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Orientations of Monumental Architectural Remains at Kerkenes Dağ a Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School of Social Sciences O

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Orientations of Monumental Architectural Remains at Kerkenes Dağ a Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School of Social Sciences O ORIENTATIONS OF MONUMENTAL ARCHITECTURAL REMAINS AT KERKENES DAĞ A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY AYŞE IRAZ ALPAY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF SETTLEMENT ARCHAEOLOGY JUNE 2016 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Science Prof.Dr. Meliha ALTUNIŞIK Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Prof.Dr. D. Burcu Erciyas Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Prof.Dr. D. Burcu Erciyas Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof.Dr. Selim O. Selam (AÜ, AST) Prof.Dr. D. Burcu Erciyas (METU, SA) Assoc.Prof.Dr. Evangelia Pişkin (METU, SA) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name: Aşye Iraz ALPAY Signature : iii ABSTRACT ORIENTATIONS OF MONUMENTAL ARCHITECTURAL REMAINS AT KERKENES DAĞ Alpay, Ayşe Iraz M.Sc., Department of Settlement Archaeology Supervisor: Prof.Dr. D. Burcu Erciyas June 2016, 175 pages This thesis aims to investigate astronomical intention of the founders of the city at Kerkenes Dağ through architectural remains and city sculptures. The excavations result suggests the idea that the whole city was planned from an ideal urban concept containing all essential elements with their specified locations. In this study, possible astronomical intentions at Kerkenes is analysed through the examination of structural orientations in relation to the direction of astronomical objects upon the horizon where rising or setting point of prominent celestial bodies take place. Keywords: Archaeoastronomy, Kerkenes, Phrygians, Analysing Orientation iv ÖZ KERKENES DAĞ’INDA BULUNAN ANITSAL MİMARI KALINTILARININ YÖNELİMLERİ Alpay, Ayşe Iraz Yüksek Lisans, Yerleşim Arkeolojisi Tez Yöneticisi: Prof.Dr. D. Burcu Erciyas Haziran 2016, 175 sayfa Bu tezde Kerkenes Dağ’ında bulunan mimari kalıntılar ve heykeller Arkeoastronomik bir perspektiften incelenmiştir. Kazı sonuçları tüm şehrin ideal kent kavramı düşüncesinden yola çıkılarak planlandığı sonucunu akla getirmektedir. Bu çalışmada yapı yönelimlerinin, gök cisimlerinin ufuk düzlemi üzerindeki doğma ve batma noktaları ile olan ilişkisi incelenerek, bu ideal kent kavramının göksel olaylar ile olan olası ilişkisi analiz edilmiştir Keywords: Arkeoastronomi, Kerkenes, Frigler, Yönelim Analizi v To My Parents, vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost I offer my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Prof.Dr. Burcu Erciyas. She supported me throughout my thesis with her patience and knowledge whilst allowing me to explore my own way. Her patience and support helped me overcome many crisis situations, and without her encouragement and effort, this thesis would not have been completed. I owe a very important debt to Prof.Dr. Selim Selam from the Department of Astronomy and Space Science at Ankara University. Without him, I would not dare to work on this study subject. His knowledge and wisdom enlighten my way. I owe sincere and earnest thankfulness to Assoc.Prof.Dr. Geoffrey Summers not only for sharing his excavation data with me and pointing me into the right direction, but also for encouraging me from beginning to end of my master journey. His guidance and comments provided me a strong foundation to build my way on it. Finally, I must express my very profound gratitude to my parents and my brother. Your love and supports mean the world to me, which give me wings to fly through my own way, and help me to make my dreams come true. Special thanks go to my whole wonderful family and my dear friends who became my family. The journey is the destination, and thank you all, for every single colours that you bring into my journey. Your existences make life worth living. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM ............................................................................................................ iii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ iv ÖZ ................................................................................................................................. v DEDICATION ............................................................................................................ vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................... viii LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................... x LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1 2. ARCHAEOASTRONOMY METHODS AND ANALYSIS .............................. 3 2.1. Archaeoastronomy ........................................................................................ 3 2.2. Archaeoastronomy in Anatolia ................................................................... 21 2.3. Methods And Analysis ............................................................................... 34 3. KERKENES ....................................................................................................... 81 3.1. Archaeology at Kerkenes ............................................................................ 81 3.2. Identification of the Site ............................................................................. 83 3.3. Analysis ...................................................................................................... 95 3.4. Data Analysis ............................................................................................ 116 viii 4. DISCUSSION .................................................................................................. 126 5. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................ 138 6. REFERENCES ................................................................................................. 140 APPENDICES A. The Horizon Profiles .................................................................................. 157 B. The Sky Views ............................................................................................ 163 C. Turkish Summary ....................................................................................... 164 ix LIST OF TABLES TABLES Table 1 Geographic coordinates and measurments. ............................................... 118 Table 2 The minimum altitude value ........................................................................ 120 Table 3 Elevation values. ......................................................................................... 121 Table 4 The proper motion of α UMA and ζ UMA .................................................. 122 Table 5 Result of stellar orientation analysis .......................................................... 124 Table 6 Result of solar orientation analysis ............................................................ 125 x LIST OF FIGURES FIGURES Figure 1 Digital Terrain Model (DTM) of Kerkenes................................................. 94 Figure 2 The map of the Palatial Complex ............................................................... 99 Figure 3 The foundation plan of the Structure A ..................................................... 101 Figure 4 The foundation plan of the Monumental Entrance ................................... 103 Figure 5 The view from the Monumental Entrance ................................................. 104 Figure 6 Ashlar Building, Audience Hall and the Monumental Entrance .............. 106 Figure 7 The city map with the defence and gates .................................................. 107 Figure 8 The semi-iconic stele/idol at the Cappadocia Gate .................................. 112 Figure 9 The semi-iconic standstone idol at the Monumental Entrance ................. 113 Figure 10 The measurement for the axis of the Audience Hall ............................... 118 Figure 11 Horizon profile of the Audience Hall ...................................................... 119 Figure 12 The sky view of the Audience Hall .......................................................... 123 Figure 13 Horizon profile of the Ashlar Building. .................................................. 157 Figure 14 Horizon profile of the Audience Hall ...................................................... 157 Figure 15 Horizon profile of the Cappadocia Gate ................................................ 158 Figure 16 Horizon profile of the East Gate. ............................................................ 158 Figure 17 Horizon profile of the East-North-East Gate .......................................... 159 Figure 18 Horizon profile of the Gözbaba Gate. .................................................... 159 Figure 19 Horizon profile of the Karabaş (North) Gate. ........................................ 160
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