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Sustainable Tourism: World Trends and Challenges Ahead 11 Eugenio Yunis 4

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Sustainable Tourism: World Trends and Challenges Ahead 11 Eugenio Yunis 4 Ecotourism Book Series General Editor: David B. Weaver, Professor of Tourism Management, George Mason University, Virginia, USA. Ecotourism, or nature-based tourism that is managed to be learning-orientated as environ- mentally and socioculturally sustainable, has emerged in the past 20 years as one of the most important sectors within the global tourism industry. The purpose of this series is to provide diverse stakeholders (e.g. academics, graduate and senior undergraduate students, practitioners, protected area managers, government and non-governmental organizations) with state-of-the-art and scientifically sound strategic knowledge about all the facets of eco- tourism, including external environments that influence its development. Contributions adopt a holistic, critical and interdisciplinary approach that combines relevant theory and practice while placing case studies from specific destinations into an international context. The series supports the development and diffusion of financially viable ecotourism that fulfils the objective of environmental, socio-cultural and economic sustainability at both the local and global scale. Titles available 1. Nature-based Tourism, Environment and Land Management Edited by R. Buckley, C. Pickering and D.B. Weaver Nature-based Tourism, Environment and Land Management Edited by R. Buckley International Centre for Ecotourism Research Griffith University Queensland Australia C. Pickering International Centre for Ecotourism Research Griffith University Queensland Australia and D.B. Weaver Department of Health, Fitness and Recreation Resources George Mason University Manassas USA CABI Publishing CABI Publishing is a division of CAB International CABI Publishing CABI Publishing CAB International 44 Brattle Street Wallingford 4th Floor Oxon OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02138 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 617 395 4056 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 617 354 6875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi-publishing.org © CAB International 2003. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Fenner Conference on Nature Tourism and the Environment (2001 : Canberra, A.C.T.) Nature-based tourism, environment, and land management / edited by R. Buckley, C. Pickering, and D. Weaver. p. cm. -- (Ecotourism book series) Papers presented at the Fenner Conference on Nature Tourism and the Environment, held in Canberra, Australia, 2001. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-85199-732-5 (alk. paper) 1. Ecotourism--Congresses. 2. Ecotourism--Australia--Congresses. 3. Land use--Congresses. 4. Land use--Australia--Congresses. I. Buckley, Ralf. II. Pickering, C. (Catherine) III. Weaver, David B. (David Bruce) IV. Title. V. Series. G156.5.E26F47 2001 338.4‘791--dc21 2003004153 ISBN 0 85199 732 5 Typeset by Wyvern 21 Ltd, Bristol Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd, King’s Lynn. Contents Contributors vii Preface ix 1. The Practice and Politics of Tourism and Land Management 1 Ralf Buckley 2. Nature-based Tourism and Sustainability: Issues and Approaches 7 Catherine Pickering and David Bruce Weaver 3. Sustainable Tourism: World Trends and Challenges Ahead 11 Eugenio Yunis 4. Private Reserves: the Conservation Corporation Africa Model 17 Les Carlisle 5. Applying Public-purpose Marketing in the USA to Protect Relationships witht Public Land 25 Alan E. Watson and William T. Borrie 6. The Financial Liability of Park Managers for Visitor Injuries 35 Jan McDonald 7. Visitor Fees, Tour Permits and Asset and Risk Management by Parks Agencies: Australian Case Study 51 Ralf Buckley, Natasha Witting and Michaela Guest 8. The Net Economic Benefits of Recreation and Timber Production in Selected New South Wales Native Forests 61 John Ward 9. Moving Nearer to Heaven: Growth and Change in the Greater Yellowstone Region, USA 77 Jerry Johnson, Bruce Maxwell and Richard Aspinall 10. Visitor-impact Data in a Land-management Context 89 Ralf Buckley and Narelle King 11. Small Recreational and Tourist Vessels in Inshore Coastal Areas: a Characterization of Types of Impacts 101 Jan Warnken and Troy Byrnes 12. Establishing Best-practice Environmental Management: Lessons from the Australian Tour-boat Industry 111 Troy Byrnes and Jan Warnken 13. Impacts of Nature Tourism on the Mount Kosciuszko Alpine Area, Australia 123 Catherine Pickering, Stuart Johnston, Ken Green and Graeme Enders v vi Contents 14. Ecological Change as a Result of Winter Tourism: Snow Manipulation in the Australian Alps 137 Catherine Pickering and Wendy Hill 15. A Method for Calculating Environmental