‘Leaving the mountain’: How may the PKK lay down arms? Freeing the Kurdish Question from violence

Cengiz Çandar ‘Leaving the mountain’: How may the PKK lay down arms? Freeing the Kurdish Question from violence

Türkiye Ekonomik ve Bankalar Cad. Minerva Han Sosyal Etüdler Vakf› No: 2 Kat: 3 Turkish Economic and Karaköy 34420, İstanbul Social Studies Foundation Tel: +90 212 292 89 03 PBX Fax: +90 212 292 90 46 Demokratikleşme Program› [email protected] Democratization Program www.tesev.org.tr

Author: Publication Identity Design: Rauf Kösemen Cengiz Çandar Page Layout: Gülderen Rençber Erbaş

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Copyright © March 2012

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced electronically or mechanically (photocopy, storage of records or information, etc.) without the permission of the Turkish Eco- nomic and Social Studies Foundation. The viewpoints in this report belong to the authors, and they may not necessarily concur partially or wholly with TESEV’s viewpoints as a foundation.

TESEV would like to extend its thanks to Chrest Foundation, Open Society Foundation and TESEV High Advisory Board for their contributions with regard to the publication and promotion of this report. Contents

TESEV INTRODUCTION, 7

FOREWORD and ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS, 9

SECTION ONE, 11 METHODOLOGY and PURPOSE, 13

SECTION TWO, 17 INVALIDITY OF THE EXISTING PARADIGM IN THE RESOLUTION OF THE KURDISH QUESTION, 19 Inseparability of the Kurdish Question and the PKK, 19 How Öcalan and the Kurdish Question Are Intertwined, 20 Past Experience: Dividing or Liquidating the PKK, 21

SECTION THREE, 23 THE NEW PARADIGM: THE PKK AS THE LAST KURDISH INSURGENCY, 25 Definitions of Insurgency and Terrorism, 25 Change and Continuity in the PKK as an Insurgent Movement, 30 The Psychological Dimension of Insurgency, 32

SECTION FOUR, 35 INTERNAL DYNAMICS OF THE PKK, 37 The Abdullah Öcalan Factor, 37 The “Hawkish” Wing of the PKK, 38 The Founding Cadre of the PKK and its Leftist Background, 39 The PKK’s View of Kemalism, 41 ‘One Man’ and his Power in the Organization, 43 The Power of Öcalan and the PKK in Iraq, Iran and Syria, 45 The ‘Holy Trinity’ of the Kurds: Apo, the PKK and the Mountain, 46

SECTION FIVE, 49 NEGOTIATION AS A MEANS FOR SETTLEMENT, 51 From Security Policy to Political Settlement, 51 Transition from ‘Dialogue’ to ‘Negotiation’, 52 Öcalan’s Contacts with Military Officials, 54 The Role of MİT and the Importance of the Talks with Öcalan, 55 Nature of the Talks, 60 Obligations of the Civilian Politics, 62 Practical Conclusions, 63 4 to EnabletheLayingDownofArmsbyPKK,94 Articles ofTurkishPenalCode(TCK)andAnti-TerrorLaw(TMK) thatshouldbeAmended What istheKomaCivakênKurdistan(KCK)?,82 The BreakingPoint:HaburIncident,80 Former LeadersandMilitaryCommandersofthePKK,71 The State-ÖcalanTalks,56 The CongressforChange,32 Boxes ABOUT THEAUTHOR,111 BIBLIOGRAPHY, 108 PERSONS INTERVIEWEDFORTHEREPORT,106 ANNEX 2:DRAFTLAWPROPOSEDBYTHEREGIONALBARASSOCIATIONS,105 ANNEX 1:ROADMAPANDACTIONPLANFROMABDULLAHÖCALAN,101 ANNEX, 99 RECOMMENDATIONS, 93 SECTION EIGHT,91 THE KURDISHQUESTIONANDPKKINPROCESSAHEAD,85 SECTION SEVEN,83 RECENT HISTORYANDLESSONSTOBELEARNED,67 THE RELATIONSOFPKKWITHSTATE: SECTION SIX,65 Urgency oftheResolutionProcess,87 The ExternalDimensionofthe‘PKKQuestion’:Iran,SyriaandOthers,85 A NewConstitution,aResolutionProcess,85 Habur, KCKArrestsandTheirHeavyToll,79 Back toArmedStruggle,75 No MoreaStepForward:WithdrawalBeyondBorders,73 The SignificanceofthePKK’sWithdrawal,72 Withdrawal BeyondBordersasaMeansofTrustBuildingandReconciliation,67

YNK TSK TMK FP EU DEP CHP TCK RP PYD PWD PKK PDK PÇDK MİT MHP Kongra-Gel KKK KCK JITEM İHD HPG ECtHR ECHR DTP DTK DSP BDP ARGK ANF ANAP AK Party Party AK Abbreviations

(Patriotic Union of Kurdistan) of Union (Patriotic Kurdistan Niştîmanî Yeketî (Turkish Armed Forces) (Turkish Armed Kuvvetleri Silahlı Türk (Turkish Code) Penal Kanunu Ceza Türk Kurdistan Komalen Koma Party) Democracy and (Peace Partisi Demokrasi ve Barış (Anti-Terror Kanunu Law) Mücadele Terörle Demokratik Welatparez Partiya Partiya Fazilet Partisi Union European Rights Human of Court European Partisi Demokrasi Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi (Kurdistan People’s Congress) (Kurdistan Kurdistan Gelê Kongra Anavatan Partisi Refah Partisi Party) Union (Democratic aDemokratik Yekiti Partiya Kurdistan) of Free Life of (Party aKurdistanê Azad Jiyana Partiya Party) Solution Democratic (Kurdistan Kurdistanê Demokratika Çareseriya (National Teşkilatı Intelligence Organization) İstihbarat Milli Movement(Nationalist Party) Partisi Hareket Milliyetçi in Kurdistan) Communities of (Union Kurdistan Civakên Koma Counter Terrorism Unit) (Gendarmerie Intelligence Birimi and Mücadele Terörle ve İstihbarat Jandarma Association) Rights (Human Derneği Hakları İnsan Forces) (People’s Defense Gel Parastina Hêzên Rights Human on Convention European Party) Society (Democratic Partisi Toplum Demokratik People’s Congress) (Democratic Kongresi Toplum Demokratik Party) Left (Democratic Parti Sol Demokratik Kurdistan) of Army (People’s Liberation Kurdistan Gele Rızgariye Arteşe Agency) News (Fırat aFiratê Nûçeyan Ajansa Party) Development and (Justice Partisi Kalkınma ve Adalet Karkerên (Welfare Party) (Welfare (Virtue Party) (Virtue Kurdistan (Motherland Party) (Motherland Party) (Democracy (Republican People’s Party) (Republican (Democratic Confederation of Kurdistan) of Confederation (Democratic (Kurdistan Workers’ Party) Workers’ (Kurdistan (Patriotic Democratic Party) Democratic (Patriotic

5 6 growing understanding that ‘the resolution’ has some growing that has understanding resolution’ ‘the is a hand, there other the On constitution. new a of framework the within resolution’ for ‘the seeking of in Turkey idea the to led politics of has domain the of widening the with thisprocess of collision The society. the of segments other by perceived are demands these how and demands these to responses legal and constitutional possible the Kurdish people, diverse politically the of demands the clarify to we attempted where work, field extensive an of aresult as prepared were reports Three attention. public the to it brought and years recent the in ‘Kurdish Question’ the addressed systematically has Program Democratization TESEV The is resolved. Question’ ‘Kurdish the unless in society entrenched become cannot democracy that belief is awidespread there Accordingly, today, background. historical and scope its of in terms democratization to obstacle biggest the Turkish Kurdish identity, constitutes with citizens of demands cultural and existential the meet to state the by refusal the expresses essentially yet Question’ ‘Kurdish the as to referred is often issue, which The politics. of domain in the included inevitably were carpet the under swept and overlooked been often had that problems the aresult as and state and history own in insight its anew gain to society the enabled They for Turkey aleverage countries. as other like in many served criteria, EU membership in the embodied and globalization with introduced norms, democratic The Mahçupyan, Etyen TESEV Introduction TESEV Democratization Program Democratization TESEV for the democratization process of Turkey of process … democratization for the and ‘Kurdish Question’ the of settlement for the both roadmap and contribution ameaningful offer will here presented thisgroundwork is that expectation Our sides. both within plurality the of in consideration way and a realistic in placed be can for resolution building blocks the how issue, reveals the of observers competent most the of Çandar, Cengiz by one conducted study The dialogue. a for such environment afavorable build to needed is infrastructure apolitical of type what analyses report TESEV This one. ‘Kurdish Question’, is avital the solving concurrently and constitution new the creating verge of the on we are in which period, This process. political the of apart as themselves perceive gradually Öcalan, including PKK, the of members all ensuring that means This way back. no with asolution towards ajourney upon embark to therefore and solutions, potential realize to for medium dialogue transparent a create to necessary it makes PKK the and state the between violence present and past Yet, reciprocal the future. the encumber not does that apolicy to consent show and society whole the addresses that attitude an develop to able are parties whereby approach, and method democratic a needs ‘Kurdish Question’ the of resolution the a confrontation among Therefore, different identities. implies visibility, in turn which ensuring its also while history of pages in the past the burying conclusively requires trust on based future a establishing For context. legal the go that beyond aspects

7 8 Cengiz Çandar, 1 forever.weapons down lay can PKK the how and mountain’ the ‘leaving of issue the to limited kept been has report This Kurdish Question. the of resolution the to comes it when wheel the reinvent not does thisreport Therefore, before. times many so drawn Ihad aconclusion of confirmation areinforced was it years, forty last for the Kurdish the Question with living been has who person a As conclusion. same the at Iarrived Mountain, Qandil the to Palace Presidential the from extending tens with Iof people conducted one interviews one-on- during the and thisreport of preparation the for Iundertook readings various the During it. solve to ways the and Kurdish the Question on date to written or said been not has that nothing is almost There Acknowledgements and Foreword The historical period ahead of us gives us ample us ample us gives of ahead period historical The Kurdish the Question. addressing studies other the all to is complementary issue, and the of aspect crucial most is the which violence, Violence”, is about from Kurdish Freeing Arms? the Question Down Lay PKK May the –How Mountain’ the “‘Leaving entitled report, This aspects. these in all topics these covering TESEV by primarily studies significant numerous already are There them. to in relation made be that could the arrangements legal and rights identity Kurds, the their of demands national the as issue, such the dimensions of vital other the addressing avoided and limits, these within remain to effort an with study social and political life. life. political and social civilian to symbolically- and literally –both return their and members PKK by arms of down laying the to refers that expression Turkish the of translation literal the is mountain’ the down ‘coming or mountain’ the ‘Leaving June 2011 June 1 Therefore, I have conducted the the Ihave conducted Therefore, in a manner free of emotion. emotion. of free in amanner interviewees the and subject the approach to best my Itried reasons, these all For time. same the at feasible and realistic being while subject, the on parties the and makers decision for political areference as itself offer to had it hand other the on and criteria, academic to conform to had it hand one the sinceon tuning; fine of effort extraordinary an demanded study The risks. these all taking and knowing thisstudy on say, to Needless Istarted value. any of devoid report the leaves thus and party any please to possible is not it where in asituation one puts inevitably aground such on astudy make, conducting can one suggestions the or draw can one conclusions the of Regardless side. the and situation the on depending interchangeable, easily were ‘liquidation’ ‘reconciliation’ and ‘surrender’, and ‘settlement’ ‘compromise’ ‘betrayal’, and as such Concepts killer’... ‘baby or separatists’ of ‘head the was side for one ‘hero’ or A‘leader’ side. other for the ‘terrorist’ or ‘guerrilla’ for a one fighter’ side‘freedom was other. each A facing in positions deployed and claimed already were adjectives and words that knew Ialready life. of loss and blood violence, included which subject asensitive addressing Iwas that aware become Ihave increasingly thisprocess, During in Turkey. concentrated Kurds are where in regions Turkey, of climate gates the political aheated creating as far as reached and have Syria engulfed thisera on mark irreversible an with 2011 of months early in the starting Revolts Arab the In addition, underestimated. be not should from benefit to expect can Turkey one of no that war drift acivil into a possible and violence escalating an of likelihood The Question. Kurdish the from violence for removing opportunities

9 10 not only to keep my promise to them but also to to also but them to promise my keep to only not Ididso names. mentioning not of principle the applied in Turkey, Kurds living the and Turkish I officials state the from quoting While life. of walks all from people independent Kurdish tens and of other individuals the opponents, PKK line,the PKK the following in Turkey politics while legal of sphere in the part taking people difficulties, internal to due PKK the with having ties broken members former Mountain, Qandil the at leaders PKK the ambassadors, and bureaucrats Turkey, of Republic the of ministers high-ranking various and President the included interviewees The otherwise. demanded personally they unless them to reference direct without penned be would said they anything that interviewee every and each I told content, report’s the strengthen thereby and possible as openly as opinions and feelings their express could for hours, meetings face-to-face many we had whom with interviewees, the ensure that to In order perfection. of alevel not if even adequacy of alevel reached has report the thisaspect, from saythat Ican report. the to contribute surely will that qualities possessed and areport, for such required diversity the provided and representative were people these all that show will interviewed persons the of titles and names the of alist Nevertheless, perfection. reach to able been Ihave in thissense, not course, Of increased. been have could interviewees of number The report. the of backbone the formed interviews one-on-one The memorable contributions in completing the report. the in completing contributions memorable for their Bakkalbaşıoğlu Esra to and Yolaçan Serkan to in particular and work, field the of beginning the at ahand me lent İlhan, who Ebru to work, my of stage in every Ihad support whose Kurban, Dilek to thisreport, write Icould that confidence full with me to proposal the brought who Mahçupyan, Etyen to thanks my Iowe Programme. Democratization TESEV the of staff invaluable the without haveexistence into not come could report This in me. trust for their especially and contributions for their thisreport, to added they value for the interviewees the all to thanks my I extend it. providing person the to harm way in bring no could quote the that and occasions, various on and times various at expressed previously views public were quotes the sure that make to care Turkey. of outside Yet, diligent doing so, while Itook live who and ‘Kurdish Question’ the on views differing Turkey from Kurdish held individuals prominent who mostly were report in the referenced directly were names whose Those report. in the used quotes the of in any mentioned not were names their yet Kurdistan; Iraqi in the Ministers Prime as have served who figures political those and Iraq of President the including thisreport, to contributed individuals Many subject. the of sensitivity the of because officials Kurdish Iraqi for the principle same the applied also I polemics. of targets becoming from public, the by well-known are whom of most people, these protect Section One

the creation of the new constitution. constitution. new the of creation the to in parallel Kurdish the Question resolve to efforts for excitement needed much and new the created already has thispurpose have around united parties, opposition main and ruling the including society, civil the of segment alarge that and constitution’ liberal and human-oriented participatory, a‘civilian, is democratic, creating elections 2011 the following item agenda Turkey’s priority top of the Kurdish Question: Suggestions to the the to Suggestions Kurdish the Question: of Bölgeden Hükümete Öneriler entitled 2008 December of report in TESEV’s addressed briefly was matter the In fact, attempts. such to contribute alone let problem, complicated highly already an solve to attempt to difficult more ‘PKK’s it make liquidation’ the and ‘PKK’s the of disarmament’ expressions the PKK’. that the of We ‘liquidation have the observed as Kurds the by thisis perceived as is necessary, PKK’ the of ‘disarmament of avoiding expression the synonyms, be to seem might they mountain’. Although the ‘off PKK the of forces armed the ‘bringing’ or ‘getting’ as expressed is roughly lives and blood of loss stopping hence and Kurdish the Question, dimensionof crucial most is the violence to end an Bringing lives. take to continues and thousands, of blood the pain, shed great caused has which violence the end logistically to how Kurdish the Question: dimensionof crucial most the to in regard decisions the shape and affect can elements These domain. political the and opinion public the as well as makers decision political the for point reference avalid provide is atime, to in such makers decision the and opinion public for the a guide as serve will we hope which thisreport, of purpose The June 12 of elections the following phase resolution new abrand enter to everyone virtually by is expected and Gül, Abdullah President the including everyone almost by problem’ one ‘Turkey’s as number is accepted Kurdish Question The Methodology and Purpose Kürt Sorunu’nun Çözümüne Dair Bir Yol Haritası: Yol Bir Dair Haritası: Çözümüne Sorunu’nun Kürt (A Roadmap for a Solution (A for aSolution Roadmap th 2011. The fact that that fact The 2011. 3 2 reports TESEV three previous the to follow-up alogical thisreport make reached conclusions The above. generalization the with in harmony being despite authenticity distinctive claim still However, reached conclusions the above. cited paragraph small the by drawn framework the reflects also study thispresent of content The “PKK’s Disarmament”: the on Region) the section from the under Government Publications, 2011). TESEV (Istanbul: Turkey’s West) of Lens the Through Question Kurdish The Demands? Kurds’ the Are Legitimate (How Bakıyor?” Nasıl Sorunu’na Kürt Batısı Türkiye’nin Haklı? Kadar Ne “Kürtler Kurban, and Ensaroğlu Recommendations) Publications, 2010); TESEV (Istanbul: the Kurdish Questiom: Constitutional and Legal to aSolution (Toward Öneriler” Yasal ve Anayasal Doğru: Çözümüne Sorunu’nun “Kürt Ensaroğlu, and Kurban 2008); Publications, TESEV (Istanbul: Government), the for to the Kurdish from Question: Policy Proposals the Region aSolution for (A Roadmap Öneriler” Hükümete Bölgeden Yol Bir Haritası: Dair Çözümüne Sorunun “Kürt Ensaroğlu, and Kurban respectively: follows, as are reports The PKK militants should be issued. be should militants PKK convicted the for expungement an and society; the in themselves for aplace find can militants ex-PKK that ensure to done be should studies weapons; their down lay to militants PKK encourage to made be should ‘amnesty’ an including not arrangement an weapons; down lay to PKK the persuade to sought be should parties political and representatives society civil Kurdish of intermediation the once; at ceased be should operations The fail. to doomed be would solution towards taken steps any continue, conflicts armed the as long As methods. military through possible isnot Question Kurdish the of resolution that shown has century quarter a for PKK the against waged being struggle The Government) Publications, 2008), TESEV (Istanbul: 5. fromQuestion: Policy Proposals the Region for the Kurdish the to aSolution for (A Roadmap Öneriler” Hükümete Bölgeden Yol Bir Haritası: Dair Çözümüne Sorunun “Kürt Ensaroğlu, Yılmaz and Kurban Dilek 3 on the resolution of the Kurdish the of resolution the on 2

13 14 Rethinking Insurgency, study, The War College. US Army the of think tank is a which Institute, Studies Strategic the by 2004 January 2007 was also used. also was 2007 January Insurgencies End. How entitled Corps, Marine the of Activity Intelligence the to contribute to Corporation US Rand the by is astudy first The used. were in particular them, two Among for thisreport. guides beneficial were studies “terrorism”, these and hence “insurgency” between is made adistinction studies, in these that noteworthy 6 5 4 11 September after US,the especially of interests the against are that organizations on and “terrorism” and “terror” as such concepts on studies of number in the boom avirtual been has US, there In the preferred. were strategies security and security in specializing organizations by undertaken studies and resolved, were riots and wars civil rebellions, ethnic how on US think by tanks conducted studies Turkey, outside from examples the concerning mostly review literature the of scope the Within studies. field and subject the regarding review literature a methods: two followed study The in June 2011. report the of release the before ayear approximately began thisreport of basis the forms that study The predecessors. its from this report distinguish subject the of sensitivity the and content the of uniqueness hand, the other the on Question; during the 20 during the world in the places in various occurred which wars civil and revolts 89 of tracking quantitative and qualitative Reconceptualizing Threat and Response and Threat Reconceptualizing Century: 21st the in Counterinsurgency and Insurgency the was for thisreport used study other The Libicki. C. Martin and Connable Ben by published was ahuge specialists, of of number contributions Strategic Studies Institute, (Pennsylvania: Insurgency Rethinking Metz, Steven Institute, 2004). Studies Strategic (Pennsylvania: Response and Threat Reconceptualizing Century: 21st the in Counterinsurgency and Insurgency Millen, Raymond and Metz Steven Rand Corporation, 2010).(Virginia: End Insurgencies How Libicki, C. Martin and Connable Ben th century and prepared with the the with prepared and century 4 This extensive study, a covering extensive This 6 published by the Institute in Institute the by published 2007). th 2001. It is 2001. 5 published in in published Öcalan vs.Turkey Öcalan of (ECtHR)case in the Rights Human of Turkey and Court European the to Öcalan Abdullah by submitted documents of pages hundred five thousand one and defense, of pages thousand five Öcalan’s Abdullah 2009, until in 1999 his capture from period year ten during the Öcalan Abdullah with made interviews the all including pages, thousand twenty to amounting notes, the on based written was it because considered source invaluable an of information [ left the PKK and revolted against Abdullah Öcalan Öcalan Abdullah against revolted and PKK the left had who individuals by written books in the provided information and data the dynamics, internal and mechanisms PKK’s the decision-making understand to In order struggle. armed of history its and methods violence its struggle, armed of period initial the PKK, founding the the on of literature is extensive There regularly. monitored also were Karasu, Mustafa and Kalkan Duran Bayık, Cemil Karayılan, Murat as such executives PKK major of statements the broadcasted that (ANF) Agency News Fırat the and 2011, and in 2010 İmralı at his lawyers with interviews Öcalan’s from notes the report, the of drafting the During 1. in Annex readers the with shared was thisreport of subject the to relevant directly section the and reviewed (Roadmap)] was in Kurdistan in Turkey Models Issues – Solution [Democratization Haritası) (Yol Modelleri Çözüm –Kürdistan’da Sorunları Demokratikleşme Türkiye’de entitled and 2009 15, August on published text page five fifty This members. PKK most to inaccessible remained even and public the with shared not was which 2009, August [ ‘Kurdish Initiative’ the of launch the upon Öcalan Abdullah by officials government to presented “Roadmap” the was underline like to Iwould that information of source useful very Another Günleri İmralı Öcalan’ın included report the of drafting during the to Turkish referred frequently sources 8 7 Öcalan’s İmralı Days İmralı Öcalan’s “Bibliography” section at section the end of“Bibliography” the report. the in found be can report this of preparation the during consulted publications the all of A list 2011). Yayınları, İthaki (İstanbul: Günleri İmralı Öcalan’ın Kapmaz, Cengiz ] by Cengiz Kapmaz. The book was was book The Kapmaz. Cengiz ] by Kürt Açılımı Kürt ] in . 8

7

11 with anyone from Turkey. from anyone with held ever had Karayılan Murat interview longest the thiswas that told was author The Serhat. Ronahi and Tekin Bozan his by deputies accompanied Karayılan, Murat with held was interview asix hour Qandil, In work. field for the visited was ‘mountain’ the even above, expressed As Ruhr in Europe. the Region and Berlin Brussels, and Baghdad; capital Iraqi the as well as region, Kurdistan Iraqi in the Mountain Qandil Van and in Turkey; Koisanjak Suleimaniya, Arbil, and Hakkari Diyarbakır, Ankara, İstanbul, including area, geographical awide across place took work field during the made interviews face-to-face The report. the of backbone the constitutes work field The Yanılsamanın Sonu 10 9 We had this report. enriched also “Ekrem”) Sarıkaya Taş“Ebubekir”, Hıdır Ataç “Botan”, Halil Nizamettin “Ferhat”, (Osman Öcalan ranks in high years for many struggle armed in its serving after PKK the left who those with conducted interviews the PKK, the of figures leading current and officials state to addition In officials. etc.) state Ayata, and Muzaffer Kartal, Aydar, Zübeyir Remzi (such as Europe in executives PKK the with interviews one-to-one the also but mountain Qandil onlythe not encompassed fieldwork The 2011. mid-May, until continued and 2010 in October started in total, hours eighty exceeding interviews, The arms.’ may down lay PKK the ‘how and mountain’ the ‘leaving of problem the affect could opinions whose thus, those and qualities, representative had and issue the to parties primary are who individuals those with interviews face-to-face conduct to was work field the throughout pursued principles basic the of One Güneş Yüce’s Doğu’da Yükselen Can M. these, Among consideration. into taken were Dağı’nı Taşımak Dağı’nı

Komal Yayınları, 2000). Yayınları, Komal (İstanbul: Sonu Pir, Yanılsamanın Bir Hayri Mahsum (Frankfurt: Zambon Verlag, Zambon (Frankfurt: 2000). Sonuçları Toplumsal ve Ekonomik Askeri, Siyasi, Direnişi; Halk Kürt Çağdaş Taşımak- Dağını Çelik,Selahhattin Ağrı Zelal Yayınları, 1999). Yayınları, Zelal (İstanbul: cilt) (iki Güneş Yükselen Doğu’da Yüce, Can M. 10 and Mahsum Hayri Pir’s Bir Hayri Mahsum and 11 are of particular importance. particular of are , 9 Ağrı Ağrı Çelik’s Selahattin (ANAP). Party Motherland the time, (FP)and, for ashort Party Virtue (RP), the Party Welfare the from MP an as served who Cizre Mayor and of former is the domain, who Kurdish political conservative in the name well-known a Haşimi, Haşim and in exile; lives still who and ( Party Socialist Kurdistan the of Secretary-General the ( Businessmen’s and Industrialists’ Association Anatolian Southeastern the of President the Bedirhanoğlu, Şahismail years; recent in the Question Kurdish in the occurring development new every forein almost to comes that aprovince Diyarbakır, in located organizations society civil the of spokesmen the of is one who Diyarbakır, of Association Bar the of EminPresident the Aktar, Mehmet include names Other interviewed. also were Miroğlu Orhan and Fırat Burkay, Kemal including PKK, the Ümit to opposition in even and of outside operating although Question, Kurdish in the leaders opinion as such thinkers and actors Kurdish political well-known publically Likewise, in Exile. Kurdish Parliament The controlled PKK- the of president the as terms for three serving after PKK the from himself distanced had who Kaya ( Party Democracy former and Kurdish politician senior with talks long who are thought to be following the PKK line, yet have line,yet PKK the following be to thought are who Kurdish of opinions individuals In addition, Programme. Democratization TESEV the by prepared Question Kurdish the on reports of series the of apart as released reports for the done previously had he as report, this to contributions great made also He manifesto. electoral new Party’s in the reflected was that Question Kurdish the to approach CHP’s new in the role decisive Deputy, Tanrıkulu, a CHP’s Istanbul played the Now figure. well-known is he apublically institutions, two in these positions his to previous (İHD). Due Foundation Rights Human the of representative Diyarbakır and Diyarbakır of Association Bar the of President the as having served (CHP) after People’s Party Republican the of Chairman Vice the was he preparation, report the of Tanrıkulu. is Sezgin time At the interviewees the among mentioned specifically be should that name Another GÜNSİAD Partiya Sosyalîst a Kurdistan Sosyalîst Partiya ); Mesut Tek, who assumed the position of of position Tek, the ); Mesut assumed who Demokrasi Partisi, DEP Partisi, Demokrasi , PSK) after Kemal Burkay Burkay Kemal after , PSK) ) Leader Yaşar Yaşar ) Leader

15 16 of the report at this stage. at report the of content the to contribution ameaningful make not could place’, in their Turkishthe ‘put or bandits the justice’ ‘surrender such to as previous of terrorists statements MHP, that considered members’ It was its to due report. the of purpose and content the against categorically was that attitude its to due interviewed not was (MHP) Party Movement Nationalist the parties, political the Among sought. were opinions whose individuals other the among were Region) Kurdistan the of Presidency the of Head Hüseyin, Fuad Doctor and Barzani; Neçirvan Party Democrat Kurdistan Iraq the of President Vice and Government Kurdistan Iraqi the of Talabani; Minister Prime former Jalal [PUK] Kurdistan of Union Patriotic Iraqi the of leader and President (Iraqi matter, Kurdish officials Iraqi in the interest indirect or direct their to Due experiences. his past and issue in his the of involvement because Öneş Cevat MİT of Undersecretary Deputy former and Çelik, Ömer MP Adana and Chairman Vice (AK Party) Party’s Development and Justice the also and subject; the with is associated that his Aydın to due position Selcen, Arbil, Turkey’s Özçelik; to Murat General Consul Ambassador Coordinator, Iraq former and Baghdad to Ambassador issue; Turkey’s the solve to in efforts involved was who Ala Efgan Undersecretary Ministry Prime İmralı; at Öcalan Abdullah with dialogue the managed who Fidan, Hakan Undersecretary (MİT) Organization Intelligence Turkey, 23 in the Interior of Minister the Gül; Abdullah of Republic the of President the included These violence. ending and problem the in solving levels various at roles play to expected are who officials government and state with held also were Interviews interviewed. also Baydemir, Osman etc.) Municipality were Metropolitan Diyarbakır Mayor of Türk,and Ahmet MP Mardin Zana, Leyla MP in Turkey violence with (Diyarbakır association no with domain legal in the roles effective have played instead and up weapons taken never been a main actor in the issue so far, indirect information far, so issue information in the indirect actor amain been has which Turkish (TSK), the of Forces members Armed with conducted not were interviews direct Although of Justice in the 23 in the Justice of Minister the Atalay; “Initiative”, in the Beşir coordinator the of role the assumed who parliament the of term rd term, Sadullah Ergin; National Ergin; National Sadullah term, rd

12 report. the of purpose real thisis the And resolution. afinal to brought and violence from is freed Kurdish the Question once needed longer no be will thiscontent of reports and Studies scope. its of in terms kind its of first very is the report the interviewees, the of positions and titles identities, the of diversity the at looking In addition, violence. from Kurdish the Question freeing and PKK’ the by arms down ‘laying of issues the on is based content its because essence; in its is authentic report The report. the of end the at given are views these support that suggestions and conclusions The fore. the to interviewees the by on agreed points the bring to attached diligence due was conclusions, these on based suggestions making and conclusions drawing While interviewees. the of thoughts and views the with backbone report’s the form to given been has priority Nevertheless, report. in the views and experience of years upon reflect to not impossible is it Therefore, years. forty dimensions for almost various its and Kurdish the Question with involved and associated been has report the of author The Organizations] Terrorist End of [The Sonu Örgütlerinin Terör book the and PKK for many years. for many PKK the and Kurdish for the Question foreground the on been elite’, has which ‘military the of approaches and patterns thought the reflected it as thisreport of scope the within used references the among included was book hand, the Sonu Örgütlerinin Terör in his book Başbuğ General by expressed views the from fundamentally differ arms down lay PKK the may –How mountain’ the ‘Leaving on thisreport of suggestions subsequent and conclusions methodology, The accomplished. be can this how on his view shares and (the PKK) organization’ ‘terrorist the to end an bringing as terrorism of end the sees hence and problem aterror as essentially mountain’ the ‘leaving of subject the approaches Başbuğ General In his issue. book, the on perspective TSK’s the reflect they as used specifically were Başbuğ

Kitapevi, 2011). Kitapevi, Remzi (İstanbul: Sonu Örgütlerinin Terör Başbuğ, İlker 12 by last year’s Chief of General Staff İlker Staff General of Chief year’s last by . On the other other the . On Section Two

solution of the issue becomes easier to understand. understand. to easier becomes issue the of solution political the to priority give to necessity the Hence, circles. Staff tacitly, General in the albeit accepted, is also Kurdish the Question to solution a military of ineffectiveness the that illustrates information This initiated. were Initiative for the preparations reply affirmative aconfident of absence inmeans?”; the and military “dissolve through could PKK they the whether asked was authority military , the Açılım] [Demokratik Initiative through Democratic the Question Kurdish the resolve to initiatives the of phase planning the to prior and 2007 after officials, high-ranking from received information to According resolution. final the provide not would solution military a that view the maintained still authority military the in 2004, Öcalan Abdullah of instructions the upon PKK’sstruggle the of armed revival the following period In the authority. civilian the to this perception communicated authority Turkish the military 2003, In sense. in amilitary defeated decisively not was PKK the that asign as Staff General the by interpreted was move This territories. Iraqi the into and borders Turkey from withdrew Staff, the beyond General the with in agreement PKK’sforces, the armed 1999, in capture Öcalan’s Abdullah Following authority. Turkish the by shared military also was means military through issue the resolving of impossibility the of asense that, officials state with during his interviews informed was himself author the Indeed, alternative. military the precludes thisreport militants, PKK the by mountain’ the ‘leaving of process ensure aconclusive to how of problematique the approaching While the Kurdish Question in the Resolution of Invalidity of the Existing Paradigm “The PKK is one of the consequences of the unresolved is one PKK of the consequences “The This approach, that in its various forms ostensibly appears appears ostensibly approach, forms thatThis in its various Identifying the PKK as an important part of the the of part important an as PKK the Identifying weapons. its down lays conclusively PKK the that ensuring -and organization the of ‘single authority’ unrivalled and indisputable -the Öcalan Abdullah of situation the addressing means which Question, PKK the addressing without Kurdish Question the Today resolve to is impossible it that is clear it anymore. valid is not true, be to appears ostensibly forms various in its that approach, This PKK.” the against fromindependent the fight or separate something as addressed be should Question Kurdish the resolve to attempt the hence, and Kurdish Question, unresolved the of consequences the of is one PKK The being. into came PKK the before even exist to used Kurdish Question effect. an but acause is not thing... PKK The same the not are problem’, ‘terror the or PKK, the and Kurdish Question “The acceptance: foundwide has acliché years, For Q T situation of Abdullah Öcalan -the indisputablesituation Öcalan and of Abdullah to be true is not betrue anymore. valid to Today that it is it is clear something as Kurdish Question should beaddressed resolve to Kurdish Question, the the attempt hence, and impossible resolve to the Question Kurdish without the PKK”. against independent the from or fight separate addressing the PKK Question, which means addressing the Question,addressing the PKK which means ensuring that the PKK conclusively lays down that conclusively the PKK its weapons. ensuring unrivalled ‘singleunrivalled of the organization authority’ -and I he uest nseparab I PKK the and on I l I K the of ty urd I sh

19 20 October 3 October on amendment aconstitutional passed Party) Left Democratic (fromDSP; Ecevit Bülent by led government coalition DSP-MHP-ANAP the “times of war, imminent threat of war and terrorist terrorist war, and of war of “times imminent threat statement (with its interim measure of November 30 November of measure interim (with its statement following the issued (ECtHR) which Rights Human of Court European the to applied Öcalan sentence, his of formalization the Turkish Following jurisdiction. the by sentence death with charged was and 1999, in authorities Kenyan by his extradition following Turkey to brought was he after Island İmralı on imprisoned was Öcalan Abdullah known, is well it As INTERTWINED ARE QUESTION KURDISH THE AND HOW ÖCALAN applicability. and validity their lost have and therefore date to exhausted and tried have been alternatives various these All organization. the liquidate to forcing or Öcalan authorities), Kurdish (the Iraqi or US, Iraqi parties’ ‘third by Turkey of delivery their or authorities legal the to surrender to cadres organization’s for the waiting implies PKK’s the mountain’ the ‘leaving perspective, From this members. PKK the against measures armed some taking and policies security of context the within matter the approaching from way apart other no remains there ‘terrorists’; called be to continued are members its if and organization’ a‘terrorist as treated be to continues IfPKK the sufficient. is not it but issue, the of resolution the towards start necessary is a solution, the hence and Kurdish Question, 13 Convention.” the under complaints applicant’s the of merits and admissibility the of examination the with effectively proceed to Court the enable to as so out carried not is penalty death the ensure that to steps necessary all take to State respondent the requests Court “The Court): of Rules its of 39 Article to pursuant and 1999

