Chapter 12 Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Diseases and Disorders

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Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy and Physiology

•Liver •Liver – Largest solid organ in the body – Plays role in – Plays role in: • Blood clotting • Digestion • Manufacture of important chemicals • Absorption • Storage of nutrients • Metabolism

Anatomy and Physiology Common Signs and Symptoms

• Gallbladder stores bile until needed • Liver Disease • Pancreas produces and excretes most – Jaundice of the intestinal enzymes – Pain is the most common symptom

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Diagnostic Tests Liver Diseases

• Liver function tests measure bilirubin, • Hepatitis albumin, alkaline phosphatase – Inflammation of the liver • Ultrasound, X-rays, CAT scan – Causes include chemical actions of drugs, • Biopsy toxic substances, chronic alcoholism, group of viruses • Blood tests to measure pancreatic – Viral hepatitis is the most prevalent function

Liver Diseases Liver Diseases

• Hepatitis • Hepatitis – Symptoms – Symptoms • Jaundice • Fever • Malaise • Abdominal pain • Anorexia • Dark-colored urine (hepatomegaly) • Myalgia • Clay or light-colored stools

Liver Diseases Liver Diseases

• Hepatitis • Viral Hepatitis occurs in five types – Treatment – A, B, C, D, E •Rest • Hepatitis A: benign; spread by oral-fecal • Good nutrition contact – Prevention • Hepatitis B: formerly called “serum • Good hygiene • Special care when handling needles and body hepatitis” spread by blood, urine, feces, fluids saliva, and semen

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Liver Diseases Liver Diseases

• Hepatitis C: spread by blood or sex • Cirrhosis • Hepatitis D: “delta virus” requires – Chronic, irreversible, degenerative presence of hepatitis B to replicate – Replacement of normal liver cells with • Hepatitis E: spread through fecal-oral nonfunctioning scar tissue called “hobnail liver” contact, commonly due to water contamination

Liver Diseases Liver Disease

• Cirrhosis • Liver Cancer – Most common cause is chronic alcoholism – Primary and benign tumors of liver are rare – Symptoms – Usually discovered late or end stage • Loss of appetite – Diagnosis confirmed by biopsy • Nausea – Treatment may involve surgery, radiation, • Indigestion chemotherapy • Weakness and weight loss

Gallbladder Diseases Gallbladder Diseases

• Cholecystitis • Cholecystitis – Inflammation of gallbladder usually caused – Symptoms byyg obstruction of bile due to gallstone • Mild to severe RUQ pain – Diagnosis is made by ultrasound, • Nausea and vomiting after eating cholecystogram – Treatment surgical excision

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Gallbladder Diseases Gallbladder Diseases

• Cholelithiasis • Cholelithiasis – Gallstones in gallbladder or bile ducts – Risk factors include excessive weight, – Symptoms increasinggg age, female • Nausea • Vomiting • RUQ pain following meals with fat

Gallbladder Diseases Pancreas Diseases

• Cholelithiasis • Pancreatitis - Inflammation of pancreas – 5 F’s of cholelithiasis – Symptoms • Female • Severe abdominal ppgain radiating to back •Fair complexion • Nausea •Fat • Vomiting • Fertile • Diaphoresis • Forty or older • Tachycardia

Pancreas Diseases Pancreas Diseases

• Pancreatitis • Pancreas Cancer – Symptoms of chronic pancreatitis are – Usually adenocarcinoma occurring in head similar to acute of pancreas – Diagnosis is based on high blood amylase – Symptoms: – Treatment and prognosis depends on • Abdominal pain cause • Back pain • Nausea • Vomiting

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Pancreas Diseases Pancreas Diseases

• Pancreas Cancer • Pancreas Cancer – Symptoms – Diagnosis confirmed by biopsy • Loss of appetite – Treatment • Weakness • Surgical resection • Jaundice • Radiation and chemotherapy • Fatigue