Tupaia belangeri - X 4 Common palm civet Paradoxurus hermnaphroditus X X 5 Pallas' s squirrel Callosciurus caniceps X X 6 Small asian mongoose Herpestes javanicus X X 7 Roof rat Rattus rattus - X 8 Polynesian rat Rattus exulans X X 9 Lesser bamboorat Cannomys badius X 10 Wild boar Sus scrofa - - X Birds I Little grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis - X 2 Chinese pond-heron Ardeola bacchus X X 3 Cattle egret Bubulcus ibis X X 4 Little egret Egretta garzetta X X 5 Black-shouldered kite Elanus caeruleus X X 6 Shikra Accipiter badius - X 7 Barred buttonquail Turnix suscitator X X 8 White-breasted waterhen Amauronis phoenicurus - X 9 Red-wattled lapwing Vanellus indicus X X 10 Common sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos - X 11 Whiskered tern Chlidonias hybridus - X 12 Rock pigeon Columba livia X X 49 Table 4.34 (Con d) No Common Name Scientific Name Appearance on 500 KV Transmission System for IPPs in Western Area Eastern Area 13 Red turtle-dove Streptopelia transquebarica X X 14 Spotted dove Streptopelia chinensis X X 15 Zebra dove Geopelia striata - X 16 Vernal hanging parrot Loriculus vernalis - X 17 Plaintive cuckoo Cacomantus merulinus X X 18 Comnmonkoel Eudynamys scolopacea X X 19 Green-billed malkoha Phaenicophaeus tristis X 20 Lesser coucal Centropus bengalensis X X 21 Greater coucal Centropus sinensis X X 22 Coliared scops-owi Otus iempiji - X 23 Large-tailed nightjar Caprimulgus macrurus X 24 Orange-breasted trogon Harpactes oreskios X X 25 White-throated kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis X X 26 Black-capped kingfisher Halcyon pileata X X 27 Chestnut-heades bee-eater Merops leschenaulti X X 28 Blue-tailed bee-eater Mcrops philippinus X X 29 Indian roller Coracias benghalensis X X 30 Dollarbird Eurystomus orientalis - X 31 Lineated barbet Megalaima lineata - X 32 Coppersmith barbet Megalaima haemacephala X X 33 Greater flameback Chrysocolaptes lucidus - X 34 Asian palm-swift Cypsiurus balasiensis X X 35 House swift Apus affimis x 36 Barn swallow Hirundo rustica X X 37 Red-rumped swallow Hiundo daurica X 38 Rufous-winged bushlark Mirafra assamica X X 50 TableA4- (Con d) No Common Name Scientific Name Appearance on 500 KV Transmission System for IPPs in Western Area Eastem Area 39 Richard 's pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae X X 40 Forest wagtail Dendronanthus indicus X 41 Ashy minivet Pericrocotus divericatus - X 42 Common iora Aegithina tiphia X X 43 Black-creasted bulbul Pycnonotus melanicterus X 44 Red-wishkered bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus - X 45 Sooty-headed bulbul Pycnonotus aurigaster X X 46 Yellow-vented bulbul Pycnonotus goiavier X X 47 Streak-eared bulbul Pyononotus blanfordi X X 48 Black drongo Dicrurus macrocercus X X 49 Hair-creastedbulbul Dicrurushottentottus - X 50 Greater racket-taielddrongo Dicrurusparadiseus X 51 Black-napedoriole Orioluschinensis - X 52 Large-billedcrow Corvus macrorhynchos X X 53 Puff-throatedbabbler Pellomeum ruficeps X X 54 Arctic warbler Phylloscopusborealis X X 55 Thick-billedwarbler Acrocephalusaedon - X 56 Grey-breastedprinia Priniahodgsonii - X 57 Plain prinia Priniainomata X X 58 Dark-neckedtailorbird Orthotomusatrogularis X X 59 Orientalmagpie-robin Copsychussaularis X X 60 Stonechat Saxicola torquata X X 61 Red-throatedflycatcher Ficedulaparva X X 62 Ash.y wood-swallow Artamus fi--u.s X 63 Brown shrike Lanius cristatus X X 64 Long-tailedshrike Lanius schach X X 51 Table 4.3-4 (Con d) No Comnnon Name Scientific Name Appearance on 500 KV Transmission System for IPPs in Western Area Eastem Area 65 White-shouldered starling Sturnus sinensis X X 66 Asian pied starling Sturnus contra - X 67 Black-collared starling Stumus nigricollis X X 68 Comrnon myna Acridotheres tristis X X 69 Hill Myna Gracula religiosa - X 70 Brown-throated sunbird Anthreptes malacensis X X 71 Olive-blacked sunbird Nectarinia jugularis X X 72 Scarlet-backed flowerpecker Dicaeum crentatum X X 73 Eurasian tree-sparrow Passer montanus X X '~A flEa.. L a. . ... VV 74 FPaln-backed spar-.ow -a IfaIt v UluU.Xk Xi 75 Scaly-breasted Munia Lonchula punctulata X - Reptiles 1 Commnonhouse gecko Hemidactylus frenatus X X 2 Commnonground gecko Phyllodactylus siarmensis - X 3 Common flat-tail gecko Cosymbotus platyurus X X 4 Tokay gecko Gekko gecko X X S Orange-winged flying lizard Draco maculatus - X 6 Red-headed lizard Calotes versicolor X X 7 Long-tailed lizard Takydromus sexlineatus - X 8 Common supple skin-k Lygosoma bowringi X X 9 Brown-sided smooth skink Sphenomorphus maculatus X X 10 Variable skink Mabuya macularia X X 11 Malayan sun skink Mabuya multifasciata - X 12 Common blind snake Ramphotyphlops braminus - X 13 Red coral snake Calliophis maculiceps - X 14 Common tree snake Chrysopelia ornata - X 52 Table 4.3-4 (Con'd) No Common Name Scientific Name Appearance on 500 KV Transmiission System for IPPs in Western Area Eastern Area 15 Indochinese wolf snake Lycodon laoensis X 16 Barron' s kukri snake Oligodon barToni X 17 Indochinese rat snake Ptyas korros X X 18 Reticulated python Python reticulatus X 19 Granular-scaled lizard Leiolepis belliana X X Amphibians I Black-spined toad Bufo melanostrictus X X 2 Chinese bullfrog Rana rugulosa X 3 Marsh frog Rana limnocharis X 4 Flap-topped frog Rana piliata X 5 Brown strearn frog Rana nigrovittata X 6 Green-backed frog Rana erythraea X X 7 Marten's frog Phrynoglossus martensi X X 8 Malayan flying-frog Polypedates leucomystax X X 9 Common burrowing frog Kaloula pulchra X X 10 Ornate froglet Microhyla omata X X 11 Dark-sided froglet Microhyla heymonsi X 12 Butler's chorus frog Microhyla butleri X 13 Spotted chorus frog Micryletta inornata X 53 cassava- or old cultivated area, The mentioned areas are in the northern part of Prachuap Khiri Khan and in the southem part of Phetchaburi The birds are Black-shouldered Kite (Elanus caeruleus), Greater coucal (Centropus sinensis), Chestnut headed bee-eater (Merops leschenaulti), Barn swallow (Hirundo rustica), Red-rumped swallow (Hirundo daurica), Richard's pipit (Anthus novaeseelanddiae), Black drongo (Dicrurus macrocercus) and etc. The land use of the southern part of Prachuap Khiri Khan is coconut plantation mixed with fruit orchard. The nectarine birds are found in this habitat. There are Brown throated sunbird (Anthreptes malacensis) and Olive-backed sunbird (Nectarinia jugularis). Other that make their nest on the top of coconut tree or built their hollow in the dead coconut trees are Indian Roller (Coracias benghalensis), Common myna (Acridotheres tristis), Black-collared starling (Stumus nigricollis). Birds lived in the irrigated rice field in Phetchaburi are quite different from the birds