Turkey vs. Öcalan (ECtHR), Rights Human of Court European , No: 46221/99, 12 May 2005. May 12 46221/99, , No: rd 2001 which limited the death sentence to to sentence death the limited which 2001 13 Following ECtHR’s interim measure, ECtHR’s measure, interim Following th

17 16 passed on August 3 August on passed to read as, “The phrase ‘execution of the death death ‘execution the of phrase “The as, read to Laws Harmonization (EU) Union European the of adoption sentence, and Protocol no. 13 Protocol and sentence, crimes”. 15 14 Protocol no. 6 Protocol (ECHR) Rights Human on Convention European Tayyip Recep by the led Erdoğan, government Party AK the of period the During governments. coalition of period ending the party, a single as rule allowed which majority parliamentary the won In the elections of November 3 November of elections In the imprisonment’. life ‘aggravated to commuted instead was Öcalan Abdullah amendment adopted on May on 7 adopted amendment constitutional the 6of Article signed. were war of times at except penalties death of imposition

26022 dated 13.12.2005. dated 26022 No. Gazette Official 06.10.2005, 5409, No. Penalty, Death of Abolition Complete the on 13 No. Protocol ECHR, 01.07.2003. No. dated 25155 Gazette Official the in Published Rights; Human on Convention European the of 11 No. Protocol by amended as (ECHR) Freedoms Fundamental and Rights Human of protection the for Convention the to Penalty Death of Restriction on No.6 Protocol of Ratification the on 15.01.2003 dated 4913 no. Law imprisonment”. life to commuted been has 6831, no 31.08.1956 of Law Forestry the and Smuggling, of Monitoring and Prohibition on 07.01.1932 of 1918 no. Law 01.03.1926, dated 765 no Code Penal Turkish the by down laid penalty death war, the of threat imminent and war of times “Excluding package, the of article first the to According 17.10.2001. of 24841 No. Gazette Official 03.08.2002, 4771, No. Package, Harmonization Third Union European of to inability fulfil obligation”. a contractual ground the on merely liberty his of deprived be shall one No evidence. considered be not shall methods illegal through obtained Findings crimes. terror or war of threat imminent war, of times for except imposed be cannot penalty “Death Constitution: the of Penalties” and Offenses to Relating “Principles 38 Article of paragraph seventh the as added was following the Constitution, 1982 the regarding Package Amendment Sixth the of 15 Article with accordance In 17.10.2001. of 24556 No. Gazette published in the Official Turkey, 3.10.2001, of dated Republic the of Constitution the of Articles Some of Amendment on 4709 no. Law 15 , as a result of which the death sentence of of sentence death the which of aresult , as 14 This was followed by the amendments amendments the by followed was This 16 about the abolishment of the death death the of abolishment the about rd 2002 within the scope of the the of scope the within 2002 17 prohibiting the the prohibiting th rd 2004 was rearranged rearranged was 2004 2002, the AK Party Party AK the 2002, completely eliminated from the Turkish the from eliminated system, law completely 19 18 been deleted”. Turkey of Republic the of has Constitution the of 87 in Article courts’ the by finalized and ruled penalties and accepted. accepted. and possiblebe unless this phenomenon is understood not will Kurdish the Question of resolution this light, in Seen anymore!” ago, not but years 10 possible been have might PKK and Öcalan Abdullah from Question Kurdish the “Separating follows: years)recent as Turkish the with in the government partnership close a developed (which has in Iraq Government Regional Kurdistan the of officer ahigh-ranking by expressed also was conclusion This intertwined. became issues two the and Kurdish in the Question, internalized PKK’sexistence), became the armed encompasses it that (in sense the Question’ ‘PKK the and situation Öcalan’s Abdullah Thus, PKK’s struggle. armed for ending maker the decision final the became he and reinforced was PKK the of leader unchallenged and indisputable the as position Öcalan’s imprisonment, life aggravated to his conviction Following law. the with in accordance imprisonment life aggravated as redefined was situation Öcalan’s Abdullah and Following conviction his ‘aggravated to life PKK was reinforced and he became the final the final he became and reinforced was PKK struggle. indisputable and unchallenged leader of the leader indisputable unchallenged and imprisonment,’ Öcalan’s position the as decision maker for thedecision ending PKK’s maker armed

Gazette Official Turkey,07.05.2004, of 5170, No. Republic the of Constitution the of Articles Some of Amendment on Law was completely abolished with this law. law. this with abolished completely was penalty Death 21.07.2004. of 25529 No. Gazette Official the in published 14.07.2004, 5218, No: Laws, Some of Amendment and Penalty Death of Abolition on Law No. 25469 dated 22.05.2004. 18 On July 14 On th 2004, death penalty was was penalty death 2004, 19

“They should not do anything that may be perceived as should not do as anything that“They may beperceived violence.” escalating of circle avicious to lead PKK the of actions the And PKK’s the provokes actions. also but mistrust, of aclimate creates only not This PKK. dividing as mayperceived that be anything do not should “They for Turkey: efforts such by posed risk the to attention drew and views similar expressed also years many for Turkey initiatives with dialogue PKK-targeted on in been has who Kurdistan Iraqi the of bureaucrat for asolution”. Ahigh-ranking him dialogue in the including than rather means him for political attacking on based astrategy been always has Öcalan Abdullah regarding approach main The PKK. the Öcalan, Abdullah Kurds and,through the dividing through goals its achieve to It aimed have plan. not any did “To state the thisdate, bureaucracy: the of ranks in high served had who official astate by expressed also was date to pursued policies liquidation’ ‘PKK’s the of invalidity the Furthermore, organization. of the members with conducted interviews one-on-one in the obvious also was resistance ‘liquidation.’ This organization’s the as interpreted that might ordevelopments could mean be any to resistant is extraordinarily PKK The LIQUIDATING PKK THE PAST EXPERIENCE: DIVIDING OR PKK lead to a vicious circle of escalating violence.” of circle escalating avicious to lead PKK but also provokes the PKK’sbut also of the the actions And actions. dividing PKK. This not only creates a climate of mistrust, of aclimate mistrust, dividing not only creates This PKK.

21 22 Section Three Section

23 24 of the Turkish opinion leaders also increasingly increasingly Turkish also the of leaders opinion Asegment Kurdish insurgency”. a“contemporary as PKK the described Karayılan Murat In interview, our issue. the of resolution for step crucial most the and first the remains aKurdish insurgency as PKK the of assessment Turkish Government’s difficulties, these all Despite paradigm. thisnew of acceptance the challenges that factor important is another initiatives– diplomatic Turkey’s of aresult EU –as the persistent and State of US Department the both of organizations” terrorist of PKK’s the “list inaddition, the inclusion time”. take In will and easy change is not a paradigm therefore, to; contribute to continues extent alarge to and to contributed has itself PKK the which something Turkish in the demonized been opinion, public has PKK the years many “for that, told official security ahigh-rank In interview, our challenging. proves achange in such paradigm that doubt is no There “terrorists”. as members its and organization” a“terrorist as PKK the describing “terrorism”, as phenomenon PKK the defining than rather a“Kurdish Insurgency” as situation the identifying requires This paradigm. new consequent a through issue the approach and conceptualization anew formulate to is then,essential it results– conclusive any yield to policies these of inability the on consensus awide is now there –and abandoned, be to are liquidation or focusing surrender on If policies begins. even it before discussion the ending mountain’), the ‘leaving and arms’ to farewell ‘saying to lead finally will that (initiatives initiatives non-starters as function ‘liquidation’ and view, of point ‘surrender’ PKK From the The The New Paradigm: Pkk as the Kurdish as Last Insurgency for any resolution resolution for any “terrorism”, organization” a“terrorist describing as the PKK follows: insurgent organization organization as a and terrorist an between difference the describes and insurgency How book InsurgenciesThe End TERRORISM DEFINITIONS OF INSURGENCY AND “the end of/putting an end to the Kurdish insurgency”. Kurdish the insurgency”. to end an of/putting end “the with is synonymous thisreport of purpose and content title, the and Kurdish rebellion, last ending the of the to refers mountain’ the ‘leaving in thislight, Seen arms. down laid yet not has PKK the since continues still rebellion fourth the saythat to is possible it sense, In this rebellions. these of extensive most the and longest is the PKK the by represented rebellion fourth The 1938. of Rebellion Dersim is third the the and 1929, of Rebellion Ararat is the second the 1925, of Rebellion Said Sheikh is the first The fouron insurgencies. agree basically circles Kurdish political and Question Kurdish the studying observers some fact, accepted is agenerally it if as republic the of history the in Kurdish 29 Rebellions of existence the to references make sources many Although a “Kurdish insurgency”. as PKK the by waged struggle armed the acknowledge Insurgency” rather than defining the PKK phenomenon as phenomenon the PKK as defining ratherthan Insurgency” One needs to identify the situation as a “Kurdish the situation a“Kurdish identify to as One needs and its members as “terrorists”. as its members and against its government, with the intent of of intent the with government, its against group armed anon-governmental by struggle [...] violent isthe definition. insurgency Briefly, broadest its at istaken study, this insurgency For provides a definition of a definition provides

25 26 facilitate discovering methods for ‘leaving the the for ‘leaving methods discovering facilitate surely will PKK for the preference” “subjective is “subjective”. Usingorganization” same the “terrorist and “insurgency” between distinction the that fact the to attention draws definition This 21 20 activities. armed its continued and apossibility such refused completely latter the while talks, through struggle armed the ended former the that reason main for the IRA’ terrorist ‘Real the calling while list, ‘insurgent’ in the IRA the includes book The

Army [ Army Republican Irish Provisional the westudied while example, For organizations. terrorist and insurgent between distinction asubjective draw and a tactic as [...] terrorism address independence. We generally obtaining or rights, greater gaining interloper, an expelling regime, current the overthrowing did not include it in our data sets. data in our it include not did and organization aterrorist as Army Republican Irish Real the group splinter the insurgency, weviewed has continued until today in the 21st century, is still there. still is century, 21st the in today until continued has and century 20th the in started that PKK’s “insurgency”, the for essence the that determine to necessary becomes it Hence, border. Iraqi-Iranian the on located Mountain Qandil the at Region, Kurdistan Iraqi the in headquarters its with border, Turkish-Iraqi the to adjacent region the of side Iraqi the in Turkey and of Southeastern the in How Insurgencies End, 220-221. End, Connable and Libicki, Insurgencies How struggle in June 1 June in struggle armed its revived PKK Yet, the 2004. of study said the movement to be included among “insurgencies ended” in PKK the caused have may 1999 in capture Öcalan’s upon borders Turkish beyond forces its withdrawn and struggle armed ended had it that announcement PKK’s The leader. its of capture the with ended was 1999, in year 14th its completed having insurgency, PKK the authors the to time”, according over slightly increase may winning of chances government’s the and years, ten approximately last insurgencies “modern that studies empirical on based authors the by posited thesis the on Based Qandil. in presence its with “insurgency” the maintain to continues and 2004 in struggle armed its revived PKK the that fact the disregards book the that It appears 1999. in Öcalan Abdullah of capture the with ended” “insurgencies among evaluated and 1984-1999 between place took that insurgency an as assumed is included among the 89 insurgencies studied, yet the PKK also is PKK the data, empirical of amount considerable a on based insurgency analyze who Libicki, and Connable by study the in that noted be should it Meanwhile, Provos, Provos, IRA’s “Provisional” wing] as an an as wing] IRA’s “Provisional” st 2004 and keeps its armed forces mostly mostly forces armed its keeps and 2004 21 20

phenomenon in Turkey phenomenon a‘Kurdish insurgency’. as PKK the for rethinking aguidingframework provides also study the from below cited section The College. War US Army the of think tank the Institute, Studies Strategic for the Millen Raymond and Metz Steven by written Response and Threat Reconceptualising Century: 21st the in Counterinsurgency and Insurgency is the studies these among insurgency. Noteworthy of instruments the among counted are contrary insurgency, of the on and definition the with conflict not do trafficking drug or terrorism as such elements on insurgenciesstudies that criminal demonstrate theoretical Yet, and category. academic political in that it evaluating and ‘insurgency’ an as PKK a the serious shadow on identifying organization cast the with associated labels These in trafficking. drug involved organization acrime being of accused widely Turkish the by Moreover, opinion. also public but is it Turkey, of authorities official the by only century, not a of aquarter than for more organization’ ‘terrorist a as perceived and stigmatized been has PKK The insurgency”. Kurdish the thing represents is, who important The Kurds. the represents who is not here issue The deputies. 100 have but youdon’t 75 if even matter not does “It saying, by Kurds” of “representation the of issue the mentioned Aydar also Kurdish deputies. 75 had they that was term legislative 2007-2010 in the Party AK ruling the by used discourse the that reminded and PKK’s the to “insurgentaspect” referred Aydar Zübeyir interview, same In the insurgency”. feeding the conditions the eliminate to how on made be should Negotiations otherwise? ended be it can How insurgents. the to you have talk to is aKurdish insurgency. To“This insurgency, the end that in Brussels during interview our said executives, Aydar,mountain’. Zübeyir PKK’s the of one high-level same time, the insurgents must continue to improve improve to continue must insurgents the time, same Atthe violence. asymmetric or irregular of types other and sabotage, officials, of assassination and terrorism, warfare, guerrilla of form the take can This succeed. to in order regime the against operations direct launch must insurgency every point At some standard insurgent organization. insurgent organization. standard is a PKK the definitions, above the of light the in contrary, the On a‘Kurdish insurgency’. expresses essentially PKK the that fact the eliminate not 23 22 intrafficking, is drug involved organization the that allegations severe and serious some are there although and terrorism to resorted has PKK the that fact undisputable isTurkish an it although example, in the Accordingly element. atactical as considered is terrorism sense, conceptual in the evaluated is strategically insurgency While insurgencies. operandi modus the of one as is included terrorism studies, in similar and paper abovementioned In the insurgents. by used tactics as considered also are warfare guerrilla and terrorism Likewise, scales. serious at even crimes (and political) not petty as classified generally are these although insurgents, by used methods the as mentioned are trafficking, drugs and blackmailing racketeering, robbery, smuggling, as such activities non-political seen, As

Pages/tg1148.aspx http://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/ press-center/press-releases/Pages/tg318.aspx http://www.treasury.gov/ pages: web following the at found be can Department the of releases press relevant The jurisdiction. U.S. under have may they accounts bank including assets, any of freezing the for ruled and traffickers, narcotics foreign significant as 2011 April in Uzun Adem and Ok Sabri Kartal, Remzi Kalkan, Duran Bayık, Cemil and 2009 October in Aydar Zübeyir and Altun Rıza Ali Karayılan, Murat namely PKK, the of leadership senior the designated Treasury the of Department US The some cases, expand their someinternational cases, acceptance. in and, support public greater mobilize legitimacy, their augment to seek also insurgents all not but Most forces. government from them capture or allies, ideological from them obtaining arms, may buy They extortion. and racketeering, charities, of use illegal merchandise counterfeiting, laundering, pirating, money marketing, black kidnapping, trafficking, narco- robbery, smuggling, alliances, external cultivating by may this do They support. mobilize and resources, accumulate craft, their learn skills, their Metz and Millen, 21st Century Millen, and Metz . , 4. 23 these do do these and and of of 22

Accordingly in the TurkishAccordingly example, although it is an 25 approach to the issue in Turkey. issue the to approach government’s the of in terms fashion, asimilar or same in the either PKK, the ‘real of goal’ the assessing to Bard E. O’Neill: E. O’Neill: Bard to in circles belongs theaccepted international academic widely insurgency, definition to regard another With 24 totally?” system political the from itself withdraw to is it Or politics? of game of rules change the to it Is makers? decision current the overthrow to it Is policies? in state changes some trigger to it Is purpose? real the is “What them. counter to how determine to able be to in order guerrillas the of purpose real the identify correctly should agovernment that emphasized It is response. governmental triggered the as well as support power, external and organizational support, public climate, current strategies, goals, their of context the within tools, guerrilla-type with out carried insurgencies reviews definition This standard insurgent organization. organization. insurgent standard trafficking, these do these not thethat eliminate fact the PKK trafficking, allegations that the organization is involvedallegations in drug severe and some are althoughand there serious contrary, in the light of is the the above a PKK definitions, insurgency’. a‘Kurdish expresses essentially On the undisputable fact that the PKK has resorted to terrorism terrorism to resorted undisputable that has fact the PKK

Op. cit. 15. Apocalypse to Revolution From Terrorism: and Insurgency O’Neill, E. Bard more aspects of politics. of aspects more or one eradicate or redefine legitimize, to violence and resources political uses consciously group non-ruling the in which authorities ruling the and group anon-ruling between isastruggle Insurgency 25 These criteria should also be valid in valid be also should criteria These (Washington D.C.: Potomac Books, 2005), 2005), Books, Potomac D.C.: (Washington 24

27 28 Research Terrorism Security International and the On institutes. peace as operate that thanthemore definitions by meaningful institutions and important more as presumed were ‘terrorism’ and ‘insurgency’ of concepts the of definitions their hence, issues; counter-terror and security homeland in specialize and to related all are a reference as used studies and previously, institutions the stated organization”. As a“terrorist of instead insurgency” Kurdish “armed an as PKK the addressing envisions which thisreport, of purposes practical for the have the supported theoretical needed infrastructure studies US-based studies. in these conceptualization and framework theoretical the enriched have also US in the domain academic the of level intellectual and opportunities The in 2003. Iraq of occupation and intervention extensive the following afterwards and in 2001 Afghanistan of intervention the during first US forces occupying the by encountered resistance the to due terrorism and insurgency of examples on studies of number in the increase the also and events 9/11 the following organizations’ on ‘terrorism’concentration ‘terrorist and natural is the materials reference of abundance for this reason The in particular. “terrorism” and “insurgency” of concepts the between differences the analyze and this subject on focus that States United in the materials reference and studies of abundance for thisis the reason main The US. the from sources the to mostly we referred for asolution, prerequisite is a acategorization such that and accurate more be would terrorism than rather insurgency of category the under PKK the assessing that arguing While 26 insurgency: insurgency: terrorism and the between difference specifying

apart from both guerrilla warfare and terrorism, as as terrorism, and warfare guerrilla both from apart it sets This aim. aspecific with effort - apolitical isamovement insurgency an isthat difference A key http://www.terrorism-research.com/ International Terrorism Research website, and Security 26 website, there is a notable definition definition is a notable there website, . and military legal codes. Terrorists routinely claim claim routinely Terrorists codes. legal military and civil both under criminals are definition by terrorists but goals, their in achieving war of law the regarding adhere forces to international can norms guerrilla and movements Insurgency actor. the of intent the to down comes terrorism and insurgency between […]Ultimately, meaningless. it difference the render to as much so “combatants” of category the broaden do, they they if or non-combatants, and combatants between discriminate not do Terrorists military. the to in addition personnel security and police include to combatants of definition legal accepted the expand insurgencies many although non-combatants, of targeting the require not need Insurgency […] aclash. such from gain to nothing has group Aterrorist government. the of effectiveness military the challenge effectively can they that proving as such force, combat agovernment with contact adirect from gain to hand,may have something other the on force, Aguerrilla forces. government with confrontations direct avoid arule as Terrorists […] population. the of fraction alarge of sympathy the even or support active the has rarely and require not does group Aterror required. isnot but insurgents, to useful be can entities political or countries other from approval or recognition support, External involved. of the population of some portion support tacit or active the require power. Insurgencies political in sharing concessions political force or territory, its of aportion or all of control for government existing the challenge isto insurgency an of goal ultimate The […] terrorism. of use the renounced predominant; there have that others effectively been became terrorism and tactics terror where conflicts into developed some and tactics, terror and terrorism employed campaigns guerrilla and insurgencies successful more the of some terror. While of use the requires that warfare guerrilla or insurgency in either inherent isnothing There terrorism. versus insurgencies of operations and activities is difference Another the intent of the component movement. political the of goals the pursue to available methods both are they 28 27 the within Corps Marine States United the of Morris F. Michael Colonel Lieutenant by project In aresearch follows: as action of modes and concepts two these Academy, Military US the at purposes for training used be to prepared manual In the (DoD). Defense of Department US the by is made terrorism and insurgency between difference the to attention draw to definitions the of One terrorism. as insurgency defining require not does and insurgency defines that acondition is not it amethod, as may terrorism use insurgency although insurgency, thing as and same the is not terrorism that obvious becomes also hand, it other the On concepts. two the between distinction aclear-cut make to easy is not it that seen be can it definitions, these on Based

less violent means”. violent less through unattainable are that concessions political power. (4) occupying an of Extract withdrawal the (3) Cause astate. of borders the within territory national autonomous an (2)revolution. Establish social ensuing an without government established an (1) to seek Overthrow may also They country. the within power reallocate and order social existing the overthrow to seek normally Insurgencies aims. its achieve to conflict armed and sabotage, subversion, uses that movement resistance organized “an as insurgency define we(DoD) Doctrinally, ideological”. or religious, political, generally are that goals of pursuit in the societies or governments intimidate to or coerce to intended fear; incite to violence of threat or violence of use calculated “the as terrorism define we(DoD) Doctrinally, [...]” establishment. the vis-à-vis adisadvantage at them place would it violence, their of scope the on constraints any accept or war” of “law any to adhere to they were that insurgents-vs-guerrillas-vs-terrorists.pdf Terrorists”, http://www.usma.edu/dmi/iwmsgs/ Academy,US Military vs. “Insurgents vs. Guerrillas www.terrorism-research.com/insurgency/. Terrorism Between “Difference and Insurgency”, http:// International Terrorism Research, and Security the DoD explains the differences between between differences the explains DoD the 28 27

. and terrorism are reflected as follows: follows: as reflected are terrorism and insurgencyauthor’s on views thebetween difference the War College, Army U.S. the at his of studies scope 29 PKK The (1971-1982). Lebanon in South then and 1971) (1960- in Jordan first (PLO) functioned Organization Liberation Palestine the and Vietnam, Northern in had Vietnam in South functioned guerrillas Vietcong way the the to similar PKK, for the exists also a“sanctuary”, called location, geographical This forces. and headquarters for military borders national outside area insurgencies include a geographical often characterize that to, elements the referred we materials reference theoretical the of In most

insurgency’s political structure. structure. political insurgency’s an replicate seldom security, facilitate to cells compartmented and secrecy extreme towards tend which Terrorist organizations, dominate. they which zones, or sanctuaries in the especially well, as in nature overt more often are forces Insurgent command. of chain military aformal into organized not teams isolated of comprised and smaller usually are Terrorist units companies. and platoons, squads, as fashion in military forces their organize insurgents Typically organizations. terrorist of those than larger magnitude of orders with forces fighting field normally Insurgencies apart. two the tell to means another provided have traditionally traits insurgency, organizational and terrorism between in discriminating aid apartial only offer If definitions program. the supersedes violence program; political a complement not does violence their but goals, revolutionary even political, may pursue Terrorists replace. cannot terrorism that in away purposes revolutionary of in pursuit programs political differ. [...].Thus, with violence combine insurgencies they how and alike are they how establish should one each, counter to strategies preferred addressing Before different. very are phenomena two the to responses appropriate the as theoretical, merely not is insurgency and terrorism between distinction The Research Project, U.S. Army War College, 2008). College, War Army U.S. Project, Research (Strategy Insurgency”, as “Al-Qaeda F. Morris, Michael 29

29 30 30 quality of the armed struggle waged by PKK: PKK: by waged struggle armed the of quality PKK’s inthe Turkey position insurgency the and on insight giving to in addition PKK the of evolution historical the on light shed can that examples and of insurgencydefinition some concepts offer Counterinsurgency, study,abovementioned In the insurgencies. of transformability and continuity multi-dimensionality, the with us face-to-face puts viewpoint This above. given definitions and facts the of prism the from movement insurgent an as PKK the in redefining is abenefit There MOVEMENT INSURGENT AN AS IN PKK THE CONTINUITY AND CHANGE areas”. these entering forces armed any target Zones’, would it Defense and ‘Medya its as in Iraq Gare and &Xarkuke), Zap (Xinere Bradost Qandil, including region the declared it that 2002 of autumn in the announced PKK such, “the As forces. armed PKK of housing thousands permanently area ageographical into transformed Kurdistan Turkish Iraqi the the of across right borders Behdinan and Soran called region the of aportion and Haftanin, and Zap Xınere, Zagros, Hakurk, encompassing regions Qandil, to In addition Mountain. Qandil the at mainly Iraq, in Northern sanctuary a secured PKK the 1999, after especially and 1990s Turkish the to adjacent border.in Iran early From the areas residential Kurdish-populated the of use made Turkish the to adjacent border, Iraq of also and parts northern in the settled also PKK the 1982, from again Starting Lebanon. of Valley Beqaa Syria-controlled the in forces armed its sheltering time same the at while 1999, and 1980s the between in Syria headquarters political its maintain to able was and inSyria 1979, to Öcalan Abdullah and bearers standard its relocated Kapmaz, Kapmaz, conventional means or by a quick seizure of power power of seizure aquick by or means conventional through objectives political their attain cannot which groups by adopted isastrategy Insurgency Öcalan’ın İmralı Günleri İmralı Öcalan’ın the sections focusing on the focusing the on sections the 30

Insurgency and and Insurgency , 201. 32 31

Again, meaning ‘local’. meaning Again, ‘National’ regime. endogenous an and insurgents the between isclearly conflict the but supporters, have external may government The factor. political other some or religion), (ethnicity, race, identity ideology, class, economic on based are regime the and insurgents the between distinctions The support. and legitimacy of some degree national government at which least has a and insurgents the are antagonists primary what can be called ‘national’ called be can what In forms. two take insurgencies sense, In abroad […] policy. aparticular of autonomy, alteration or separation, as such aims limited have more may they or insurgency) (revolutionary government existing the replace and power seize to may attempt favour. in their Insurgents power of balance the alter eventually and insurgents the protect to designed all mobilization— political and warfare, psychological areas), urban mountains, (jungles, terrain complex of use the ambiguity, violence, asymmetric protracted, by […].Insurgency ischaracterized insurgency in Afghanistan, and the Iraq insurgency. Iraq the and in Afghanistan, insurgency Taliban/al Qaeda current the Chechnya, occupation, Soviet the against insurgency Afghan the 1965, after insurgency, Vietnam Palestinian the Africa, in South government minority white the against one the in Rhodesia, insurgency the include Examples occupation. alien from nation their “liberate” isto insurgents the of goal The culture. or ethnicity, race, of be) virtue by actually not might they (even though occupiers outside as isseen that group aruling against insurgents pit These insurgencies. is‘liberation’ form important second The [...] groups. and organizations, states, external include may also but country the of populace the are actors other these of important most other. the The or one supporting by antagonists the between relationship the shift can who actors other of arange also but counterinsurgents- and insurgents -the antagonists two the only not involve Here, ‘national’ refers to ‘local’. to refers ‘national’ Here, 32 insurgencies are triangular in that they they in that triangular are insurgencies 31 insurgencies, the the insurgencies, 37 36 35 ‘federation’ a of goal the from ranged that line political Turkey”, within “sought solution a turning towards it and 1990s, since pursued had it separatism of goal 34 33 announced has PKK a“Greater, of Kurdistan”, goal the the Independent with organization armed a‘separatist’ as Embarking thisframework. into perfectly almost fits in 2004, revived and in 1999 concluded in 1984, launched was which PKK’s struggle, The armed process as follows: follows: as process this on his views expressed Karayılan Murat interview, In our time. of course in the differences marked

point at a socialism line represented by the Soviet Union. Union. Soviet the by represented line asocialism at point 1984, in launched struggle PKK’s armed the of objective main the as Kurdistan” “Independent to oriented “separatism” the to respect with sense ideological the in impact” “adverse its with Karayılan Murat by mentioned socialism”, “real The youth. the among especially left, Turkish the in dogma Leninist indisputable an as issues ethnic to approach the in aguideline as accepted was separation” to right the including determination, self- to nations of right “the period, that During 1970s. mid in Ankara of universities the in place taking movements student the within form to started PKK The Op. cit. Op. cit. Dağını Taşımak, 495-532. Taşımak, Dağını Ağrı Çelik, Selahattin see Also 79-102. 2010, 4Fall Issue Kuram, ve Toplum Süreklilik”, Rağmen Kırılmalara PKK: “2000’lerde Jongerden, Joost and Akkaya Hamdi Ahmet right to separation. to right a as self-determination to nations of right the weunderstood socialism, real of effect the With community. leftist in the wewere In 1970s, one. anational to back shifted then and occupation, Japanese the during national and liberation of acombination to (national)insurgency, shifted local a as began insurgency, instance, for communist Chinese The lifespan. its during emphasis shift and both, of elements contain can insurgency A single clear. and rigid always isnot insurgency liberation a and anational between distinction The until 1993. Following the end of the Cold War, Cold the of our end the Following 1993. until Metz and Millen, 21st Century Millen, and Metz 33 35 to an ‘Autonomous an to Kurdistan’ 34 that it abandoned its original that its it abandoned 37 This understanding continued continued understanding This , 2-3. 36 with with ‘Autonomous in the differences with Kurdistan’ marked army in Kurdistan”. army Turkish the of deployment against is not autonomy follow. democratic will And rest the established, is autonomy democratic Once for thiscause. thisroad on out We Kurdistan.’ set Autonomous Turkey- ‘Democratic slogan the with objective our declare “We 2001: after ‘autonomy’ towards changed goals PKK’s‘federation,’ the political to ‘separation’ of goal the from evolution in its that during interview our verified also Karayılan began”. Indeed, paradigm change of a radical process, 1995 the With afederation. of goal the to separation of goal the from we switched where aChange Congress, was in 1995 we had What weapons. without thisissue solve to we want tools, our remain arms although years, eighteen For is aseparatist? Who is separatism? Where years. 18 been saying: has “It in 1993, ‘separatism’ abandoned PKK the that emphasizes Karayılan 38 Embarking as a ‘separatist’ armed organization a‘separatist’ with armed the as Embarking solution within Turkey”, line apolitical towards turning separatism since 1990s, it hadpursued it and “sought that ranged from the from goal of a‘federation’that ranged an to announced that its original it abandoned goalof announced course of time.course goal of a“Greater, Independent Kurdistan”, has the PKK

important, too. important, was Turkey Turkey”. with transformation That inside Question Kurdish “solving the of view the to turned already wehad period, that During ceasefire of 1993 of ceasefire power. own The our on depend to lesson the it from We us. for learned traumatic not was collapse its Therefore, revisionist. as Union Soviet the regarding We already were Union. Soviet the of disintegration the during change to started views on 16 March 1993, one month before Turgut Özal’s death. Özal’s Turgut before month one 1993, March 16 on Öcalan Abdullah by Lebanon of Region Beqaa the in Elias Bar of town the in declared was ceasefire PKK first The 38 was a significant opportunity [...]. opportunity asignificant was

31 32 This is the Middle East; we cannot yet quit arms”. yet we cannot East; Middle is the This defense. of atool We as it keep movement. armed an from evolved apower are “We said: he separation?” is not saying your purpose when guns you carrying are Why goals? for these force armed use “Why asked was Karayılan Murat When asociety”. restructuring is, at we aim That is political. activity actual “Our said, He in 2001”. cemented were today hold in only ‘self-defense,’ we views adding:violence “the authorizing as PKK the of mentality’ ‘violence in the change conceptual fundamental the described abroad, PKK’s the executive level top was who Karayılan, Öcalan, Abdullah of capture the socialism”. Following continued until 1999 1999 until continued violence of saying: “our 1999, until mentality violence’ of ‘mentality away its pull from not could PKK the that states Karayılan process, during thiswhole Regarding violence organization’s the with association 41

was called “Party Leadership” at the 3 the at Leadership” “Party called was which General, Secretary the of title the change to was convention the at taken decision Another 39 40 because of the corruption in real socialism in real corruption the of because socialism, symbolized which flag the changing merely but socialism abandoning as not it saw PKK the socialism”, while to PKK’sthe “farewell as it interpreted commentators Some background. red on star scarlet in ayellow-striped embedded torch the with replaced was sickle, and hammer the was which symbol, flag Party the Congress At the in 1995. held was Congress), (Victory Change” for Congress “The called PKK, the of congress fifth The and then “Party President” and then “Party in 1986-1995, Leadership” “Party the became 1986, until General” “Secretary the called been had who Öcalan, Hence, President”. “Party to in 1986, held THE CONGRESS FOR CHANGE CONGRESSTHE FOR CHANGE and is serving a life imprisonment sentence in İmralı. in sentence imprisonment alife serving is and after 1999, February 15 on captured was Öcalan Abdullah Çelik,

Op. cit. Ağrı Dağını Taşımak. Dağını Ağrı 41 with the influence of real real of influence the with 40 after 1995. after rd Congress Congress 39 . Murat Karayılan: Murat “Ifthe Turkish clears state INSURGENCY INSURGENCY PSYCHOLOGICALTHE DIMENSION OF described as follows: as described Counterinsurgency, and In Insurgency members. new of addition with actions armed its maintain and existence its continue survive, to PKK’s the of ability terms Turkey’s of in part Kurdish population considerable a influences that aspect effective and important an dimension’as ‘psychological the regard observers insurgency. the of In Turkey,continuation many the hence and in ensuring participation place special a dimension’ has ‘psychological the that It is known insurgency. in the participation of in terms emphasized; dimension’is often ‘psychological the insurgencies, about studies In academic taken into consideration while managing this process. thisprocess. managing while consideration into taken be should that aspects the of is one struggle in the insurgency, involved an of those within case in the as struggle, armed of reality the by created psychology The laws. right the adopting or steps political correct the taking on only dependent is not arms down laying of process the in mind kept that be should However, –during thisprocess”. meaning their lose it may arms denial, of policies its continue to ceases it Kurdish if the nation, of struggle political democratic way for the the Turkish the clears words: “If state following the process”, with aspecific of end the at abandoned be “arms can that implied Karayılan Murat the way for the democratic political struggle the way for struggle the democratic political its policies of denial, arms may lose their of denial,its policies arms meaning – during this process”. –during meaning of the Kurdish nation, if it ceases to continue continue to of the Kurdishnation, if it ceases anger, and lack of purpose. Insurgency can provide a provide can Insurgency purpose. of anger, lack and boredom, of combination volatile the with males young among particularly defiance, by recruitment and resistance inspire insurgents case, In any this ‘psychological dimension’is this‘psychological 43 42 religion”. It is like apostmodern itself. PKK the than sacrosanct more and is greater PKK The Öcalan. just than more is Öcalan sanctification... such cult with this martyr huge have built something through They sacralisation. a is amystification, There grasp. we cannot that there up spirituality is adeep there that was discovered I what [...] interviews, back. come these all easily After can like they look not does it and mountain the on still mountain] are the on members PKK “[The explains: she book, her about interview In an members. PKK young interviewed Matur arms, take and mountain Kurdish in Turkey the in youth gomotivated to up the that factors the pshychological order to understand In Bakmak. Ardına Dağın book her about interview in an statements Matur’s in Bejan observed be also in Turkey, Kurdish insurgency’ ‘last the can to regards with particularly objectives, political transcends that insurgencies of thischaracteristic of meaning The

Interview with Bejan Matur, Taraf Matur, Bejan with Interview religion], apostmodern into transformed has PKK [The Dönüştü” Dine Bir Postmodern “PKK Oğur, Yıldıray Metz ve Millen, 21st Century Millen, ve Metz transcends its political objectives. political its transcends that meaning and excitement, adventure, of sense 43

