Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering , D-I – pg.1 Starflower Image Herbarium Emergent Flowering Plants, D-I

© Starflower Foundation, 1996-2007 Native Society

These pages has been valuable and loved for over a decade by WNPS members and the PNW plant community. Untouched since 2007, these pages have been archived for your reference. They contain valuable identifiable traits, landscaping information, and ethnobotanical uses. Species names and data will not be updated. To view updated taxonomical information, visit the UW Burke Herbarium Image Collection website at http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php. For other useful plant information, visit the Native Plants Directory at www.wnps.org.

Compiled September 1, 2018

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, D-I – pg.2

Contents

Dicentra formosa ...... 4 Bleeding Heart ...... 4 Disporum hookeri ...... 5 Hooker's Fairybells ...... 5 Dodecatheon hendersonii ...... 6 Henderson's Shooting Star ...... 6 Epilobium brachycarpum ...... 7 Tall Annual Willowherb ...... 7 Epilobium watsonii ...... 8 Watson's Willowherb ...... 8 Erigeron philadelphicus ...... 9 Philadelphia Fleabane ...... 9 Eriophyllum lanatum ...... 10 Woolly Sunflower ...... 10 oregonum ...... 11 White Fawn Lily ...... 11 Erythronium revolutum ...... 12 Pink Fawn Lily ...... 12 Fragaria chiloensis ...... 13 Coastal Strawberry ...... 13 Fragaria vesca ...... 14 Woodland Strawberry ...... 14 Fritillaria lanceolata ...... 15 Chocolate Lily, Rice Root ...... 15 Galium aparine ...... 16 Cleavers, Bedstraw ...... 16 Galium trifidum ...... 17 Small Bedstraw...... 17 Geum macrophyllum ...... 18 Large-leaved Avens ...... 18 Gilia capitata ...... 19 Globe Gilia ...... 19 Goodyera oblongifolia ...... 20 Rattlesnake Plantain ...... 20 Grindelia integrifolia ...... 21 Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, D-I – pg.3

Entire-leaved Gumweed ...... 21 Helenium autumnale ...... 22 Mountain Sneezeweed ...... 22 Heuchera micrantha ...... 23 Small-flowered Alumroot ...... 23 Hydrophyllum fendleri ...... 24 Fendler's Waterleaf ...... 24 Hydrophyllum tenuipes ...... 25 Pacific Waterleaf ...... 25 Iris tenax ...... 26 Iris ...... 26 References ...... 27

About Ann Lennartz

Founded in 1996 by Ann Lennartz, Starflower Foundation assisted with the creation, rehabilitation, and stewardship of Pacific Northwest native plant communities in Seattle, Washington, by supporting community-driven restoration and education projects. Having met the founder’s expectations, Starflower Foundation ceased operations in December 2007.

Resources developed by Starflower Foundation included an array of educational materials, plant ID cards, project case studies, and this image herbarium. All resources contain Western Washington native plant information and images for use in education, restoration and landscaping projects. As mutually agreed upon with Starflower Foundation, Washington Native Plant Society has made Starflower's learning and education materials available on our website.

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, D-I – pg.4

Dicentra formosa Bleeding Heart

At a Glance: Hairless, soft stems and light green lacy leaves overtopped by small nodding clusters of pink heart-shaped flowers.

 Height: Up to 1.5 feet (50 cm).  Growth Form: Herb.  Stems: Flowering stems are leafless and upright.

 Leaves: All basal; numerous, long stalked, fern-like, pinnately divided into narrowly oblong ultimate segments, hairless.  Flowers: Pink to purplish heart shaped at base with 4 , outer 2 petals with short sac-like spur and spreading tip. 5-15 in drooping clusters atop stem.  Flowering Period: March, April, May, June.  Fruits: Pod-like capsules; several seeds, black, shiny, with small white oil-rich appendages that attract ants and in turn disperse seeds; shape: round; color: green.  Landscape Uses: Spreads to form a delicate looking carpet of foliage.