in the above mentioned areas. They are water-bird feed on small aquatic animals for example: Chinese pond-heron (Ardeola bacchus), Cattle egret (Bubucus ibis), Little egret (Egretta garrezetta), Common sandpiper (Arctitis hypoleuces), White-throated Kingfisher (Halcyon smyrnensis), Black-capped Kingfisher (Halcyon pileata). The common birds resided on the mountain range of deteriorated forest near the right of way are Green-billed malkoha (Phoenicopheus tristis), Large-tailed nightjar (Caprinulgus marcrurus), Orange-breasted trogon (Harpacte oreskios), Greater racket-tailed drongo (Dicrurus paradiseus). Besides, in the comminity areas, there are Eurasian tree sparrow (Passer montanus), Rock pigeon (Columba livia), Oriental magpie robin (Copsychus saularis) 500 KV Transmission System for IPPs in Eastem Area of Rayong and Chonburi, there are not less than 66 species of bird. They live in the opening field, pasture or agricultural areas which covered with cassava and pineapple. The birds are Barred buttonquail (Turnix suscitator), Red turtle-dove (Streptopelia tranquebarica), Spotted dove (Streptopelia chinensis), Sooty- headed bulbul (Pycnonotus aurigaster), Brown shrike (Lanius cristatus), Grey-breasted prinia (Prinia hodgsoniu). The birds that abide in the rich and the abundant of mixed diciduous forest of Khao Ki-iew open forest are Vernal hanging parrot (Loriculus vemalis), Collared scops-owl (Otus 54 lempiji), Dollarbird (Eurystomus orientalis), Lineated barbet (Megalaizna lineata), Greater-flameback (Chrysocolaptes lucidus), Hill myna (Gracula religiosa). The ares in Chash no Sao to Nong C(hnlk Rgng-n are ri.ce fiel nd communities. The birds in this areas are the same as in the 500 KV Transmission System for IPPs in Western Area. (3) Reptiles: Refering to the reptile studies from the field survey and report of Jirasuktaveekul (1991) that study on herpetofauna diversity in various land use Rayong, there are 19 species of reptiles along both transmission lines: 9 species of reptiles in the 500 KV Transmission for IPPs in Western Area exist in an agricultural and open area. They are Common house gecko (Hemidactvlus frenatus), Red- headed lizard (Calotes versicolor), Common supple skink (Lygosoma bowringi), Variable skink (Mabuya macularia), Indochinese rat snake (Ptyas korros), Granular-scaled lizard (Leiolepis belliana) 19 kinds of reptiles in the 500 KV Transmission System for IPPs in Eastern Area exist live in dense pararubber plantation. Some hide themselves on the ground, they are Common ground gecko (Phyllodactylus siamensis), Brown-sided smooth skink (Sphenomorphus maculatus), Variable skink (Mabuya macularia), Cormnon blind snake (Rhamphotyphops braminus), Indochinese wolf snake (Lycodon laoensis). Some live on the rubber trees such as: Common flat-tailed gecko (Cosymbotus platyurus), Orange-winged flying lizard (Draco maculatus), Tokey gecko (Gekko gecko). Same are in the shiny open areas for instance : Red-headed lizard (Calotes versicolor), Variable skink (Mabuya macularia), Long-tailed lizard (Takydromus sexlineatus). (4) Amphibian: there are 13 species found in both lines, most live in a water sources, a swamp, the rice fields during planting season, and creek or stream. They are Black-spined toad (Bufo melanostictus), Green-backed frog (Rana erythraea), Marten's frog (Phrynoglossus martenssu), Common burrowing frog (Kaloula pulchra), Omate froglet (Microhyla omata), Marsh frog (Rana lirnnocharis) and etc. The number of wildlife species found in each area of 500 KV Trasnmission System of IPPs Project are summerized in Table 4.3.5 55 Table 4.3-5 Summarized the number of wiidiife species found in the 500 KV transmission system for IPPs Project Kind of wildlife no of species found western area eastern area Total Mammals 6 8 10 Birds 55 66 75 Reptiles 9 19 19 Amphibians 8 11 13 Total 78 104 117 4.3.5 Environmental impact examination 1 \ Ponrest Resouirce During construction period of 500 KV Transmission System for IPPs in Western and Eastern Area affectes on forest resource caused by the cutting of tree along the right of way areas about 40 meters of each side. However, the minor negative impact will occur. Only the Western that right of way area faces the impact on forest resources which was a stunted dry dipterocarp forest. The distance and area of two lines of right of way areas pass through the national forest reserved which were deteriorated forest, the trees are small and stunted. The Eastern area does not pass through the forest cover, so there are no any impacts cause to the forest. Also the impacts on Eucalyptus plantation and casaurina plantation are minor because the right of way lines use a small narrow area where belongs to the private, so this small patch of land can be reforestation or compensated to the owner. And after construction period, there is no impact at all due to no tree cutting activity. 2) Wildlife Resource The species of wildlife found and activities of operating project are quite the same in both lines. So the environmental impact examination were done in the same basis. The impacts on wildlife resources due to this: 56 (1) The impact on wildlife which is important to conserve is not found in the right of way areas. So there are no any impacts on wildlife of this group. ('M The im,pact.. ,- of7 existing- o_f widlfe±.nd..- innt.... thi arewa. areAt- small-hc -- esanev,t, ---atOt.OAt can adapt themselves to the environment, especially at present condition where the transmission line pass are agricultural areas and a lot of human activities concern. So the impacts of wildlife can be classified into 3 cases: - Destroying the wildlife habitat by deforestation in order to project activities have to cut down the trees in the right of way. - Disturbing a wildlife from the noise of the construction will be affect to birds'nesting and the birds' cubation. - Hunting a wildlife by some workers or officials while working may be done at the site but it is not the serious problem because this impact can be controlled. However, after the construction period, the wildlife can adapt themselves to the environment and the project. So there are less impacts on a wildlife resource. 4.3.6 Mitigation measures 1) Forest Resource Though there are less impacts on forest resource, the proposed mitigation measures are neccessary to keep follow. There are: (I) Deforestation must be done only in the right of way. Outer parts of the right of way areas are not allowed to deforest. (2) Reforestation is the responsibility of EGAT. The area of reforestation shouid be more than the area of national forest reserved to be use for right of way of this project. 