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Chapter 12 Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Diseases and Disorders

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Chapter 12 Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Diseases and Disorders 7/26/2009 Chapter 12 Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Diseases and Disorders Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy and Physiology •Liver •Liver – Largest solid organ in the body – Plays role in – Plays role in: • Blood clotting • Digestion • Manufacture of important chemicals • Absorption • Storage of nutrients • Metabolism Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 3 Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 4 Anatomy and Physiology Common Signs and Symptoms • Gallbladder stores bile until needed • Liver Disease • Pancreas produces and excretes most – Jaundice of the intestinal enzymes – Pain is the most common symptom Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 5 Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 6 1 7/26/2009 Diagnostic Tests Liver Diseases • Liver function tests measure bilirubin, • Hepatitis albumin, alkaline phosphatase – Inflammation of the liver • Ultrasound, X-rays, CAT scan – Causes include chemical actions of drugs, • Biopsy toxic substances, chronic alcoholism, group of viruses • Blood tests to measure pancreatic – Viral hepatitis is the most prevalent function Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 7 Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 8 Liver Diseases Liver Diseases • Hepatitis • Hepatitis – Symptoms – Symptoms • Jaundice • Fever • Malaise • Abdominal pain • Anorexia • Dark-colored urine (hepatomegaly) • Myalgia • Clay or light-colored stools Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 9 Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 10 Liver Diseases Liver Diseases • Hepatitis • Viral Hepatitis occurs in five types – Treatment – A, B, C, D, E •Rest • Hepatitis A: benign; spread by oral-fecal • Good nutrition contact – Prevention • Hepatitis B: formerly called “serum • Good hygiene • Special care when handling needles and body hepatitis” spread by blood, urine, feces, fluids saliva, and semen Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 11 Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 12 2 7/26/2009 Liver Diseases Liver Diseases • Hepatitis C: spread by blood or sex • Cirrhosis • Hepatitis D: “delta virus” requires – Chronic, irreversible, degenerative presence of hepatitis B to replicate – Replacement of normal liver cells with • Hepatitis E: spread through fecal-oral nonfunctioning scar tissue called “hobnail liver” contact, commonly due to water contamination Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 13 Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 14 Liver Diseases Liver Disease • Cirrhosis • Liver Cancer – Most common cause is chronic alcoholism – Primary and benign tumors of liver are rare – Symptoms – Usually discovered late or end stage • Loss of appetite – Diagnosis confirmed by biopsy • Nausea – Treatment may involve surgery, radiation, • Indigestion chemotherapy • Weakness and weight loss Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 15 Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 16 Gallbladder Diseases Gallbladder Diseases • Cholecystitis • Cholecystitis – Inflammation of gallbladder usually caused – Symptoms byyg obstruction of bile due to gallstone • Mild to severe RUQ pain – Diagnosis is made by ultrasound, • Nausea and vomiting after eating cholecystogram – Treatment surgical excision Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 17 Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 18 3 7/26/2009 Gallbladder Diseases Gallbladder Diseases • Cholelithiasis • Cholelithiasis – Gallstones in gallbladder or bile ducts – Risk factors include excessive weight, – Symptoms increasinggg age, female • Nausea • Vomiting • RUQ pain following meals with fat Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 19 Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 20 Gallbladder Diseases Pancreas Diseases • Cholelithiasis • Pancreatitis - Inflammation of pancreas – 5 F’s of cholelithiasis – Symptoms • Female • Severe abdominal ppgain radiating to back •Fair complexion • Nausea •Fat • Vomiting • Fertile • Diaphoresis • Forty or older • Tachycardia Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 21 Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 22 Pancreas Diseases Pancreas Diseases • Pancreatitis • Pancreas Cancer – Symptoms of chronic pancreatitis are – Usually adenocarcinoma occurring in head similar to acute of pancreas – Diagnosis is based on high blood amylase – Symptoms: – Treatment and prognosis depends on • Abdominal pain cause • Back pain • Nausea • Vomiting Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 23 Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 24 4 7/26/2009 Pancreas Diseases Pancreas Diseases • Pancreas Cancer • Pancreas Cancer – Symptoms – Diagnosis confirmed by biopsy • Loss of appetite – Treatment • Weakness • Surgical resection • Jaundice • Radiation and chemotherapy • Fatigue Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 25 Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 26 5.
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