Sun/Shade Tolerance Habitat Preferences Prefers shady understory. Shorelines and Riparian: mostly shady 60%-80% Stream or river banks Riparian corridors Hydrology Rocky or Gravelly Areas: moist Gullies Forests and Thickets: Wildlife Value Forests and woods Nectar for hummingbirds Mixed forests Host for insect larvae

Birds: The flowers attract hummingbirds. Insects: The leaves are eaten by Clodius Parnassians butterfly larvae. There is a oil-rich appendage on each seed that attracts foraging ants and in turn ensures adequate seed dispersal. Elevation Range low elevation mid elevation

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, D-I – pg.5

Disporum hookeri Hooker's Fairybells

At a Glance: Rhizomatous perennial with sparsely branched stems and irregularly curled leaves with hanging white flowers beneath the upper leaves.

 Height: Up to 3 feet (1 meters).  Growth Form: Herb.  Leaves: Alternating arrangement; pointed tips to promote run-off, stalkless to somewhat clasping at base, slightly hairy on upper surface and margins, prominently veined; shape: oval to lance- shaped; Size: 5-13 cm (2-5 in) long; color: light green.  Flowers: Narrow, creamy-white, bell-shaped flowers; style usually hairy; 1-3 hanging from tip of branch; Size: 1-2 cm long.  Flowering Period: May.  Fruits: Orange to red, egg-shaped berries with smooth texture,

often hairy, containing 4-6 seeds.

Sun/Shade Tolerance mostly shady 60%-80%

Hydrology Prefers moist forest understory. moist

Elevation Range Prefers low elevations. low elevation

Habitat Preferences Forests and Thickets: Forests and woods Coniferous forests Mixed forests

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, D-I – pg.6

Dodecatheon hendersonii Henderson's Shooting Star

At a Glance: Leafless stems topped with nodding star-shaped pink flowers. This is our only shooting star with oval leaves.

 Height: Up to 1.5 feet (50 cm).  Growth Form: Herb.

 Stems: Flowering stems are leafless; overall shorter stems than other shooting star species in our area.  Leaves: Margins are smooth to slightly toothed; leaf blades are 3- 20 cm (1-8 in) long, egg-shaped to deltoid, contracted abruptly to the stalk.  Flowers: Distinctive with the 5 pink petals swept backwards, united at base in yellow collar with a wavy purple ring; 5 , the stalks united into a maroon tube 1.5-3 mm long; yellow to reddish anthers 4-7mm long; flower Size: 10-20 mm long.  Flowering Period: April, May.  Fruits: Cylindrical to egg-shaped capsules, 1-chambered, splitting up to tip; with numerous seeds.

Habitat Preferences Shorelines and Riparian: Stream or river banks Riparian corridors River bars Rocky or Gravelly Areas: Coastal bluffs Sun/Shade Tolerance Rocky slopes full sun > 80% Meadows and Fields: mostly sunny 60%-80% Meadows or grassy areas partial sun and shade 40%- 60% Landscape Uses: Well suited to a rock garden. Hydrology moist

Elevation Range low elevation

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, D-I – pg.7

Epilobium brachycarpum Tall Annual Willowherb

At a Glance: Taprooted annual of dry, gravelly or disturbed sites.

 Height: 1-4 feet (30-120 cm) tall.  Growth Form: Herb.  Stems: Hairless below the flower.  Leaves: Slender and alternate, 1-2" long.  Flowers: Open panicles of flowers; primary color: pink or white; Size: 0.25-0.5 in (3-12 mm).  Flowering Period: August.

Sun/Shade Tolerance full sun > 80% mostly sunny 60%-80%

Hydrology moist dry

Elevation Range low elevation mid elevation

Soil Preferences gravelly soils

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, D-I – pg.8

Epilobium watsonii Watson's Willowherb

At a Glance: Erect herbaceous perennial with opposite leaves.

 Height: Up to 5 feet (150 cm).  Growth Form: Herb.  Stems: Round to slightly square, coarse, reddish when young.  Leaves: Opposite, lance shaped to oval or elliptic, pointed, minutely toothed, short-stalked or stalkless, crowded or overlapping to remotely spaced; Size: 1-15 cm (.4-6 in) long; color: green.  Flowers: White pink or rose purple, small; few to numerous in erect, leafy-bracted clusters atop stem. Primary color: white to pink to purple.  Flowering Period: May, June.  Fruits: Pod-like capsules 3-10 cm (1-4 in) long, hairy; seeds rough and hairy, flying on cottony wisps of hair, seeds tiny <1 mm; shape: long narrow cylinders; Size: 3-10 cm (1-4 in) long; color: green/pink.