57 (3) In case of using the private areas for constructing, it is responsibility of EGAT to contact the owner and pay fair compensation. 2 Wildlife Resource The impacts are caused by human being activities. They are not very serious to wildlife, due to the impacts can be controlled by (1) Deforestation should be done only in the right of way area. (2) Not allowing any officials or workers disturb any wildlife species including their nests, eggs, holes, hollows and other habitat. (3) Preventing the noise pollution of machines, the working activities should be started at 8.00 am to 16.00 pm. Any kinds of work are forbidden to do at night. 58 4.4 HUMAN USE VALUES 4.4.1 Introduction The st-dy of huml-la use value is a part of evaluating an environmnental inpact. 'I'he environmental impact consists of the land use, agricultural, industry, energy and so on. But for this study only emphasing on land use and agriculture in the right of way areas. 4.4.2 Objectives 1) To study the land use along the transmission line especially concern to the agricultural areas. 2) To study the significant cash crops of each province on the right of way of transmission line. 3) To evaluate the primary impacts on land use and agricultural crops from the project. 4) To find out the mitigation plans for project impacts. 4.4.3 Study Methods 1) Data Collections Gathering the inforrnation on land use and agriculture of each province where the transmission line pass from the field books of EGAT and related agencies such as Office of Agricultural Economics and so on. 2) Field Survey Data collection are performed in the field along the transmission line by using the topographic map on scaling 1:50,000 of Royal Thai Survey Department and also from the field books of EGAT. 59 4-4-4 Study Rlesul,ts 4-4.4.1 Land Use 1) 500 KV Transmission System for IPPs in Western Area Start from substation I at Bang Saphan to substation at Chom Bung passing through Changwat Prachuab Khiri Khan, Phetchaburi and Ratchaburi. See the land use of each Changwat from Table 4.4-1 and 4.4-2. The details of land use in the transmission line pass are: (1) First section, from Bang Saphan to Thap Sakae. The land use of substation at Bang Saphan is covered with coconut plantation (Figure 4.4-1). Other segment along the transmission line to substation at Thap Sakae are pararubber plantation, paddy field, livestock, and eucalyptus plantation. (2) Second section, from Thap Sakae to Changwat Prachuab Khiri Khan. From this section, there are two transmission lines, line 1 and line 2. The line I run along from substation at Bang Saphan to substation at Chom Bung. The land uses are shrubbery area, casuarina and eucalyptus plantation. The line 2 start from substation II at Thap Sakae to substation at Chom Bung. This line is covered by shrubbery area and agricultural area for instance orchards, cassava, livestock including water source (Figure 4.4-2). (3) Tnird section, from Amphoe Muang to Amphoe Hua Hin, Changwat Prachuab Khiri Khan. Most area of the line 1 is covered by agricultural areas such as sugarcane field, pineapple field, paddy field, mango orchard including the field of Plao Noi (Croton longissiznus Airy Shaw)(Figure 4.4-3). Otherwise some areas are covered by plantations, casaurina and eucalyptus. The land use of line 2 are shrubbery and agricultural areas which are paddy field, pararubber plantation, pineapple field, oil palm, and mango orchard as well. (4) Fourth section, from Arnphoe Hua Hin, Changwat Prachuab Khiri Khan to Amphoe Khao Yoi, Changwat Phetchaburi A large number areas of line I are paddy field. Other area are plantation and dwarf forest mixed with paddy field.(Figure 4.4-4). Line 2, the land use 60 TableAA4- Land utilization by province in 1992. Unit: rai Province Total land Fzorest land FMarmholding land Unclassified land We,dern Transmiccnn 1;.T Prachuabkhirikhan 3,979.762 810,039 1,313,604 1,856,119 Phetchaburi 3,890,711 1,376,483 686,340 1,827,888 Ratchaburi 3.247,789 828.722 1.297,264 1,121,803 Easen Transmission Line Rayong 2,220,000 137,047 1,528,942 554,011 Chonburi 2,726,875 152,857 1,521,370 1,052:648 Chachoeng Sao 334.437 747,984 1,872,018 724,373 Bangkok 978,263 - 259,329 718,934 Sources: Center for Agricultural Statistics, 1995. Remark: - Forest land is the land area still under forest under forest cover. - Unclassified land is the balance of land area taken from total land minus forest land and farm holding land, there are degraded national forest reserves, swamp land, sanitary district area, municipal area, railroad, highways, real estate, public area and etc. 61 l'ab;e 4.4- U '-t_iOD of F-°rm jI4olding!P-5d by Pre.vU- in 1992 Unit: Rai . 2 province Total Holding Housing Paddy Field Fruit tree Vegetable Grassland Idle Other Area Land Crop Crop and Flowers Land Land Prachuab Khiri Khan 1,313,604 41,125 82,336 552,552 525,888 26,115 11,870 58,877 14,841 Phetchaburi 686,340 32,154 339,907 119,543 96,561 4,604 6,092 5,542 1,837 Ratchahuri 1,297,264 53,170 501,069 573,279 94,743 48,477 - 1,588 23,938 FrnIjtanisimiS Rayong 1,528,942 37,913 99,125 534,575 825,301 1,910 - 14,000 16,118 Chonburi 1,521,370 47,357 229,112 806,126 361,003 29,582 2,490 18,279 27,419 Chachoeng Sao 1,872,018 43,499 985,372 621,926 142,700 7,608 1,642 8,771 60,500 Bangkok Metropolis 259,329 5,458 174,394 2,065 49,677 20,836 - 2,236 4,663 Source: Center for Agricultural Statistics , 1995 Remark: Idle land areareas which is a mass of grassesand can not grow any crop in the while. All this include paddy land and under field crops was brought to make profiL OAherlied is -uieroad, e id._walk, the ditches, the fiehwefl, the ponds and the others in the farm 62 A (i~~~' Figure 4.4-1 The coconut plantation, existing land use at substationI (Bang Saphan)of western route. 7• 'zt\ ' - Figure 4.4-2 The existing land use (coconut plantation)at substationH (Thap Sakae) of westernroute. 63 - -*-~, - -, ~ ;!. -4 Figure 4.4-3 Pineapple field and mango orchard, agricultural land along the transmission line I (Bang Saphan-Chom Bung) Figure 4.4-4 Paddy field after harvested under transmission line I in Changwat Phetchaburi 64 is the same as the line 1. 1,4-1- the land uae are paddy field. Some are foret area at the hillside; forest plantations and shrubbery forest. (5) Fifth section, from Amphoe Khao Yoi, Changwat Phetchaburi to substation in Amphoe Chombung, Changwat Ratchaburi Line 1, the lands are plain with paddy fields and sugarcane field crops at Ban Lao Malago including a forest plantation and nim fields near Khao Kula. Line 2, Most lands are on the hillside which are stunt forest and some have cashaw nut cassava and nim trees were planted near Ban Rang Muang. 