, 4. , 27 February 2011. 2011. February , 27 42

33 34 Section Four Section

35 36 the mountains”. Nizamettin Taş (Bodan), who is also Taş is also (Bodan), who Nizamettin mountains”. the leave will ready, PKK yet the not and are conditions the if even end will struggle armed commands, so and If wants he Öcalan. Abdullah with lies endeavour for that responsibility The struggle. armed the ending of responsibility the undertake to wants one “No matter: that on authority only the virtually was and struggle armed the end to power the had Öcalan Abdullah that emphasized PKK, the of line political the in Turkey, Kurdish individual A prominent shares who Öcalan. Abdullah against have who uncompromising reactions those even and PKK the oppose who individuals those also thisview, holding those are among that interesting It is especially Öcalan. Abdullah from instruction afinal with possible be only can arms down laying PKK’s the the that in were agreement this report for interviewed Kurdish individuals all Almost Kurds. the by fact absolute an as expressed and widespread was opinion This role. adeterminant plays Öcalan consensus among government that units Abdullah also was there mountain’. that We informed were the ‘leaving PKK’s and to laying in regard maker arms decision effective most the was Öcalan Abdullah that emphasized was it meetings in their that said in 2009, initiation its to prior years three almost Initiative the on work preliminary the undertook that team the of apart was who official An figures. Kurdish other or members PKK the to compared expressions in their explicit and clear as not were they although PKK’s struggle, ending the armed in role acentral played has Öcalan Abdullah that agreed generally officials state In interviews, our FACTOR ÖCALAN THE ABDULLAH Internal Dynamics of the Pkk Abdullah Öcalan. If he wants and so commands, armed armed If heso wants Öcalan. and commands, Abdullah A prominent individual Kurdish in Turkey, who the shares circles, there is a widespread conviction that the PKK PKK the that conviction is awidespread there circles, Kurdish anti-PKK the of hand, in some other the On can”. word, the they utters Öcalan saying “If Öcalan, Abdullah to belongs mountain’ the ‘leaving on word last the that expressed Burkay opinion. same the of is also PKK, the against a stance taken has ameans as struggle armed refused who, having and 1980, since in Stockholm living been has who Burkay, Kurdish politician senior afamous Kemal happen.’” can disarmament so.Then says he if happen It will Öcalan]. [Abdullah Apo at ends business this: ‘This be would closing my sentence end in the hours, for five Italk “Even if agree: inclinations varying of Kurdish many circles which on this subject mentioned also Kurdish individual to”. Aconservative them tells Öcalan Abdullah when and if mountain the leave will “they lines: similar along aview expressed also He ended. be should struggle armed that arguing in 2004 PKK the left but onwards, 1995 from PKK the of official military number-one the as known ( Party Democratic Patriotic the of founders the of one virtually the only authority on that matter: “No on that the only matter: authority virtually one wants struggle. The responsibility for that endeavour lies with for that responsibility lies endeavour The struggle. struggle will end even if the conditions are not are will yet for even ready end if the conditions struggle to undertake the responsibility of ending the armed of the responsibility ending armed undertake to that Abdullah line ofpolitical emphasized the PKK, its end, will the and PKK leave the mountains”. Öcalan had the power to end the armed struggle and was was and struggle the hadthe armed power end to Öcalan Partiya Welatparez Demokratik -PWD, in Kurdish) was Demokratik Welatparez Partiya

37 38 officials have listed Abdullah Öcalan or Murat Murat or Öcalan Abdullah have listed officials Turkish some nor government Kurdish officials, Iraqi the nor thisview advocating Kurdishthe individuals neither is that point thisview. important share An also Kurdish officials Iraqi the of majority the Furthermore, PKK. the outside remained who individuals this by made some Kurdishendorsed interpretation also interviewed officials government the of Some terminology.) in PKK Areas’ Defense ‘Media the called is and PKK the of forces armed the of control the under is region Region; the Kurdistan Iraqi the of borders Turkish the to Iranian adjacent and area mountainous in the located are (They PKK. the of wing” “hawkish the form and in harmony act Karasu, Mustafa and Kalkan Duran Bayık, Cemil executives, PKK leading three the that (Abbas). It is stressed Kalkan Duran around gather mostly PKK in the emphasized “Hawks” the Turkish is implied) Forces Armed the within force afocal Turkish (in thiscontext, state the of counterpart the As PKK. the of cadres executive Turkish in Turkey, Forces Armed in the as well as the within mainly government, the within forces focal some of interests the contradict would solution a since ended not has struggle armed the that and beginning Turkish the of very the since government control the under been has PKK the that believe Some pkk “HAWKISH” the WINGof THE struggle. armed in continuing the benefit system Turkish the within forces government focal certain some because 2011 of year the having reached despite ended not has struggle armed the that have explained leader, its through Turkish the Staff of control General astricter under placed been has Öcalan, of capture the founding and,after Turkishthe its since state of control the under been has PKK the that conviction the believe who Those Öcalan. Abdullah through ended be could PKK’s struggle the armed decides, and desires really Turkish the Staff if that opinion General the hold circles These in 1999. Öcalan Abdullah of capture the after particularly Staff, General Turkish the by manipulated been has and birth its Turkish the since of control the under state been has have changed his attitude from time to time in the face face in the time to time from have his changed attitude to is known Öcalan Abdullah influential. very also [Qandil] is organization the everything; is not Öcalan “Abdullah points: two these underlined specifically for this report interviewed Some government officials İmralı. from makes he decisions the shape to able overinfluence him is and through channels various some has also like Öcalan, prison of conditions restrictive the to mountain”, exposed is not which in “organization the the that is seen it PKK, the over authority his undisputed despite Nevertheless, establishment. its to himself, aparty be and accept can he that formulated Turkish asolution the until against state cards these on hold up his tight give not will Öcalan that have proven far so to. Experiences on hangs Öcalan that cards trump two as regarded be should force armed its and organization PKK the situation, the be desires”. he Even things thismay if the among not are stones like throwing Acts attacks. police the unless “do said resist he not disobedience, civil concerning example, For it. read to how youknow -if message asubtle include always they yet organization, the of those than different may seem statements his organization; in the atmosphere general the reflect that messages gives he Hence, organization. the by in, heeded or heard himself make to unable is he suggests image which an of possibility the about concerned is very wing”: “Abdullah“hawkish Öcalan in the included names those with wavelength same in the is not Öcalan name the that interview our in Turkey individual in said Kurdish political reputable a thissubject, On organization. his own control to is he unable that appearance the give to unwillingness his and incarcerated being of disadvantages due outside” “PKK the control effectively to inability Öcalan’s as thisis explained his lawyers, via İmralı from Öcalan Abdullah by sent messages in the seen is occasionally approach a“hawkish” Although wing. hawkish the among –KCK), Kurdistan Civakên ( in Kurdistan Communities of Union the of Council Executive the of Chairman the as his title with PKK’s the of top hierarchy isthe at –who Karayılan, Koma Koma organization due to their ‘history’ with Öcalan. When When Öcalan. with ‘history’ their to due organization the over influence have acertain names these that admit “Ankara the circles Group”. PKK themselves The “up mountain”, the operations calling their continue who and in Ankara, student auniversity as years during his PKK the of seeds the sowing was he when Öcalan Altun) Abdullah Rıza with were who Karasu, (such Mustafa others as several are there names, these to In addition views. political same the retain mostly and territories Iraqi the within mountain’ the residing‘on still are names these of three All Kaytan. Haydar Ali and Kalkan Duran Bayık, Cemil include alive still are and meeting first the attended also who members PKK current Öcalan, Abdullah to In addition arena. political the from have withdrawn altogether or have sides, changed killed, have been dead either today founded, are was organization the the where Diyarbakır Lice, of village Fis the at participants twenty with held meeting the at present were who organization the of members the of Many PKK. founding the of for the date official accepted is the 1978 November BACKGROUND LEFTIST ITS AND pkk FOUNDING the THE of CADRE matter. the resolving of initiatives in account into taken be should thisfact that and Öcalan, transcends that influence an has sometimes mountain in the cadres executive the that individuals Kurdish and officials government some by expressed was it organization, for the word” final the and PKK’s maythe be “one man”,Öcalan first “the holding Although adopted”. previously had he positions the of some abandoned He mountain. the from responses of various channels and isshape and able to the channels various Despite Öcalan’s over authority undisputed the mountain”, which is not the exposed to that itthe the PKK, is“organization seen in restrictive conditions of prison conditions Öcalan, like restrictive decisions he makes from İmralı. from he makes decisions over him through some influence has also authority for solving the Kurdish Question. Kurdish the Question. for solving authority and responsibility greatest the holds which Party, AK the concerns It also it. beyond even extending and PKK the of formation in the rooted PKK, the within suspicion adeep of existence the at point executives high-level these Thus, cadre. management senior PKK the within group for aspecific validity their maintain still thisenvironment, of midst in the shaped repertoire political-ideological the and with, identified PKK the formed who 1970s in the youth university leftist ‘Alevi-Sunni,’ and ‘Kemalism-reactionism,’ the that ‘right-left,’ of axes conflict political sincethe tradition this emphasize PKK the of leaders senior former The 1970s. the of politics leftist the with intertwined become has way thistie the and period, Republican the during thisfear on based Kemalism with established have Alevis the tie strong and historical the Turkey, of Republic Empirethe to Ottoman the from carried and spanning centuries experiences their from have filtered Alevi the which Sunni the rule towards fear deep the includes This processes. historical formed through thetradition compilation of different asocio-political describes tradition’ ‘Alevi-left phrase the that considered be can it Here, 1970s. Turkey in the adopted of first had they which tradition ideological Alevi-left the maintains still Group’ ‘Ankara the that –expressed in 2004 organization the left and PKK the with out afalling had who etc., Ataç Taş, Halil Nizamettin Öcalan, like Osman executives PKK high-level former –particularly sociology’ ‘PKK the of aspect abovementioned the on touched who those interviewed, Kurdish the individuals of some Of underline the religious dimension of this ideological also thistradition against themselves position who and PKK the within influence has that tradition thisideological of aware are who actors Political leftist university environment of the 1970s. 1970s. the of environment university leftist in the educated were them of all that and population), in Turkey’s group (which is aminority Kurdish identity Alevi the of are group the of majority the that emphasized is specifically it strategies, and policies PKK the over names these of influence the describing

39 40 Kalkan’s Turkish identity gives us a significant us asignificant Turkish gives Kalkan’s identity Duran but detail a small as It mayconsidered be follows: as is mentioned PKK the within sources) intelligence thisstructure state’s the on based written was it that impression the giving and community, Gülen Fethullah the of publication weekly the as (known magazine Aksiyon Islamic-leaning Troika” PKK’s Deep “The titled article In the antagonism. the sharpens further in away that perhaps opposition, 44

action at the specified times. specified the at action take and line apro-war follow to PKK the want They governments. religious and Islam against are names These Kaytan. Haydar Ali and Karasu Mustafa by led are Alevis Atheist And Kalkan. Duran by led are leftists Radical fraction. adifferent represents name each isthat isinteresting What atheists. are they and Alevis are view, they leftist radical the adopt they that are troika’ ‘PKK’s the deep as identified are who terrorists the of characteristics striking most The them”. [...] with inconcert act and in Turkey forces some with working are They PKK. the within influential and strong been have always Alevis leftist the Particularly Alevis. the and leftists the also are There Kemalists. all than Kemalist more are who Kemalists are there PKK, the “Within dangerous: very are ve Kaytan) Karasu (Kalkan, names three these says PKK, the leaving after Iraq Northern in the settled who Öcalan, Terrorist Osman Turkey take isto back. purpose its and characteristics Islamist with isaparty Party view, AK the nationalist aneo- adopt who three, these to According forces. deep with together act who members” PKK “shadow the represent names three first the members, PKK some and Kurds the of part significant a to According mentioned. isalso Ok Sabri name [...] Kurds. the Turks the and these, to In addition the in Turkey war between amassive of eruption the want Kaytan Haydar Ali and Karasu Mustafa Kalkan, Duran organization. bloody the manages that troika Yet, isa Bayık. there Cemil and Karayılan Murat are PKK in the forefront to come that names The Deep Troika], Aksiyon Troika], Deep PKK’s [The Troykası” Derin “PKK’nin Söylemez, Haşim which appeared in the in the appeared Troykası) which Derin (PKK’nın , 678, 3-9 December 2007. 2007. December 3-9 , 678, 44

made by Duran Kalkan with regard to the June 12 the to regard with Kalkan Duran by made statement in the reflected best is perhaps viewpoint leftist revolutionary This cadre. leadership its of asegment among especially and today PKK the within importance their maintain PKK’s still the formation to intrinsic viewpoint and discourse left revolutionary the that noted be It should organization. the of founders the among also were deceased) are (both Pir Kemal and Karer Haki as such students university Turkish Kalkan, leftist Duran to In addition PKK. the of formation in the nationalism ethnic than role greater a played has ideology leftist the that indication 45 their rebellion and their revolution”. their and rebellion their insurgency, uprising and their out, put they struggle the with but elections the with not determined be will Kurdish the people of fate “The important: whoconsidered the elections by Öcalan statements the between distance anoticeable putting elections, Speech: Speech: in his Newroz following the said also Kalkan Duran (ANF), Agency News Fırat the by news Hakkari) to adjacent is in Iraq (Behdinan Behdinan-sourced

it all over the Turkish society; it will bring about a about bring will it Turkish the over society; all it Turkey, over fascism anew spreading despotism, new a settle It will Question. Kurdish the of resolution Turkey of or democratization mean will this of none And policies. and mentality Party’s AK the for structure aconstitutional provide to attempt an and policies, Party AK existing the of legitimization a than more nothing be will it novelties, some making are they say might some Although policy. anew reveal not will it as asolution, for offer to have nothing elections the yet elections, the of end the at determined be will everything say Some yield. may it outcomes what and means event an what know accurately to Yet isnecessary it elections. the surrounding conditions current the despite elected, be can candidates democrat patriotic that so working are organizations political .The it. underestimate not wedo elections, the about wecare course Of Kalkan], 23 March 2011. Duran with [Interview Söyleşi” ile Kalkan ANF, “Duran 45 According to the the to According th 2011 2011 “consider” Öcalan’s call, using the following words: using following the call, Öcalan’s “consider” would it announced Qandil instead and Qandil, from announced not was actions, armed halting meaning “continuation inaction”, for the of demand Öcalan’s 46 KCK June the 17 on of Council Executive of the on of behalf the Presidency released statement In the success. important avery demonstrating parliament, in the six seats thirty won PKK, the with in line is also which block, BDP the in which elections June 12 the of results the after evident also was approach of thismode is that striking is more What

politicians and people, as well as pressures. The The pressures. as well as people, and politicians Kurdish against detentions and arrests operations, political and military serious of concentration a with attack of environment an experiencing We are continue. politics Kurdish the and movement our on Turkish the of state forces security the by attacks the that isknown it However develop. to achance solution constitutional the give to war public revolutionary its launch to KCK not the for call a made has nation Kurdish the of Leader the second– being solution constitutional the democratic and first, the being war public revolutionary the –with dimensions two has which process In this matter. the to resolution aconstitutional enabling on based process making constitution ademocratic through continued be should process the aresolution to contribution of form in the CHP of messages BDP,by election the and supported Block Democracy and Freedom Labour the by achieved success high the Party, AK the by won votes 50% the of inconsideration that, envisaged Leadership Our issues. several on movement our and BDP the state, the on to appealed and results June 15 June were on June 14 June on were committee the and Leadership our between talks last The state. the of behalf on Leadership our with talks isholding acommittee knows, public the As society. Kurdish the on annihilation and denial of system sly covert, new, subtle, more Op. cit . th , our Leadership evaluated the election election the evaluated Leadership , our th . In the interview with his lawyers on on his lawyers with interview . In the 46 th 2011, 2011, 48 phobia is falling prey to nationalist traps”. nationalist to prey is falling phobia Kurdo- means Kemalism that or organs, democratic citizenship or shared separate relevant and Kurdish free of enemy is an Atatürk that Claiming freedom. to approach Atatürk’s Kemal Mustafa of application arealistic to contrary is not solution this that known be It should peace. and solution democratic on focus seriously should they Iraq, way. asecond old Kurds in the want not do If they the govern cannot they that understand well should Turkish “The government said: Öcalan programme- political and PKK’s the ideology became report surprisingly, -not this confederalism” “democratic of thesis the analyzed he in which and in 2005 Congress” PKK’s the to sent he “Rebuilding Report Political the In Öcalan. Abdullah of statements in the particularly light, in apositive is mentioned Atatürk Kemalism. and Atatürk Kemal Mustafa to references positive make generally leaders PKK The Öcalan. Abdullah of that particularly PKK, the of cadres today’s executive of viewpoints in the place asignificant occupies ideological, than rather is pragmatic that Kemalism of aunique understanding report, the writing of time the at in Qandil administration the and founders PKK’s the on influence astrong has that attitude leftist the to in addition that, noted be It should PKK’S KEMALISM OF THE VIEW 47 same report, Öcalan also included the following view: view: following the included also Öcalan report, same

e-mail, 17 Junee-mail, 2011. ( Info KCK (İstanbul: Çetin Yayınları, 2005), 75. 2005), Yayınları, Çetin (İstanbul: Belgeleri Kongre (ed.), İnşa PKK-Yeniden Mahsum Şafak people next week. next people our with and public the with take wewill stance our Leadership on June 15 June on Leadership our by movement our to made call the aspects all from consider to appropriate haveit found happenings, these all ongoing and atmosphere of uncertainty the considering movement, our of administration have written that Yalçın Küçük made Apo into a into Apo Yalçın made that Küçük have written newspapers clear. The are Kemal’s views Mustafa Info), memo sent by by sent Info), memo Kurdistan Civakên Koma 47 th , and to share the concrete concrete the share to , and 48 In the In the

41 42 51 50 49 Ittihadism’ (neo-İttihatçı Ittihadism’ ‘neo- as described he which practices, some of spoke Karayılan in Qandil. during interview long our in Turkey, practices avoids nationalistic Kurds that the towards approach the Kemalism, and Kemal, Mustafa on his views expressed also Karayılan Mustafa the continuation of those Ittihadis.” those of continuation the Today, responsible. is not Kemal in Turkey those are Mustafa Republic. the of years first sins those of for the responsible are They environment. Ittihadist an by surrounded was Kemal matter. Mustafa this on evaluations significant some has Apo Leader thing. same the not are They Kemalism. with do to nothing has “It said: he Kemalism was it whether

Op. cit. Op. cit. issue of correctly interpreting the histo the interpreting correctly of issue isan it Kemal, Mustafa adoring of issue an is not It more. do him to allow not did conjuncture the Alas, anation. of understanding right the create to wanted He curtain. first the down tore Kemal Mustafa wish. they as it use to want classes upper cosmopolitan [...] brother, nation. our agood comprador, Some Turkish is The us. like nation just isanation nation Turkism with do to […]. nothing has This Turkish The […] chauvinism. same the mentality, same The abreakdown. to Terakki) ve (İttihat Progress and Union bring will Pasha Enver This likes. their and Bahçeli Ağar, by drawn Baykal, routes the are Turkey of These Republic ruin. to the bring will proponents Elma Kızıl the Underhandedly, Pasha. Enver of line narrow, castrated isthe This silent? they are Why silent. are All tomorrow... lost be all would Blacksea the and Pontus Cyprus, Southeast, Turks the of Kurds, and expense Atthe Kurds... the on imperialism of game the play can one No Kurds: the told has Kemal Mustafa iswhat Here truth. the [...] see to Kemalist. I, strength have myself, the nationalist policies in Provinces. the Ottoman of introduction its for known is and dissolution its until Empire Ottoman the ruled 1913- in d’etat coup successful a –following which CUP) or Progress and Union of (Committee Cemiyeti Terakki ve Ittihat the to reference In , 75-76. , 75-76. , 50 ) , and when we asked we asked when , and 51 ry. 49

Günleri İmralı Öcalan’ın book found in the be also can views Öcalan’s thisapproach, of like aconfirmation Much 52 22 October on signed was which Protocol, Amasya the within that view the hold executives PKK The of the ANF, Mustafa Karasu says: ANF, the of Karasu Mustafa included in thethe Behdinan-sourcednews statement Assembly. In Turkishfounding the of National Grand the of anniversary the on in his statement Kemalism” “update to need the about spoke PKK, the of heads “ideologue” the of one Karasu, such, Mustafa As date. to Kurdish the Question of insolubility for the reasons the of one as shown is never Kemalism Hence, Atatürk. praise even distinguish, and leaders PKK the why reasons main the are claims autonomy. These given be Kurds would the that 1922 January 16-17 of night Emin Yalman Ahmet the on in İzmit journalist the told Kemal Mustafa interview an During Kemal). Mustafa Temsiliye ‘ the and government Istanbul the between 1919 Kapmaz, Kapmaz, have dissolved communism, Islam and Kurdism. and communism,Islam have dissolved cadres These circle. him in atight surrounded cadres Unionist allowed. not Yet was he education. Kurdish on alaw passed even he 1922, days of early In the together. live and asettlement Turks to and come to Kurds the for worked Kemal Mustafa Kurds. the upon advanced and Okyar down pulled they this, Seeing said. he Kurds” the on advance Icannot Kurds. are friends minister, closest prime “My was Okyar Fethi Rebellion, Said Sheik the During Rebellion. Said Sheik the or Events, İzmir, Menemen the in attempt assassination him, the like before brought [challenge] anew was tried, he time Every hindered. was Kurds the with reconciliation yet too, this voiced had he And Question. Kurdish the to regard with approach autonomy the adopted had Atatürk Circassians, and many other segments, and during during and segments, other many and Circassians, the Laz, the Kurds, the encompassed Parliament First The Parliament. that constituted that approaches the and 1924, and 1920 between Parliament First the is is meant what Kemalism, updating saying When : ,’ (Committee of Representatives including including ,’ Representatives of (Committee 457. Günleri, İmralı Öcalan’ın Heyet-i Heyet-i 52 nd

Mustafa Kemal by the senior cadres of the by the Kemal senior cadres Mustafa The positiveThe on Kemalism and emphasis 53 ‘leaving with in line asolution find to initiatives the in “PKK’s the and hawks” Öcalan Abdullah between differences the consideration into take to appropriate be not would it that is understood it timing. Hence, in its and action of course practical in the taken be to steps the of nature in the difference speculated for this look to appropriate be would it this case, In approaches. political fundamental or background PKK’s wing”, ideological of “hawkish in terms the with associated names the and Öcalan Abdullah between difference is no there seen, been has it As today. issue the to solution for a reference ahistorical as forward Kemalism, is put with is identified which term, parliamentary first today. The ideological than pragmatic is more PKK the of cadres senior the by Kemal Mustafa and Kemalism on emphasis positive the before, mentioned As PKK is morePKK pragmatic today. ideological than

Mustafa Karasu], 22 April 2011 April 22 Karasu], Mustafa with [Interview Söyleşi” ile Karasu ANF, “Mustafa approach and practice of that early period. early that of practice and approach the to according act to asked and addressed are circles these Kemalism, updating for calling When same. the doing bureaucrats and writers intellectuals, are there Kemalists; themselves call who officers some are there In particular, Question. Kurdish the of resolution means also period that of practice and mentality the updating aspect, [...] Independence. of War the this From of leader a [...] was country. Kemal the of philosophy Mustafa founding Turkey in the of or founding in 1923, in the apart played who Kemal, in Mustafa either exist not does Kurds the of denial the hand, other the On period. that update to isimportant it Hence, Autonomy. Democratic to corresponds it politically standards, today’s to updated isindeed this When speeches. in various Kurds the for government self- mentioned Kemal Mustafa years, those 53

There is organizational an (theThere the and “mountain”) PKK adhesive in and for the organization [the PKK]”. organization for the in and adhesive Kurds]; [for the is he the masses for the symbol is a “Abdullah that, adding Öcalan stance”, also change his to Öcalan Abdullah force to enough organization [Qandil] influential is occasionally the and everything, is not “Abdullah Öcalan that aware him, with was contact the on based who, official government A high-level inclinations. these of preferences wing”, political the and “hawkish the organization, the of that exceed would his power conflict, armed end to decision final the give to were in opinion, Öcalan if differences these despite were in that agreement interviewed individuals Kurdish the all Almost role. decisive Öcalan’s eliminate not does views in their differ hawks” “PKK’s the and Öcalan Abdullah that assumption The ORGANIZATION HIS‘ONE AND POWER IN MAN’ THE is o organization the that guarantee and prove to conflict armed of escalation the to leads thisinstead and organization, the ‘liquidate’ to attempting to synonymous as PKK the by perceived is accordingly acting and adistinction such Making ‘PKK’s arms.’ the down and laying mountain’ the organs or officials able to bypass Abdullah Öcalan. Abdullah bypass to able officials or organs PKK no are there and Öcalan, Abdullah on locked be will PKK focusing the on steps decisive any that fact the dispute can may one it no be, as Strange Öcalan. Abdullah despite act can that dynamics organizational no are there yet Öcalan, Abdullah from independently works which dynamic “mountain”) the and PKK (the organizational is an There relations: (PKK-Qandil) Öcalan-Organization Abdullah the judgement regarding following the make to correct be would it In thissense, Öcalan, yet there are no organizational yet are Öcalan, dynamics there that can act despite Abdullah Öcalan. Öcalan. despiteact Abdullah independentlydynamic Abdullah from which works ne and united. united. and ne

43 44 April 3 April on ANF by released interview Öcalan In his Abdullah for him”. not if here be not would like, “We discourse a developing ahuge by in it played role Haydar Kaytan Ali and Bayık Cemil as such founders that and in 1990, in the organization started ‘idolization of personality’ the us that PKK”. the told of onlyman They and “one the as hundred”, position Öcalan’s emphasizing up to youcount if even else, one is no There five. either. four. number three no number And number Or is no There one. is no “There stated: They Öcalan?” after organization in the guy two number is the “who of question our answered Öcalan Abdullah with adisagreement after in 2004 organization the left had who cadres leading former in Arbil, In interviews our Öcalan”. Abdullah to framework, theoretical develop to think, namely to power the delegated has everyone unbelievably, PKK, the “In follows: as was PKK the and Öcalan Abdullah followed closely who bureaucrat ahigh-level by given definition The personality”. of “idolization of example us asuccessful offers PKK The a“cult create personality”. of masterfully to managed years, many of course during the has, Öcalan Öcalan. by undertaken are all stage, every at takes it positions tactical the and objectives, strategic development,establishment, determination of its its PKK, for the groundwork the of laying The look for it in the sense of community. Because that is that Because community. of sense in the it for look We society. in the truth the for We search freedom. and comprehension your of limits the defines [...] isawesome. This leader. natural our It was he him”. end,“we join the [...] end, in the words, In other in But contribute. also who others are there course Of opinions. others takes also who one isthe He together. all them puts who one isthe He agenda. the reinforces and creates and discussions, and meetings the all manages exception without and automatically who, naturally, one isthe he But leader”. our as personally you “we recognize Yet said we never wesaid. assessments”, in your believe “We opinions. his embrace Weto went his thoughts. after went We all in his viewpoint. We him. joined from heard [...]. weknow, wehave Öcalan] [Abdullah Everything Leadership our with same It isthe prophets. about thinking Istart thought, of power the on Ifocus When rd 2010, Ali Haydar Kaytan said: said: Haydar Kaytan Ali 2010, 55 interpretation capability”. interpretation and side a“strong ideological with aman as Haydar Kaytan Ali mentions Öcalan Abdullah İmralı, Department on February 21 February on Department In Intelligence to his the Gendarmerie statement 54 his to self-criticism submit to had not has who one is no -there founders the -including PKK the of management higher In the Öcalan. than other executives candidate and executives all on mechanism “self-criticism” the of application is the others the all than position him in ahigher his by places decision, and organization, the of cadres executive and founders other the from Öcalan distinguishes that tool important An time. over grown gradually cult has Öcalan the how to as insights us important gives establishment its after decades for two organization the with been had who PKK the of officials ranking highest the by shared comments The of his texts to the PKK cadres started after 1996. 1996. after started cadres PKK the to hisof texts introduction the and Öcalan by introduced education ideological is education”. The PKK the of “90-95% system”, saying that a“perfect formed contrary the on and world, Arab in the Baas of emergence the like not was period growth during its PKK’s structure the that emphasized cadres same such, the As fore. to comes also teaching ideological of role the process, same in the Also process. during the reinforced further becoming sub-cadres, the among waves in spread PKK the of cadres leading core the by Öcalan Abdullah name the of symbolization and exaltation

Yayınları, 2009), 80. 2009), Yayınları, Bilgeoğuz (İstanbul: Konuk Tekin, İmralı’daki Arslan Haydar Kaytan], 3 April 2010. 3April Kaytan], Haydar Ali with [Interview Söyleşi” ile ANF, Kaytan “Ali Haydar the power of thought of these lands. these of thought of power the of summit isthe He friends. as Sühreverdi and Çayan Mahir PirSultan, Mansur, Babek, Hallacı follows he says He isimportant. understand and think to power The truth. the representing East, the of sages great the of thoughts the basis as takes He a synthesis. is He thought. Eastern the of personality crowned the is Apo Leader me, For belief. Alevi the and Sufism to close isalso He it. has he seeking, are you Whatever clear. iscrystal philosophy The truth. the of basis the 55 st It is understood that the the that It is understood 1999 after his arrival at at his arrival after 1999 54 56 will”, is political our “he saying, by Öcalan Abdullah for signatures their have given people million three his brother, that with his ties emphasizes breaking and Öcalan angering Abdullah after organization the left who Öcalan, Osman difficult”. more became Question Kurdish the of resolution the Öcalan, Abdullah solve to failed state the since And from. comes his power where is like and is,his he personality what who questioned separatist), ‘Teröristbaşı’ himas such labelling time much have so spent They Öcalan. Abdullah solve to able been not has state Turkish “The pursued: been never has power Öcalan’s Abdullah of origins the of question the to answer correct the that Kurdistan Iraqi in the Köysancak in us during interview our told also Öcalan Osman leader PKK former and brother Öcalan’s Abdullah 3. 2. 1. sources: three from came this power that public”, in argued the power and “ahad significant Öcalan Abdullah that in interview our said individual Kurdish Aconservative “onethe status. man” leader, him giving untouchable and solitary the Öcalan rendered has thismechanism that guess to difficult not It is time. of for aperiod based were organization the of forces armed the where Lebanon of Valley Beqaaa the in and Iraq in Northern PKK the by controlled regions in the located prisons in wrongdoings the their to due for awhile imprisonment suffered not has who and

conflicts. during the died who members PKK the of families the among solidarity of sense agreat created He have rivals; any cannot he and ‘punishment.’ rivals, no and has ‘self-criticism’ He via himself than other everyone off finished He amongespecially the young generation; Kurds and the among a‘guardian spirit’ created He Günlükleri Öcalan Kapmaz, Cengiz leader”. people’s “Kurdish the Öcalan Abdullah call to started circles PKK the campaign, the Turkey. in Following collected were signatures the million 243 signatures. thousand 2 million 40 of thousand 3 of collection the after 2006 October 20 on ended was East, Middle in and Europe in live Kurds where geography vast the on will” political our is “Öcalan slogan the with 2005 August 18 on started campaign, signature The (baby killer), they never never they killer), (baby katili’ ‘bebek (head terrorist), ‘bölücübaşı’ terrorist), (head , 388-389. (head (head 56

According to Osman Öcalan: “The Turkish state has not Turkish has Osmanstate to “The Öcalan: According personality with a large power over the masses. the over power alarge with personality apolitical as perceived be should Öcalan Abdullah that stresses Öcalan Osman Turkey located, is also where region in the countries East Middle the of most of populations the than is bigger thisnumber that Turkey. of Republic the of citizens million Reminding ten around to correspond in effect signatures million three Kurds, these among seen generally structure family large the considering that suggests and Abdullah Öcalan as their leader. their as Öcalan Abdullah recognize supporters, their as well as Kurds live, where countries in various PKK’s the branches as Iran and Syria in Iraq, PKK the supporting parties All Iraq. in Turkey, organized organizations and Syria Iran, Kurdish, no are pan-Kurdish, i.e. there PKK, the than Other region. East Middle in the Kurds live where countries the in all names various under existence its maintains that Kurdish only is organization the it that is PKK the of characteristic Another Kurds. Syrian and Iranian to compared is weaker it Kurds, though Iraqi among influence has also He Kurds. of populations concentrated are there where Syria and in Iran felt it,is also beyond goes but PKK the from originates Kurds, the which over influence Öcalan’s Abdullah SYRIA AND IRAN IN IRAQ, PKK THE AND POWER ÖCALAN THE OF Kurdish the Question. of resolution the from inseparable become has that something conclusively, mountain’ the ‘leaving and weapons PKK’s for the path off the laying clear to situation a creates also This boast. can leaders political few a only his over audience holds Öcalan Abdullah which power the of sources the of identification correct The been able to solve Abdullah Öcalan. They have spent They solve Öcalan. able so to been Abdullah personality is like and where his power comes from”. is where power and his like comes personality terörist), “bölücü başı’ (head separatist), ‘bebek katili’ (baby killer), theywho never he is, questioned what his much time labelling him such as ‘terörist başı’ (head ‘terörist him such timeas much labelling

45 46 their armed rebellion against the Bagdad regime, and and regime, Bagdad the against rebellion armed their Kurds during Iraqi the for both headquarter military a as served has it periods in various reason, that For Kurdistan. Iraqi the and in Iraq both hinterland alarge has Qandil Hence, west. in the territories Iraqi to and east in the Iran into expands axis, north south- the on mass is abig mountain which Qandil, the of slopes wide-spreading The Mountain. Qandil in the is, PKK, like the centre PJAK’s political-military The thisinformation. confirming statements made Öcalan Osman in Köysancak, In interview our officer. PKK’s the time one at Iran-relations was who Öcalan, Osman by established was PJAK the that Kurdistan Iraqi in the TurkeyKurds from we interviewed whom various by expressed It branch”. was “Iranian its as in 2004 PKK the by Kurdish), established was which ( Kurdistan in for Free Life Party is the movement political Kurdish Iranian the of Today’s representative armed Suleimania. and Arbil between located Köysancak, of town in the Kurdistan, Iraqi in the established well is Party Democrat Kurdistan the of leadership political The Kurdistan. in Iraqi bases military its down closed and 1990s, of half first in the Iran against struggle armed its Kurdish ended forces, Iraqi of insistence the upon Party, The in 1980s. held it power the of most have to lost appears years, for many movement Kurdish political Iranian the of representative the considered been has which Party, Democrat Kurdistan Iran the In Iran, in Syria. organizations Kurdish influential most the of one as is considered in 2004, founded was which and PKK’sthe arm Syrian Demokratik ( Party Union Democratic The in Syria. small, big and parties, Kurdishmany political also are There region. Qandil in the municipalities the Union, holds it yet Islamic Kurdistan the and Union, Goran, the Patriots Kurdistan Iraqi the Party, Democratic Kurdistan Iraqi the than is weaker PÇDK Kurdistanê ( Party Solution Democratic Kurdistan is the arm PKK’sthe Kurdistan Iraqi as operating party Region, the Kurdistan Iraqi In the - PÇDK, in Kurdish). the -PÇDK, in 2002, Founded PJAK, in -PJAK, aKurdistanê Azad Jiyana Partiya – PYD, in Kurdish), which is regarded as –PYD, in Kurdish), as is regarded which Çareseriya Demokratika Demokratika Çareseriya Partiya Yekiti a Yekiti Partiya the geography and mountains of Kurdistan!” of mountains and geography the is ally strategic guerrillas’ The is invincible. Kurdistan of geography substantial the and people Kurdistan the by backed guerrilla the want; they weapons vehicles or technological use whatever contemporary may “They follows: as thistrinity of aspect mountain the describes Karayılan Murat Kurdish masses. large for the is created trinity insurgency-mountain Öcalan- Abdullah of akind Hence, mountain. a on stepped never has himself who Öcalan, Abdullah and “mountain” the between relationship symbiotic is a there Paradoxically, solution. the with satisfied is he not as long as trump” “mountain the to tight hold to continue will and continues Öcalan Abdullah us that tells also mountain the of mystification This appears. it than challenging more mountain’ the ‘leaving makes decades the cultureover of a code into mountains” the than other have“Kurds friend no that maxim the have Kurds who by turned mountains the of mystification This movement”. political the controls also mountain the holds Whoever mountains. is up in the whoever under gather people tradition, Kurdish the political “In PJAK: the by replaced gradually have been example Iranian in the parties Kurdish powerful once and traditional the why reason Turkey, of the Party explains Socialist Kurdistan the of General Tek, Mesut in Arbil, Secretary interview In an APO, MOUNTAIN THE AND PKK THE ‘HOLYTHE KURDS: THE OF TRINITY’ 57 notes interview such, the as felt; strongly is most PKK’s the influence where It also is Iraq. and Iran both Turkey where with province only aborder the shares is Hakkari in Hakkari. place took thisreport of author the to directly addressed and mystification mountain Öcalan-PKK- the of depth the confirming A dialogue armed forces of the PKK and the PJAK. the and PKK the of forces armed Tehran. the of Today, part asignificant shelters Qandil against revolts armed Kurds in their Iranian the