Sun/Shade Tolerance Habitat Preferences full sun > 80% Aquatic and Wetland: mostly sunny 60%-80% Swales or wet ditches partial sun and shade 40%- 60% Marshes or swamps Hydrology Bogs, fens moist Shorelines and Riparian: Wetland Indicator Status: Lake shores FACW (facultative wetland) Bog margins Stream or river banks Elevation Range Forests and Thickets: low elevation Open forests mid elevation Forest edges, openings, or clearings Thickets Meadows and Fields: Meadows or grassy areas Disturbed Areas: Roadsides Logged sites Disturbed sites

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, D-I – pg.9

Erigeron philadelphicus Philadelphia Fleabane

At a Glance: Short-lived perennial with erect stem-base and taproot or fibrous roots.

 Height: Up to 2.25 feet (70 cm).  Growth Form: Herb.  Leaves: Basal leaves broadly lance-shaped, coarsely toothed,

hairy, short stalked; stem leaves progressively reduced in size, lance-shaped, stalkless, clasping at base, often toothed; Size: varies; color: green.  Flowers: Numerous very narrow ray flowers; disk flowers yellow, involucres 4-6 mm high, bracts lance-oblong, with broad, clear margins, hairy on midvein or hairless; heads few to many; primary color: Ray flowers pink to purple to white; Size: 2-3 cm (.8-1 in) wide; shape: disk shaped.  Flowering Period: June.  Fruits: Sparsely hairy achenes; pappus hairs whitish, fragile.

Habitat Preferences Aquatic and Wetland: Seeps, springs Shorelines and Riparian: Stream or river banks Forests and Thickets: Open forests Forest edges, openings, or clearings Thickets Disturbed Areas: Sun/Shade Tolerance Roadsides full sun > 80% mostly sunny 60%-80% Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Hydrology Material Uses: The European species of Erigeron were believed to drive moist fleas away. dry Name Info: "Erigeron" is derived from the Greek eri meaning spring and geron meaning old man, in reference to the white-hairy fruiting heads. Elevation Range low elevation mid elevation Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, D-I – pg.10

Eriophyllum lanatum Woolly Sunflower

At a Glance: Wooly leafy perennial with yellow daisy-like flowers.

 Height: Up to 2 feet (60 cm).  Growth Form: Herb.  Stems: Several from base, woolly.  Leaves: Alternate or opposite, narrowly lobed to sometimes entire, 1-8 cm (0.4-3 in) long; wide leaves at base, narrow up stem.  Flowers: Daisy-like. Ray flowers 8-13, yellow, 1-2 cm long. Disk flowers yellow. Involucre 9-12 mm high, the bracts firm, erect, embracing the ray achenes. Heads single on long stalks; Size: 3-5 cm (1-2 in) across.  Flowering Period: April, May, June.  Fruits: Achenes, slender, 4-angled, hairless to glandular or hairy; pappus of 6-12 translucent scales, or a toothed crown.

Elevation Range Habitat Preferences low elevation Rocky or Gravelly Areas: mid elevation Coastal bluffs Cliffs Soil Preferences Rocky slopes sandy soils Outcrops Forests and Thickets: Wildlife Value Forest edges, openings, or Nectar for butterflie clearings Insects: Attracts butterflies. Meadows and Fields: Meadows or grassy areas Disturbed Areas: Roadsides

Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Sun/Shade Tolerance Landscape Uses: Long lasting flowers; forms mats. full sun > 80% Name Info: "Woolly" describes the hairy undersides of the leaves mostly sunny 60%-80% Hydrology dry

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, D-I – pg.11

Erythronium oregonum White Fawn Lily

At a Glance: Showy white lily from segmented corm.

 Height: Flower stem up to 1 feet (30 cm) tall.  Growth Form: Herb.  Leaves: Basal, paired, lance to oblong shaped, to 20 cm (8 in) long, pale glossy green with dark brown mottling.  Flowers: (petals) white with yellow bases, bent back; anthers yellow. Flowers usually single terminal and nodding.  Flowering Period: March, April, May.  Fruits: Erect, broadly-club shaped capsules 3-4 cm long, notched near tip; Size: 3-4 cm (1-1.5 in) long.