2) 500 KV Transmission System for IPPs in Eastern Area Start from Rayong 4 substation (Figure 4.4-5), Changwat Rayong to Nong Chok T-junction of Bangkok Metropolis. It is divided in two lines. The land use in each transmission line can be classified as follow: 2=1 TLine1 is divided into 4 sections: (1) First section, from Rayong 4 substation to Ban Huay Chumporn The land uses are coconut plantation, pineapple, sugarcane field crops and mixed orchards (Figure 4.4-6) such as mango, jack fruit, banana and so on. There are no natural forest on transmission line area. But there are some mixed deciduous forest and eucalyptus plantation near transmission line. (2) Second section, from Ban Huay Chumpom to Ban Nong Suang. The transmission line pass 3 cemeterys; Ban Huay Chumpom, Ban Nong Prue and Ban Tro Yai- (3) Third section, from Ban Nong Suang to Ban Sanam Chang (near highway no. 304) The lands are covered with paddy fields. The transmission line area also pass many fish ponds and prawn ponds. (4) Fourth section, from Ban Sanam Chang to Nong Chok T- Junction Most of the lands are paddy fields except the lands on the bank of Bang Prakong River are mango orchards. 65 C':~~ ' / Figure 4.4-5 The old coconut palm, existing land use at Rayong 4 substation Figure 4.4-6 Mixed orchard land use along transmission line I of eastern route 66 212) Line 2: is divided into 4 sections: (1) First section, from Rayong 4 substation (Figure 4.4-7) to Highway No 3143 interaction. The land uses are paddy fields mix pineapple fields, shifting area and cassava field crops There is no natural forest cover around the transmission line area. (2) Second section : from Highway No. 3143 interaction to Amphore Bang Kla, Changwat Chachoengsao. Most of the lands are agricultural land with field crops and orchards; durian, mango, pararubber, cassava and sugarcane fields, eucalyptus and leucaena plantation and some shifting area. (3) Third section : from Amphore Bang Kla to Amphore Phanomsarakarm, Changwat Chachoengsao Most of the lands are agricultural land with orchards such as mango and bamboo at the beginning but paddy fields are found all along the transmission line area. (4) Fourth section : Amphore Phanomsarakarm, Changwat Chachoengsao to Nong Chok T-Junction, Bangkok Metropolis. The transmission line crosses over Klong Thalad ; Bangpakong River, Amphore Bang Namprieo, Changwat Chachoeng Sao extending to Nong Chok T-Junction. Paddy fields are found throughout the transmission line area (Figure 4.4-8). 4.4.4.2 Agriculture The data of major economic or agricultural plants of each province where the transmission line cross over including products and costs of the particular kind of plants as shown in Table 4.4-3 and 4.4-4 is given and can be described in brief. 1) Western Area There are 2 transmission routes in the area. They go through Prachub Khiri Khan, Phetchaburi and Ratchaburi. The followings are plants grown along the routes: (1) Second rice : Second rice is grown in all three provinces. The amount of rice grown depends on many factors such as rice price, amount of water from irrigation, farmers' demand etc, The second rice production reported by Agricultural Statistical Office (1995) is 67 Figure 4.4-7 The pineapple field and pararubber plantation land use under transmission line 2 of eastem route Figure 4.4-8 The paddy field and eucalyptus plantation land use under transmission line 2 of eastern route. Tablc4.."- Planted Area and Yield of Major Plant by Province in 500 KV. Transmission Line Area in 1995. Westem Tamsmission Linc Eastcrn Transmission Linc Plants Prachuab Khiri Khan Phetchaburi Ratchaburi Rayong Chonburi Chachoeng Sao Bangkok Mctropolis Planted Area Yield Planted Area Yield Planted Area Yield Planted Area Yield Planted Arca Yield Planted Area Yield Planted Area Yield Second Rice 23,160 406 84,427 676 184,818 568 4,820 409 120 350 311,106 648 72,648 725 Major Rice 62,749 271 327,261 429 401,152 435 43,711 371 189,064 301 841,886 499 144,531 574 Maize 14,015 261 41,106 354 46,402 326 1,043 384 5,380 332 19,872 460 - - Cassava 4,882 2,217 11,980 2,238 109,322 2,434 249,021 2,644 265,245 2,289 439,589 2,189 - - Sugar Cane 76,093 8,206 44,072 7,357 373,755 7,348 56,814 8,270 248,336 8,099 71,726 8,015 - - Mung Beans 524 132 1,471 115 10,769 110 - - 291 100 - - - Ground Nuts 2,505 230 2,710 227 1,323 196 10,463 209 4,656 243 2,685 279 - Cotton 1,363 175 1,728 196 600 180 - - 644 208 1,030 182 - Pineapple 307,505 3,198 39,936 3,560 23,835 3.842 51,067 5,903 26,715 5,937 6,227 7,788 - Source Center for Agricultural Statistics, 1995 Remark: - No Planted area 69 Table 4-4 Production cost of major plant by region in crop year 1994/1995. Unit Baht/rai Central Plain Whole Kingdom Plant Variablc cost F-cd cost Totcusist Vaiablc cosi Fixed cosi Total cost Second rice 1,529.54 173.50 1,703.04 1,495.38 170.93 1,666.31 Major rice 1,065.80 193.74 1,259.54 839.65 178.65 1,038.30 Maize - - - 720.99 112.93 833.92 Cassava 1,159.66 151.46 1,311.12 1,140.58 149.99 1,290.37 Mung beans 528.69 150.34 669.03 596.42 146.58 723.00 Ground nuts 1,364.49 125.15 1,489.64 1,385.72 125.53 1,511.25 Cotton 2,377.35 158.41 2,535.76 2,248.81 152.51 2,401.32 Source: Center for Agricultural Statistics, 1995. Remark: - No data Central plain, component with 26 provinces which included Prachuabkhirikhan, Phetchaburi, Ratchaburi, Rayong, Chonburi, Chachoeng Sao and Bangkok. 70 aVut 40'6, 676 qnd 568 kilograms per rai in Prachuab Khiri Khan, Phetchaburi and Ratchaburi respectively The total cost of second rice production per rai in this region is around 1,704 baht that is 1,530 baht and 174 baht per rai for the variable cost and fixed cost respectively whereas the cost of second rice production of whole kingdom is about 1,666 baht per rai. (2) Major rice: Major rice, grown by using rainfall and irrigated water, is the major economic crop in this region, The product quantity is still quite low, that is about 270 429 and 435 kilograms per rai in Prachuab Khiri Khan, Phetchaburi and Ratchaburi respectively The total cost of major rice prodution in this region is about 1,260 baht per rai which is 1,066 and 194 baht per rai for variable cost and fixed cost respectively whereas the cost of major rice production of whole kingdom is about 1,038 baht per rai. (3) Cassava: Cassava is grown in all Prachuab Khiri Khan, Phetchaburi and Ratchaburi but there are the most growing areas in Ratchaburi. The production is about 2,217 2,238 and 2,434 kilograms per rai in Prachuab Khiri Khan, Phetchaburi and Ratchabu-1 respectively. The cost of cassava production in this region is around 1,311 baht per rai (that of whole kingdom is 1.290 baht per rai) (4) Sugarcane: All sugarcane grown in all Prachuab Khiri Khan, Phetchaburi and Ratchaburi is for factories. the production is about 2,217, 7,357 and 7,348 kilograms per rai respectively. (5) Pineapple: Pineapple is one of the economic plantation in this region particularly in Prachuab Khiri Khan where there are the most growing areas and the production per rai is about 3,198 kilograms per rai. In Phetchaburi and Ratchaburi the production is around 3,560 and 3,842 kilogams per rai respetively. (6) Other plants: Other plants in the region are perennials such as coconut, mango, banana and rubber plantation etc. Coconut is the important economnic plant of Prachuab Khiri Khan espectively. 