Sensitivity to Walker Trampling in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area 151 Jennie Whinam, Nicole Chilcott, Roger Ling and Phil Wyatt 16. Modelling Potential for Nature-based Tourism 167 Colin Arrowsmith 17. Contributions of Non-consumptive Wildlife Tourism to Conservation 181 Karen Higginbottom, Andrew Tribe and Rosemary Booth 18. Balancing Conservation and Visitation in Protected Areas 197 Robyn Bushell 19. Conclusions 209 Ralf Buckley Index 211 Contributors C. Arrowsmith, Department of Geospatial Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476V, Melbourne, Vic 3001, Australia. [email protected] R. Aspinall, Department of Earth Science, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA. R. Booth, School of Animal Studies, University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia. W.T. Borrie, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA. R. Buckley, International Centre for Ecotourism Research, Griffith University, PMB 50, Gold Coast Mail Centre, Qld 9726, Australia. r.buckley@griffith.edu.au R. Bushell, School of Environment and Agriculture, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South DC, NSW 1797, Australia. [email protected] T. Byrnes, School of Environmental and Applied Sciences, Griffith University, PMB 50, Gold Coast Mail Centre, Qld 9726, Australia. t.byrnes@griffith.edu.au L. Carlisle, Conservation Corporation Africa, PO Box 966, White River, 1240 South Africa. [email protected] N. Chilcott, Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment, GPO Box 44A, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia. G. Enders, New South Wales National Parks Service, Snowy Mountains Region, PO Box 2228, Jindabyne, NSW 2627, Australia. K. Green, New South Wales National Parks Service, Snowy Mountains Region, PO Box 2228, Jindabyne, NSW 2627, Australia. M. Guest, School of Environmental and Applied Sciences, Griffith University, PMB 50, Gold Coast Mail Centre, Qld 9726, Australia. m.guest@griffith.edu.au K. Higginbottom, School of Environmental and Applied Sciences, Griffith University, PMB 50, Gold Coast Mail Centre, Qld 9726, Australia. k.higginbottom@griffith.edu.au W. Hill, School of Environmental and Applied Sciences, Griffith University, PMB 50, Gold Coast Mail Centre, Qld 9726, Australia. J. Johnson, Department of Political Science, Montana State University, Wilson Hall 2-438, Bozeman, MT 69717, USA. [email protected] S. Johnston, School of Resources, Environment and Society, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. N. King, International Centre for Ecotourism Research, Griffith University, PMB 50, Gold Coast Mail Centre, Qld 9726, Australia. R. Ling, Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment, GPO Box 44A, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia. J. McDonald, School of Law, Griffith University, PMB 50, Gold Coast Mail Centre, Qld 9726, Australia. jan.mcdonald@griffith.edu.au vii viii Contributors B. Maxwell, Land Resources and Environmental Science, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA. C. Pickering, School of Environmental and Applied Sciences, Griffith University, PMB 50, Gold Coast Mail Centre, Qld 9726, Australia. c.pickering@griffith.edu.au A. Tribe, School of Animal Studies, University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia. J. Ward, Australian School of Environmental Studies, Griffith University, Kessels Road, Nathan, Qld 4111, Australia. john.ward@griffith.edu.au J. Warnken, School of Environmental and Applied Sciences, Griffith University, PMB 50, Gold Coast Mail Centre, Qld 9726, Australia. j.warnken@griffith.edu.au A.E. Watson, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute, Departments of The Interior and Agriculture, Box 8089, Missoula, Montana, USA. [email protected] D.B. Weaver, Tourism and Events Management, Department of Health, Fitness and Recreation Resources, George Mason University, 10900 University Blvd, M5-4E5 Manassas, VA 20110- 2203, USA. [email protected] J. Whinam, Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment, GPO Box 44A, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia. [email protected] N. Witting, School of Environmental Studies, Griffith University, Kessels Road, Nathan, Qld 4111, Australia. n.witting@griffith.edu.au P. Wyatt, Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment, GPO Box 44A, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia. E. Yunis, Sustainable Development of Tourism, World Tourism Organization, Capitan Haya 42, 28020 Madrid, Spain. [email protected] Preface The nature-tourism industry needs access to land with scenery, native plants and wildlife. Land managers need money to maintain their land, its natural resources and built infrastructure. For private lands and public lands managed for economic production, landholders also expect an economic
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