Soil Preferences gravelly soils well drained soils

Habitat Preferences Rocky or Gravelly Areas: Coastal bluffs Rocky slopes Forests and Thickets: Forests and woods Open forests Mixed forests Forest edges, openings, or clearings Thickets Meadows and Fields: Meadows or grassy areas

Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Sun/Shade Tolerance Landscape Uses: Good in a woodland garden when planted in masses. full sun > 80% Dies back in winter. mostly sunny 60%-80% Name Info: "Fawn" comes from John Burroughs who so named it partial sun and shade 40%- 60% because he thought the two leaves looked like the pricked ears of a fawn. Hydrology "Erythronium" comes from the Greek erythros for red, some of the pink moist species were used to make dye. Elevation Range low elevation Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, D-I – pg.12

Erythronium revolutum Pink Fawn Lily

At a Glance: Large nodding pink flowers grow from a thick and segmented corm.

 Height: Up to 14 inches (35 cm).  Growth Form: Herb.  Leaves: Basal, paired, broadly lance-shaped, to 20 cm long, green mottled with white; shape: lance-shaped; Size: 20 cm (8 in) long.  Flowers: Tepals bent back, single, terminal, nodding; primary color: bright rose-pink.  Flowering Period: April.  Fruits: Erect, narrowly club shaped capsules 3-4 cm (1-1.5 in) Sun/Shade Tolerance long, abruptly narrowed at the base. mostly sunny 60%-80% partial sun and shade 40%- 60% Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts mostly shady 60%-80%  Food Uses: The Kwakwakawakw and possibly the Nuu-chah- Hydrology nulth ate the . The Kwakwakawakw dug them with special wet yew-wood spades when the leaves first sprouted in the spring. moist Bulbs were stored in ventilated baskets in a cool place. They were sometimes eaten on hot days because they were cool and Elevation Range moist inside. Slightly bitter milky taste. For feasts they were low elevation steamed in cedar boxes and served with oolichan grease. Water was always taken after eating the bulbs, otherwise one would get Habitat Preferences sick. Shorelines and Riparian:  Landscape Uses: Should be planted in woodlands and along Stream or river banks waterways. Deep -like corm requires 5-7 years before Forests and Thickets: flowering. Forests and woods  Name Info: "Fawn" comes from John Burroughs who so named it Open forests because he thought the two leaves looked like the pricked ears of Mixed forests a fawn. Forest edges, openings, or clearings Meadows and Fields: Meadows or grassy areas

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, D-I – pg.13

Fragaria chiloensis Coastal Strawberry

At a Glance: Spreads low across ground with runners. White flowers and small red strawberries.

 Height: Up to 10 inches (25 cm).  Growth Form: Herb.  Stems: Hairy red runners can send out roots of their own.  Leaves: Basal on long stalks to 20 cm (8 in); with 3 leaflets each; leaflets thick, leathery and strongly veined, coarsely toothed, dark

green above with silvery undersides; leaf size: 3-6 cm (1-2.5 in) across.  Flowers: 5-7 white petals; each plant has 5-9 flowers on leafless flowering stalks to 30 cm (12 in) tall; flower size: 3.5 cm (1.5 in) across.  Flowering Period: April, May, June.  Fruits: Sweet and juicy red strawberries up to 1.5 cm (.6 in) diameter.

Wildlife Value Berries Birds: Robins, towhees, pine grosbeaks, waxwings, and grouse eat the fruit. Insects: Sara orangetip butterflies are attracted by the flowers. Mammals: Deer feed on the berries. Fruit eaten by mice and other small Sun/Shade Tolerance mammals. full sun > 80% mostly sunny 60%-80% Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Hydrology  Material Uses: Stlatlimx girls made headbands and belts out of moist braided runners. dry  Medicinal Uses: The Quileute chewed the leaves and applied Elevation Range them as a poultice on burns; the Skokomish made tea from the low elevation entire plant for diarrhea; the Haida used the leaves as an Soil Preferences ingredient in a female tonic; sandy soils  Food Uses: Strawberries eaten fresh, not dried because they are Habitat Preferences too juicy; the Saanich and Mainland Comox steeped the leaves to Saltwater Areas: make a sweet, clear tea. Coastal dunes or beaches  Landscape Uses: Nice, low-growing ground cover. Can be mown Rocky or Gravelly Areas: and walked on. Coastal bluffs  Name Info: Common name is accurate, it usually only grows in coastal areas. Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, D-I – pg.14

Fragaria vesca Woodland Strawberry

At a Glance: A wild strawberry with thin leaves, low, short runners, white flowers, and small red strawberries.