71 2) Eastem Area The eastem transmnissionroute (Rayong 4 substation to Nong Chok T- junction) has transmission line I and 2. Both lines cross over Rayong, Chonburi, Chachoengsao and Bangkok Metropolis. The land use along both lines is similar. That is in Rayong and Chonburi, most of the land is used for growing perennials such as durian, mango and coconut etc. and crops such as pineapple, sugar cane and cassava. Some of the pararubber plantation and paddy fields are also found. In Chachoengsao and Bangkok Metropolis, most of the land along the transmission route is paddy fields. Some perennials such as mango etc. and aqua-culture are found in a small amount of areas. The followings are the major plantations. (l) Second rice: Second rice is mostly grown in Chachoengsao and Bangkok Metropolis. The production per rai is about 648 and 725 kilograms respectively while there is a small amount of paddy field in Rayong and Chonburi. The production per rai is 409 and 350 kilograms respectively. (2) Major rice: Similar to second rice, major rice is mostly grown in Chachoengsao and Bangkok Metropolis. The production is about 499 and 574 kilograms per rai respectively. In Rayong and Chonburi, there is a small amount of major rice. Their production per rai is around 371 and 301 kilograms respectively. (3) Cassava: Cassava is a major economic plant of the East. It is mostly grown in Rayong, Chonburi and Chachoeng Sao. The production per rai is about 2,644 2,289 and 2,189 kilograms respectively. (4) Sugarcane: Sugarcane is one of the important economic plant of the East, particularly in Chonburi. The production per rai in Rayong, Chonburi and Chachoengsao is around 8,270 8,099 and 8,015 kilograms respectively. (5) Pineapple: Some pineapples are grown in all Rayong, Chonburi and Chachoengsao. The production is 5,903 5,937 and 7,788 kilograms per rai respectively. 72 (6) Other plants: Pararubber is a new economic plant of the East. Moreover, other perennials such as mango, coconut and durian etc. are also economic plants of the region. 4.4.5 Environmental Impact Examinations Any project construction always has an impact even which is positive or negative on environment. The 500 KV. Tranmission System of IPPs Project, both the Westem Area (Bangsaphan- Chombung) and the Eastem Area (Rayong 4-Nong Chok T-junction) are in the same case. The impact that may be caused by this project can be the following: 4.4.5.1 Negative impact The project will cause the lost and limnitation of agricultural area use where the transrni-sinn routes cross ever However, the imnact is on only a small amount of areas hecause most of the plants have short period of life-span and they are not so high or higher than the regulations goveming the land use beneath the transmission routes. These crops are rice, pineapple and cassava etc. In additon , after the project construction is done, the crops can be grown as usual except perennials crop and tree. Along the route need to be cut down but they are in a small amount of area. Then, it would be minor effect. 4.4.5.2 Positive impact The project helps develop the electrical power which leads to industrial growing, Professional demand , household facilities including better living. Therefore, these all enhance the country development and the advantages are at high level. 4.4.6 Mitigation Measures Before implementing the project , the Electrical Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) would have the following mitigation measures to the impact. 73 1) EGAT would process all the project activities including material transportation, pole mounting and others in dry season because most of the crop harvest had already been done. Any project activities should as much as possibly avoid damaging the agricultural plants. 2) Provided that the cutting down of agricultural plants patricularly the perennials have to be cut to case the project activities, that should be done as only neccessarv and compensation must be very fairly paid. 3) Farners who are the land owners should be allowed to grow short-period of life span plants that height less than 3 meters. This helps not only solve the lost of agricultural areas but also keep good relations between the government organization and people with out any effects on the project operating. 74 4.5 QUALITY OF LIFE VALUES 4.5.1 Introduction The 500 KV Transmission System of IPPs Project Construction has 2 sections. The Western Area project constructs double circuit line for 2 routes from Bang Saphan substation to Chombung sub-station with the distance of 275 and 280 kilometres. The Eastern Area constructs the 500 KV. double circuit line for 2 routes from Rayong 4 sub-station to Nong Chok-Wangnoi T-junction with the distance of 155 and 170 kilometres. Some sections of the transmission routes have to pass various purposes of land use such as the National Forest Reserve, communities and agricultural areas. The cutting down of plants around on both sides, 30 metres wide each along the transmission routes regarding to the safety of all life within and around the construction area may have the impact on environment. Due to the rationale, it is needed to do the Environmental Impact Examination that may be caused by the project during both during and after construction period. The impact would be on the economic and social changes of people who live within and around the project area. The examination will be fruitful to find out the solution or measure to decrease the effects and revive the environmnetfor the proper, sustained and continual development. 