500. 2011), Yayınları, Mezopotamya (Cologne: Eylem Askeri -Kürdistan’da Anatomisi Savaşın Bir Karayılan, Murat 57 released by Abdullah Öcalan on January 14 January on Öcalan Abdullah by released follows: as continued and too” thistime around did beat we know “I said and author the approached Hakkari from ayoung academic meeting, the of end the at your mind”; on Youus what’s sincerity. with share can you with to listen to Istanbul have from come who friends are there youwant; saywhat bush and the around warning: “Stop beating following the made and floor the took Istanbul from guests the of one intellectuals, local of agroup Mayor and the with 2011 During a private meeting in Hakkari on January 13 January on in Hakkari meeting aprivate During organized”. most we are “where as Hakkari described what will happen to the Leader [Abdullah Öcalan]? Öcalan]? [Abdullah Leader the to happen will what and mountains] in the are who [to those organization the to happen will What questions: two to answer the for looking all, above are, people these For here. people the satisfy would this of none Turkishthe flag, to next flag own our fly usto ask even or level, school primary from start would education Kurdish that announce tomorrow, Kurds to autonomy democratic Turkey if me, say. to grant to want Believe were really we what say wecannot because houses the round We go issimple. reason The bush. the around beating start Turkish it be immediately here, Kurdish, Iwill or us join to was person If athird that. do always We will th 2011 2011 th

state. state. the of officials the to known is already that areality of areiteration but is nothing mountain’ the for ‘leaving course the set will Öcalan with negotiation to regard will by the government of political demonstration with a that premise the In thiscontext, government. the by known is well hisover organization influence strong Öcalan’s and Öcalan, is through arms PKK’s the and down laying mountain’ the ‘leaving to way shortest the that this”. premise knowing The road this on off set we had issue, and real thisis the know We also problem. is the “This saying, by responded he Öcalan, of situation the and mountain’ the ‘leaving regarding state the by initiatives covert in the worked has who official an to thisanecdote we told When bush when talking to the public. the to talking when bush the around beat always wewill loud, out it say cannot we since and situation, isthe This people. these satisfy will solution no prison, in the remains “leader” their as see they person one the as long as mountain, the leaving isno there as long As mountains. the left have not who those abandon never will They loyalty. of havesense this people Kurdish The loyalty. of duty a feel They them. for lives their given have willingly who people as Turkey, PKK the see here people the of side other the from may look it how aside Leaving

47 48 Section Five Section

49 50 Mandela’s. “All the world was behind Mandela. And And Mandela. behind “AllMandela’s. was world the with similarities no has situation Öcalan’s said He example. African South in the Mandela Nelson of situation the with acomparison weak”, made and than rather position astrong “from negotiations Turkey for haveadvantage would sitting by the at pointed also person ‘PKK’s same leader’.” The the him recognizing as and a‘partner’ him as treating by it do Iwould Öcalan. Abdullah with negotiations for table the sitat me, were Iwould it “If answered: in Turkey?” he Categorically, authority of position in youwere a if struggle, armed the end to experience, and knowledge your youdo, current would with “What Turkey: with relation is in close who government Kurdish Iraqi the of mechanism decision-making in the individuals prominent most the of one We asked problem. the end to oriented a“negotiation”, of character the gained never has thisdialogue dialogue, mayaState-Öcalan be there Although is important. actors various by executed and years of course the over Öcalan Abdullah with developed been has “dialogue” that the of content and nature the At thispoint, decades. two last the in occurred never him has with dialogue into entering avoided and role Öcalan’s Abdullah ignore to chose state the where Asituation means. and channels various through Öcalan a“dialogue” with launched Turkey, by accepted tacitly, Turkey if even and has been has violence dimensionof its from freed is Kurdish the Question hence and struggle armed the mountain’, words, the ends in other or ‘leaves PKK the in ensuring that Öcalan Abdullah of role” “pivotal The SETTLEMENT POLICY TOFROM POLITICAL SECURITY Settlement for Negotiation aMeans as According to an Iraqi Kurdish official: “The fact that MİT that fact MİT “The Iraqi an to official: Kurdish According underway, both officials put forward a shared opinion opinion ashared forward put officials underway, both already were Öcalan Abdullah with talks that reminded When Öcalan”. Abdullah with reconciliation by happen only can this And PKK. the with negotiations for sit to i.e. shortcut, the take is to thisissue solve way to “The Kurds said Iraqi for the partner” a“strategic as Turkey sees who Kurdishand government Iraqi the and Turkey between rapprochement in the role important avery played had who Kurdish official Iraqi Another the issue by negotiating with him.” with negotiating by issue the solve to is possible it has, he status the consideration into taking Hence, people. of group large considerably a and his of organization eyes in the ‘leader’ the is hand, he other the On talks. for the advantages the Moreover,position. Turkey all holds that side is the aweak from but position, astrong from not table the sitat will he So Kurds. the all even Not organizations. rights human the him. Not behind world entire the have not does He Öcalan. for Abdullah like that is not “It added: him” and than powerful more was Mandela president, the was he although that knew Klerk De it. knew Klerk, De Africa, South of president white Even the powerful. was he knew He it. knew Mandela Prime Minister can establish a political committee, which committee, apolitical establish can Prime Minister from a political view and that is conducted through a through view apolitical from that and is conducted political committee”. committee”. political initiate that the approaches anegotiation matter process perspective. For negotiations,issue asecurity the from approaching the means Öcalan withis Abdullah talking may also include the MİT Undersecretary. That is a That Undersecretary. include the MİT may also different matter.different However, bedone to is to what needs

51 52 follows: as view same the future”, stressed other the while his own about horizon atime Öcalan] [Abdullah man the give youmust work, “To negotiations the make said, one Kurdish officials, Iraqi two the Of his position. about perspective afuture is he given unless progress cannot imprisonment, life aggravated of sentence a with in İmralı is incarcerated who Öcalan, Abdullah with negotiation any that out pointed Kurdish officials Iraqi view. Both identical an basically expressing hence prestige”, and influence have who political people up with set be should Acommittee point. acertain to MİT. with be onlylead It can cannot “Negotiation said, interviewee other The committee”. apolitical through is conducted that and view apolitical from matter the approaches that process anegotiation initiate to matter. is However, done be to is adifferent needs what That Undersecretary. MİT the include maywhich also committee, apolitical establish can Minister Prime the negotiations, For perspective. asecurity from issue the approaching means Öcalan Abdullah with talking is MİT that fact “The said, interviewees the of One negotiation”. to amount him. It cannot with talking is “MİT them: with we had interviews separate in the why should he? should why Otherwise cooperate. will he time, some after free be will he If knows he etc. years’ in two prison from released be will him ‘you telling like you; example, for with cooperate can he that so perspective a future Öcalan] [Abdullah man the havegive you to these, all do to in order But, importance. no of be would they yet reached, agreement the resisting group small a may be There him. to listen will mountains in the those in Turkey of those most and Both organization. his and his people to respect with Öcalan Abdullah should reached implemented be throughagreement Any goEurope. or to Iraq] Northern Kurdistan, [the Iraqi here refugees become can mountain the in cadre leadership the from people 10-15 amnesty. astep-by-step be It should politics]. legitimate legal, into members PKK the of [integration participation 3) Political mountains; in the those for 2) Pardon rights; 1) on be Cultural should Negotiation ‘NEGOTIATION’ FROM ‘DIALOGUE’TRANSITION TO problem. the of resolution the to obstacle aserious Turkish the of was opinion public perception the aware was he that said and year” one for about for solution, approach an for such media, the through Turkish prepared, be should opinion public “the emphasized Kurdish official Iraqi solution”. One this go to with military the persuading and military winning of the over “importance the to reference make they Hence, public. the and military the from reactions of fear to due thisapproach employ and adopt to Turkish the unable that but was side counterparts, Turkish their to opinions these communicated already had they said Kurdish officials Iraqi The interview notes dated April 13 April dated notes interview In the negotiation. aresult-oriented implies which “reconciliation”, of stage the reached now him has with out “dialogue” carried the that Öcalan Abdullah It is something frequently by mentioned lately aresult. produce to is able that method valid most the is organization the and Öcalan with “reconciliation” that again once enough”, emphasized and saying not are alone “Constitutional amendments organization”, the and Öcalan Abdullah “bypassing by asolution reaching of impossibility the mentiones the even and one number is the it while aspect, that thisor on afocus with perspective atactical from it approaching always and strategically it at look to failure “the in Turkey date to was settled been not had Question Kurdish the why reason the said who official An detail that should not be overlooked: be not should that detail important is avery there his lawyers, through Öcalan Abdullah by world outside the to communicated process will start and hence we will step onto the the onto step wewill hence and start will process towards a solution,democratic then the reconciliation steps take will government the that indicating data up with weend talks, If, these June. 15 until following continue will likely, Most talks my unfold. will process the how determine will in here Iengage talks The only issue that Turkey that issue solve”. to needs This th 2011 and and 2011 him as well as his concerns over the talks: talks: the over his concerns as well him as with negotiating committee” “state the on opinions his detail in more announced Öcalan later, Abdullah intentions”. Two good go to beyond unable weeks is process reconciliation “good the yet had intentions, him with negotiating officials Tuğluk, state the that including lawyers, his told had Öcalan that Tuğluk said 58 28 April on lawyers with interviews in Öcalan’s present lawyers Öcalan’s of one and (DTK) Congress Society Democratic the of Tuğluk, Aysel by Co-chair statement in the public made was continuing” are ‘state’ the with his “talks that confirmation Öcalan’s officials. Kurdish Iraqi by MİT” the with “talks as to referred are which officials, government with out carried talks the are Öcalan by to referred talks the Here,

we were also going to develop a solution with him. him. with asolution going develop to also we were everybody; to isknown which process, Erbakan the followed Then died! suddenly day Özal next the but isokay,’ everything and isdeveloping solution right, ‘all saying wewere In 1993, arms. down lay guerrilla have to the ready We getting were hopeful. very were We agreement. an making of point the to come had everything Özal, With not. or hopeful Iam whether say Icannot man. way. this arealistic Iam act to today me force past in the Ecevit and Erbakan Özal, to happened that things The possibilities. all account into take and consider Ihave to that Iknow this. like act to me oblige experiences Past steps. unilateral take to want not Ido experiences. previous the also are There isahead. what see to Iwant matter; this about day. cautious be to passing Iwant each with grows awareness their that say Ican and talks, these of seriousness the of isaware me to speak to coming committee The talks. serious are They talks. meaningful talks, qualified are [in These here İmralı]. holding weare talks the on words afew say me Let case. the be will this Ihope and constitution, new this of scope the within asolution reach to opting elections, these after solution go aconstitutional for will Party AK the that It ispossible asolution. to road [İmralı Interview Notes from 13 April 2011], 16 April 2011. April 16 2011], April 13 from Notes Interview [İmralı Notları” Görüşme İmralı Tarihli 2011 ANF, Nisan “13 th 2011. In a public statement statement In apublic 2011. 58

a new emphasis: emphasis: a new with again once views following the disclosed Öcalan him, with negotiating committee” “state the by demonstrated matters of command and goodwill the 59 May 20 from notes interview way in the in asimilar talks the on his views expressed Öcalan

parties or the society. the or parties political the state, the on influence any made yet not Yet has society. it the and parties political the state, the influence to power the has committee The state. the influencing of capable It isacommittee state. the of institutions serious some of representatives includes committee The isserious. committee The important. are here talks the course Of said. June,’ 15 until I wait Iwill so risk, this take cannot I time. fourth the for car the oversetting is called This process. this of development the hinder to want may that or to want that forces external and internal many are There Ecevit. and Erbakan Özal, to did they what you to do can They tomorrow. you to happen also can thing asimilar and here, me with negotiating are you ‘Now Ecevit. and Erbakan Özal, befell that things the about committee the I reminded paralyzed. him left him and floored him, they overthrew also they but asolution, find to wanted also He Ecevit. with same the was it In 2000’s, truth. the istelling he and newspaper, in the again things these of spoke Haddam him Syrian quickly. That overthrew they But matters. these about serious was He government officials, nor a smoke and mirrors state state mirrors and asmoke nor officials, government of group full isneither committee The willed. strong- and persuasive isstrong, committee The matter. this about conspiracy in any involved is not it and problem, the solving towards intentions good has committee The it. of sure Iam Gladio. the from independent standing as committee this see I same... the them told Ialso Gladio. the with associated not is committee This intentions. good with committee isa me, to talking and here coming committee, This KCK Info, memo sent by e-mail, 16 May 2011. May 16 e-mail, by sent memo Info, KCK 59 th 2011. Praising Praising 2011.

53 54 as understood from the notes from his interviews with with his interviews from notes the from understood as table, the on remain still İmralı to brought was Öcalan Abdullah when 1999 of quarter first in the officials military with started talks in the arising issues The officials. state with in his contact reiterated been have constantly themes three İmralı, to brought was day the since Öcalan that, It is seen forces. security Turkish the by Island İmralı the to brought was and relations, political international of framework the within perceived be should which but clear become yet not has which of background the developments of aresult as in Kenya in 1999 captured was Öcalan OFFICIALS CONTACTSÖCALAN’S MILITARY WITH follows: as continues state”, in the Öcalan Kurdish Question the to asolution wants wing that “the as committee the sees he Implying that speaking. is currently he whom with committee state the with case the not is such that language dogmatic avirtually with says Öcalan Abdullah tactic”, a“stalling been him had with talks previous the histhat suspicions voiced often Having emphasis. unprecedented an with committee state in the his “confidence” expresses Öcalan 61 60

Op.Cit. power will be enough. be will power their Yet, if see wewill matters. these of command agood It has intentions. good with committee isa me to talk to here came that committee the that Irepeat Kurds. the against developed policies the stop or go against can peace, desire brew, to who a war want not do who committee the in or state in the people the whether know not I do isimportant. iswhat That USA? the despite do must they what do to able be they Will minister? prime the government, the persuade to power However,have the involved. they do deception no with serious, are committee this with talks Our team. agreement at the expense of the Kurds], 20 May 2011. 2011. May 20 Kurds], the of expense the at agreement an reached have USA the Turkey and [Öcalan: anlaştı” Türkiye-ABD Karşılık Kellesine Kürtlerin ANF, “Öcalan: 61 60 ceasefire” starting from September 1 September from starting ceasefire” a of “declaration the to Öcalan brought Prison, Bursa in the incarcerated time the at were who Ayata Muzaffer and Ok Sabri officers PKK days, through in those Öcalan with contacts The Process”. February “28 the as known is widely that intervention military in 1997, during the started officials military with contact Öcalan’s In fact, state. for the interlocutors his as officials military onlythe saw Öcalan 2005, until arrested, and captured was Öcalan Abdullah when From 1999, follows: up as summed be can talks and contacts in these part -taking PKK the and state -the sides both from thisreport of creation the through during and learned and we haveWhat heard Ayata told us about the contacts made at the time time the at made contacts the us about told Ayata Muzaffer in Berlin, 2010 in November In interview our “PKK’s politicisation”. the prioritize and Europe to move to perspective gave him the Öcalan contacted indirectly who officials military the that said process in that part took who those interview our During Syria. leave to forced was Öcalan Abdullah ceasefire, the following process • • follows:be listed as can themes three These 2011. in April-May his lawyers • organization as a trump card; atrump as organization his using holding and thereby PKK, the liquidate to his tied; unwillingness be will his hands point some at hence and thisapproach to response necessary the find not could he that yet officials state with in his talks reconciliation and peace of line the followed constantly has he that announcement Öcalan’s table: the on organization the Bringing matter; the of for resolution negotiation into officials state with dialogue the transform to wish and tion expecta Öcalan’s Abdullah negotiate: to Demand achieved. reconciliation even if such reconciliation is any implement to have power the periods– in different titles different with names –different speaks he whom with officials state the whether of questioning His constant interlocutors: the of Power st 1998. In the In the 1998. - various military officials: officials: military various by Kurdish the Question to approaches different the names, giving by explained, also and military”, the within factions different are “there that suggested He detail. in more but 2010, in November Ayata Muzaffer from heard already we had things same the voiced 62 May on 20 ANF the by released İmralı in lawyers with interview of notes In the disclosure. Ayata’s first after months came that in astatement Ayata’s account Muzaffer confirmed Öcalan Abdullah Tempo in the later months two detail vivid in explained also he us in Berlin, told Ayata Muzaffer What stopped. be would PKK the against operations that in return promised and talks, the for starting condition the as PKK the by ceasefire of declaration Turkey, from a for separation stipulated soldiers the demands no were there as long as discussed be could issue any that Imparting threat”. one number the as seen was “Islamism when atime at issue the solve to agoal with PKK the approached military the Ayata, Turkey, from Europe to to According Ayata. says sent acolonel through in and Europe time the at was who officer PKK aSyrian through made were contacts the officials, military to talk to persuaded was Öcalan Abdullah Once officials”. military the of seriousness the about leader their “persuaded had and time, the at in Damascus was who Öcalan, Abdullah contacted therefore had They them. contacting officials military the by demonstrated skills analytical the particular in and Kurdish the Question on knowledge of level the with impressed much very been had Ok Sabri and he that in 1997. said Prison He Bursa in the was he when

Kıvrıkoğlu since he did not want him to become the the become him to want not did he since Kıvrıkoğlu [Hüseyin] assassinate to attempted even Bir Çevik same This Güreş. Doğan of part the played Bir Çevik in Turkey. Gladio the time, led Atthat who Bir Çevik was it period, second In the Gladio... the leading was team Güreş-Çiller the period, conspiracy first In the Tempo IConveyed], and Spoke Military The Ayata: Muzaffer with [Interview İlettim” Ben Söyledi Asker Söyleşi: ile Ayata “Muzaffer Subaşı, Cemal and Erdoğan Eyüp , 6 January 2011. , 6January th 2011, Öcalan Öcalan 2011, magazine. 62 the Ergenekon investigation in 2008-2010. Ergenekon investigation the of scope the under arrested were term second in the talks running the those source, same the to According people. different were in 2002-2005 government Party AK the of term first during the talks running the However, group. original those same the of members same the in were general 2001 of end the until İmralı to brought was Öcalan when 1999 from talks running the and in 1997 Öcalan with contact first the making officials military The period. separate in each changing representing individuals with differenttendencies officials military of consisted Öcalan with talks the running team the talks, in these part taken had who asource us by to given information the to According talks. the of stages in different part took who process the of actors other the from we heard what negate not do talks the of content and nature the about accounts his specific military, the with of part been had he talks the of assesment Öcalan’s of accuracy the on conclusion aclear reach we cannot Although 63 until six years for almost continued arrest, subsequent his and his capture, following in 1999 started military the with contact face-to-face Öcalan’s Abdullah TALKS THE OF ÖCALAN WITH IMPORTANCE ROLETHE THE AND MİT OF

wish to limit this war. I gave solution achance. war. this Igave limit solution to wish their to Iresponded Europe. to arepresentative sent They me. phoned then and them, contacted They Tempo in the events these of told already has Ayata Muzaffer prison. the through me to talk to demanded him, to and talked and prison in the Ayata Muzaffer visited already had They us, too. informed They asolution. about everything discussing then and place in one forces armed the gathering conflicts, the ending arms, the silencing about talking also were war.the They limit to wanted both later, and, Kıvrıkoğlu Karadayı Hakkı] [İsmail period, In that Staff. General of Chief 2011. May 20 Kurds], the of expense the at agreement an reached have USA the Turkey and [Öcalan: anlaştı” Türkiye-ABD Karşılık Kellesine Kürtlerin ANF, “Öcalan: Magazine. He is telling the truth. truth. the istelling He Magazine. 63

55 56 Abdullah Öcalan’s face-to-face contact with the military with Öcalan’s contact the military Abdullah face-to-face

by the military officials. Starting from 2005, from Starting the role and officials. by the military started in 1999 following subsequent his and capture, his started influence of the military in the talks with Öcalan with Öcalan in the talks of the military influence played was with Öcalan role in talks though the primary uponits own insistence, in several of the talks participated responsibility of the contacts. During this period, MİT of Duringthis period, theresponsibility contacts. MİT decreased. authority got involvedauthority over took and the in the process six for until almost the civilian continued years arrest Talabani as follows in his interview with his lawyers in İmralı: his lawyers with in his interview follows Talabani as Turkey of through state the with contact indirect first his describes Öcalan Bitlis. Eşref Gendarmerie, the of General Commander then the Turgut and with Özal his contact of aresult as and of knowledge the with arms, down lay PKK the make to Öcalan Abdullah with talks Talabani initiated Jalal Turgut Özal. President with relations close had who Kurdistan, of Union Patriotic the of Talabani, President Jalal through made were contacts days the in those since talks, “indirect” called be should contacts These Damascus. Capital, Syrian in the living was Öcalan when in 1992-1993 made was Turkey Öcalan and between contact first The history. year atwenty have almost Öcalan Turkey of Abdullah with talks indirect and direct The President the of Behalf On MEDIATED CONTACTS AND INDIRECT THE STATE-ÖCALAN TALKS also on my side, I will solve this matter,’ Özal had told matter,’ told this had solve Iwill Özal side, my on also is Bitlis issue.’ ‘Eşref this solve to wants ‘Özal Talabani said the weight of the military in political decision-making decision-making in political military the of weight the decrease relatively to starting government the was military the of diminished for the role reason the that is told we have what been from we draw conclusion The decreased. Öcalan with talks in the military the of influence and role the 2005, from Starting officials. military the by played was Öcalan with talks in role primary the though insistence, own its upon talks the of in several participated MİT this period, During contacts. the of responsibility the over took and process gotin the involved authority civilian the 64 dead shot and ambushed PKK the when progress meaningful any without ended ceasefire The 1993. April 17 on Özal Turgut of death the with blow aheavy took it and initiatives, these of aresult as 1993 March 16 on in Lebanon Elias Bar of town in the declared was history in their ceasefire PKK’s first the of announcement Öcalan’s with starting process The

state, the military and his own party for peace. for party his own and military the state, the persuade to failed had and prepared yet not had Özal time. that at aresolution for ready yet not was state the But aceasefire. We declared evolve... would resolution the how was this that saying were they because aresolution, of sake the for them refuse not Idid aceasefire. ensure and location one at forces armed all gather to me asked Özal declared’... is aceasefire as long ‘as said Talabani had Talabani. And Interview Notes from 20 May 2011], 23 May 2011. May 23 2011], May 20 from Notes Interview [İmralı Notları” Görüşme İmralı tarihli 2011 ANF, Mayıs “20 series of various ministerial officials. ministerial various of series Taner’s by a and conducted were successor state” the with his “talks as Öcalan Abdullah by mentioned contact the in 2010, Emre Taner office After left parties. relevant other many the Kurdish and side Iraqi the for both Question” “PKK in the solution afinal reaching of in terms extent alarge to validity its Emre by Taner maintains prepared still plan’ ‘solution The Region. Kurdistan Iraqi the of President the is currently who Barzani Mesud wing of (PDK) Party Democratic Kurdistan Iraqi Talabani the and Jalal President Iraqi by wing led Kurdistan of Union Patriotic the of officials the all almost and leadership in Emre Taner Kurdish trust Iraqi the great from of declarations and praises we have heard research, our During Kurdish officials. Iraqi the of trust unshakeable almost and support the earning also while Erdoğan, Tayyip Recep Minister Prime with in harmony worked Emre Taner conflict.’ ‘end and armed the mountain’ ‘offthe PKK the take could that asolution finding for organization, the with contact the and Öcalan Abdullah with talks the in both actor important most the was in 2010, Undersecretary MİT of position Emre Taner,mechanisms. the from retired who 64

military either through the PKK, face-to-face or through through or face-to-face PKK, the through either military the by Öcalan Abdullah with in 1997 initiated talks The us..”. informed also they So asolution. to related everything discuss could they happened things these after said and location, one at gathered forces armed all and ended conflicts all silenced, weapons all wanted also war.the They limit to wanted both they Kıvrıkoğlu, and “Karadayı follows: as military the of initiatives the mentions Öcalan May 2011, 20 on released his lawyers, with his interview of notes In the danger. this on forces their concentrate to in order PKK the with conflicts armed ending of favour Turkey to in were threat and apriority as Islamism’ ‘radical saw military The integrity”. territorial its and borders Turkish the of inviolability the accepted they that provided PKK the with topic any on negotiate to ready were “they that Öcalan Abdullah to communicated process, in this part taken also had who interviewees our by team” “Kıvrıkoğlu the called were who Staff, General the of members The Europe. in “Şahin” name code with officer PKK aSyrian with meeting had a face-to-face Staff colonel representing the General a this, of aresult As military. the by adopted approach the of seriousness the about leader PKK the persuaded in Bursa, prison the from telephone via Damascus, in was who Öcalan with contact making Ayara, and in 1997. Ok Prison Bursa in the were who PKK the of members leading two Ayata, Muzaffer and Ok Sabri through Öcalan Abdullah addressed Staff General the of initiatives The examples. previous two the from them distinguish to talks” “indirect called be can Staff, General the of commanders high-ranking the by initiated contacts, The office. from government Erbakan Necmettin the in removing role lead the played had who officials military the via place took contact third The Staff General the of Contacts Indirect Process. February 28 the of result a as in 1997 military the from pressure under office leave to forced was Erbakan, Welfare-True Necmettin of by led Path, and the seeking coalition governmenta solution. Afterwards, conflicts the to end an bring to inorder titles, official no with mediators through messages (letter) written and oral Öcalan sent Erbakan Erbakan. Necmettin Minister Prime through in 1996 came Öcalan Abdullah with Turkey’s contact second Messages from the Prime Minister soldiers. 33 the of shooting the for responsible region, the of commander PKK the Sakık, Şemdin held Karayılan Murat and Öcalan Abdullah Later, both 1993. May 24 on Highway Elazığ-Bingöl the on soldiers unarmed 33 THE STATE-ÖCALAN TALKS borders..”. beyond withdrew guerrilla the and borders, beyond withdrawal and aceasefire on Idecided So anything.’ discuss wecan violence, quit you if and country the divide to want not do you that If state you pass. the at off it wehave cut to ‘A and played, said isbeing them game big of One sincere. seemed they and experienced were period that in soldiers The me. to talked and came committee military amostly 99, “In follows: days as him in those with talks face-to-face had who soldiers the describes Öcalan Abdullah him. with contact made had Kıvrıkoğlu and Karadayı to subordinate cadres military that claimed and names gave these also Öcalan Kıvrıkoğlu. Hüseyin General on later and Karadayı, Hakkı İsmail General was Staff General of Chief the İmralı, to brought was Öcalan year the In 1999, group. original the of continuation the were rest the and in 1997 contact indirect the initiated first who individuals same the mostly were soldiers these that talks in these part took who those by given accounts the from We learn Öcalan. with in talks engaged who military the mainly was it 2001, late and 1999 between that It isknown face-to-face. talks have to the natural and possible it made amendments, constitutional the of a result as imprisonments life aggravated to commuted later was which death, to Turkey, to brought sentenced and was he tried after İmralı in leader PKK the of incarceration the course, Of Öcalan. with face-to-face were these ones, previous the unlike and, in 1999 started talks State-Öcalan the of period fourth The Staff –General Party Official The TALKS FACE-TO-FACE 65 time. over changed gradually team the team, same the of members were them of most Although in 1999. talks face-to-face the started who in 1997,those and PKK the and Öcalan with talks initiate to wanted who cadres Staff General the between iscontinuity there Hence, nature. same the of are him in 1997 to talk to steps took who cadres Staff General the of discourse the and him in 1999 with talks holding soldiers the of discourse the tells, Öcalan as far As İmralı Prison. İmralı the to sent was he which after 1999, February 15 on Kenya in Turkish to over officials handed was and Syria left Öcalan Abdullah ceasefire, of declaration the after time A short 1998. 1September on Öcalan Abdullah by ceasefire of declaration in the resulted means, indirect

Interview Notes from 20 March 2011], 23 March 2011. March 23 2011], March 20 from Notes Interview [İmralı Notları” Görüşme İmralı tarihli 2011 ANF, Mart “20 65

57 58

coincides with this period (after June 1 June (after period this with coincides also conflict armed to PKK’s The return cadres. military previous the from different were 2005 and 2002 between Öcalan with in talks part took who officials military The Military –The Party Official The THE STATE-ÖCALAN TALKS green light to the initiative. the to light green gave also Sezer Necdet Ahmet President that suggested was It period. that during Minister Affairs Foreign the was who Gül, Abdullah of support the received also mountain’ the off ‘get to PKK the bureaucracy security the and Ministry Affairs MİT, the of Foreign the task either. The them hinder not did but in 2006, held talks in the included not was military 2008.The and 2006 between in Europe once than more PKK, in the names Uzun, leading Adem all and Aydar Zübeyir Ok, Sabri met official state atop-level that discovered It was officers. PKK the with also but Öcalan with only in not engaged were talks period, sixth In this in İmralı. Öcalan Abdullah to talked time, the at Undersecretary Deputy MİT the was who EmreTaner, periods. previous the from extensively differed which period, sixth the entered talks State-Öcalan the Thus, talks. Military-Öcalan exclusively longer no were talks’ ‘State-Öcalan the 2005, After PKK’sthe arms. silence to asolution find to Turkish inorder the government, of request and knowledge the with intermediary the as acted again Talabani once Jalal in 2006, Starting Öcalan. with talks state’s in the military the of place the take to started MİT 2005, after play into power its brought government the As (MİT) Intelligence –National Organization Party The Official Günlükleri “ as such in documents appeared case, Ergenekon in the years afew after arrested were period in that talks the in participated who members military the and Özkök Hilmi General Staff General of Chief between disagreements The Staff. General of Chief the Özkök, Hilmi General of will the representing from far were they that also but period, Karadayı-Kıvrıkoğlu the of cadres military the from different were talks the out carrying officials military the that only not was others the from talks period fifth the distinguishes What talks. State-Öcalan period fifth the as 2005 and 2002 between figures military the and Öcalan between talks the describe to wrong be not would it data, this of light In the Ergenekon case. the of defendants the among years, five to four after were, period 2003-2004 in the Öcalan vis-à-vis “state” the represented who officials military the of part A significant ” [Coup d’etat Diaries] and in the media. media. in the and ” [Coup Diaries] d’etat st 2004). Darbe Representatives Ministerial Various and Director –MİT Party Official The in Habur. developments the upon 2009 in hold on put was plan The solution. apolitical towards steered and disarmed be gradually Habur, would PKK the from entries of continuation the with plan, the to According solution. political of acourse for point astarting as Habur from entries envisaged in 1993, death his unexpected before Turgut by right Özal contemplated formulas solution the continued extent, large avery to which, approach This Öcalan. with together in Turkish engage to politics encouraged be would and prison from released be probably would they years, five these of end Atthe years. five for region Kurdistan Iraqi in the remain would ‘on mountain’ the executives and leaders the and Turkey, to integrated be immediately would who positions in leading those from separate are cadres ‘mountain’ the concurrently, Again Öcalan. of conditions prison the in improvements some going be to also were there identity, cultural Kurdish the recognizing laws to amendments and constitution anew to In addition weapons. of down laying the with concurrently taken be would that steps foresaw role EmreTaner amajor in which played project The Turkey. to sent and camp refugee Mahmur the from selected were 26 and agreement, the per as Qandil from Karayılan Murat by Turkey, entered who sent were those eight Of leaders. PKK from the Habur Gate Border following the with agreement an entrance of 34 individuals to Turkey on October 19 Turkey to October on individuals 34 of entrance the to led has government, the of Taner knowledge the with Emre Undersecretary Deputy MİT by led initiative, This Erdoğan. by received was letter the that and Tayyip Erdoğan Minister Prime to letter along sent Karayılan Murat period, this during that We have learned Turkish the and state. in Qandil Karayılan Murat between contact the in making role aparticular Talabani played contacts. Europe and Qandil the for received was support Talabani’s Jalal Europe. and Qandil İmralı, namely PKK, the of pillars three with out carried were talks the 2006, year In the high-level bureaucrats from various ministries. various from bureaucrats high-level including participation, broad with committee” “state a by out carried have been talks State-Öcalan seventh The committee. in the Staff General the to in addition organization security the and Interior of Ministry the from representatives of the presence about statements but contradicting varing We heard Fidan. Hakan by in 2010 initiated talks Öcalan State- seventh in the participated also Justice of Ministry the from EmreTaner. representatives that replaced It isknown Fidan Hakan as in 2010 revived were talks State-Öcalan The th 2009 2009 66 3. 2. 1. for a‘resolution’, four alternatives: listing by contacts regarding his conditions expressed Karayılan Murat Cemal, Hasan with In his interview 2009. August early June – late by launched officially was that ‘Initiative’ the enabled that milestone asignificant as recognized were messages Karayılan’s and interview Karayılan Murat the and May 2009, of week first in the articles Milliyet in the Karayılan Murat with his of interview notes the published Cemal Hasan in May 2009. Cemal Hasan with in Qandil done was Karayılan Murat by here mentioned interview Öcalan’.” The Abdullah with ‘talks of initiation the was four conditions those among important year, void, most havesincethe become last Cemal Hasan told Ihad which of four conditions, the that talks these of because It was Apo. Leader with talks the been has far so done has State the deed important most “The said, Karayılan Murat In interview, our him. with talks the of aresult as ‘reconciliation’ reaching of possibility the about optimistic is he more period, former the to compared that demonstrated also By doing so, has he substantial. have more talks the around thistime that and positively, more years two last in the talks the holding been has that team the regards he interlocutors, his to previous compared that, organization his to communicated has leader PKK the lawyers, his with his of interviews notes abovementioned the from in citations our clearly seen be can it As