 Height: Up to 10 inches (25 cm).  Growth Form: Herb.  Stems: Hairy red runners can send out roots of their own.  Leaves: Terminal tooth on leaflets is longer than adjoining teeth; shape: 3 lobed; Size: 3-6 cm (1-2.5 in) across; color: yellow- green.  Flowers: 5-7 petals; each plant has 5-9 flowers on leafless flowering stalks to 30 cm tall; primary color: white-pink; Size: 3.5 cm (1.5 in) across.  Flowering Period: April, May, June.  Fruits: Strawberries up to 1.5 cm (.6 in) diameter; color: red.

Habitat Preferences

Forests and Thickets: Forests and woods Open forests Forest edges, openings, or clearings

Wildlife Value Berries Birds: Robins, towhees, pine grosbeaks, waxwings, and grouse eat the fruit. Insects: Sara orangetip butterflies are attracted by the flowers. Mammals: Fruit eaten by mice and other small mammals.

Sun/Shade Tolerance Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts mostly sunny 60%-80%  Material Uses: Stlatlimx girls made headbands and belts out of braided runners. Hydrology  Medicinal Uses: The Quileute chewed the leaves and applied moist them as a poultice on burns; the Skokomish made tea from the entire plant for diarrhea; the Haida used the leaves as an Elevation Range ingredient in a female tonic. low elevation  Food Uses: Strawberries eaten fresh, not dried because they are mid elevation too juicy; the Saanich and Mainland Comox steeped the leaves to sub-alpine make a sweet, clear tea. Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, D-I – pg.15

Fritillaria lanceolata Chocolate Lily, Rice Root

At a Glance: Rare herb to 80 cm tall from bulb with numerous rice-like bulblets; flowers are mottled maroon and yellow.

 Height: Up to 32 inches (80 cm).  Growth Form: Herb.  Stems: Yellowish stem.  Leaves: In 1-2 whorls of 3-5 leaves, sometimes alternate; shape: lance shaped; Size: 5-15 cm (2-6 in) long; color: light green.  Flowers: Flowers dark purple or maroon with greenish-yellow mottled spots giving a brown appearance overall, nodding, single or in clusters of 2-5, terminal; Size: 4 cm (1.5 in) long; shape: bell shaped.  Flowering Period: April, May.  Fruits: Upright, 6-angled capsules with wings on the angles, seeds many, flat.

Sun/Shade Tolerance Habitat Preferences mostly sunny 60%-80% Shorelines and Riparian: partial sun and shade 40%- 60% Bottomlands Hydrology Rocky or Gravelly Areas: moist Coastal bluffs Elevation Range Forests and Thickets: low elevation Open forests mid elevation Forest edges, openings, or clearings Wildlife Value Thickets Insects: Smell of flower attracts Meadows and Fields: flies and beetles. Pastures or fields Meadows or grassy areas

Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Food Uses: Bulbs were eaten by the Coast Salish, including the Squamish, Sechelt, Halqemeylem and Straits Salish. The bulbs were steamed in pits or boiled. Some have eaten the rice-like nodules on the bulb and reported that they taste vaguely like rice. These plants are rare and should not be disturbed if found in the wild.

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, D-I – pg.16

Galium aparine Cleavers, Bedstraw

At a Glance:  Growth Form: Herb.  Flowering Period: April, May, June.

Hydrology moist dry

Elevation Range low elevation mid elevation

Habitat Preferences Forests and Thickets: Forests and woods Open forests Deciduous forests Mixed forests Forest edges, openings, or clearings Thickets Meadows and Fields: Pastures or fields Meadows or grassy areas Disturbed Areas: Roadsides Trailsides Disturbed sites

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, D-I – pg.17

Galium trifidum Small Bedstraw

At a Glance: Sprawling perennial with numerous stems from slender rhizomes.  Height: up to 28 inches (70 cm). Photo © Ben Legler  Growth Form: Herb.  Stems: Not barbed like the other bedstraws.  Leaves: In whorls of 4-6, 1 veined, blunt tipped, margins have bristles pointing backwards; shape: linear to narrowly elliptic; Size: 0.5-2 cm long; color: light green.  Flowers: Small whitish flowers in several to many clusters of 1-3 on long, narrow stalks from branch tips and axils of leaf whorls; Size: 1-3 mm wide.  Flowering Period: June, July, August, September.  Fruits: Fruits smooth and waxy, lacking bristles, form in pairs; shape: spherical; Size: 2-4 mm diameter; color: green.