4.5.2 Objectives 1) To study the socio-economic, population and their household settlement within and around the project site. 2) To use as data for the project's environmental impact examination that may cause quality of life of people who live within and around the project site. 3) To use as supplementary data for recomrendation to the impact that may have on life quality of those who live within and around the project site. 75 4.5.3 Study scope The Environmental Impact Examination on economic and social aspect of the 500 KV Transmission System Project , both Wastem Area (Bang Saphan-Chom Bung) and Eastern Area (Rayong4-Nong Chok) has studied only the areas or villages where the transmission lines pass. 4.5.4 Study methods I) Data collection (1) Primary source. Data is collected by having field survey the households that the transmission lines pass and having the observation as well. (2) Secondary source. Data is collected from documents and reports from the government service organizations and related offices such as Department of Community Development, Office of National Economic and Social Development Board and National Statistic Office. 2) Impact evaluation The Environmental Inpact Examination on economic and social aspect of the people who live around the project site may cause by the Westem and Eastern transmission route project construction. The descriptive method is used to evaluate. 3) Recommendation The data from the Environmental Impact Examination is used to propose the mitigation measure for the impact on the economic and social aspect of people surrounding the project site. This is the guideline to carry on the project. 76 4.5.5 Study results 1) Western Route (Bang Saphan-Chom Bung) (1) Community structure The communities in the project site of all 3 provinces are Amphoe Bangsaphan , Tabsakae and Muang in Changwat Prachuab Khiri Khan and Amphoe Thayang, Cha-um and Muang in Changwat Phetchaburi. In Changwat Ratchaburi most of the households disperse. The cultivating land is close to their households. Houses are permanently built of wood or concrete. (Figure 4.5-1 and 4.5-2) In some areas, it is found that some households are on the area of national forest reserve such as in Moo 12, Tambon Bomork , Amphoe Muang in Prachuab Khiri Khan and etc. (2) Economic and Social aspects Facilities and transportation. Every village has electricity supply. There are local buses in almost every village. Some households have pick up cars to transport products to the market and there are grocery shops in most villages. The study reveals that agriculture is the major work. Most of the growing plants are pineapple, pararubber, sugarcane, pine and coconut. Aloevera is also found at Tambon Bomok, Amphoe Muang in Prachuab Khiri Khan. In Petchaburi have integrated fanning, orchard, sugar cane grove and livestock such as cattle and cow particulary in Prachuab Khiri Khan and Phetchaburi. (3) Public health and health care There are public health centres at Tambon of most villages. Health care centres and provincial hospitals serve patients. Every village has family planning service and use sanitary latrine. -7 t^;, ~~ _ ~ ~ ,,,~ ,_ ~ t ,X, .W,; _ S S Fiqure 4.5-1 Small house within the right of way of line I (western route) Fiqure 4.5-2 Medium house within the right of way of line I (western route) 78 Most of the consummed water is from shallow wells, public wells and irrigation irrigation. Having studied from the field book and field servey, There isn t any communities or villages along the transmission route but there is the household dispersion. The households are small to medium in size; some are made of wood and their roofs are made of corugated iron sheets. There are 110 and 56 households in the right of way of line 1 and line 2 respectively. Average 1-3 households of a village are expropriated and EGAT will set up a committee to manage with the compensation payment. 2) Eastern Route (Rayong4-Nong Chok) (1) Community structure {.e cr-.-1,IItiesLIL iII UIC ploject site, Vf a"- 31 provir.ccs arc A..pho Pluakdaeg and Ban Khai in Rayong: Amphoe Borthong, Panusnikhom and Nongyai in Chonburi and Amphoe Bangkla and Bangnampriew in Chachoengsao. There is the household dispersion in most communities like those of the Westem Route. The households are in the cultivatimg areas or in the orchards. They are permanently made of wood and concrete. Most of them are one-storey houses. (2) Economic and social aspects Facilities and transportation. every village has electricity supply. There are local buses in most villages. Some households have pick up cars to transport products to the market. Grocery shops are found in most villages. The study reveals that agriculture is the major work. Most of the plants grown are sugercane and cassava. Pararubber plantation is also found in some parts of Rayong. Only a household is found in a rubber estate that the transmission line 2 crosses over in Nonglalork Village , Amphoe Pluakdaeng in Rayong. The rest is not on the cultivating areas. 79 (3) Public health and health care There are public health centres at Tambon of most villages. Health care centres and provincial hospitals serve patients. Every village has family planning service and use sanitary latrine. Water consummption, most of the consummed water is from shallow wells. public wells and irrigation cannel. It is found that the Eastem Transmission line doesn t cross over any communities or villages but only some sections of the transmission linel passses Tharanukroh Cemetery (Sta 44- 079) (Figure 4.5-3) that may cause social problem. Chinese in Thailand do not want any linear or sharp angle structures such as railroad, straight waterway, street, telegraph wire or any other linear, parallel structures to go towards their cemetery compound. They believe that the structures would bring their descendants bad fortune, distress and damages (Pisamai, 1995). The transmission line system; therefore, should be moved away from the cemetery compound to aviod their complant. Most households within the right of way of transmission line system disperse and are various in size from small to medium. In the right of way there are 73 households, 4 factories building (Figure 4.5-4) and 2 swine farms in line I and 27 households in line 2 or an average 1-4 households a village that would be expropriated and compensation is paid. 4.5.6 Environmental impact examnination The environmental impact of the 500 KV. tranmission system, Western area (Bang Saphan-Chom Bung) and Eastern area (Rayong4-Nong Chok) on life quality according to economic and social aspects are as follow: 1) There isn t any impact on tourism and the beauty of nature because both Western area and Eastern area of the 500 KV. Transmission System Construction does not pass any tourist attractions. 80 Fiqure 4.5-3 Tharanukroh Cemetery in Changwat Chonburi within the riaht nf wna of line I (eastem route) Fiqure 4.5-4 Factory building in Changwat Chonburi within the right of way of line I (eastern route) 81 2) There is a very positive impact on economnicand social aspect of villages where the Western and Eastern area transmission line go through since the construction labour and the transporation of construction accessories and materials create employment that helps better the villages economic. 