( Party Democracy and Peace the by replaced was DTP politics. from ban afive-year to sentenced were Tuğluk Aysel and Türk Ahmet Party, the of co-chairs The 2009. December in Court Constitutional the by closed was DTP represented in the parliament; parliament; in the represented ( Party Society Democratic the with talks initiate must it options, two these refuse State the Should in Qandil; them with talks initiate must State the Or, happen, not does that if in İmralı; Öcalan Abdullah with talks initiate must State The Barış ve Demokrasi Partisi Demokrasi ve Barış Demokratik Toplum Partisi Toplum Demokratik newspaper in a series of of in aseries newspaper , BDP). , DTP) 66 which is which 69 68 the first nor the last time. Such things are done …” done are things Such time. last the nor first the matter. is neither for that This person other him any or to talk can thiscountry of organization intelligence words: “The following the with thisopinion reiterated Erdoğan Minister Prime programme, television in a example, For engaged. been previously had talks such that and necessary, deemed it when Öcalan to talk would state the that Tayyip held Erdoğan Amendment Referendum of September 12 polemic before the Constitutional of political asubject words, in became his own Öcalan, Abdullah with committee’ a‘state by talks of initiation The mountain’ and how the PKK may lay down arms. may down lay PKK the how and mountain’ the ‘leaving to regard with authority making decision- final the be would and was Öcalan Abdullah that emphasized again once was it Thus, arms. down lay could PKK the how discuss to Men” Wise BDP, the of with in Qandil, a“Committee with or talks in engaging of options the pursue to longer necessary no was it circumstances these under that stated has state, the and Öcalan Abdullah between talks İmralı of process the at pointing Karayılan, Murat Öcalan. with talks the of normalization 4. 67 with Öcalan, with talks to regard with PM Erdoğan of that as line same the following aview announced Kılıçdaroğlu when end an to came polemics The Kılıçdaroğlu. Kemal Leader elected CHP’s newly the from came statement Tayyip to Erdoğan’s support meaningful most The

Kılıçdaroğlu] Söyleşi ile “Kılıçdaroğlu Türk, CNN Show TV Show for the “Committee of Wisemen”. Türkmen, İlter Ambassador retired and Minister Affairs Foreign former of name the mentioned Karayılan Murat should seek a solution. asolution. seek should thus and state, the and PKK the between contact indirect building an thereby PKK, the and state the both with contact maintain should committee of Wise Men’ Wise of ‘Committee a refused, are options three these If all 1 May 2011. 1May Meydanı, , Siyaset 69 enabling an unprecedented unprecedented an enabling , Ankara Kulisi , Ankara 67 should be established and this and established be should , 23 August 2010. August , 23 [Interview with with ” [Interview th 2010, but but 2010, 68

59 60 “What makes the talks held in the current period with period in held the current the talks makes “What Abdullah Öcalan different from the from previous [is ones that] different Öcalan Abdullah you want?’” you do’.you can But now, they is say your say? ‘What What do saying ‘You aprisoner are in is hands; there nothing our the previous talks sought dissolve to the movementthe previous by talks to make the military subordinate to the “single state” “single the to state” subordinate military the make to have state”, “We “on the said, of behalf interlocutors his as military the seen usually has Öcalan Abdullah that indicating official, same The talks. in the aconclusion reach to as so Öcalan before state’ having of a‘single importance the emphasizes time same the at ‘state’” “more one to than talking Here, ‘state’.” one than more with always but state, the with “sosaid, in dialogue far, engaged always has he and smart”, “very was moreover and state the with talks regarding experienced extremely was Öcalan Abdullah that in interview our out pointed official state high-level asolution”. of Another apart as [aims], him considering than rather ‘instrumentalist’ with Öcalan approached has state The PKK. the and Kurds, the Apo dividing by asolution reach to It sought always aplan. to on hold to failed state “The for thisreport: we interviewed whom state, the of official security ahigh-level by stated opinion the with in us ties told Remzi Aydar Kartal and Zübeyir What is your you want?’” say? do What do’. youcan is now, nothing But there say‘What they in ourhands; saying ‘You aprisoner by are movement the dissolve to sought talks that] previous the [is ones previous the from different Öcalan Abdullah with period current in the held talks the makes “What follows: as Karayılan, after while ashort Brussels in we interviewed whom executives, PKK’s high-level the Remzi Aydar Kartal, and Zübeyir by expressed were talks previous the and talks phase final these between differences have the history, along Öcalan Abdullah with State’s the that talks Given NATURE TALKS THE OF dissolution” should be paved together with Abdullah Abdullah with paved together be should dissolution” “PKK’s for the path the that says time any at PKK the to connections any had never has who and PKK the to opposed is completely who A Kurdish intellectual it”. neutralize and side PKK the on provocations the with deal to easier be will it authority, that to subject military the we make if and authority, a‘single’ into state If us. the we make with lies responsibility actual the Here, continue. to conflict armed the want they PKK– as the and military –the sides both on inprovocation favour of are who those are “There weakened. be also will military” the with “play to game the tendency Öcalan’s Abdullah time in and PKK the and Öcalan on decisions the to regard with military the by held diminish currently weight the governing power, country’s will in it the position asolid gains authority civilian legitimate the and system law its renews Turkey democratized, becomes extent the to that said official Ahigh-level authority. independently from the political authority the military by implemented and taken generally are operations that the decisionsby for government military officials informed hand, also we were other the On a solution. towards progress any make to impossible it make PKK, the from Turkey, inaction of declaration the despite of parts southeastern and eastern in the mountains in the sheltered members PKK the against undertaken operations military is that on agree government, the including circles, Turkish of political part significant a and circles PKK the which on issue Another for asolution”. groundwork the laying to contributions positive make and operations the stop will is what saying: “This state, the of levels highest the coming from this evaluation with in Turkey’s position agreed leading domain legal and prominent of Kurdish One individual Öcalan. June 12 of elections the following process” “new constitution the and,in thisframework, democratization towards Turkey’s of effect steps determinant the underlining hence democracy”, the arbitrated adequately We have yet public. not the by elected government th 2011, in the quest for a solution together with with together for asolution quest in the 2011, A high-level official said that to the extent said the that extent to A high-level official Turkey becomes democratized, renews democratized, its lawTurkey becomes instructions and authorizations of the Prime Minister, Prime the of authorizations and instructions the with and knowledge the within doing so him may today be with engage in talks who those aminister. than Even though important more virtually is officer anon-commissioned or asergeant even his opinion, “In 1990”, said: and since early military for the regard ahigh “held has Öcalan Abdullah us that informed also person same serious”. The not government the and serious, state the finds Öcalan “Abdullah added: and military, the mean to state the considers generally government”, the and and state “the between distinguishes Öcalan Abdullah that expressed in İmralı, incarcerated Öcalan Abdullah in Turkey, circles PKK of domain with is in contact who legal in the names important most the such, of one As it. facilitating than rather difficult more “solution” a makes thinks, Öcalan Abdullah what to contrary this“method”, that and military, the with future” the about “used talk to has Öcalan Abdullah time a long for that perception him”. the to promise indicates This such any make to opportunity the given be not should military The amnesty. ageneral issue to authority the hold who words, those in other or Justice, of Minister the and President the him to are thispromise making be will who interlocutors The PKK. the about or future his own him to about promises make to right the has soldier no that explained be It should etc. PKK, the government, the media, the state, the by provided be should Öcalan Abdullah by played be will that for thisrole infrastructure “The adds: and Öcalan, weakened. system and the legitimate and civilian system authority time Abdullah Öcalan’stime “play to Abdullah tendency the in and the and PKK on Öcalan the decisions currently held by the military with regard to withto regard by held the military currently game with the military” will also be will also game with the military” governing power, it will diminish the weight asolid positiongains in the country’s from his interview with his lawyers on April 13 April on his lawyers with his interview from sentences following inupdated”, the is shown which may be “his program that hand other the on and state, the within existing “duality” the on constructed is which his game, play to continue can he that hand one the on signals Öcalan Abdullah Otherwise, change. will in İmralı status and conditions prison his that in practice see should he that understood this, is it about persuaded truly be to Öcalan for And state”. the of representative only “the really is government the that persuaded himbe to requires decision- political the of out military the removing words, in other -or update” “program Öcalan’s such, Abdullah Kurdish As policy. in its faults of free is government the that mean to interpreted be never operandi modus and approach Öcalan’s Abdullah of understanding an enable will that clues as merely evaluated be should matters these All period. recent in the polemic relentless for a atarget government the and Party AK the made have cadres- BDP the also -and leaders PKK other and Öcalan why reason the explains rivals, political two as Southeast in the foothold their maintain to parties two only the were BDP the and Party AK that fact the with combined perception, of range This state”. “the with military” “the equating of quit hisyet habit not has Öcalan Abdullah that is concluded it wording, Turkeytowards “updating”. need From his specific Qandil and Öcalan Abdullah both of viewpoints the that positions”, stating former hence their maintain still they if foreas the to military the brings that approach an with ‘oldrunning the program’ is still Öcalan such, “as Abdullah that said and in Turkey”, developments the “read to well able were Öcalan Abdullah nor (i.e. PKK) Qandil the neither that his opinion expressed in İmralı, Öcalan Abdullah with period recent in the out carried talks the of aware was who official, ‘state’”. the Astate as them regarding by due - to their institutional representation importance [the aspecial them military/soldiers] ascribes he are standing at an important threshold. The The threshold. important an at standing are we that well know should Turkish opinion The public ; it should should ; it th 2011: 2011:

61 62 formula for it! You settle the Ergenekon issue, the rest rest Ergenekon issue, the the You for it! formula settle the find will “He was, his answer “How?” asked, When give”. or do won’t he is nothing there conditions, living better with is he provided if and ensured is life of safety compromise”, Öcalan’s “If saying, to “capability and flexibility” “margin of a broad has Öcalan that underlined interviewees these of One words. the of bearers the of identities the -considering athreat or blackmail than rather opened, be can asolution to road the how of view objective an thisas note to ‘leave’”. accurate more It be would says Öcalan Abdullah if mountain the leave will They power. of in anger. kind that people has He thousand 10 burn can He Apo. with up talks breaking of mistake the make not should state “The in Arbil: interview in our enemies, his mortal among counts Öcalan whom and in 2004 PKK the and Öcalan abandoned who Sarıkaya, Hıdır Taş,and Ataç Halil Nizamettin by expressed also was in İmralı talks the of necessity The stalling. of appearance the gain not do talks the that important However, equally dialogue. is the also it halt up or give to not Öcalan, Abdullah with talks continue to beneficial be would it that for thisreport interviewed we have people the of view It common is the 70

before 2002. before JİTEM by done was which task the adopted have now police the and circle academy This Staff. General the or MİT, the intelligence, not the here, i.e. Police Turkish the National Imean that note please But, academy. police the wecall circle this of mentorship the under police, the of hand the with democracy of forces the and people the isoppressing Party AK the before, Ihave mentioned As positions. have different DTK and BDP KCK, own. my on here peace pursue Igo to on uswants... of none which developing, war abig of possibility isthe there otherwise, economy. Yet the including areas in all cleared be will Turkey’s isdeveloped, path solution ademocratic if happens, If this means. democratic through Question Kurdish the solving for exists also possibility [İmralı Interview Notes from 13 April 2011], 16 April 2011. April 16 2011], April 13 from Notes Interview [İmralı Notları” Görüşme İmralı tarihli 2011 ANF, Nisan “13 70 civilian elements. civilian to shifted and military the of hands the from taken been had talks the and “encouraged” was authority civilian the and Öcalan Abdullah between talks of initiation the that hostage”,hence and Öcalan’s Abdullah become has state “the in İmralı, imprisoned is Öcalan Abdullah although that during interview our said official state power. to Atop-level came Party AK the when time the 2002, of fall sincethe circle in found the government has solution acceptance a reach to Öcalan Abdullah with in talks engagement authority’s civilian the of necessity the that thisreport, of making the through We have learned, matter. the to asolution enable to in order Öcalan Abdullah to regard with process decision-making political the from military the removing of necessity the to attention drawing again follow”, once will 71 me”. through tactic may building up astalling be they and is in action, “A policy clean-up assessment: following the made He elections. the entering independent from candidates the BDP-supported ban to decided Board Electoral day High the on the was time third the and in Hakkari, killed were nine villagers when was one started, KCK the arrests when was one times: three in talks engaged was he that out pointing Öcalan, continue. also leader PKK the of reservations and suspicions the that guessed be can it approach, adifferent with CHP, Kılıçdaroğlu party Kemal opposition main the of leader the by approved and PM Tayyip by Erdoğan confirmed are Öcalan Abdullah with period recent in the occurring talks the Although POLITICS OBLIGATIONS OF THE CIVILIAN talks. change in the astructural wayenable is to Another practices. concrete agreed mutually towards turn to him, is through necessary it enacted policy” “stalling a as state the of elements new, the with civilian talks the perceive to not Öcalan for Abdullah order

Op. cit. 71 In In will be used or not. or used be will it whether or used be will thispower how understand 72 June 12 of elections the after constitution new the making of process for the wait to necessary was it that and authority, will”,that had government “political the only that with equipped is not Öcalan with talks the holding committee the saying that reproach, abovementioned Öcalan’s Abdullah verified implicitly talks İmralı the of course the to related closely official A state 29 April of notes wording in his interview asimilar with before, occasions various on expressed had he him, with as talks the holding committee of the power implementation capability and the representative his about reiterated doubts Öcalan

Op. cit. must be raised. be must islow. It authority of level committee’s The wrong. were these that operations, and KCK arrests these about disturbed also were they that saying were They Party. AK the nor army the neither to acceptable here wehave determined solution the make to unable are they understand, Ican as far As persuade. to unable are they up with; wecame solution the accept Party AK the make to unable are they initiative; any have not do [this they committee] that understood Yet, hope. isnow of it alight utilize to this doing Iam And here. comes that committee the with talks the on iscarry do to able Iam All tied... are hands my seen, be can As limited. very are circumstances my but them, Ithank interlocutor; an as me designated and Öcalan Mister said also politics Kurdish The people. the with connection have aspecial I me; backed people The level. this to me elevated who ones the are they as people, our thank to like Iwould it? do will me?Who than other anyone there Is process. this shoulder could who else one no was there since responsibility the undertake to obliged Iwas but said, had conditions,’ he arrest under negotiations out carries Öcalan that right isnot ‘It truth; the telling was Beşikçi İsmail Indeed, years... three last the for here talks holding I have been 72 th

2011 in order to be able to to able be to in order 2011 th 2011: 2011: not the way”. the not is “this that regime”, added and Eastern aMiddle to talking if as treated “should be not Öcalan Abdullah with regimes”, talks correspondence of is full East “since that Middle the underlined and politically”, talk and should“the committee have identity a political that said also Kurdish official thisIraqi here, included we have views whose Kurdish leaders Iraqi other Like the talks”. for the committee up apolitical setting by achieved be only could result that and wrong, be would members security and MİT of committee a with “continuing that talks the counterparts his to Turkish suggested repeatedly raised”, had he be must and is low authority of level committee’s “the that demanded Öcalan Abdullah before long that in interview our said Kurdish official Iraqi An 73 2. 1. years: going have for which on been talks State-Öcalan the of stage next for the conclusions following the draw to is possible it From thisperspective, conflict. armed the to end an put to failure the of reasons primary the among counted be can methodology correct the identify to failure the Leastwise, methods. right the through conducted not were Öcalan with talks that fact the to due failed apparently conflict armed the to end an put to attempts the Nevertheless, mountains’. the ‘leaving of issue the to when itconsidered came by the interlocutor state an was Öcalan Abdullah years for many that It is obvious PRACTICAL CONCLUSIONS

of Abdullah Öcalan; Abdullah of future the about talks include also should purpose this with conducted be to negotiations The question; the to solution ultimate an finding of purpose the with negotiations, into transformed be should İmralı in Öcalan Abdullah with dialogue existing The June 8 June on Türk CNN on statements some made Erdoğan Minister Prime the campaign, election his of days final the In th th evening, on Kral FM radio station on June 9 June on station radio FM Kral on evening, 73 th

63 64

4. 3. conclusions drawn in are this still valid. report specific conditions. In this respect, we think that the under back taken be can time aspecific at politicians by uttered words some that showing examples numerous are There parliament. the in seats 36 with represented be to them allowed which candidates independent BDP-supported the of success election the on and speech that of spirit the on victory, election his following speech 12 June the of results the on based is process upcoming the if accurate more be would it opinion our in hand, other the On future. the in taken be may that steps any of hostage taken has he athing”, such allow never will he alive, is Erdoğan Tayyip as “As long stating by importantly, Most Öcalan’s imprisonment conditions would not change. that noting one the was here statement striking most competitive atmosphere of the election campaign. The the with explained be can PM the by statements these Hence, system. legal Turkish the in abolished been has punishment capital since impossible is Öcalan of execution the said, have might PM the what despite case, any In Minister. Prime the of circles close the in are who officials state interviewed the by also supported process a mountain,’ the ‘leaving of process the in consequences nature that may prejudice the indicators and a such of are Minister Prime the by uttered words These thing”. a such allow never will he alive, is Erdoğan Tayyip as long As this. on play never will Party AK The imprisonment. life Aggravated sentence? this is What finalized. been has İmralı in one the for given sentence “The said: also He executed. been have should Öcalan Abdullah morning and on ATV on June 9 June on ATV on and morning act of ‘leaving the mountain’. the ‘leaving of act the towards PKK aunited over authority Öcalan’s Abdullah steer will that mechanisms necessary building on emphasis an be should there Instead, either; Öcalan Abdullah on result expected the bring Itnot would violence. escalate would it contrary the quite and organization the within solidarity and integration further to lead would it avoided, be because should PKK weakening the or dividing on based method negotiation Any failed. and tested been already had approach an Such PKK. weakeningthe or dividing of tactics avoid focusing should on process negotiation The th 2011 election, on the remarks made by the PM in his his in PM the by made remarks the on election, 2011 th evening noting that that noting evening Section Six

65 66 finding a solution were lower in 1999 as compared to to compared as in 1999 lower were asolution finding for stakes the that we see 2011, from back Looking explored. be to hints and learned be to lessons of is full such, thishistory as state; the by Öcalan builtwith relations the of background recent the at look to is necessary it steps, these of substance the To analyze to resolution. able be a of purpose for the serve would that Öcalan with non qua sine some are there negotiation, of nature in the be him should with made be to contacts the that and mountain’ the ‘leaving of process in the interlocutor real the as regarded be should Öcalan Abdullah that interviews these in all clear became it Although PKK. the as line ideological and political same the follow necessarily not do who those among also but supporters, and members PKK the among observed only is not acknowledgment an such position; pivotal extremely Öcalan’s acknowledges he interviewees, other like many that show remarks These war”. the stop to one is he the and with reconcile can state Turkish the onlyperson is the He have big demands. not does Öcalan Plus, Abdullah Öcalan. Abdullah with together thismatter settle to state for the It is possible own. its on it do cannot Qandil mountain. the off them take so, do can to he If this. wants he to end an put can who Öcalan] him [Abdullah than other one is no “There said PKK, the supported never who and in Arbil is in exile who Party Socialist Kurdistan the of General Tek, mountain’. the Mesut ‘leaving Secretary the of act ensure the can who authority onlysingle is the Öcalan Abdullah that stated have all They movement. Kurdish in the opponents his to mortal in Qandil man PKK’s -the one number Karayılan Murat from ranging for thisreport, figures numerous We interviewed Learned Recent History and Lessons to be The Relations of the PKK with the State: steps to be taken to secure a healthy relationship relationship ahealthy secure to taken be to steps 74 Asrın Hukuk Bürosu, Hukuk Asrın the of consultant and spokesman the Kapmaz, Cengiz Days) (Öcalan’s İmralı by Günleri İmralı Öcalan’ın book in the is covered ensuing in the years, continued and in 1999 his capture following in İmralı talks face-to-face into transformed and in 1997 indirectly started which talks, Öcalan’s Abdullah of story The RECONCILIATION TRUST BUILDING OF MEANS AND A AS BEYONDWITHDRAWAL BORDERS these experiences. these from learned be can that lessons focusing the on as well Turkish the as of state elements various and PKK the between relations the concerning far so achieved results the of examination requires steps future the of identification acorrect thisfact, Given conflict. PKK’s the end to armed 2004 and 1999 between appeared that opportunities and chances the of use adequate make Turkey to that conclude failed has we can history, thisrecent Judging by complicated. more much become has mountain’ the ‘leaving of act the incident Habur the after reactions negative the to due however aplan; of frame the within mountains the leave could PKK the of forces armed the that showing asign as considered havecould been in particular 2009 of year. incident Habur passing The every with difficult more become has a settlement of likelihood words, the In other 2011. to compared as in 2004 and resumed, conflict armed the when 2004

1999 - to the outside world. world. outside the -to 1999 since interviews face-to-face their in -made statements Öcalan’s Abdullah communicating in role its to due leader its and PKK the between positioned ‘organ’ effective an become automatically has Bürosu Hukuk Asrın 74 a law firm of Öcalan’s lawyers. lawyers. Öcalan’s of firm alaw

67 68 reconciliation: for steps certain take to readiness Öcalan’s mentions ,which mountain’ the ‘leaving of issue the concerning book in the section remarkable is another There thismatter: on his decision accept PKK the make and mountain” the off PKK the take could days “he that him in those with talks holding military- the -including officials state the to gave assurances and conditions some stipulated Öcalan his capture, following that notes also book .The unreciprocated mountain’ the ‘leaving as and PKK’ the of ‘liquidation as perceives he suggestion or deal any to resistant and against is totally yet issues, many on state the with reconcile to is amenable Öcalan Abdullah that revelation astriking provides book the of reading detailed A times. various at Öcalan and military the between dialogue the bottlenecking issue main the been have PKK the by arms of down laying and mountain’ the ‘leaving of issue the that reveals and 1999 since Öcalan Abdullah with interviews its through Hukuk Bürosu Asrın by compiled documents the on is based book The 76 75 Kapmaz, Kapmaz,

to contact the organization would be enough. be would organization the contact to him allowing me”. to said He loyal remain will “They hesitation: no with replied, Öcalan theses?” these accept organization the “Will question: the Öcalan pose to asked was in İmralı commission interrogation the situation, the of assessment the of a result As time. that at process interrogation the monitoring closely was which Centre, Crisis Ministry Prime the at in detail [...] discussed were adopted.’ theses New is law reintegration the and realized are initiatives cultural recognized, are rights democratic the that condition the on promptly mountain the off PKK the 3) take Iwill options. autonomy and federation the against also weare And structure. pact) (national Turkey’s Milli 2) We Misak-ı right. respect model nation-state the find We not do disappeared. thought this that after but level, intellectual the at independence of thinking wewere ‘1) 1993, Until Two months after the court order, court the Two after months was busy with the Counter-Terror the with law Law. busy The was Refers to Öcalan’s court case administered in İmralı in 1999. in İmralı in administered case court Öcalan’s to Refers 16 July 2003. July 16 İmralı Günleri , 20. Cited from Interview Notes of of Notes Interview from Cited , 20. 76 Turkey’s agenda 75

78 77 Kapmaz, Kapmaz,

Op. cit. 2003. 5July of should lay the groundwork for this to happen. to this for groundwork the lay should state the that mountain’, and the off get friends, on ‘Come said state the because just mountains the leave would one no that thinking was He warnings. some making was he and diligence, due with prepared be should law the of aspects substantial the that insisting was he Therefore, developments. significant very to lead could state, the by adopted be to planned law, probation the that believed law. Öcalan the of substance the regarding comments make to started also Öcalan underway, were law the for preparations the law. While the of enactment the after confusion to would organization’s lead disintegration a such that believed and organization the within confusion caused Öcalan by developed strategy new the that thought law, State the to the importance great attached Having willingly. surrendered for abatement organizationwho members penalty as well as cadres executive organization’s the of decommissioning/inactivation envisaged probation, introduce to aview with government the by proposed was dependant on the perceived reliability of the PKK. PKK. the of reliability perceived the on dependant was state the by forward move any Öcalan, to According may come. aresponse then taken, are steps practical and persuasive successful, of a couple If step. first the take to me for wait It will feasibility. its check will away. it right First step the take not will hisstate role’... play The can he him, that hang so usnot ‘Let as isarticulated chance only The itself. prove should PKK the It says PKK. the about doubts has state the Ithink state: in the sentiment this anticipated already had Öcalan steps. reasonable taking by sincerity their prove should Öcalan and PKK the that was approach prevailing the Ankara, In PKK. the about skeptical fully still was state the whereas process, his interrogation of beginning the since astrategy as Öcalan monitored mostly had Anti-Terror the of state Law. The drafting the during out came clearly thing one was there In fact, the PKK members into a democratic political life. political ademocratic into members PKK the integrate to aiming alaw as rather but repentance’, ‘effective as treated be to law this want didn’t Öcalan 86. Quoted from Interview Noted Noted Interview from Quoted 86. Günleri, İmralı 78 77

organization were being carried out in a great secrecy. secrecy. in agreat out carried being were organization the with exchangemessages of and preparations The public. made yet not was borders the outside PKK 80 79 September 1 on conflict armed we have that ended announce It things. is to facilitate also and due their do to everyone force will which for peace, conflict armed ending of declaration is the path results-oriented effective most the circumstances, these Under guarantee. with and in practice both ended been has violence that doubts, any leaving prove, without to is necessary “It follows: as his suggestion worded Öcalan conflict.’ armed ending the of ‘declaration its was letter the of aspect important most The Turkey’s beyond forces PKK the of borders. withdrawal for the his instructions included which Council, Presidential PKK the to letter afive-page sent Öcalan his lawyers, Two with thisidea sharing days after process”. the of assessment our to according them prepare 81

Kapmaz, Kapmaz, South the to forces the withdrawing of nature in the be may it In practice, step. anew be would This behind... stage conflict armed the wemay leave method, a As point. astarting be can violence of cessation this idea first on July 5 July on first idea this Turkey. of outside shared He guerrilla the withdrawing of idea the was mind, there In Öcalan’s process. the for way the in clearing arole play could violence of Turkey free climate would the that from steps powerful example, For PKK. the from come to had process the for path the clear would that step the Then, Öcalan.’ with got‘engaged it in dialogue that voice to people allow never would state the that says openly Öcalan 88-89.Op. cit., Region. Kurdistan Iraqi the Iraq, Northern to Refers And the viewpoint of the parliament may change.’ parliament the of viewpoint the And pursued. be can [...]position. guarantee legal Then, state’s the [we] for then wait ,and could climate conflict the from withdrawal be can there deadlock, current the overcome to aview With step. progressive most isthe it stage, Atthis ceasefire. the consolidate 79 81 , beyond the borders. It can be a step to further further to astep be It can borders. the , beyond At that time, “the idea of withdrawing the the withdrawing of idea “the time, At that İmralı Günleri, st 1999, withdraw our forces to South and and South to ourforces withdraw 1999, 86-87. th [1999] with his lawyers. ‘Our his lawyers. [1999] with 80 following words: words: following of that time the developments the with describes Karayılan Murat withdrawal. during the operations its through PKK the to casualties heavy caused TSK the Hence, forces. PKK retreating the against operations halt to obligation any undertake didnot (TSK) Forces Turkish the borders, Armed beyond forces PKK the Being informed Öcalan’s about decision to withdraw border. the beyond withdraw to in order terrain flat and alarge cross to had who Region Sason the from coming units PKK the from were losses the of majority the said Sarıkaya Hıdır withdrawal, aquick demanding for instructions in and persistence Öcalan’s as well as withdrawal of process hasty the Having critized losses. 250 around were there that in Arbil during ourinterview said time, that at operation withdrawal for the responsible was who officer (Ekrem), PKK’s the military Sarıkaya Hıdır hand other the On 500-1000. is around toll the saythat PKK the to close PKK’s circles losses, the of number exact the give not do sources Although casualties. in of hundreds resulted this withdrawal in Turkey forces border.armed the However, beyond its withdrew PKK the his organization, and Öcalan between Following of correspondences a series CostThe Withdrawal of Beyond Borders Turkish of outside borders”. organization the take could Öcalan that so organization the and Öcalan between traffic message the hinder didnot state The 82

‘this is the chance’.[...] isthe ‘this the and Turkish The state saying Turkish the by state laid traps and attacks the and withdrawal, the well arrange and plan to failure the to due process withdrawal the during taken were [...] blows serious withdrawal. In short, inthe panic of atmosphere an and confusion atremendous was there later, weknew weeks two [...] withdraw. to precisely awhile, decision After the speech, asituation-analysis with together radio, On September 1 September On Op. cit., 92. Op. cit., st , I personally communicated on on communicated , Ipersonally 82

69 70 Despite Öcalan’s decision withdraw to forces the PKK beyond the borders, the heavy toll due to the attacks by thebeyond attacks to due the borders, toll the heavy settlement. settlement. the TSK caused a crisis of confidence, which made it acrisis of confidence, caused the TSK impossible to undertake similar in the steps path a impossible to undertake to language at the court and his subsequent decisions to to decisions his subsequent and court the at language However, reconciliatory PKK. Öcalan’s the with ties their severed and cause” the to “treason as decision the described PKK the of cadres executive Some PKK. the left who names important many also were there predicted had he as yet Öcalan; to loyal organization and cadres executive PKK the to thanks mostly possible became conflict armed the end Turkey’s beyond forces and its borders withdraw to PKK’s The decision lives. of loss to onlylimited not was - Öcalan of Turkey’s instructions the -under borders beyond forces its withdrawing of cost the PKK, the For Organization the in Withdrawal Beyond Division and Borders future. in the taken being steps same to obstacle aserious pose memories these and undertaken, was move same the when year the 1999, from memories bad some has PKK the past, recent the at such, looking As 1999. of incidents these Turkey’s ignore to beyond forces seem borders PKK the of is withdrawal for settlement step first the that and silenced are weapons where environment in only an is possible Kurdish the Question to solution Today, the that settlement. emphasize who circles a to path in the steps similar undertake to impossible it made which confidence, of acrisis caused TSK the by attacks the to due toll heavy the borders, the beyond forces PKK the withdraw to decision Öcalan’s Despite 83

soldiers were martyred. were soldiers 200 around withdrawal, the During place. take would withdrawal the where roads the on traps laid and thought, they better’ the Ikill more army... ‘The Bir Savaşın Anatomisi, 352-353. Anatomisi, Savaşın Bir Karayılan, 83 Independence: Blood and Belief, for Fight Kurdish the and PKK The Marcus’s book, Aliza enemies. political its against PKK the by used insults harshest the are members, for ‘surrendering’ and ‘liquidating,’ which PKK some including spheres, Kurdish political by accused was him. Öcalan against propaganda the for environment enabling an creating thus and PKK, goingthe beyond audience awide among wishes” their to according acts and Staff General the of control the under himself placed has “Öcalan that view the strengthened conflict armed the to end an put Turkey’s beyond forces to armed borders the withdraw 84 in the his sentence serving was he as in 1996 East] Sun Rising In the [The Güneş Doğu’daentitled Yükselen Öcalan Abdullah of abiography Yüce, wrote Can M. and leads the opposition to thispolic to opposition the leads and “surrender”, and “treason” days as those of policy Öcalan’s describes also conflict, armed the end and borders beyond withdraw to taken was decision the when time the at in prison was who PKK the of leaders prominent the Yüce, of one Can M. period. that at PKK the of dynamics internal the understanding for reference important an as conflict Kurdish armed the and PKK the of history the of account an gives period, that of developments the covers which Ararat] Mount the [Moving Dağı’nı Taşımak Ağrı entitled abook wrote Çelik Selahattin names, two these Of PKK. the of acts armed first the organized who figure military-political aleading Çelik, Selahattin and trauma”, “1999 the of because organization the with ties severed who in Lice Fis of in village in 1978 PKK the of founding the at meeting present founders the Topgider, Hüseyin from received information of one on based extent alarge is to PKK, the on materials reference important most the of one as recognized book, This period. said during the organization the left who PKK, the of officers and commanders senior with

Yayınları, 1st Edition, February 2009]. February Edition, 1st Yayınları, Kürt Hareketi ve PKK İnanç: ve Kan [Turkish: 2007) Press, University Blood and Belief Independence: for Fight Kurdish the and PKK Marcus, Aliza , translated by Ayten Alkan, İletişim İletişim Alkan, Ayten by , translated (New York and London: New York New London: York and (New 84 is based on interviews interviews on is based y. 85 Öcalan”. Abdullah of reality the explain East think that we reasons, these all to sun. Due its met it end in the but tragedies; many through went and agonies endless suffered it long, longer.any for too waiting been It had sun its without on carry not sun could of Sun’. land The of ‘Land the is called Kurdistan of land the wonder says: “No and Öcalan biography, Yüce praises Öcalan Abdullah an book, In his previous Öcalan. exalted which book his to former incomparison approach opposite the exactly Liquidation] and has Surrender by Illusion an End of the Movement, Revolutionary Yanılsamanın Sonu Bir ile Tasfiyecilik ve Teslimiyet Hareketi, Karşı-Devrim Uluslararası entitled His book decisions. Öcalan’s felt about he disillusionment the and experienced he trauma the of aresult as in 1999 book another wrote he and Öcalan, Abdullah exalting of terms in literature PKK in the place aspecial has He PKK. the of history the about wrote also and Prison, Çanakkale the PKK: the dissolve to plan the of implementer the into Öcalan Abdullah turned has state the that Yüce asserts book, In this decision. Öcalan’s Abdullah through country the of out taken were PKK’sforces the which armed during period the covers it Pir and Kemal and Durmuş Hayri Korkmaz, Mahsum i.e. PKK, in the figures symbolic three of names the of -acombination Pir” Hayri “Mahsum alias the under published was book book mentioned above in the leader his former against stance apro-polemic demonstrates hand, he Yüce, Yüce, handle hastily and smoothly a struggle of decades decades of astruggle smoothly and hastily handle to possible not It was pace. own in their advancing for all were .They they in arush, not were planned as flowing and control under was everything [1999]; guaranteed by the prosecutor’s statement of April 3 April of statement prosecutor’s the by guaranteed were process in this role Öcalan’s as well as itself plan liquidation the and recorded, were minutes Interrogation obvious. was Öcalan to given role The force. in full was gains and values revolutionary its with along PKK the dissolve to plan The Doğu’da Yükselen Güneş, 26. Güneş, Yükselen Doğu’da and Sun and [International Counter- [International constitute the image that best best image that the constitute 85 On the other other the On This . This rd