3) There is only small impact on people who own the land or households where the transmission lines cross over because of the household dispersion. Only 1-4 households a village within the right of way of the transmission line. Many villages are not on the transmission line route. 4) According to social impact, the Eastern area tranmission line 1 crossing over Tharanukroh Cemetery, Banbung District in Chonburi may cause the negative psychological effect on the descendants whose ancestors were buried there. 4.5.7 Recommnendations The transmission line I of Eastern area (Rayong4-Nong Chok) that goes through Tharanukroh Cemetery may have an impact on society. The transmission line system; therefore, should be moved away from the cemetery compound to avoid the complaint problem due to the belief of the proper location of Chinese cemetery while the households that both tranmission lines go through should be fairly paid the compensation. 82 5 _TH A'I?AT LL E, ,N.VTRONMENTAL IMPACT EXYAMJNATION The study of environmental imnpact examination on resources caused by the project construction can be categorized the overall environmental impact as follow: 5.1 THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT EXAMINATION CRITERIAS The environmetal impact examination of a project generally consists of trend and degree of an impact. Trend of an impact can be positive or negative and degree of the impact is the seriousness of the problem. Then, the environmetal impact examination applies the following criterias; 5.1.1 Trend of an impact consists of 2 directions 1) Positive impact (+) means that the project construction helps better resources or environ.nent For example, the project helps increase people's income, improve the electricity supply service and transportation. 2) Negative impact (-) means that the project construction causes the resources or environment become worse. For example, the project causes forest lose, noisy machine disturbance and household move etc. 5.1.2 Degree of an impact consists of 4 levels 1) No impact : the project doesn t have any effects on any kinds of resource composition or structure and function. The score level is 0. 2) Small impact : the project has an impact on the change of some resources that cause unabundance of resources but can revive into the original status in a short period. The score level is 1. 83 3) Mediurn impact : there is some disturbance on the resource. It decreases the number of resource and changes its function. It takes a long time to tum back to the original status. The scorc level is 2 4) High impact: the processing cause disturbance on the resources and environment or changes its structure and function or endangers and lose the resources which can t tum back to the original status. It takes a long time and high technology to revive them. The score level is 3. 5.2 SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT EXAMINATION The environmental impact examination of each resource can be summarized in Table 5.2-1 and detailed are as follows: 5.2. 1 Physical resource impact Soil erosion that causes sedimentation and dirt in water source is considered in the examination of the impact on water source. The study reveals that both of the Westem Transmission route pass through Pranburi River around the back of Pranburi Dam where there are high sandy banks. It's hard for the erosion of lower layer soil. If there are the boring construction at the area of the river banks, there might be an impact on the water resources. In the Eastem Transmission line route which passes Bangpakong River, the largest one, and its banks are not high so there are no soil erosion impacts. During the construction process, there might be a negative impact at the low level, (-1). After the construction, if the mitigation measures are is implemented, there won t be an impact (0). 5.2.2 Biological resource impact I) Forest resource During construction period of 500 KV Transmission System for IDPs . Western and Eastern Area affectes on forest resource caused by the cutting of tree along the right of way areas about 40 meters of each side. Only the Westem Transmission Area are faces the impact on forest resource which was a stunt dry dipterocarp forest and this line are pass through the national 84 Table 5.2-1 Snmmarized environmental impact examination and mitigation measures of 500 KV Transmission System of IPPs Project Resources/Environment EnvironmentalImpact Direction and Mitigation Measure Examination Degree of Impact PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Water Source Construction of foundation -I -Any construction activities should be far tower causes soil erosion away from streambank at least 50 m. and transport into water source streambank erosion control should be done BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT Forest Resources Forest tree and area loss -1 -Selected the transmission route pass through along the right of way of the national forest rcserve at least as transmission line due to possible project construction -Tree cutting along the right of way should be done only neccessary Wildlife Resources Disturb wildlife habitat and -1 -EGAT staff and worker are prohibited for food source wildlife hunting during construction HUMAN USE VALUES Land Use Change of land use and -1 -Allow to do agricultural crop that height limitation use of land within less than 3 meters the right of way area Agriculture Loss of agricultural crops -1 -Construction activities should be done after and yields harvesting agricultural crop -Fair compensation pay for the loss of agricultural crop QUALITY OF LIFE VALUES Socio-economic - Move household within the -1 -Fair compensation pay and satisfy the right of way owner - Generating income from +2 -Fair pay for local employment local employmcnt - Cemetery within the right -1 -Shift the transmission route out of cemetery of way area area 85 forest reserves which were deteriorated, the trees are small and stunt. In Eastern Transmission line area does not pass through the forest cover, so there are no any impacts cause to the forest Also the impacts on eucalyptus and causaurina plantation are minor because the right of way are small narrow area .. to.u'I private tuhspaicn of land can be reforestationor compensatedto the owner. So the impact between construction process, there might be a low negative impact (-1). And after construction period, there is no impact (0) at all due to no tree cutting activity. 2) Wildlife resource During construction period, affects on wildlife resource cause by cutting tree along the right of way area because it destroyed the wildlife habitat and disturbed wildlife from noise between the construction. And hunting from some workers or officials while working at the site. So it is the low negative impact (-1). However after the construction period, the wildlife can adept themselves to the environmental and the project. So there are no impact (0) on wildlife resource. 5.2.3 Human use value impact The construction process causes the lose of cultivating areas and the limitation of land use where the Transmission line passes. However, it is the minor impact because the crops grown have short period of life span and their hight is not more than 3 meters. Only a small number of perennials and growing forest are cut down. Thus, it is the low negative impact (-1). However the project will have a lot of advantages to develop the electrical power that helps improve the agricultural extension industry and better the agriculturists' living. Then, it is the high positive impact (+3). 5.2.4 Quality of Life Value impact During the construction period , the project will improve the overall economic and social aspect in case of local employment, scalter an income. Thus it is the medium irnpact (+2). The negative impact is on people whose households under the right of ways. The project causes a small number of household moves Some right of ways pass cemetery. It cause psychological impacts on people around there. But the transmission line can be slighly moved far away from the cemetery. So it is the small negative impact (-4). It is expected that after the construction, the community should be 86 improved in econoc nscie. It can. . the elec-riT poer nd trancrunortation route It is the high positive impact (+3). 5.3 THE OVERALL PROJECT IMPACTS The results of the environmental impact examination are: while the project is under construction , the negative impact is low (-1) the mitigation measures to the negative impacts has been proposed. After the construction, the impact will be high positive (+3) since the transmission system can be joined thle former system.. Then , can expand the electrical power network. 87 6 MITIGATION MEASURES ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT The mitigation measures are purposed to reduce or minimize of the environmental impacts in order to develop as well as conserve. Can be summanz7ed in Table 5 --1 and ettailed nf each mitigation measures are as following: 6.1 THE MITIGATION MEASURES TO THE PHYSICAL IMPACTS 1) The boring construction and other of project activities should be going on at the areas which is far away from the water sources at least 50 metres. If it is inevitable, the soil erosion should be avoided by constructing a streambank erosion control against soil transporting into the water source. 2) Grasses or plants cover and land countouring should be done around the streambank and open area for prevention of soil erosion. 6.2 THE MITIGATION MEASURES ON THE BIOLOGICAL IMPACTS 6.2.1 Forest resources Though there are less impacts on forest resource, the proposed mitigation plan are: 1) Deforestation must be done only in the right of way. Outer parts of the right of way areas are not allowed to deforest. 2) The EGAT must responsibility to reforestation. The area of reforestation should be more than the area of national forest reserved to be use for right of way of this project. 3) In case of using the private areas for constructing, it is responsibility of EGAT to contact the owner and pay fair compensation. 88 6-2.2 Wildlife resources Impacts are caused by human being. They are not very serious to wildlife, so the impacts should be controlled by 1) Deforestation should be done only in the right of way areas. 2) Not allowing any officials or workers disturb any wildlife species including their nests, eggs, holes, hollows and other habitat. 3) Prevention the disturbance of the noise from machine. The working activities shoukd be started at 8.00 am. to 16.00 pm. Any kinds of work are forbidden to do at night. 6.3 THE MITIGATION MEASURES ON THE HUMAN USE VALUES IMPACTS 1) Any project activities should be operated during the dry season after havesting. Any activities operated should aviod the damage of agricultural plants. 2) If it is need to cut agricultural crops for project construction, it should be done only necessary with the fairly budget compensation. 3) The land owners should be allowed to grow short life span crops and their height are not more than 3 metres as usual. For this purpose, it is not only to save the cultivating areas but also keep good relation between the project and people. 6.4 THE MITIGATION MEASURES ON THE QUALITY OF LIFE VALUES IMPACTS 1) Local workers should be imployed fairly paid. 2) Compensation on property and household move budgets should be fairly paid and satisfy the owners. 3) The transmission line should be moved away from the cemetery in order to avoid the complaint. 89 7 REFERENCES Center for Agricultural Statistics. 1995. Agricultural Statistics of Thailand Crop Year 1994/1995. Office of Agricultural Economics. Ministry of Agriculture & Co-operatives, Bangkok. 272 p. Chunkao, K. 1991. Resource Utilities and Forest Lands Classification and Environmental Conservation. page 15-38. Ln Workshop on Resource Utilities and Forest Lands Classification in the area of National Forest Reserve. Royal Forest Department, Bangkok. Cornmunity Development Department. 1993. Kor Chor Chor 2 Kor, Community Development Departtment,Ministry of Interior, Bangkok. Department of Environmental Quality Promotion- 1994. The Enhancement and Conservation of National Environmental Quality Act BE 2535 and Affiliated Laws. Ministry of Science Technology and Environment, Bangkok.154 pp. Ecological Research Department. 1993. Endanger Species and Habitats of Thailand. Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, Bangkok. 243 pp. Humphrey, S. R. and J. R. Bain. 1990. Endangered Animals of Thailand. Sandhill Crane Press, Inc., Gainesville. 468 pp. IUCN. 1994. IUCN Red List Categories. IUCN Species Survival Commission, Gland. 80 pp. Jirasuktaveekul, S. 1991. Herpetofauna Diversity in Various Landuse of Changwat Rayong. M.S. Thesis, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok. Lekagul, B. and R. D. Round. 1991. A Guide to the Birds of Thailand. Sa Ha Karn Bhaet Co., Ltd., Bangkok. 457 pp. 90 Ngampongsai, C. 1984. Principle of Wildlife Management and Wildlife Conservation. Page 7/1-7/32- In Kasem Chunkao. 1984. Natural Resources and Environmental Management. Kasetsart University, Bangkok. Suphuttranon. P. 1995. Huang Jui. Sang Dao Publishing Company, Bangkok. Smitinand, T. 1980. Thai Plant Names (Botanical Names-Vernacular Names). Funny Publishing Limited Partnership, Bangkok. 379 pp.