86

Abdullah Öcalan’s mortal enemies. mortal Öcalan’s Abdullah COMMANDERS OF THE PKK THE OF COMMANDERS MILITARY AND FORMER LEADERS ‘ the from originated over-confidence this and happen, this make could he that confident was Öcalan media. in the coverage sizeable find to had world outside the to communicated messages the Therefore, process. new this to used get people make to necessary be would it PKK, the containing After control. their under it bring and PKK the to out reach to had they first, But fighter. apeace being for time was it Now capacity. in that his country’ ‘serve and fighter’ a ‘peace be to was He a repentant. of role customary and ordinary the play to Öcalan allowing be not would So, they struggle. the and party the of collapse atotal to lead possibly not could it yet run, short in the influence have some could to ‘ calls and practice repentance classical the example, For laws. political and social with line in be not would it as resistance, the of values the and fighter’ who has gone through the mill of İmralı. of mill the through gone has who fighter’ a‘peace but in Beqaa, roaring war of commander [...] a longer no his lawyers was He through fighter’ a‘freedom as act would he course, Of so. do to means and time for asked only he and state 91-92. Op. cit., of 5 August 1984, which marks the launch of the the of launch the marks which 1984, 5August of political-military center of the PKK in Beqaa. PKK the of center political-military prison. Living abroad, Yüce has become one of of one become has Yüce abroad, Living prison. He died in 1982 as a result of his hunger strike in his hunger of strike aresult as in 1982 died He Diyarbakır Prison. in aconflict in 1985 died He struggle. PKK’s armed He was caught in 1980 and spent twenty years in years twenty spent and in 1980 caught was He in 1982 as a result of his hunger strike in the in the his hunger of strike aresult as in 1982 the to given was name His Mountain. Gabar in the One of the PKK’s founders. He died died He PKK’s the of founders. One Durmuş: Hayri the Diyarbakır Prison. Diyarbakır the PKK. the of members early the of One Pir: Kemal Commander of the Eruh Raid Raid Eruh the of Commander Korkmaz: Mahsum One of the early members of the PKK. PKK. the of members early the of One Yüce: Can M. system he had built. He also gave confidence to the the to gave confidence also He built. had ’ he surrender 86 ’

71 72 87 for this situation in his book: for thissituation reasons the to clues the gives Kapmaz reconciliation. of process in the state the on implications have didn’t any also but questioned being leadership his cause only didnot amove such that seems himsurrender.It of accused who circles, political Kurdish and PKK the stirred border the beyond Turkey within forces armed its withdraw to and struggle armed the end to decision Öcalan’s Abdullah WITHDRAWAL SIGNIFICANCETHE PKK’S THE OF Kapmaz, Kapmaz, Interview Notes of 29 July 1999. July 29 of Notes Interview mountains instead of withdrawing: of instead mountains the leave to PKK the expecting was which state, the to response following gave he the Thus organization. the of members the all cover to law the wanted and inadequate law the of substance the found he state, the by Counter-Terror contemplated Law the to importance great attached Öcalan though Even mountain.’ the off PKK the get to made be should arrangements [...] ‘legal that complained He withdrawing. of instead mountains the leave to PKK the wanted and adequate, was step this think not did state The clearer. become to started borders beyond withdraw to decision the about stance state’s the time, ashort However, after step?’ the taking not they are Why here? issue main the mountain the off PKK the getting not ‘Is his expectations: summarized he allow an initiave based on this step. On July 26 July On step. this on based initiave an allow to state the wanted and mountain, the off PKK the get to step ahistorical was did he what thought Öcalan then the organization should be taken as awhole.’ as taken be should organization the then amnesty, an of isasort law If the account. into this take should law the Ithink So law? by mountain the off guerrilla the pulling manage they will How amnesty? Law a and the generalof Repentance Justice about Ministry the with negotiate lawyers Can system. guard village the of abolition and villages to return include would steps new Significant yourself. astep take you before step a take to them expect cannot you powerful; is state do.The to thing right isthe it Ifind location. acertain to withdrawn be can forces the think ‘I İmralı Günleri, 92-93. Citation from İmralı İmralı from Citation 92-93. th [1999] 87 throughout our chain of command”. of chain our throughout in unity his decision implement we will that declare Commander, Chief our we hereby from and order 89 88 August 5 August announcement Council by thePresidency PKK on Öcalan’s of approval the upon areality became organization, in the turmoil the and mountain” the off get them enough; is not borders beyond “withdrawing that demand state’s the between stuck Öcalan left which decision, withdrawal The also started to lose hope: hope: lose to started also Öcalan itself, reveal to began decision withdrawal the towards attitude state’s the as declaration, - calling us to end the war as of September 1 September of as war the end us to - calling forces armed our to Apo’s instruction Leader perceive “As we forces, ARGK statement: following the made in Kurdish) Kurdistan, of Army – People’s Liberation ( ARGK wing military

Op. cit. Op. cit. borders, then acts of provocation will continue.’ will provocation of acts then borders, the inside are If forces all. for isfavorable borders the outside Being practical. even isnot it realistic, from far being Besides approach. It isa negative difficult. more things make but nothing do borders?’ beyond awithdrawal but surrender to acall not ‘Why like Approaches PKK... the to it explain to hard incredibly it find We will situation. isadeadlock this And say. they withdraw?’ but surrender not ‘Why realistic. isnot This mountain.’ the off them get first should ‘Öcalan isthat in Ankara atmosphere prevalent ‘The state: the by taken stance the accept not would he that his lawyers told Öcalan in Ankara, atmosphere lingering the summarizing After in İmralı. situation this about informed was Öcalan withdrawing?’ but surrendering not they are ‘Why into translated was this And mountain’. the off them get first should ‘Öcalan that demanded still in Ankara atmosphere prevalent The state. the and Öcalan between crisis the end to failed also borders organization’s to withdraw beyond acceptance However, the in İmralı. his lawyers to talked Öcalan statement, the made PKK day the the On th , 101. , 101-102. 1999. Following the decision, the PKK’s the decision, the Following 1999. Arteşe Rızgariye Gele Kurdistan Kurdistan Gele Rızgariye Arteşe 88 After this After st - as an an -as 89

grounds for reconciliation. of apursuit or asolution towards astep as perceived Turkey’snot beyond forces was armed borders its PKK’s the withdraw that to decision clearly reveals 91 90 September 29 on astatement made Staff General the borders, beyond withdrawal from group, apart PKK armed an surrendering of move second Öcalan’s such, after As follows: as thismatter his on opinion gives save his to diminishing power.Öcalan İlker Başbuğ by amove as but Öcalan, by gesture reconciliatory a Turkish as beyond not PKK’sthe borders withdrawal Turkey, of Staff General of Chiefs describes former the organization”. the of İlker Başbuğ, “continued survival the as but for peace, ahope as not instructions Öcalan’s Abdullah on borders beyond forces its of PKK’s the withdrawal perceived has military The eligible for the Repentance Law”. Repentance for the eligible be to Turkish supreme in the as shelter so justice take and surrender is to terrorists for the way out only The is neutralized. terrorist last the until struggle this continue to is determined TSK the in... Therefore, organization from endterrorist it the dead finds itself the rescue to propaganda but is nothing attempt this that see to developments the at look close a takes who for anyone It is them. possible applaud almost can they how and organization so-called the of initiatives the with developing attempts peace as organization terrorist the of blunders recent the interpret can people how understand to impossible is “It follows: as read statement the purposes, for propaganda come had group the that Asserting

allowed the PKK to reclaim the stage after some time. some after stage the reclaim to PKK the allowed group this neutralize to failure The Iraq. of North the to time, the at terrorists 3000 around roughly forces, its withdrew PKK the country, in the defeated been Having in Turkey happened in 1999. what iswas This regions. safer towards disperse to attempt terrorists forces, security superior with faced When Kapmaz, Kapmaz, Terör Örgütlerinin Sonu Örgütlerinin ,Terör Başbuğ İmralı Günleri, th 1999 and made its position clear. position its made and 1999 114-115. , 146. 91 This statement statement This 90 detail: in matter the addressed Karayılan interview, our days before two ANF in the appearing his interview In progress. current the we consider when today move in Turkey forces unnecessary the an withdrawing was that clearly stated Karayılan Murat In interview, our WITHDRAWAL BEYOND BORDERS FORWARD: ASTEP MORE NO 92 down “laying Aydar said Karayılan. Murat of that to similar views expressed also in Brussels, interviewed we whom Remzi Aydar Kartal, and Zübeyir for resolution. achance give would that situation Turkey’s beyond is a which withdrawal borders, PKK’s the of diminish likelihood the incidents 1999 the from learned lessons unpleasant The

and relocate them toborders? the southern relocate and Bingöl and Erzurum Dersim, as far as from months for march wehave forces our should why resolution, a for mentality and will isthe way? If there easier and ashorter it Isn’t Dersim. from right process in the included be can in Dersim forces the then out, comes solution any No, if out! come will solution a then and Kurdistan, Southern to come months, three for Dersim from march will forces The solution. of process the to contribute to value inherent no It has practically. sense any make not does it Because not? Why imposition. an such way in any accept usto for possible So,isnot it intentions. other some harbouring perhaps and years over it extending it, postponing merely but problem the solving not mean indeed Turkey’s would of borders outside forces our withdraw again weonce that insisting Now time. along required away and far seemed solution since necessary was withdrawal that felt was it time, Atthat us. for experience apainful be to out It turned Turkey’s in 99. beyond borders forces our all almost wewithdrew that It istrue impossible. issimply it ,as agenda our on been ever never has and question, of isout [withdrawal] athing Such Karayılan, 9 November 2010. 9November Karayılan, Murat with Interview Borders], Beyond Withdrawing Not is [Guerilla Çekilmiyor” Dışına Sınır ANF, “Gerilla 92

73 74 same view with more emphasis: more with view same the voices PKK’sforces, the of armed commander chief the Karayılan, Murat Kurdish by masses. guarantee of element an as perceived be will mountains in the PKK’s forces the is reached, armed settlement a time the until that asserted interviewee The fate”. same the face not would they guerrilla, had Rıza Seyyid and Said Sheikh “if that adding satisfied”, are Kurds the and Öcalan Abdullah unless arms down lay never will guerrilla “the that stated also interviewee Turkey’s serve Kurdishwill interests”.The same mountains in PKK’s the the continues, existence state inaction the as long As mountain. in the stay them Let etc. Al-Qaeda, Hezbollah, Hamas, Iran, of influence of sphere the under fall then would Kurdish movement Islamic Armed The them. filling in Hezbollah result only will mountains the “Evaluating view: interesting an adding aprecondition” be not should arms down “laying that mentioned person same The state. the with together prepared for a“5-10 roadmap” year continued”, need be the emphasizing should inaction of state “the and out petered had struggle armed the that stated Kurdish One individual Qandil. leaving and arms its down laying PKK the of act unconditional an cover not does thisview Hence, standpoint.’ a‘philosophical as rather addressed usually is out”, thisview petered has struggle armed “the that expressed figures these although In interviews, our is necessary. Qandil in forces armed and bases PKK the of preservation words force, in other armed its and existence its maintain to PKK for the is necessary it phase, resolution the reach to Kurdish for the Question that stressed also ground political legitimate on acting and PKK the supporting Kurdish individuals known well- interviews, In face-to-face our implemented. be should measures” “confidence-building some “negotiation”, of level the in parallel reach and should Öcalan Abdullah with talks the first phase, that reach to in order that stressed and mountain’ the ‘leaving of process in the phase” final the be would weapons the revolution. [...] The existence of the guerrilla offers a offers guerrilla [...] the of revolution. existence The Kurdistan in the power isastrategic Guerrilla direction: in this steps were “endingstruggle” and armed the borders” beyond “withdrawal that claiming practice, in out work could mountain’ the ‘leaving of act days the how in those explained had Öcalan Abdullah . mountain’ the ‘leave or arms down lay to PKK for the complicated more it make 1999, of experiences the from stemming mistrust of aclimate with coupled approaches, these All [s]’.” ‘guarantee their as forces armed the Kurds see arms. down laying to consent not will they Otherwise rights. identity guaranteed legally their regarding of developments amountains with series and the from guerrillas of departure gradual with free, set is he finally until Öcalan for Abdullah arrest house with beginning asolution through reached ‘disarmament’ to consent and accept will “Kurds in Turkey domain legal in the said, active politician Kurdish influential and well-known another Likewise, 93

with our weapons whenever the state tells us to usto tells state the whenever weapons our with come We this... will ensure to policies transparent and open of aseries be to needs there then amnesty, ageneral and reform legal a democratic be Turkey’s will to If there arms, the forces. including assets, its all add to isready PKK the happens, this When arms. down lay and inside come to outside the on are who those for call the making Iam time, This reform. legal ademocratic and amnesty general a with completely arms down lay to isready PKK The the Alevis would be different. be would Alevis the all to and people Alevi our to approach the guerrilla, no were there if example, For struggle. democratic political for opportunity the find to able are forces democracy our and people our environment, [...] struggle. balanced In this democratic political their wage to people Kurdish the allow would states other the nor Turkish the state neither then exist, not did by created the guerrilla environment balance and […] in Kurdistan. continues If the struggle rebellious and political democratic, the today guerrilla, the by created balance the Through role. ground domain for social to play its the democratic Bir Savaşın Anatomisi, 478-479. Anatomisi, Savaşın Bir Karayılan, Murat 93 94 3. 2. 1. conclusivelyand ‘laying downarms’: mountain’ the ‘leaving of process in the done not and today, even done be to valid needs are what which on lessons, us good teaches Island İmralı the to transfer his and capture Öcalan’s following 1999 of quarters three first in the place took that developments The Kurdish endingto the insurgency. synonymous have they become and for asettlement, preconditions as longer no remain arms’ to ‘farewell or mountain’ the ‘leaving In asense, negotiation. through attained reconciliation of phase final a as rather but for aresolution preconditions as not arms down laying hence and mountains’ the ‘leaving of consider the acts supporters and members PKK the that is understood it viewpoints, these From all

reform and a general amnesty. ageneral and reform on the condition that there is legal a democratic -but want they as arms many as bring We will come. these steps are taken are steps these if relevant only be will mountain’ the ‘Leaving amnesty. ageneral of scope and content the the concerning taken be should steps and a whole as addressed be should Organization the direction, in this made be should arrangements legal in Turkey’sNecessary life. political participate to PKK for the way is cleared the that condition the on only mountain’ the ‘leave can PKK The state; the with his negotiating future up while give never can Öcalan Abdullah which card trump is a This influence. Öcalan’s Abdullah and itself organization the maintain to able (in be to Qandil) Turkish the outside territories those even forces, armed its maintain to PKK It for the is amust mountain’; the ‘leaving ensure to step adequate an even mountains’, is not and the ‘leaving to synonymous is not 2009, in Kurdish the Initiative of launch the after agenda Turkey, the on brought demands main the of one of outside forces its of PKK’sThe withdrawal Interview Notes of 12 August 1999. August 12 of Notes Interview Kapmaz, İmralı Günleri, 103. Citation from İmralı İmralı from Citation 103. . 94

crises experienced by the organization at that time. that at organization the by experienced crises internal major the to related closely be to appears it and Öcalan the decision by orders and Abdullah resumed its armed struggle as of June 1 of as struggle armed its resumed PKK The struggle. armed the resume to trigger a as liquidation, its with concerned was which PKK, the by used was mountain’. thissituation In asense, the ‘leaving of act the on insisted and idea that uphold didnot period him that at with talks the conducting circles military the yet resolution, to path the on aleverage as Öcalan by considered was PKK the of section forces armed actor. one Keepingthe than more of calculations political the of interests political for the serves struggle armed the of continuation that indicate 1999 of experiences the Likewise since2004. especially Turkey, of regions Eastern and Southeastern in the mountains their to returned extent, Turkish have, alarge outside to borders relocated PKK’sforces the of armed Apart in 2004. struggle armed the resume to PKK the led that reasons the among counted be Turkey’s can in 1999 borders beyond forces its of PKK’s the from withdrawal arised opportunities the us of make properly to failure The BACK TO STRUGGLE ARMED Ataç (Ebubekir), Hıdır Yalçın, Hıdır Sarıkaya (Ekrem), Yalçın, (Ebubekir), Hıdır Sarıkaya Ataç Hıdır Taş Yılmaz Halil (Faysal), Kani (Botan), Nizamettin (Ferhat), Öcalan Osman as such commanders senior and executives influential including Agroup, disintegration. causing in 2004 extent irreconcilable an to reached in 2003 organization the of command upper in the itself revealing dissent The PKK’s the of struggle. parameters the changed all EU have Turkey’s the US, to and path her on progress the of umbrella security the under country the of part northern in the Kurdish existence semi-independent of conditions enabling autonomous an or even a emergence US, possible the the by Iraq’s occupation Inside Ensuring aMeans of Struggle as Unity Division within the andArmed PKK st 2004 upon upon 2004

75 76 dee was he that fact the hide not does he this break, Taş for (Botan) Nizamettin and Öcalan Osman against accusations severe makes Öcalan Although this. for responsible U.S. the held he him at and targeted aconspiracy as Öcalan Abdullah by considered is Öcalan, Osman his brother included also which PKK’s the cadres, within senior abreak Such 2004. and the armed struggle would start as of June 1 of as start would struggle armed the and organs PKK the from expelled be would group said the that announced was it comingİmralı, from orders the Through Qandil. presentin PKK the of spectrum in only Turkey wide not in the also but influential were cadres senior and executives PKK These 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. follows: as summarized are which views their of because organization the of cadres executive the of rest away the from drifted group this in interviews, our we received information the to inside Turkey. from also support According significant with execution, organization’s in the wires the pull to started Dursun, Ali and Batman Deniz, Sakine Jiyan aside the thesis of ‘imperialist America’. ‘imperialist of thesis the aside US, the leaving with relation-building be should developmentfavorable for Kurds that and there a as is considered Iraq of US occupation the That Kurdish organizations; Iraqi with solidarity close in be to is necessary it that and Kurdishthe history in milestone apositive as is taken Kurdistan Iraqi in aKurdish the of government formation the That in only Turkey; present organization an into itself transform should Kurdistan, of four parts in all organized being refuse should PKK the That scene; political in Turkey’s arole play to work and struggle, armed reject completely politicized, become to needs in Turkey PKK the That possible. struggle political Turkey by EU make the to road the on undertaken being reforms democratic the That unnecessary. is struggle armed the that advocating view The leadership); unquestionable Öcalan’s Abdullah of refusal (i.e., denied be culture should leadership the That ply hurt: ply st , given bygiven some of our interviewees: accounts the in with tie Karayılan by made points the tone, using incriminating an Despite Movement”. 95 June 1 on struggle armed of revival the describes He PKK. the within splitting the to refers also Karayılan Murat In his book, agreement at the expense of the Kurds], 20 May 2011. May 20 Kurds], the of expense the at agreement an reached have USA the Turkey and [Öcalan: anlaştı” Türkiye-ABD Karşılık Kellesine Kürtlerin ANF, “Öcalan: end, they wanted to divide the organization. the divide to wanted end, they In the split-ups. some were There in time. informed away. not melted Iwas cadres our of thousand a away. went up and broke Almost group Botan Osman- rascal those But intwo? body our divided they when it Iaccept could How them. insulted even and harshly them Icriticized them, with angry very it.’ Iwas accept Icannot choose; to me want you then and two, into body one my ‘You divide saying anger, great with Iresponded time, Atthat intervene. to me wanted They ineffective. were they well; process the manage not could they so; do to failed they But separation. this have prevented could Qandil in remaining Those in Qandil. stayed others The trap. this for fell rascals Osman-Botan The in Iraq. intervention U.S the to linked isdirectly situation This in two. movement Kurdish the divide to prepared long had They Ecevit. dismissed play. the They into came in Turkey Gladio the NATO and the known, Gladio as Then, 2001. until lasted committee particular that with talks Our guerrilla. the going cover to It was purpose. that for designed was amnesty” Rahşan “The asolution. for something do to wanted Ecevit time, At that borders. beyond withdrew guerrilla the and borders, beyond withdrawal and aceasefire for Icalled So anything’. discuss can we violence, quit you if and country the divide to want not do you that If declare you ineffective. it render to wehave and game, abig playing are ‘They said them of One sincere. seemed and experienced were period in that members military The me. to talked and came military the representing people of agroup In 99, continued internally and activities destructive they and party the to unknown were activities whose group aclandestine as acting were Ekrem and Serhat Ebubekir, Botan, Ferhat, including people These st , 2004 as the “1 June the as , 2004 95 96 PKK: in the division for the Kurdistan, Iraqi in allied was he whom with YNK, Talabani the and US, the Jalal responsible holds implicitly Karayılan

Bir Savaşın Anatomisi, 483-484. Anatomisi, Savaşın Bir Karayılan, Leader Apo’s of theLeader the and outburst intervention However, the with conspiracy. international this of part as operation internal an out carry to wanted who forces, conspiring international by backed was it and ones previous the than equipped better was liquidationism of phenomenon the time This […] group. atreacherous of attempts liquidationist the manipuliate and form to wanted also they but outside, from attacks make to themselves confine only not did powers conspiring International liquidation. from itself save not could but forces, outside of support the with activities oriented dissolution- and enmity its continued platform, South the on based treason, of group This YNK. in the refuge took they exposed, politically and ideologically being after ineffective […]. rendered was group the When group liquationist the stopped intervention this with and 2004, in March PKK the rebuilding of process the started Apo Leader the crises, some However, after organization. in the instability and convulsion adeep caused group treacherous this from outburst [...] YNK) This Kurdistan, Kurdistan Niştîmanî (Yeketî Patriotic ofUnion the through connections external on based aresult achieve to wanted and methods, all tried they direction, In this powers. international on dependent it make to and Leadership, the by set limits the of out it derail and movement the manipulate to tried group treasonous this platform, offset its into platform Kongre-Gel 1st the […] turn to 2003. in July meeting attempted Having a during movement the against revolt declared openly and well, as connections external their on drawing in the with USthe region bybolder intervention much became group the in secrecy, and hypocrisy in activities these all […] out including. Carrying position Leadership in the people of imprisonment the more severe after became detachment their however yet organization in the history long a had group This organized. more became gradually 96 with the orders of Abdullah Öcalan on June on 1 Öcalan Abdullah of orders the with in line struggle armed to PKK’s the on return to decision during interview our comment following the made PKK, the with broken had which names abovementioned the with relations his close and struggle in Turkey armed to well-known for his opposition such, aKurdish intellectual, As struggle. armed PKK’s the of escalation in the role adecisive played organization the within cracks internal the eliminate urge to the that conclude to is possible it Therefore, 97 June 1 on struggle armed for the preparations the that in his PKK’s forces, book, the of armed commander Karayılan, by given accounts the from and statements Öcalan’s Abdullah from both is understood It in 2000?” Kalkan Duran or Bayık Cemil of names the of heard ever anyone Had guys. armed of authority the weakens means similar or amnesty through mountain the Leaving domain. up acivilian opens weapons the “Silencing said, He PKK. the within and state in the both elements certain by desired especially was conflict armed to return the that asserted Öcalan”, for Abdullah and state for the both lesson “a as in 1999-2004 developments the considered who aKurdish intellectual, ourinterviews, During Who Wanted Struggle? the Armed PKK, such as Cemil Bayık, collided”. collided”. Bayık, Cemil as such PKK, wing of militant the and state deep the of interests The Turkish the of state. purpose deep the was This ranks. PKK in the division the healed that uniting role a played decision war The irrelevant. them rendered it war; the of outside left were who cadres the of opinions and arguments the stopped decision war “The some Kurds refer to the Iraqi Kurdistan as the ‘South’ ‘South’ the as Kurdistan Iraqi the to Kurds refer some and PKK The Iraq. Turkey to return Northern from to PKK’s forces for the Medya’, of armed called Areas ‘Defense the enter would Iraq occupying US soldiers the that concerned ago. Öcalan, time long started had

Op. cit international conspiracy was fully neutralized. fully was conspiracy international the of operation internal this movement, ., 488. st 2004: 2004: st 2004 2004 97

77 78 Murat Karayılan’s account of that period is as follows: is as period that of account Karayılan’s Murat number of PKK groups in Turkey groups 1500”. PKK of number reached had the Turkey enter to 2003, “by and in groups, started members PKK the Öcalan, by thisassessment After them”. on limits any Ihave put not North. the enter may also They thousand. 100 to numbers their increase should they If necessary, for self-defense. HPG Gel ( PKK’s forces the armed calls Öcalan 99 in example, For Staff”. “General the or “military” the word the uttered ‘deepthe state’, interviewee’s the or state the by meant they what asked When struggle. armed an to for transition PKK’s preparations the of ‘deepinformed the and state’, aware fully were words in other state, the of units certain interviewees inside Turkey.forces our of some to According its shift and struggle armed start to preparations PKK’s the of unaware totally be would ‘state’ the that plausible very seem not does it control, state’s the his with relations organization completely are under and contacts Öcalan’s Abdullah that Considering 4 September from notes his interview In Turkey of Kurdish the regions ‘North.’ to the and as 98

Kapmaz, Kapmaz, - HPG) to enter Turkey: “They should develop the the develop Turkey: should enter to -HPG) “They 482-483. Anatomisi, Savaşın Bir Karayılan, preparations for a war of defense. of awar for preparations its on concentrated and Behdinan, to Qandil from headquarters its move to decided HPG in 2003 developments, these With positions... in their already were forces the and done, was deed the situation, the realize to came it Once situation. the of unaware also was Turkish the state Therefore anyone’s notice. without inside deployed were forces the Hence, media. the to revealed never was it Plus, movement. the of management compact the only of knowledge the within out carried action an It was these. all doing when abasis as taken not […] was 2003. Publicity in war adefense for provinces Northern to forces necessary the transferred and line, self-defense for the development of a defensive on war the […] preparations concentration. Moreover, started it military and ideological serious avery with processes 2003 and 2001-2002 the experienced HPG Öcalan’ın İmralı Günleri, 202. Günleri, İmralı 99 Hêzên Parastina Parastina Hêzên th 2002 in İmralı, in İmralı, 2002 98

struggle on June 1 on struggle armed resume to decision Öcalan’s Abdullah about thoughts their Taş described (Botan) Nizamettin 2010, in November in Arbil interview long our not even under the control of the then-Chief of General General of then-Chief the of control the under even not were but 2001, and 1997 between talks the handled had who cadres military the than approach only adifferent not had 2002 after Öcalan with talks the conducting team frozen. The virtually were talks the and in İmralı, Öcalan with made were interviews no almost in 2003, Iraq of US occupation the until 2002 of beginning the From 2005. until 2002 from contacts the ran who ones guys’, ‘Ergenekon the the were called today are who Yet, officers, the 2001. of end the until afterwards, even and İmralı, to brought was Öcalan period during the cadres same the by continued were Staff, General of Chief as Kıvrıkoğlu Hüseyin Gen. his successor and Karadayı Hakkı İsmail General of office during the 1997 in started Öcalan, with contacts The times. different at affinities political different of cadres military different of consisted Öcalan Abdullah with talks running the group the that recalled be should it At thispoint, towards the EU accession”. the towards Turkey’s against progress already were They power’. EU’s the enter Turkey youhave unless equation you cannot in there; EU,the you have but place no ‘Turkey that is going message towards the Öcalan to communicated group This case. in any end would rule Party AK the d’etat acoup and be would there that believe Öcalan Abdullah made Ergenekon case, in the soldiers, some of “The defendants whom became later struggle: armed towards his organization manipulate to decision leader’s PKK in the effective were period in that Öcalan to talking members military the that during interview our said contacts, those of in some role active an played even had who and in 2003-2004 in İmralı Öcalan Abdullah with contacts the watched closely had who persons the of One wars?” no were there if in politics interfere military the could How Staff. General the of plans the spoil would PKK’s State. the politicization of intervention an As Staff. General the of will the as decision war the interpreted “We PKK: the from dismissal their st 2004, which ultimately resulted in resulted ultimately which 2004, 100 and 2005, EU in October the to membership for full negotiations started government Party AK The 2004. December in Brussels in Summit EU the by taken EU the Turkey’s to membership for full negotiations start to decision the with coupled was This results. no yielded but 2004 and 2003 of years during the concentrated were attempts coup in 2007. Such launched Ergenekon duringinvestigation the discovered were government Party AK the targeting attempts coup PM Tayyip The with Erdoğan. relationship MİT, working the acloser towards had which shifted and side military’s the of control the left gradually 2005 after Öcalan with made contacts the that informed also we were thisreport, producing While TOLL HEAVY KCK THEIR AND HABUR, ARRESTS 29 April from notes In his interview period. that in made they contacts the followed closely had and of knew who interviewees our by given accounts the from revealed was leader. information This PKK captive the to suggestions and instructions giving of manner group, in the were, previous unlike the thisteam by undertaken interactions The Özkök. Hilmi Gen. Staff, today as well as lessons to b to lessons as well as today felt still outcomes and effects its above, aspects its in all is addressed which thisperiod, describes Öcalan

following the Erdoğan-Bush meeting on November 5 November on meeting Erdoğan-Bush the following said, Veli on also Küçük later and ‘betrayed’, all were generals these that said Ihad case. Ergenekon the with happened iswhat that In fact, Party. AK the support to started and army the from support understood very well what came on them. on came what well very understood had they day’. Indeed, that on betrayed ‘we were of November 5 November of Summit Bush-Erdoğan the After attempts. coup failed three or two aspired JİTEM, army, Icall the which in forces Gladio the in 2002, government the assumed Party AK the after that, understood It isnow Notes from 29 April 2011], 2 May 2011. 2May 2011], April 29 from Notes [Interview Notları” Görüşme Tarihli 2011 ANF, Nisan “29 th 2007, the US openly withdrew its its withdrew openly US 2007, the e learned: th 2011, Abdullah Abdullah 2011, 100 th have reached its culmination. its have reached to thought was it when atime at adeadlock to came Turkish Consequently, opinion. Initiative public the the of part asignificant from reactions harsh very some received and life Turkish in the turmoil political caused it and people, of thousands of tens by joy and love of demonstration the amidst bus open-top an via Diyarbakır to Habur from transported was group The arms. down laying of aim its achieve would Initiative the that hopes great raised border the at interrogation Turkey to brief return free avery following their and Habur from arms, holding eight members, 29 July on in Ankara Academy Police the at academicians and journalists intellectuals, fifteen as well Initiative”, the of “Coordinator as the called also was who time the of Interior of Atalay, Minister Beşir the by attended ameeting with launched was Question, Kurdish the of resolution for the actions of series a of point starting the as declared Initiative, The 22 July of elections general in the victory Party’s AK the after right Initiative way for the paved the background this on place taking developments The institutions. civilian the to institutions military the from transferred were Öcalan Abdullah and state the between contacts the why reason the as may perceived be hence government, civilian the of consolidation the of signs particular are developments These Partnership”. Accession with Country “Candidate to Country” “Candidate from Turkey’s changed was status October 19 October on Turkey gate entered border Habur the from women) also four including children, and Qandil, from eight and Iraq, in Northern settlement a refugee Camp, Mahmur the six from (twenty four people thirty of agroup when was Initiative, the as called briefly initiative, thissettlement of point culmination The Initiative”. “Democratic of instead Project” Unity “National term the use to chose Tayyip Minister Prime Erdoğan Initiative”. Afterwards, “Democratic the called be to came soon initiative nd th 2009. Initially named the “Kurdish Initiative”, the named the Initially 2009. 2007 with a very high vote of 47%. of vote high avery with 2007 th 2009. The entry of thirty four PKK four PKK thirty of entry The 2009.

79 80 time. during that arrest house under be would Öcalan and Öcalan, Abdullah of conditions imprisonment in the changes be would there domain, legal in the Kurdish for the Question framework resolution a build to Turkey while steps plan, taking be would the to .According concurrently taken be to steps the envisaged it and in essence extensive very was plan mountain’. The the ‘leaving of act the to lead could that step initial the was arms, their down having laid Turkey into members 8PKK Habur, of from as entrance the plan the to according and Qandil, to known was plan general The 2005. from starting state, the of institutions other the with in coordination taken be to steps the identify to Undersecretary MİT the by preparations of consisted plan general The plan. ageneral of part important an and project Initiative government’s the of pillar important an as considered were Habur from entries the thisreport, drafting while we have received information the to According Lawsuits were filed to the 4 the to filed were Lawsuits Camp. Mahmur the from two twenty and Qandil from were them of Eight Gate. Border Habur the from Turkey entered children, them of four people, file no. 2010-02 by the 4 the by 2010-02 no. file under administered case the of hearing first In the amember. being not despite organization aterrorist of name in the activities out carrying for sued were Mahmur from people two twenty The activities. propaganda its involvement and organization aterrorist of membership of charges the with Gate, Habur the from entering members Qandil the against Diyarbakır of Courts against seventeen people entering from Habur, from entering people seventeen against filed were Cases defendants. the against made were decisions arrest no Diyarbakır, of Court Penal On October 19 October On POINT: BREAKING THE INCIDENT HABUR THE administered under file no.2010-282 by the 6 the by no.2010-282 file under administered case In the arrest. under still are whom of Mahmur, from one all and Qandil from two including people three of arrest the for ruled court the 5 the by 2010-305 no. file under administered case the of hearing first In the arrest. under still were Mahmur, whom of all from five and Qandil from two including people seven of arrest the for ruled court the Diyarbakır, th 2009, a total of thirty four four thirty of atotal 2009, th Heavy Penal Court of Diyarbakır, Diyarbakır, of Court Penal Heavy th Heavy Penal Court of of Court Penal Heavy th , 5 th and 6 and th Heavy Penal Penal Heavy th Heavy Heavy country and not as members on the subsequent days. days. subsequent the on members as not and country the into entry their day of first the on members PKK as Qandil from comers the regard courts the words, amember. being In other not despite organization aterrorist of name in the activities out carrying of charges on were Habur from entry their day after one persons same these against initiated cases the while membership, PKK of charges on were Habur from entered had day they the to regard with Qandil from coming those against filed cases The continuing. still are propaganda, of grounds on members, PKK are who Nurettin, and Şerif against filed cases the while propaganda, of charges on convicted were Şerif, and Lütfü Qandil, from members PKK The Diyarbakır. Van and Erzurum, Malatya, of Courts Criminal High Authorized Specially the at country the left have already who those and arrest under currently are who those both against initiated Turkey. cases multiple left are There already have arrested been have not who people four twenty The inprison. still are Mahmur from coming those of six and Qandil from coming Currently, those of four free. currently are individuals these occasions; various at given statements and speeches to due Mahmur, from nine and Qandil from eight including particular by some high-level state officials we officials state high-level some by particular in PKK’, the of emphasized as ‘Turkeyfication the of plan the with in were harmony Habur from Entries thisplan. of preparation in the arole played also had Kurdish leaders Turkey. of life political in the Iraqi The arrest, house his completing concurrently be would who Öcalan, Abdullah as well as abroad and in Qandil PKK the of cadres executive the of participation for the provided period Turkey. to return transition then five-year This and period, transition five-year during the Kurdistan in Iraqi settle would individuals, 60-65 as identified in Qandil, cadres executive PKK in which mechanism asettlement envisaged plan The rights. political their exercising start immediately could they which through ‘homecoming’, of sort some for amnesty, eligible be would in Qandil 60-65 of cadres executive the of exception the with members PKK the In parallel, elections of March 29 March of elections took place on April 14 April on place took KCK during the process detentions wave of first The Kurdish in the society. trauma greater even an and Turkey across discussions heated caused Courthouse Diyarbakır the before mayors, in handcuffs including KCK the defendants, showing Photos process. the on affects irrevocable had (BDP), Party Democracy and Peace the replacement, its and DTP banned the from cadres many and mayors many of arrest in the resulting KCK the Case, under detentions Habur, after awave of months two particular, In disregarded. be to PKK’ the of ‘Turkeyfication the proposed plan undisclosed publically The years. for several studied been had that aplan of step first the was which backfired, initiative Habur The PKK’. the of ‘Turkeyfication the towards step significant but asmall as regarded be should initiative Habur the perspective, From this mountains. the on struggle armed engage in to need the feel not will PKK the that so PKK in Turkey domain the to political the opening implies words, thisidea own In their arms. down lay and this situation of get out to Turkey’s politics” legitimate into “retreat to organization for the is amust it that in Europe, and and in Qandil remains it as long as forces alien of control the vis-a-vis vulnerable remain will PKK the say that they means, it exactly what them we ask mountain’. When the ‘leaves organization the sure that make to aview with PKK’ the ‘Turkeyfy to necessity the underline capacities, similar in serving still others some and officials security in Turkey, high-ranking been Officials once some thisreport. of preparation during the interviewed eve of the general elections of June 12 of elections general the of eve in the KCK the case with in connection arrested Those 2010. of quarter first the by arrested been had BDP the of members wave, 1483 thissecond following arrests wide-spanning mayors; including with arrests seven in resulted incidents Habur the following reaction public most the garnered which arrests, wave of second The arrested. were DTP the of secretaries general wave,deputy three In thisfirst success. major th th 2009, two weeks after the local local the after weeks two 2009, 2009, in which DTP had won a won had DTP in which 2009, th 2011 are around around are 2011 The Habur experience contains asevere for both lesson contains experience Habur The has created. created. has it confidence of crisis the to due initiatives, new any taking before confidence mutual of aclimate reinstate to efforts concentrated some make to obligatory it made has issue, and aproblematic already was which KCK the Case, to on added Habur sides. both for lesson asevere contains experience Habur The clearly. very mistrust of sense thisdeep expressed Karayılan Murat In interview, our in Qandil. government the against repaired be cannot that confidence of acrisis created have all promises unkept of perception the in particular and operations KCK subsequent the and incident Habur The Qandil. Turkey and Mahmur to four have left returned and elections of June 12 of elections October 19 October on Habur from entering those of words, ten other In arrest. under still are Mahmur from those six of and Qandil coming from those four of written, was report this date Mahmur. the from of come had As who people two twenty for the amember being not despite organization aterrorist of name in the activities out carrying of charges on and coming Qandil, from for those organization aterrorist of propaganda and membership of charges on Diyarbakır, Habur at the 4 the at Habur from entering group the against filed were Cases 101 as members of the BDP. the of members as registered are them of in number. majority The 3200 some concentrated efforts to reinstate a climate of mutual of mutual aclimate reinstate to efforts some concentrated already sides. which the was onKCKCase, to added Habur a problematic issue, and has made it obligatory to make make a problematic to made it issue,obligatory has and crisis of confidence it has created. created. it has crisis of confidence any before new taking initiatives,confidence the to due

2011. May 28 on Koçali Filiz Co-Chair BDP from Çandar Cengiz by received information on based Also 2010. April 18 İki Radikal Arkası”, Operasyonu’nun “KCK İnsel, Ahmet th 2009 were still under arrest during the during the arrest under still were 2009 th , 5 th th and 6 and 2011, while the remaining twenty remaining twenty the while 2011, 101 th Heavy Penal Courts of of Courts Penal Heavy ,

81 82

individuals. In this 3 In this individuals. seven of Presidency Council Executive aKKK and individuals, seven of Justice of aCourt Commissions, Permanent eleven individuals, five of Council Presidency Kongra-Gel a identified chart organizational the established, was concept. At the 3 Atthe concept. confederalism” “democratic Öcalan’s with in accordance other than these countries. In addition to the PKK, political political PKK, the to In addition countries. these than other in places in Turkey, and Syria living Kurds and Iran Iraq, the represent to claimed are who councils different five Women’s and Youth the the Council, Council, It encompasses KCK. the for is envisaged design organizational A bottom-up Council. Executive the of Chairman isthe Karayılan Currently, Murat years. two of term office an for members, thirty and Chairman a of consisting Council Executive up an set to decided KCK”. of It “President was the as identified was status Öcalan’s Abdullah KKK. the of Turkey-focused organization the to opposed Turkey, of Kurds as Syria, and Iraq Iran, the covering organization umbrella an as envisaged KCK was The KCK. the to changed was KKK’s name the abroad, and in Turkey, Kurds the Iraq representing Syria, Iran, members WHAT KOMA THE IS CİVAKÊN KURDİSTAN (KCK)? The idea of the KCK was proposed at the 5 the at proposed KCK was the of idea The PKK. the of extension an as regions Kurdish other the in operating organizations and parties the all and PKK the coordinating organ executive KCK an islike the framework, In this East. Middle in the problems the solve to model a as and nation-state the to alternative an as suggested was Öcalan, by developed and coined concept, confederalism” Savunmak Halkı Bir book in his 2004 Öcalan Abdullah by suggested confederalism” “democratic of principle the of framework the within PKK the of reorganization the through established KCK was The Communities. Kurdistan of Union the meaning Kurdistan, Civakên Koma the for acronym KCK isthe The for. KCK stands the what exactly so,isnot do this to continues and organization” “PKK’s the urban KCK as the identified Turkish the widely media Although 2010. in December second the and 2009 of months early in the place took which of first the arrest, wide-spanning of wave the with opinion public Turkish the of agenda the KCK entered abbreviation The Gel’s 3 Kongra- the at established was Kurdistan, Komalên Koma for standing KKK, 2005. since in existence been had which KKK, the replaced it in May2007, and in Qandil held Congress) People’s –Kurdistan Kurdistan Gelê (Kongra Kongra-Gel In May 2007, at the 5 In May2007, the at Council. Executive KKK the of President as appointed was Karayılan Murat and President, Kongra-Gel rd Congress in Qandil with 236 delegates in May 2005, in May2005, delegates 236 with in Qandil Congress [Defending A Nation]. The “democratic “democratic ANation]. The [Defending rd Congress of Kongra-Gel, at which the KKK KKK the which at Kongra-Gel, of Congress rd th Congress, Zübeyir Aydar was made the the made was Aydar Zübeyir Congress, Congress in Qandil attended by 213 213 by attended in Qandil Congress th Congress of the the of Congress rejection of the confederal system”. confederal the of rejection a to equals mentality this with approaching and that like thinking In essence, astate. become wewill independent’ be ‘we will wesay when that think system our within viewpoint classical the over get to unable are who Those [...] brotherhood. to limits no placing means humanity, and of virtue the of purpose main isthe Yet,separately. partnership live also can they framework, that within together live to want not do together. If nations live cultures various where partnering, of It isasystem nation. democratic of mentality It isthe nations. of equality the of mentality It isthe pro-autonomy. isnot rationale Our sovereignty. your under autonomous be weshould and rule should you that saying We are it. want not wedo sense; classical in the autonomy for or afederation for have ambitions no wesay. Republic, this We of member isafounding nation our Republic, this of foundation in the ashare has also nation our in Turkey. develop to equal, we want usbe iswhat Let This system. aconfederal within equality, on based and together independent nations to nation form community a democratic for be should Yet, purpose main the independent. be should nation the independent, be should [...]system. society The confederal of the democratic independent self-declaration isthe alternative This alternatives. wehave other as asolution, without not us, weare with state and democracy a experience to want not do unity. If they democratic Turkeyof meet isto foundations aim the on “Our strategic utopic: seem might in Turkey it although implemented be can KCK isbased, the which on confederalism”, “democratic of principle the how in his book explains Karayılan Murat KCK. the of parliament or organ legislative the islike represented, are councils above-mentioned the from elected delegates 300 in which Kongra-Gel, The inKurdish) included. Forces, are People’s Defense - Gel Parastina (Hêzên HPG the wing, PKK’s the armed and organizations, society civil as well as in Syria, Kurdish) active in Party, Union -Democratic Yekiti aDemokratik (Partiya PYD the and in Iran active Kurdistan) of Party Life Free The - aKurdistanê Azad Jiyana (Partiya PJAK the as such parties 102 main purposes of the KCK, which is founded on this principle. this on isfounded which KCK, the of purposes main to the ‘democratic confederalism’ concept is and among the in Turkey related debates isalso large-scale for groundwork The“democratic concept whichthe autonomy” laid

461. Anatomisi, Savaşın Bir Karayılan, 102

Section Seven Section

83 84 commitments”, and when asked, “Do you mean Iran Iran youmean “Do asked, when and commitments”, “international on depends disarmament” of goal ultimate the with aprocess “starting that out pointed main reason is that after June 12 after is that reason main The for post-elections. hopes and having expectations express we interviewed sides the all although process, new the on ashadow may have PKK the cast by undertaken acts armed the meanwhile and elements, PKK’s the armed against operations military of number increased the period, pre-election during the cadres BDP the and party ruling the of members PM Tayyip and Erdoğan between polemics harsh The Kurdish the Question. to asolution for finding hopes and expectations elevated with aperiod enter Following the elections of June 12 of elections the Following RESOLUTION PROCESS ANEW CONSTITUTION, A NEW Pkk the The Kurdish Question and Question after June 12 after Question Kurdish the of resolution in the started be could Counter-Terror process Law”, anew that signaling in the made be also can changes Necessary elections. the after made be can “Constitutional amendments said, we interviewed government the of A member aConstitution”. for such drafts and studies are There Turks. the disturbing Kurds without the to respond will in away which amended be can Constitution New the of articles Many progress. make to chance we have a elections– the –after Constitution New “Now, the follows: with as spoke position parallel in a official state Another disarmament”. of goal ultimate the with process anew start can Constitution new for the work the elections, the “after thereof, that dimension PKK the and Kurdish the Question to regard with during ourinterview, said official A key state start. will constitution anew making th 2011. One of these officials officials these of One 2011. in the Process Ahead Process the in th , the process of of process , the th 2011, Turkey 2011, will general and also the “allied countries “allied the also and general in countries” “regional the meant he that responded he commitment?” yousayinternational when OTHERS THE AND QUESTION’:‘PKK SYRIA IRAN, DIMENSIONTHE EXTERNAL OF THE not act on similar routes to Turkey’s. to routes similar on It may create act not does policy Iranian The different. be would Question Turkey’s Kurdishgovernment. the to approach Kurdish facto is ade there now and is done it but Arbil; in aKurdish of government presence the i.e. here, situation like the even not It does resolve. to Question Kurdish the want not does “Iran that interview our during said Kurdistan of Party Socialist the of General Secretary the mountain, the from PKK’s departure in the factor’ ‘Iran the of importance the Underlining Iran. with contacts physical in close PKK the keep that factors main the are territories in Iranian is located Mountain Qandil the of half eastern the that Region,and Kurdistan Iraqi in the Kurdistan Iranian the to adjacent area in the settled are PKK’s forces the of armed part alarge that fact The Question’. ‘PKK the dimension to international an adds Germany, automatically in particularly countries, in European community diaspora/expat alarge have they created that fact geography,the and Eastern Middle in the countries sovereign four different of territories in the Kurds live that years, for many Turkish of outside territories been have forces armed and cadres PKK’s the that leader fact PKK’s arms’. the The down and ‘laying mountain’ the ‘leaving of problem the dimensionof external the us to brings Kurdish the Question of resolution in the important are forces external that view The ”.

85 86 might have made a deal with the US “at the expense of of US “at the expense with the havea deal might made Turkey that concerned became Öcalan statement, this making after while ashort Nevertheless, hisof interviews: recent notes in the factor’ ‘Iran the to references interesting makes also Öcalan Abdullah resolution”. the in participate absolutely should Iran Iran. up to it tie you unless happen not mountain’, will ‘off the “It that PKK the getting to regard with said, Ataç Halil PKK. the of officers highest-ranking the of (Ebubekir), one Ataç Halil by and for awhile, Iran with PKK’s relations for the responsible was who Öcalan Osman by shared also was observation same The arms. down laying PKK’s may the about on have Iran played that position role negative the to attention draws This difficulties”. 103

the Kurdish nation by using religion. by nation Kurdish the of struggle up the sponge isto aim Their calculation. isthe This partners’. usbe ‘let saying are they now so something, gaining something, iswinning nation Kurdish the that see they Now weapons. and money towards weaknesses and tendencies with someone find to easy Van. It isalways and Yüksekova Hakkari, Iran, as such regions in border guns and money via it It does isIran’s style. This in Bahrain. uprising Shiite the isbehind Iran etc. Bahrain and Syria, Lebanon, like in places things these do They East. Middle in the thing same the doing still are They intellectuals. Kemalist some to thing same the did they past, In the it. to attached forces such supports up and sets It always something. grab to hands its extends It always schemes. such behind always is Iran to. accustomed become we have all things are These Iran. to escaped they on Later Hezbollah. the of disresolution known Turkey. all the with was There agreement asecurity through developed was This it. isbehind going deeper. Iran serious, more are things happenings; these all vis-à-vis insignificant becomes of the current situation;entirety provocation the in describing short falls ‘provocation’ word the understood; sufficiently It isnot in Yüksekova. place taking events the of assessment abrief make I will Cannot Stand Even 3 Months], 13 May 2011. May 13 3Months], Even Stand Cannot Government the Erupts, War ABig [If Dayanamaz” 3Ay Hükümet Çıkarsa Savaş Büyük ANF, “Öcalan: 103 with Iran and Syria: agreement an make Kurds could that emphasized he thistime and East, Middle in the place Spring) taking (the uprisings Arab Arab the on based Kurds” the 104 again”. thistrump use to decide they if anyone surprise not It should before. PKK the of card trump the hold to used Syrians “The added: and regime, Baas Syrian Turkish the by the angered had adopted government attitude the that in Syria place taking events the to regard with said Kurdish one executive interview, Turkey beyond In our borders. balance regional the of framework the into PKK the of activities the and Kurdish the Question placing of in terms important is accuracy, its of regardless analysis, Öcalan’s

should be towards democratizing Syria. [...] Syria. democratizing towards be should efforts all in Syria, dissidents the with in unison acting of However, in case dissidents. the with together act can Kurds then it, accept not does state Syrian If autonomy. the democratic on based agreement an be It can Kurds. with adeal have make to They warning. aharsh them giving Iam end. their be would it them, for acatastrophe be It would Kurds. the use to attempting against warned be can Iran and Syria process, In this Iran. or Syria with adeal make to may Kurds attempt The in Iraq. and in Iran Syria, in Kurds the also includes This Kurds. the all includes This policies. these with in connection Kurds the sold also It has assets. its all mobilized has and US the NATOthe in Izmir, with adeal Turkey made fully has to provided base military the by shown currently As US. the with adeal making by out Turkey Kaddafi sold should be perceived from this day. this from perceived be should danger the factions; different two into Kurds the split that division apolitical was there if dangerous be It would influence. Iranian deep-rooted the to due Iran, from way their separate never will They them. on influence excessive an has Iran and Iran with relations deep some has in particular segment one in Iraq, Kurds the to As develop. further will and freedom of line the on remain will Iran and in Syria Kurds The this. know should everyone and nation Our today. after revealed be will that picture the see I can agreement at the expense of the Kurds], 20 May 2011. 2011. May 20 Kurds], the of expense the at agreement an reached have USA the Turkey and [Öcalan: Anlaştı” Türkiye-ABD Karşılık Kellesine Kürtlerin ANF, “Öcalan: 104 relations are natural”. are relations Such is like ateeter-totter. This US. the with relations develop will PKK the Syria, and Iran with relations If Russia. even Turkey and Syria Iran, develops to get closer will Turkey US, PKK the the to closer gets “If time: that at based be would process showdown 106 105 takes asolution is if solved, thisproblem “if that shesaid Zana, Leyla with Kurdish the Question about In interview our evident. becomes territories own its within Kurdish the Question to asolution find to for Turkey urgency the Spring, Arab the or Revolution Arab the called popularly are which uprisings huge the of public aresult as Africa Northern and East Middle in the experienced transformation historical Considering the PKK’s regional dimension the and PROCESS RESOLUTION THE OF URGENCY PKK. the dimension’of ‘external the of example an as consideration into taken be should thisview and circles, political and bureaucracy Turkishthe security Turkey in with prevalent opinion relations istheir an of state the to according PKK the with relations their adapt inand Europe cadres PKK Germany, the control and France mainly countries, some that view The 10 Turkey. September from against statement Öcalan’s atrump as balances regional the within position its use could PKK the that state, the with showdown in a engaged he times the at hinted already had Öcalan circumstances, then I will personally intervene”. personally Iwill then circumstances, such under come not unity. does IfPKK the political in democratic participate to come can they that issued, so be can Acall corrected. be must mistake 80-year This say‘come’ PKK. Turkey’: the to can “They for emphasizes the potential ‘Reconciliationalso inside Turkey, against card atrump dimensionas external PKK’s the use could he how of signals the giving while th Kapmaz, Kapmaz,

2003 revealed the parameters on which the the which on parameters the revealed 2003 Op. cit. Interview Notes of 24 September 2003. September 24 of Notes Interview Öcalan’ın 238. Cited from İmralı İmralı from Cited 238. Günleri, İmralı 105 The same Abdullah Öcalan, Öcalan, Abdullah same The 106

According to Leyla to Zana: “Ifthis problem is solved,According if a denominators is found in the coming is found in days, the the denominators common least the on agreement an reach can parties the which on asolution unless addition, recover. cannot In it where alevel reach will situation the and in Turkeyproblem deadlocked become will the that possibility growing gradual is the There mountain”. the ‘leaving of act the about uncertainty an hence and position Öcalan’s Abdullah to changes no brings it asolution, in finding delay the and region the shaking turmoil massive the Considering Turkey empower will solution immensely”. The Syria. on reflections have its also will territories own Turkey’s within Kurdish the Question of Resolution us. through Iraq of middle the up to ‘defense right line’ its have then Itextend will well. as Iran central border, the reaching Iranian-Iraqi the along Kurds all Iranian the on side; Turkey influence an gain then will Turkey’s to come then Kurds will Kurds; all all over span will effect thismatter, Turkey “If its view: settles following the matter, argued the dimension of and international and regional the to a reference PKK”, the use will making others territories, its within Turkey problem “if the solve said not executive does Similarly,Kurdish Iraqi arena. an international Turkey in the awhole as strengthen will insurgency’ ‘Kurdish the of settlement the that underlining power”, aregional Turkeythen become really will thishappens, “If said, same, the expresses essentially autonomy” “democratic of concept the that and Turkish the within territories, sovereignty” of sharing “equal and “equal want citizenship status” but state, independent Turkeyaseparate, from establish or break to aim not do Kurds that emphasizing individual, Kurdish One during interview. our individuals Kurdish many by voiced also were views Similar region”. the of star the become will it sense; real in the bridge Turkey then shape, aglobal become will bridge in the real sense; it will become the star of the the star itbridge sense; will in become the real solution takes shape,solution Turkey then takes aglobal will become region”.

87 88 interview notes released a week later: aweek released notes interview in his views same the repeated leader PKK The elections: the after place take to are that developments the of direction the on depending process the from out opt could he that signaled he which process”, after solution constitutional it the democratic called had “I said, He in İmralı. committee” “state the with had he talks the to attention drew Öcalan Abdullah Turkish the by threat’, ‘another covered as media were which in May 2011 released In his statements Öcalan’s Position in the Process adeadlock. into situation the drag hand, could other the on Kurdish the movement within starting change generational the and hand one the on process the from withdrawal Öcalan’s Abdullah of possibility 107

because I cannot practically lead them from here. from them lead practically Icannot because here, dead me consider should they acase, such [...] openly. Kurds In the everyone. but telling Iam affected are who Kurds be only not will it erupts, war civil if again, it saying Iam said. Ihad strife, internal an be even could it everywhere, cities, inthe streets, the on occur could war acivil Such heavy. be would consequences its And urban. in the and rural the in both erupt can war civil Atotal loose. break would hell all or erupt, would war abig contract, abroad be I had said that on June 15 June on that said I had green light is not given until June 15 June until given isnot light green If a otherwise. allow not do circumstances my since in theory you lead to able only Iam but too, leader practical your be to have loved Iwould organizations: our to nation, our to call this make I hereby 2011. May 13 3months], than more for hold can’t Government War, aBig the of Case In [Öcalan: Dayanamaz” 3Ay Hükümet Çıkarsa Savaş Büyük ANF, “Öcalan: anything. I call it a revolutionary civil war. We civil are arevolutionary it Icall anything. be can it insurgency; isuprising, that after happen will What already! dead me consider then developed, be will asolution that ismade announcement no if here, Ihave said what of framework th [2011] there would either either would [2011] there th within the the within 107

blackmail. blackmail. or threaten to not and asolution, to contribute to words those said had he that emphasizing statement anew released He opinion. Kurdishthe public Turkish the neither by nor understood sufficiently not was June 15th, on process the of out pull could he that week other the in his announcement stating Öcalan, 108

agreement at the expense of the Kurds], 20 May 2011. May 20 Kurds], the of expense the at agreement an reached have USA the Turkey and [Öcalan: Anlaştı” Türkiye-ABD Karşılık Kellesine Kürtlerin ANF, “Öcalan: withdraw on June 15 June on withdraw Iwould that announcements my that I think happens. peace and about brought is asolution Ihope awar; be not will there hope I these. of awareness with act all will they Qandil, BDP, The these. of aware be should Everybody developments. important be will there process; in ahistoric days, weare historic going through I will be withdrawing on June 15 June on withdrawing be I will Isay When right. be not would it that and leadership practical the as act to able be not Iwould that before stated already [in Ihad here İmralı]. conditions play and the under role anymore leader these practical the be to me for right isnot it Ithink me. on knots many so are There burden. aheavy shouldering Ihave been still, and time a long For opinion. Turkish the or Kurds the public either by understood leadership. Likewise, those in Qandil have all reached reached have all in Qandil those Likewise, leadership. own their assume should So, everyone stand. can I long how know not Physically, Ido lifetime. physical a forever. has Even arock continue cannot situation me?This on down collapses prison whole the and earthquake isan there if happen will What here. be will end my what uncertain It isalready situations. own their about decisions own their make should they Henceforth, leadership. practical their be to me expect Kurds the and shoulders, my on problems the all have piled BDP and Qandil and state the Both benefits. brings it than more harm brings leadership practical my conditions, current the Under Question. Kurdish the of resolution the for but threaten, to statements these make not Idid blackmail. or threat th were not sufficiently sufficiently not were th , it is regarded as a as isregarded , it 108 his statement: “by using “by June 15 his statement: expectations”. debated in the same canteens, participated in the in the participated canteens, same in the debated schools, same the to went we all least, at chance; “our is a said, he solution; generation to regard with “generation element” the emphasized and peace”, wants He is in his hands. control The a chance. is “Abdullah that Öcalan 2010 November of interview in our in Europe, said PKK’s officer highest-level the Ayata, Muzaffer movement. Kurdish political of generational inthe emergency differences the with in conjunction and young Kurdish generations, the among especially levels Turkey critical reaching with break sentimental the with associated also 110 109 June 12 after constitution anew of making the with together process solution anew entering of urgency the factors, above-mentioned the to In addition Ups Break Sentimental and Differences Generational June 15 of date The elections of June 12 of elections the days the following as but made, be will decision absolute an day which on aspecific as not considered be should in May 2011, statements Öcalan’s autonomy and education in mother tongue”. in mother education and autonomy “democratic and mountain’ the ‘leaving situation, Öcalan’s changing as such demands regarding phase negotiation the to transition of sense in the June 15 June from expectation an as process”, offered solution the Kurds in the of “inclusion The process”. solution the Kurds in the including by thismatter solve will they that “make should government astatement the is that developed right away June on 15 right developed be will asolution saying that not Iam June. 15 on place take absolutely will point abreaking saying that

Op. cit. experience and maturity to lead themselves. lead to maturity and experience have the they experience; have acertain and 60s their waiting for the Green Light Sign], 27 May 2011. May 27 Sign], Light Green the for waiting Iam [Öcalan: Bekliyorum” Yeşil Işık ANF, “Öcalan: th in the PKK-BDP line, should also be addressed addressed be also should line, PKK-BDP the in 110 This underlines that what he stresses stresses he what that underlines This th th 2011, which was often repeated in repeated often was which 2011, 2011. In any case, Öcalan says in says Öcalan case, In any 2011. th th as a date, I am not not Iam adate, as , and Ihave such , and no 109 th is is “Our generation is a chance; at least, we all went to the “Our went to we all generation is at achance; least, also addressed by Murat Belge: Murat by addressed also Turkey of rest the and is young Kurdish generations up between ‘Turks’. the break This with denominators have common such no young Kurdishperiod, activists current in the that means he which together”, by service did and our military associations same 111 make to harder be will say‘it frequently members BDP “the asks, Aydıntaşbaş understand”. we can whom and talk we can whom with generation last “the as describes Belge names the of Türkis one situation. the of summary astriking gives interview newspaper. The in Taraf published was Belge’s Murat article day as same the on Türkappeared Ahmet with interview An young Kurdishactivistsyoung have no such common same schools, debated in the same canteens, participated participated in the samesame debated canteens, schools, together”, period, that in the current by which he means in the same associations and did our military service service military did and our in the same associations denominators with the ‘Turks’.

from our generation. alone let brothers, elder own their of generation the from even word“peace” the hear not will henceforth come will who Those ranks. up the fill to starting are who those with communicate can you which with language common no age). with You left are in peers our less or more (and are they older getting is understand wecan whom and talk wecan whom with generation last The people. own their create in turn wehave created by, conditions goes the and Time Muş. or Cizre goHakkari, you to when converse can you whom with aperson find to easy not It is times: many voiced been has phenomenon This Kurds’. ‘bad the call you those of reputation the raising be even would you and it; accept Kurds You make that. cannot believe to one only the be would you so, doing then on Kurds.’ If insist you /bad ‘good Kurds as Kurds between You distinguish cannot Question andQuestion the Prime Minister], Taraf Kurdish Başbakan”[The ve Sorunu “Kürt Belge, Murat 111 , 29 May 2011. May , 29

89 90 difficult if a formula is not found”. is not aformula if difficult is Asolution relieved. be would tension discussion, the to open was arrest house Öcalan’s Plus, if status. a we need But anymore. together live not Kurds will Turks that mean and not does This sustainable. is not quo status in the life thismentality, with Kurds, living for the “yes, but it?”,we Türkreplies, prevent Ahmet 112 logic”. common through it prevent We youth. have the to among especially started, already has separation emotional an But processes. sincewe havedifferent gone through easily more dialogue into together. enter generation, We, older the living of war, up with experience no grown with has generation following us is a differentgeneration who new This visible. It is already are. “They answers: Türk Ahmet and angry?” more young the people Are us.’ follow will that generation next the with peace 113

Break Up Already Started Among the Youth], Milliyet the Among Started Already Up Break Sentimental Türk: Ahmet Candidate Mardin Independent [BDP Artık” Başladı Kopuş Duygusal Gençlerde Türk: Ahmet Adayı Mardin Bağımsız “BDP’li Aydıntaşbaş, Aslı May 2011. May Op. cit. 113 112 When asked, “can asked, When , 29 , 29 Section Eight Section

91 92 Öcalan on August 15 August on Öcalan Abdullah by submitted ‘roadmap’ the to In addition process. in thisnew made be can progress how of issue the handle to experience and preparation enough has state the that determined we have thisreport, of making during the made interviews In the harbours. it hazards and risks the despite solutions, for new opportunity an and process for a new constitution following the June 12 the following constitution for anew works of launch the with cleared be way will the which for process new In the developments. Habur the following shelf the on may it put have been although plan’, ‘action an or taken’ be to steps practical of a‘series called be ‘roadmap’, of a kind also can which has also state the Kurdish the Question, of resolution for the plans no Turkish the has that belief state widespread the to contrary and government, the of connected the ‘PKK Question’ and who occasionally occasionally who and Question’ ‘PKK the connected the and Kurdish the Question to solution the on views elections of June 12 of elections the following process the Nevertheless, difficult. more asolution made has part, inseparable an become Question’, has which ‘PKK the and Kurdish Question, the of resolution the to regard with years two last the over especially place taking events adverse The Recommendations June 12 the after done be should that things as emphasized consideration points the intersecting overlapping and into taking suggestions, various make to It is possible time. of course in the place have that taken developments the of consideration in fine-tuning and modifications some with them adapting after agenda the to them reintroduce and shelf the off roadmaps these take to is possible it th elections by the segments who have different have who different segments the by elections th offers a chance to start a new anew start to achance offers th 2009 which is still in the hands hands in the is still which 2009 th elections, elections, I. I. some articles of the Turkish Penal Code (TCK) and the the and Turkish the of (TCK) Code Penal articles some in amendments make to sufficient be would it arrest, under currently are who many of release the hence and KCK the Case of dismissal the enable to In order conflict. armed with continue to prefer to PKK the encourages it in that role negative a plays acts, political their to due domain, legal and legitimate in the in politics engaged be otherwise would who people, of hundreds arresting result, a As PKK. the to mayconnected be they although mountain, in the struggle armed an of instead arena legal organizingin the by struggle engage in political to elected have who been people of consist KCK Case in the arrested those of part end,In asignificant the in Turkey.exist does opportunity an such that ‘onthose mountain’ the to signal will it as and platform legal and legitimate a on engage in politics to cadres Kurdish political for path the clearing mean will it as importance particular is of arrest under are who defendants the of release and KCK the Case of Dismissal altogether. dismiss action to the mayors, and elected the mainly KCK in the case, arrest under are who defendants the of portion alarge is releasing trust mutual of for ensuring aclimate prerequisite The stand on the opposite sides: stand who and views opposing include that statements give case and to this end, dismissal the of KCK (thethe parties State andthe PKK), progress towards solution between Creating aclimate to enable trust of

93 94 in our interview: our in following the said KCK in the Case, lawyers the of one is who Association, Bar Diyarbakır the of Emin Aktar 12 September the even than is higher number This children. are them of part Asignificant filed. actions the of scope the within convicted as or arrested either in prisons people Even now, thousand ahundred over are there 2006. March after region in the place taking demonstrations mass in the for participating custody into taken were who and filed were actions whom against people of thousands are There arrests. the make and actions the file to possible it made which Anti-Terror (TMK), Law TCK articles 220/4, 220/6 and 220/7 read as follows, follows, as read 220/7 and 220/4, 220/6 TCK articles BY PKK THE LAYING THE ENABLE DOWN ARMS OF THAT TO AMENDED BE SHOULD ANTI-TERROR AND (TCK) LAW (TMK) PENALCODE ARTICLES TURKISH OF group”. TMK Article 7/2 reads as follows: “Those “Those follows: 7/2 as reads Article group”. TMK crime”; “Any person who commits an offense in the in the offense an commits crime”; who “Any person of imprisonment. If this offense is committed iscommitted offense If this imprisonment. of years five to one to sentenced be shall organization place takes not although group criminal organized editors, the upper threshold for this penalty shall shall penalty this for threshold upper the editors, However, days. for thousand ten to thousand one have not who organs media such of editors a member of that group is additionally punished for for punished isadditionally group that of a member sentenced to administrative fine corresponding to to corresponding fine administrative to sentenced name of an organized criminal group without being being without group criminal organized an of name punished as if he is a member of the organized organized the of isamember he if as punished an helps willingly and knowingly who person acrime of commission of case “In respectively: participated in the commission of the crime shall be be shall crime the of commission in the participated being a member of the organized group”; “Any organized the of amember being below shall also be penalized in accordance with with in accordance penalized be also shall below behaviours and acts The days. thousand five be responsible and owners the half. In addition, who make the propaganda of a terrorist aterrorist of propaganda the make who is group, the of structure hierarchic the within group, organized an of activities of frame the within the offender is additionally punished for this this for punished isadditionally offender the the provisions of this paragraph”. paragraph”. this of provisions the by increased be shall penalty the media, through th 1980 period. 1980 preference of ‘firing words instead of firing bullets.’” firing of instead words ‘firing of preference forethe to brought that act an represented they be, may case the whatever And KCK in the Case. prison in Yet, guys bullets’. these fire wenot have tossed do just think of; youcan concept any and autonomy whatever to comes your mind democratic about forth bring bullets, than up heavier words fire your words; fire and come ‘do bullets; means, fire not mountain’ the ‘leaving In thiscontext, arms. and violence to resorting without out carried be can act any said, be can anything in which astructure means democracy of a‘single Arbitration through state’. and democratization, of democracy,through arbitration Turkey’s through in possible be progress can thisissue to solution “The during interview: our said official state forces’. Ahigh-level outside of control the of out PKK the ‘taking foresaw hence and PKK’ the of ‘Turkeyfication through reached be could solution the that emphasized who officials state those of viewpoints the with in harmony also are custody in those of release the and KCK the Case of Dismissal freedom. gaining by their it from benefit would case KCK the of defendants the of 70% around TMK, the 7/2 of article TCK and the of 220 Article of amendment an or arepeal of in case that stated also Emin Aktar involved in a terrorist organization for years. for organization in aterrorist involved actively been has who aperson than heavier much throwing a sanction penal person faces one stone A property. public damaging and 2911, no. Law of 32 7/2, TMK Article TCK 314/2, as such offenses, many for sentenced and with ischarged slogans chanting or stones throwing and act in an participation of accused Aperson jobs. in these employed be to and dignity human fit that jobs decent find to records, criminal their to due future in the society the into integrate to impossible it number, find likely will in thousands to amounting people, these such, As punishment. and in crime justice and proportionality of principles the disregards it as conscience public the bothers situation This act. one of aresult as law the of articles multiple of violation for charged are demonstrations in mass participating of allegations on filed was action whom against Those necessary for a solution. for asolution. necessary is which trust of climate the creating to contribute will minimummountain’. at step, This scale, in Turkey the ‘in politics for those legal to road the PKK’, the of words, opening in other or ‘Turkeyfication the of in terms meaning avital has arrangements out of that area, other than that, the operations stop”. operations the that, than other area, that of out step they if them youshoot and coordinates; the them g for the area an of borders the draw reconciliation condition: to a specific “you temporary for this in return operations of discontinuation the tied Kurdish individual same The roadmap?” previous the recognize not does it says government new the and years in three changes government the when happens “what saying, by thereof rationale the explained He guarantors. the as acting institutions state the with state, the with together drawn “roadmap” a prepare to necessary was it permanency’, gain to for ‘inaction in order that mentioned politics in Turkish active Kurdish individual A prominent approach. this adopt authority civilian the making by and terms, in absolute authority civilian the to subject authority military the making by possible be will operations the of discontinuation side, the state the On sides. both on exist who and war’ the of continuation ‘the wish that segments favour the that environments provocative the stop to possible be will it permanent, becomes inaction of state the and ceased are operations where In aclimate PKK’s elements. the armed against forces security the and TSK the of operations the stopping requires inaction of PKK’s the state consolidating And permanent. made be should ‘inaction’ of PKK’s the Therefore, state silenced. be to continue and silent are arms where atmosphere in an possible be only can confidence of climate asustainable Creating II. June 12 the after KCK the Case of dismissal From thisperception, permanent Rendering the PKK’s inaction of state th elections by making the necessary legal legal necessary the making by elections uerrilla; you give yougive uerrilla; constitution. Similarly, it is also important to find a find to important Similarly, is also it constitution. new in the citizenship definition anew of introduction the and constitution anew of drafting the all, of first requires, This Kurdish the Question. of resolution the for framework legal obligatory an of realization the without meaning gain cannot steps above-listed The IV. Enabling alegal framework for violence. from Kurdish Question the freeing of in terms value practical significant a has it because also but necessity, is ademocratic it because only not adopted be should arrangement This PKK’. the of in Turkey’ ‘Turkeyfication the peace and ensure ‘internal to 10% current the below threshold election the set to necessary it makes situation This parliament. Kurds in the of representation realistic most and just most broadest, the enabling to addition in KCK the case of dismissal the be would mountain’ the ‘leaving encourage will in away that arena legal and legitimate in the in politics engaging to path is aclear there that indicator meaningful most The III. Enabling the fair, realistic and Abdullah Öcalan) will agree. will Öcalan) Abdullah mean also thiscan -in thiscontext, PKK the and state (the sides both whom with individuals respectable publicly other and jurists, members, BDP the Ireland), Sinn of in Féin Northern (as example in the domain legal in the PKK’s the representative state, the of representatives the include could commission the thissuggestion, made who individual the to According organizations. society civil Turkish in the for Kurdish and opinion leader public opinion areputable as third the and arena, legal in the Kurdish the leaders of one as other the official, state ahigh-ranking as One positions. different in totally were whom of each individuals different three by forth brought was steps these enable could that mechanism a as acommission establish to suggestion The resolution of the Kurdish the Question of resolution parliament the representationbroadest Kurds of in

95 96 extremely important political gain. As such, is it As gain. political important extremely an as may evaluated that be Kurds is adevelopment to status anew connoting atopic of implementation the to CHP the by support strong and Special CHP. the of Manifesto Election 2011 in the included is also which is astep This Turkey. by ratified Self-Government, Local of Charter European the on reservations the withdrawing on focus to beneficial be we would think it In thiscontext, Turkey. of Republic the position to self-govern of within again the territories in a Turkey are of they Republic and,in thisframework, of the within the territories participation democratic broadest the with life political Kurds in the of inclusion the encompasses gain Kurds will the status this new that we understand thisreport, of making during the we have made researches and interviews the from Nevertheless, governments. local empowered more government of decentralized with autonomy to a type democratic from range views The be. should thisstatus what to comes it when vary views status, a of necessity the on is aconsensus there Although solution process. Kurds in to the status anew giving of importance and role decisive the was thisreport have through drawn we conclusions fundamental most the of One PKK. the against are that Kurdish in the circles even but PKK, the of influence the under are Kurds who only among not in consensus almost is voiced Kurds’ by status in Turkey. status Kurds anew anew ‘acquisition of The give to aim should constitution new the of creation the with begin will that arrangements legal new The V. violence. from it freeing by Kurdish the Question solving for importance vital carries constitution anew making Hence, Kurdish the people. from demand popular a become has which tongue, mother in the training and education of matter for the solution satisfactory Turkey Giving the Kurds anew in status VI. New arrangements forVI. Abdullah example, to Diyarbakır. During our interviews, it was was it interviews, our During Diyarbakır. to example, for location, different entirely an to transferred be should Öcalan that stressed some resident, its as Öcalan only with and visits civilian to open prison open an into turned be should İmralı that emphasize who those are there While location. timing and the to as suggestions various are much, there differ not do arrest house to transition the on views Although asolution. to effectively more contribute will in away that his organization with communicate and committee” “state the than other people meet can he where in aposition Öcalan put will that afacility as is evaluated arrest house of concept The arrest. house to atransition was agree interviewees various which on arrangement term short The medium-term. in the Öcalan of release the to term range from improvement of conditions in the short A new arrangementin imprisonment conditions can mountain’. the from ensuring ‘departure and matter the solving of in terms Öcalan’s imprisonment inevitable conditions appears Abdullah to arrangement anew Hence, solution. for a utilized be therefore should who and solution a of ‘partner’ the of role the assume can who actor political important is an Öcalan Abdullah that agree report for the contacted interviewees the all Almost a solution. a solution. towards progress to opportunity an create manifesto, election 2011 party’s in the reflected attitude its and in 2009 Initiative the blocked that CHP’s approach the between differences large the that considered be should it From thisperspective, 2009. October of developments Habur the of aresult as 2009 July in late government the by launched Initiative the of deadlock in the effect adetermining had time the of leader CHP the of opposition relentless the that report governmental with made circles for thisinterviews the through we have received information the among Öcalan’s conditions imprisonment of a special law. aspecial of adoption the through possible be only can aims these all of Realization amnesty. gradual from benefit to eligible be also should Kurdish the Question regarding developments the to due abroad live to chose who but PKK the with associated have been never who ahuge people of number a case, In such abroad. live to forced are and acts for PKK-related prosecuted have who been quit, or but PKK the with broken have who thousands the also but members PKK the only not encompass should amnesty gradual the peace’, ‘social ultimate an achieve to in order course, Of positions. political different held whom of each interviewees, our all almost by upon agreed point intersection significant most the was mountains’ in the for ‘those amnesty Gradual Qandil. from also and mountains from PKK’sforced the remove to armed pursued be to path valid most is the mountains’ in the for ‘those amnesty gradual that PKK, the oppose who Kurds even and executives PKK to officials state from interviewees, of range awide by expressed been It has for ‘those in amnesty the Gradual VII. alive. is still Öcalan Abdullah while asolution finding of importance the emphasize and thislong, in prison kept been ever has death to sentenced person other no and years, for 12 imprisoned been old,has 63is now years Öcalan Abdullah that out point Kurdish leaders, Iraqi including we have interviewed, people the of Many 2years”. least at of period gradual a be thiscould that added also he Nevertheless, Öcalan. release to necessity the emphasized thus there”, remains and Leader their as long as PKK the Leader. their You dissolve “You have release cannot to PKK”, reply, the dissolve gave saying, acategorical can state the “how asked when Kurdish individual, Turkey. Kurds of the among Öcalan to This opposition for his known individual an from came status Öcalan’s regarding suggestion radical most the that surprising mountains’ process implemented through process a “transition such transition. Other amnesty drafts worked on by by on worked drafts amnesty Other transition. such during offences any commit didnot they -provided years five of period atransition following rights same the gain would Öcalan Abdullah including cadres executive the immediately; rights civic all enjoying Turkey to start and return could homes their to or Öcalan, Abdullah especially and cadres executive excluding the members, PKK armed all in which amnesty agradual on contemplating Turgut was Özal organization. the dissolve and divide to was intention actual the that impression the created hence and PKK the of cadre executive the excluded they entity; awhole as organization the address and matter the to approach apolitical introduce to failed arrangements these is that issue the solving of in terms results any have yielded not Parliament the by adopted have that been even and Law’ ‘Repentance name come on under the agenda the occasions at various have that arrangements the why reason main The mountains’. the ‘leave to PKK the of forces armed the persuade to method suitable most the as validity its maintains still ceasefire, first its declared PKK the in which year the Turgut by in 1993, developed Özal amnesty, gradual of idea the that determined been has it report, the of phase preparation during the out carried research and interviews the of aresult As opportunities. same the from benefit also can he ensure that to aim an with Öcalan for prepared be will that plan the with simultaneously is designed thistimetable ensuring that and Turkey’s into life in Qandil people political 60-65 of cadre executive the of inclusion legal for the timetable aspecific drawing of necessity is the emphasized point Another ensured. be Turkey’s will life political in participation immediate whose and arms their down have who laid members PKK the and cadres executive PKK the between distinguish to necessity the at points “amnesty”, word the towards reactions possible to due name adifferent under made be to arrangement asimilar to referring when or “amnesty” an of “gradual”, scope the term within The used

97 98 Tunceli, and announced in Diyarbakır on May on 25 Tunceli, in Diyarbakır announced and and Bingöl, Ağrı Mardin, Siirt, Şanlıurfa, Batman, Van, Diyarbakır, of associations bar the by collectively 2, proposed in Annex given law draft The possible. legally be could amnesty an such how to as society civil the by developed clues some also are There ideas. basic same the to loyal extent, alarge to remained, on later state the of units various from the mountain’: the from ‘departure of future for the perspective optimistic an below, creates quoted state, the of official ranking ahigh- by assessment striking the Nevertheless, aside. set also was amnesty gradual incident, Habur the following adeadlock to came process the As adopted. was it if solutions produce could and validity its maintains still 2003, tremendous crisis of confidence now, steps that will will that now, steps confidence of crisis tremendous Turkey. within issue the of isa there Since resolution the for element apositive as addressed be can This on. depend to want they or go to they else nowhere is there And country. other any towards lean not True. However, do break. they spiritual great of state in a are region in the younggenerations and new [...] struggle. Yes, armed the the in ending influence have an can organization the and public the both iscreated, structure legal in Turkey, necessary the if environment well-established democratic becomes If a revived. be can in Habur Yet, process the crisis. ahuge confidence arose there managed, well not was incident Habur the When coordination. and cooperation mutual ready. through We it were did Europe from coming be would who Those in groups. men sending have been would they planned, as gone had in Habur. it process If the demonstrated They mountain’. the from down men ‘bringing regarding cooperation isits thereof proof The struggle. armed the end to wants organization the In truth, th

date, ‘leaving the mountain’ will also be possible. be also will mountain’ the ‘leaving date, up to had they one the from different a‘status’ gain and citizens equal are they feel Kurds will constitution, Turkey anew In ademocratic with where, solution. apeaceful to brought be cannot history recent Turkey’s have that marked issues greatest the of one why and revived be cannot incidents, similar and Habur following events the to due adeadlock to came which process, the why reason no be will there then parties, the between is reinstated trust of climate a if importantly, and,most is created infrastructure legal necessary the country, if in the well-established becomes environment ademocratic if Therefore, officials. state the to is known thisdesire of existence the side, and PKK the on exists also struggle armed the to end an bring and thismatter solve to desire the that is obvious it thisperspective, from seen When Otherwise, why should they come? they should why Otherwise, repeated. be never can Habur after witnessed events the that so acts], past [fortheir prosecution a of subject the be never [intoor prison] inside taken be never can country the to come who those that laws such and arrangements legal such make should you these, However, all doing when perspective. a Öcalan giving without road this on progress You cannot way, aperspective. them give you In that years. 10 after rights these gain can Öcalan say can you example, For 5years. some and years 2 waiting names some arrival, their for a timetable You specify can rights. of kinds all enjoying start and away right come can names these say and names, of You up alist draw commission. in that can members BDP the You include even can mountain. the off organization the get up to set be can A commission end. this to amendments legislative make to need also we And taken. be should confidence this reinstate Annex

99 100 discusses an alternative solution plan, which, he plan, solution alternative an discusses Plan”, he Solution Plan”, “Democratic subheading “Action title the under steps for practical suggestions his “Action starts Plan”. he titled Until section mountain’, the the ‘leaving under about clues provides which solution, for agradual suggestions own his penned has Öcalan Abdullah his arguments, listing and length at thesis” his “history explaining After ahead. process the to regard with accentuated be should which leader, naturally, elements include PKK the of proposals solution The value. documentary has it because leader, also PKK the and of approach and the intentionwith the ofmentality understanding ECtHR, the to introduced been has which but public the with shared ‘roadmap’, been not Öcalan’s has which of asection in thisreport We here including are August. 15 on Initiative the of launch the with officials state to ‘roadmap’ his own offered ‘Question’, also the of resolution in the interlocutor influential and important most is the who Öcalan, plan”. Abdullah “action or “roadmap” as such titles under compiled usually are for asolution Suggestions majority. the by is accepted action of course aspecific when is possible only view, of From thispoint asolution this report. of content entire the from understood be can as time, of aperiod over extended if is possible insurgency this to end an that show presence, armed their in Turkey as well maintain -as -still abroad those of some that fact the and Kurds abroad, of thousands of leader, emigration the its of status captive the years, thirty spanning almost over and PKK the by run and led movement Kurdish the armed of history The from Abdullah Öcalan Annex 1: Roadmap and Action Plan been sent to the ECtHR: the to sent been also has it and Turkish to officials, document state this submitted and -İmralı” 2009 August “15 notation the with ends Öcalan “Roadmap”.the Abdullah in “Action of heading Plan” chapter the under Plan” Solution “Democratic found in the section is the Here (Roadmap)]. Kurdistan in in Turkey Models –Solution Democratization of [Issues Haritası) (Yol Modelleri Çözüm – Kürdistan’da Sorunları Demokratikleşme document Türkiye’de titled 55-page the of chapter final in the “Action Plan” the under suggestions’ ‘practical the containing operandi modus PKK’s and the discourse influences which mentality Öcalan’s Abdullah about us clues give they verbatim here sections We these have included matter. the of history recent the about his comments offers he which after Kurdistan, Iraqi in the politicians Kurdish the of approach Turkish the and state, the of approach traditional the includes claims, should never be underestimated. Even the smallest smallest Even the underestimated. be never should parties the of positions negotiation The catastrophe. brings -also dialogue of name -in the self-deception that know Ialso But priority. given be always should dialogues meaningful Ibelieve acts. unilateral to than Question, Kurdish the of resolution the for amateurish, be might they if even steps, practical taking to importance more Ihave given part, my On in practice. aresponse find only can analysis successful of value the Still, thoughts. walking are they thought; with associated also are steps practical Undoubtedly, value. practical a has it unless gymnastics brain mere being go beyond cannot problems social for suggested model A solution . Below, you will find the paragraphs paragraphs the . Below, find youwill , as , as

101 102 was forced to give my last warnings, and announce announce and warnings, last my give to forced was I results, any yield not did it when but scope; limited a to war the keep to preferred personally Ihad 1990s, the Since losses. material incalculable and deaths of thousands were there again warnings, my all Despite merciless. most and dangerous most the was power, of it disease infectious the As state. the within astate become had They strong. colossally grown had They end. own their as dialogue and negotiation saw that structures were There dissolved. being was movement the that clear It was response. any received suggestions my of None it. ruined always people some negotiation, and dialogue for ground a as process interrogation İmralı my utilize to efforts my all Despite position. negotiation or dialogue simplest the even allow not did structure, military and political whole the over influential was which Gladio, the explicitly, more it put to or hinderers, external and internal The fate. same the saw also in 1997-98 front military and political the from coming dialogue for attempt The history. republican the of period darkest the going through was country The force. in full was annihilation and denial of practice traditional The negotiation. and dialogue for opportunity the president own its give not did state The position. different in avery have been would today Question Kurdish the maybe developed, have been could 1990s Turgut inearly Özal If the environment by President ofoffered dialogue I wanted. as havemay it resulted not although might, my all with push to hesitate not Idid annihilation. and denial of policy the against alternative only the also was move August 15 the towards Turning inevitable. was PKK the towards turning work, not did it -1975]. When Association Education Higher Democratic [Ankara Derneği Öğrenim Yüksek Demokratik Ankara the of Chair the as election my for purpose the was That groups. leftist with solution to given common democratic was priority days, early those from Right penalties. harshest the about brought opposition Even verbal in 1970s. PKK the of founding the of process the during denial of policy strict avery was there Kurds, the Regarding force. of act successful most advanced, most the than valuable ismore ground negotiation out resistance plans. In the next period, transition to to transition period, next In the plans. resistance out all and defense active to plans defense passive from switch to It on. is in aposition now from plans action own its implement extensively to power and capacity the has resistance, the of leadership the of position isin the which PKK, the implemented, be to continue plans these as long As history. their of resistance extensive most the with plan this of implementation the to respond segments, collaborationist Kurdish traditional the barring Kurds, All methods. crude and sly all with plans annihilation their implement to hesitate not do outside, and inside isolated and exposed quite though rent, state of basis the on bureaucracy and bourgeoisie middle-class the by created are which segments, These before. as many as not though solution, this with in line implemented and developed being still plans are There Plan: Solution Annihilator and Denialist Traditional 1- this; to According plan. action possible ‘do’es the to ‘don’t’s a regard of and with illuminate to aim they and realistically other each know parties the that ensure to rather aim Ioffer opinions The aparty. become to me allow not do executed is it which under conditions the and a convict as status current my For plan. the of implementation the for responsible aparty as myself see not Ido that declare first Imust in practice. still and unilaterally developed plans onevaluation action abrief after sides, two the between reconciliation to may lead that plan action apossible on opinions my give to try empathy. Iwill mutual without developed be cannot plans of kinds together. These parties the bring will that plans action develop to is challenge The passion. with made are plans action Unilateral works. these of existence the well I know experiences, own my From focus. and emphasis most the get that works the are plans Action factions. warring the between plans of alack isnot There possibilities. these of realization of potential the of because expressed was ground negotiation and dialogue possible The world. whole the by desired, not if recognized, be to Kurdistan and Kurds all of freedom” the ensuring and existence the “protecting at aimed strategy aresistance invoke to weneeded that the owners of this plan, who have long sheltered sheltered have long who plan, this of owners the Although resistance”. the continue to and surrender disregard is“to plan this to PKK’sThe response day.passing each with isolation more faces it and exposed more becomes it elite, anarrow of interests the serves it Since society. Kurdish the of segments wide the by supported isnot it as hope, much give not does It limited. remains implementation Its devised. or envisaged well isnot plan this and interests, different have However, parties the struggle. armed the end to PKK the for aim side, their on Government Federated Kurdish the taking US-Turkey-Iraq governments, the plan, now, the For with diplomacy. international in the support wide finds It also Kurdistan. Small a for in return PKK the of disresolution and isolation the on work Gladio comprehensive isavery There PKK. the of isolation isthe plan the of objectives main way. the in this of one And neutralized be to tried are socialists and democrats radical revolutionaries, the In particular, project. Kurdistan” “Small the with primarily out iscarried rule and divide of policy and plan The it. to object collectively they role, predefined this overcome to wants it when And Kurdistan. their disregarding and Kurds own its of resistance the repressing of War, expanse the at World Second the since Iraq, in Northern entrapped Kurdistan” a“Small for plan in the Syria and Iran of governments the methods various through supports Turkey. and Iran Syria, Turkey Iraq, controlling role in Government plays aFederated strategic The Government. Federated Kurdish the supports openly most that power hegemonic isthe US The in Kurds. existing potential democratic revolutionary the distort to plan this support They agreement. isageneral there objectives, have different all they Although nation-states. colonialist traditional region’s the and powers hegemonic global the are - Kurdistan Iraqi the of Government Federated the by life to -brought plans these Behind areas. various in and dimensions various at implemented also are plans These Plan: Solution Nationalist Federalist, 2- solution. democratic in experienced may be that deadlocks serious of face in the expected be can plan defense all-out an follows: as may develop phases application possible secured, isalso side, Kurdish the including powers, democratic of support the if and state, the of institutions primary the and government the between plan solution on thereached of outlines the democratic is agreement If an phases. several from transition requires parties the between implementable be will that plan action the situation, historical new this Vis-à-vis plans. solution these for realization of chance the increases which them, for infrastructure the in preparing roles significant played have even they and projects, solution democratic to object not did state the of institutions primary the aminority, quite become has which front, fascist neo-nationalist/nationalist the of opposition the all Despite solution. ademocratic for feasibility the increases asituation such time, first the For plan. this for affinity an haveKurds demonstrated the of entirety the and opinion, public and society civil media, the of part EU, the alarge and US developments, the encouragement from the Since contemporary projects. democratization towards Turkey of turned Republic the has aspects, in all expensive too were they as and hope much give not did bullets two first in the described plans the As Plan: Solution Democratic 3- stronger. gets line ultimately, PKK And the backfire. to plan this cause conditions in the differences the and PKK the of Yet position the Armenians. the and Greeks the for implemented plans the to similar aplan Kurdistan, Small of basis the on Kurds, on impose to have wanted They Kurdistan. Small on based nationalism Kurdish the on have relied They time. along for direction same in this hopes their Turkey of manipulated have also governments The resistance. PKK the of breaking the to hopes their all have tied They dissolution. and degeneration in result therefore will aspirations and goals their and plan, nation-state aconsistent develop to failed has nationalism Kurdish weaknesses, traditional its to Due exposure. immediate avoid to able been have not they movement, collaborative anew develop to want weaknesses, ideological and moral with individuals undecided many

103 104 any possibility for going back to armed struggle. Step Step struggle. armed to going for back possibility any remain cannot there taken, are democratization for steps legal and constitutional the c-Third As phase: apply. shall other” the without exist “one of cannot principle The borders. beyond forces PKK’s the of armed withdrawal or inconvicted remand] concurrently the with [either prisoners political are who members PKK the of release isthe phase in this point critical The manner. in acontrolled countries and areas various in forces these Turkey. deploy to able be then It will of Republic the and Government Federated Kurdish Iraqi EU, the US, the UN, the the of officials the of consisting acommittee of control the under borders, Turkey’s beyond presence illegal its withdraw to able way,be in this will removed PKK the are impediments legal that event In the Parliament. the to submitted and commission this to made defenses and confessions to subject proposed be should amnesty of institution The parties. the between sought be should consent maximum commission, the of formation In the recommendations. its through help and removeby the Parliament the barriers legal sanctioned be should Commission the government; the of initiative the by Commission Reconciliation aTruth of and Establishment two: b-Phase public. control over theirincrease forces preparethe and should and provocation, no accept should parties the phase, In this PKK. the by [ceasefire] non-conflict climate of a of permanent one: Declaration a-Phase revision. to subject amanuscript as but position afinal as note text “Roadmap” this55-page assess to correct be would it parties”, the from come will that suggestions suggestions depending and on the thoughts and developing thoughts further and these revising reviewing, be will “I says Öcalan Abdullah As suggestions that will come from the parties... the from come will that suggestions dependingsuggestions and on the thoughts and revising developing thoughts further and these reviewing, be Obviously, Iwill Kurds. the of majority huge the among Turkish in the and public both heavily debated is being that and me from is expected that planning and solution democratic the on format, in draft suggestions, and thoughts my are These his status. regarding developed be must solutions reasonable Hence, survival. of chance limited avery has plan the Öcalan, Without importance. strategic isof Öcalan Abdullah of position the plan, three-phase this of realization In the abasis. as taken be will activities cultural and economic social, political, democratic legal aspects, Turkey. of In all territories the within operate to PKK the for need no be will there legality, gaining KCK’s the With activities country. the to returning start will refugees have become who and citizenship, their of stripped have been who years, many for abroad exile in living have been who those PKK, the in have served who those to given priority with step, by b) a) Turkish the of 146 Code; and Penal 131 125, down underaim of committing Articles laid the crimes the with established and/or community organization armed an of amember have or been Code; Turkish the of 171 Penal in Article described as alliance Turkish asecret of amember have been Code; Penal the of 313 in Article out set as purposes, ideological and/or for political crime committing of aim the with established organization an of amember have been law, this of date effective the who, before Regarding those A PKK: the by arms’ down ‘laying of process the facilitate will that infrastructure legal the build to It attempted in 2003. public the to announced was Van), and Mardin of and Associations Bar Regional Tunceli, and the and Şanlıurfa Siirt, Diyarbakır, Bingöl, Batman, Ağrı, of Associations Bar Provincial (namely, Anatolia of Regions the Southeastern and Eastern the from associations nine by bar cooperation in prepared law draft is the below Provided Associations Bar Regional by Annex 2: Draft Law Proposed rt investigation against them shall be discontinued, be shall them against investigation final or investigation ongoingAny preliminary thislaw, of scope the from benefit to apetition with coming effect into law the of year one within authorities competent to apply who and investigation of subject the have been never who those against taken be shall action legal No I cle 1 also be deferred for 5years. deferred be also shall thislaw from benefiting those of rights civil and political social, the regarding restrictions all and Any A same. the of designations and state the of Turkish the of knowledge in full 314 Code, and Penal 169 in articles defined as community or organization armed organization, an of members way to other in any helped or ammunition or arms or provisions supplied or assistance or shelter havewho provided those to apply also shall thisarticle of provisions The A this law shall also cease. also shall this law 3of in Article rights of restriction regarding deferrals Any erased. automatically be shall convicted, and aprosecution of subject the have who been those of penalties finalized the and investigation, any of subject the have been who not those and investigation and/or final apreliminary of subject the been have who those period, this5-year within type same the of act an commit not do who those of files The c) rt rt for 5years. deferred be shall ruled been has conviction a final whom against and investigation final to subjected have who been those of remaining sentences The I I cle 3 cle 2

105 106 Abdullah Gül– Abdullah Aydın Selcen –Turkey’s Arbil to Aydın Selcen General Consul Persons Interviewed for the Report for the Interviewed Persons Istanbul MP Istanbul Former Kongra-Gel President, –Former Aydar Kongra-Gel Zübeyir Organization (MİT) (MİT) Organization Committee (PKK’s highest ranking official) ranking (PKK’s highest Committee Committee Vice Chairman of the AK Party, Adana Adana Party, AK the of Chairman –Vice Çelik Ömer (R) Deputy Undersecretary of the MİT the of Undersecretary –(R) Deputy Öneş Cevat S Part PKK Execut Representat Vice Chairman of the CHP, the of Chairman Tanrıkulu –Vice Sezgin Sadullah Ergin – Ergin Sadullah Member of the KCK Executive Committee KCK the Executive of Member MP Foreign Ministry Foreign Minister Prime Kongra-Gel President –Kongra-Gel Kartal Remzi Efgan Ala – Ala Efgan Hakan Fidan – Director of the National Intelligence Deputy Chair of the KCK Executive KCK the Executive of Chair TekinBozan –Deputy Minister of Interior, 23rd term; Deputy Interior, of Deputy term; Minister 23rd Atalay- Beşir Muzaffer Ayata – Ayata Muzaffer KCK the Executive of –Chairman Karayılan Murat Turkey’s Ambassador to Baghdad, Baghdad, to Turkey’s Özçelik- Murat Ambassador former General Coordinator for Iraq of the Turkish the of for Iraq Coordinator General former Batman and Diyarbakır of Governor former tate G and I es Undersecretary of the Prime Ministry, Prime the of Undersecretary President of the Republic of Turkey of Republic the of President Ives Minister of Justice of Minister overnment O PKK Europe Officer Europe PKK I ves of P ol I t ff I cal I c I

als Assembly Association Chairman of DTP, of Chairman Former Co-Chair, –DTK Türk Ahmet Mayor of Sur, –Mayor of Diyarbakır Demirbaş Abdullah Industrialist’ and Businessmen’s and Industrialist’ Association Committee and Former Mardin Deputy Mardin Former and President of Southeastern –President of Southeastern Bedirhanoğlu Şahismail Osman Öcalan Mayor of the Metropolitan Metropolitan the –Mayor of Baydemir Osman C Organ ( F N DTK M and BDP Municipality of Diyarbakır of Municipality Kurdish Intellectual, Helsinki Citizens’ Citizens’ Helsinki –Kurdish Intellectual, Fırat Ümit Deputy Chair of the KCK Executive KCK the Executive of Chair -Deputy Serhat Ronahi Hıdır Sarıkaya Ataç Halil Taş Nizamettin Diyarbakır Deputy –Diyarbakır Zana Leyla President of the Diyarbakır Bar Bar Diyarbakır the of –President Aktar Emin Mehmet GÜNSİAF) Derneği, İşadamları ve Sanayici Güneydoğu L ormer PKK the of ommanders fromames CI I zat MI and eaders I ons embers v I l S oc I ety l I tary I Former Chairman of the DEP, the of Chairman –Former of Kaya Yaşar Speaker Lawyer at Asrın Law Office ( Office Law Asrın at –Lawyer Dündar İrfan Involved in building the contacts contacts in –Involved building the Işık İlhami Socialist Party of Turkey of organization) (clandestine Party Socialist Kurdish Intellectual, writer –Kurdish Intellectual, Miroğlu Orhan Asrın of Consultant and –Spokesman Kapmaz Cengiz successive terms contacts in 1997-2001 in 1997-2001 contacts Hukuk Bürosu; Lawyer took part in State-Öcalan in State-Öcalan part took –Lawyer Okçuoğlu Selim P Deputy from RP, from Deputy ANAP and FP Turkey of organization) (clandestine Party Law Office (Bureau of Öcalan’s defense attorneys) defense Öcalan’s of (Bureau Office Law between Abdullah Öcalan and state institutions. state and Öcalan Abdullah between Former Mayor of Cizre, Former Cizre, Mayor of Former –Former Haşimi Haşim Kurdistan the of –Founding Leader Burkay Kemal the Kurdish Parliament in Exile, in Brussels for three for three in Brussels in Exile, Kurdishthe Parliament Secretary General of Kurdistan Socialist Socialist Kurdistan of General TekMesut –Secretary ntellectuals ol I t I c I ans Bureau of Öcalan’s defense attorneys) defense Öcalan’s of Bureau , L and awyers Asrın Asrın I Iraqi Kurdistan Region, Deputy Secretary General of of General Secretary Region, Deputy Kurdistan Iraqi Jalal Talabani –President Talabani of Iraq Jalal P Regional Government Region Kurdistan Iraqi the of Presidency Minister of Interior of Iraqi Kurdistan Kurdistan Iraqi of Interior of – Minister Sinjari Karim of Council the of –Chairman Hussein Fouad the of Nechiervan BarzaniMinister Prime – Former the Iraqi Kurdistan Democratic Party Democratic Kurdistan Iraqi the raq olI t I G I c overnment O I ans ff I c I and als

107 108 Genelkurmay Belgelerinde Kürt İsyanları I İsyanları Kürt Belgelerinde Genelkurmay ile Ayata “Muzaffer Subaşı. ve Cemal Eyüp Erdoğan, Kadar Ne Kürtler Kurban. Dilek and Yılmaz Ensaroğlu, Kurdum İBen JİTEM’ Arif. Doğan, Ayetleri –Apo’nun Günlüğü Beyrut Selim. M. Çürükkaya, Ağrı Dağı’nı Taşımak – Çağdaş Kürt Halk Halk Kürt –Çağdaş Taşımak Dağı’nı Ağrı Selahattin. Çelik, İtirafçı – Karanlık Dönemin Tetikçileri Dönemin –Karanlık İtirafçı Nevzat. Çiçek, How Insurgencies Libicki. C. End ve Martin Ben Connable, Taraf ve Başbakan”, Sorunu “Kürt Murat. Belge, Bayrak, Mehmet. PKK’ de Kadın Olmak Kadın de PKK’ Nejdet. Buldan Resmi -6-, (der.) İsmail Tartışmaları Beşikçi, Tarih Resmi Terör Örgütlerinin Sonu İlker. Örgütlerinin Terör Başbuğ, Ahmet Adayı Mardin Bağımsız “BDP’li Aslı. Aydıntaşbaş, (2010): 79-102. 4 Kuram, ve Toplum Süreklilik”, Rağmen Kırılmalara PKK: “2000’lerde Jongerden ve Joost H. Ahmet Akkaya, Books Bibliography Second Edition). İstanbul: Kaynak Yayınları, 2011. 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Alfa İstanbul: Yayınları, 2009 Timaş İstanbul: 2010. April 18 Yayınları, 2011. Yayınları, 2009] İletişim İstanbul: Alkan. Hareketi Kürt ve PKK İnanç: ve Kan [Turkish translation: 2007. Press, University Belief and – Blood Yayınları, 2005. Çetin İstanbul: 1979. Flammarion, Yayınları, 2010. TESEV İstanbul: Öneriler Yasal ve Anayasal Doğru: Çözümüne Öneriler Hükümete Bölgeden Yol Bir Dair Haritası: Çözümüne Yayınları, 2002 Edition). Mezopotamya Köln: (2006): 18-26. (2006): Networks”, Yayınları, 2011. Kaynak Edition). İstanbul: Second . İstanbul: TESEV Yayınları, 2008. TESEV . İstanbul: A Modern History of the Kurds the of History AModern Köln: Mezopotamya Yayınları, 2011. Yayınları, 2011. Mezopotamya Köln: LXXXVI July-August July-August LXXXVI Review Military . New York and London: New York New York London: . New and , translated by Ayten Ayten by , translated . İstanbul: Timaş Timaş . İstanbul: . Pennsylvania: . Pennsylvania: . İstanbul: . İstanbul: . (Revised . (Revised . Paris: . 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109 110 Öcalan vs. vs. Öcalan (ECtHR), Rights Human of Court European (European Yasa Paketi Uyum Üçüncü Birliği Avrupa R Ankara Söyleşi”, ile Kulisi “Kılıçdaroğlu Türk, CNN ------website, Research Terrorism Security and International TV Show Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi (AİHS), 11 Nolu Nolu 11 (AİHS), Sözleşmesi Hakları İnsan Avrupa esolut Turkey 2001. October 17 24841, No. Gazette, Official 2002, August 03 4771, No. Package), Law Harmonization Third Union Accessed on 19 May2011. 19 on Accessed http://www.terrorism-research.com/insurgency/. Terrorism Insurgency”, and Between “Difference May2011 19 on http://www.terrorism-research.com. Accessed with). (interview 2010 August Protocol No.6 on Restriction of Death Penalty to to Penalty Death of Restriction on No.6 Protocol of Ratification the on 4913 no. (Law Kanun, Hakkında Bulunduğu Uygun Onaylanmasının Protokolun Ek 6Nolu Dair Kaldırılmasına Cezasının Ölüm Sözleşmesine Avrupa Koruma Özgürlükleri ve Temel Haklarını İnsan Değişik ile Protokol 1 May 2011. 1May2011. Meydanı, , Siyaset , No: 46221/99, 12 May2005. 12 46221/99, , No: I ons and L aws : , 23 , 23 ------Ölüm Cezasının Kaldırılması ile Bazı Kanunlarda Kanunlarda Bazı ile Kaldırılması Cezasının Ölüm Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasasının Bazı Maddelerinin Maddelerinin Bazı Anayasasının Cumhuriyeti Türkiye Maddelerinin Bazı Anayasası’nın Cumhuriyeti Türkiye Gazette, Official 2003, January 15 4913, No. Rights) Human on Convention European the of 11 No. Protocol by amended as (ECtHR) Freedoms Fundamental and the Convention for of Human the Rights Protection Gazette, Official 2005, 6October 5409, Penalty, No. Death of Abolition Complete the on 13 No. Protocol ECHR, Some Laws), No. 5218, 14 July 2004, July 2004, 14 Laws),Some 5218, No. Amendment and of Penalty of Death Abolition on (Law Kanun İlişkin Yapılmasına Değişiklik No. 25529, 21 July 2004. 2004. July 21 25529, No. No. 25469, 22 May2004. 22 25469, No. Gazette, Official Turkey) of Republic 7May2004, the 5170, No. of Constitution the of Articles Some of Amendment on (Law Kanun, Hakkında Değiştirilmesi 2001. October 17 24556, No. Gazette, Official 2001, Turkey) of Republic 3October the 4709, No. of Constitution the of Articles Some of Amendment on (Law Kanun, Hakkında Değiştirilmesi No. 25155, 1 July 2003. 2003. 1July 25155, No. No. 26022, 13 December 2005. 2005. December 13 26022, No. Official Gazette, Official

About the Author the About are on the Middle Eastern Question. He also also He Question. Eastern Middle the on are in Turkish, which books of seven most written has He (1999-2000). Peace of Institute States United the and (1991-1993) Center Wilson the think-tanks renowned “Turkey 21 the of on research out carried He Kurdish Leadership. Turkey of Republic the of Iraqi the and Presidency the between contacts direct first the establishing in part took policy, and foreign of area in the Özal Turgut President advised He University. Özyeğin and Kültür University University, Istanbul Bilgi Istanbul at East Middle in the Politics and History on lectured then and Relations, International of Department Sciences, Administrative of Faculty (METU), Technical University East Middle the at Assistant aResearch as worked he Sciences, Political of University, Faculty Ankara the from graduating After CENGİZ ÇANDAR st Century” at Washington’s Washington’s at Century” in 1995. Writers and Journalists of Union of Tolerance and Award Peace the and in 1993, for News Award Öymen in 1987, Örsan Award the Peace İpekçi Abdi the won He language. English in the published News al-Mustaqbal for Lebanon’s acolumnist been also has He Bugün, Ajansı Haberler in Vatan writen (since has he 1976) journalist a as life his professional Throughout Strategy. Turkey’s Kurds and Iraq, on East Middle book a writing is currently He journals. academic American in various published have been His articles policy. Turkey’s and Turkey-US on language, relations foreign English in the written books three to contributed and New Anatolian and and Radikal and Hürriyet Referans, newspaper and Turkey’s and Daily newspaper Turkish , Cumhuriyet newspapers, which are are which newspapers, , Güneş , Sabah newspapers. newspapers. , , Yeni Şafak Türk , Türk

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