Sun/Shade Tolerance Habitat Preferences Photo © 2005, Ben Legler partial sun and shade 40%- 60% Aquatic and Wetland: mostly shady 60%-80% Sloughs Hydrology Swales or wet ditches wet Marshes or swamps moist Bogs, fens Elevation Range Shorelines and Riparian: low elevation Lake shores mid elevation Bog margins Stream or river banks "Galium" comes from the Greek Saltwater Areas: "gala" meaning milk, the Saltmarshes

bedstraws contain a milk curdling Forests and Thickets: Photo © 2005, Ben Legler enzyme. Forest edges, openings, or clearings

Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts  Material Uses: Bedstraws have long been used for bedding materials. They are used in to strain hair from milk. Roots can be used as a red dye.  Medicinal Uses: The entire dried herb was used to make tea to treat urinary tract infections.  Food Uses: The fruits can be collected while still greenish and ripe, roasted, and ground to create a satisfying coffee substitute. Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, D-I – pg.18

Geum macrophyllum Large-leaved Avens

At a Glance: Hairy perennial with short rhizomes and big leaves topped by small yellow flowers.

 Height: Up to 3 feet (1 meters).  Growth Form: Herb.  Stems: Hairy.  Leaves: Basal leaves long stalked, with heart to kidney shaped terminal segments many times larger that the several leaflets below; stem leaves few, stalkless or nearly so, deeply 3 lobed or

3 parted; color: light green.  Flowers: Saucer-shaped, petals to 6mm long, single or in a few- flowered cluster at the tips of the branches; primary color: bright- yellow.  Flowering Period: May, June.  Fruits: Clusters of short hairy achenes that have elongate styles with an "S" shape at the tip, cling to any rough surface like fur or clothing; Size: 1 cm diameter; color: green-brown.

Sun/Shade Tolerance Elevation Range mostly sunny 60%-80% low elevation partial sun and shade 40%- 60% mid elevation Hydrology Habitat Preferences wet moist Aquatic and Wetland: Seeps, springs Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Shorelines and Riparian: Medicinal Uses: The Nuxalk made tea with the roots for stomach pain. Stream or river banks The leaves were poulticed on boils by the Nuxalk, Quileute, Snohomish Forests and Thickets: and Quinault. The Quileute and the Klallam chewed the leaves during Forests and woods labor, because these plants appeared at the same time that seals gave Open forests birth to their pups. The S. Vancouver Island Salish ate the leaves before Forest edges, openings, or visiting a dying person to guard against germs. Chehalis women made clearings tea from the leaves to avoid conception, this only worked after the Meadows and Fields: woman had given birth. Cowichan men chewed the leaves and fed them Meadows or grassy areas to their wives when they were pregnant to "straighten the womb" and aid Disturbed Areas: delivery. The Squamish used the leaves to make a diuretic tea. An Trailsides eyewash was also prepared from the leaves. The Haida boiled the roots Disturbed sites to make a steambath to treat rheumatism.

Food Uses: Roots were used for flavoring stews and fish.

Name Info: "Macrophyllum" means big leaf, matching the common name nicely. Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, D-I – pg.19

Gilia capitata Globe Gilia

At a Glance: Upright taprooted annual with large ball-like heads of blue flowers.

 Height: Up to 3 feet (1 meter).  Growth Form: Herb.  Stems: Slender upright stem, hairless to glandular-hairy.  Leaves: Basal and alternate on the stem, reduced in size upwards, once or twice pinnately lobed with very narrow segments; Size: 2-10 cm (0.8-4 in) long; color: green.  Flowers: Small, stalkless, and numerous in dense, bractless, ball- shaped heads at tips of stems and branches; primary color: light- blue; each flower is 6-10 mm long.  Flowering Period: June.

 Fruits: Spherical capsules that are 3-chambered, 1-3 seeds per chamber, become mucilaginous when wet.

Habitat Preferences Rocky or Gravelly Areas: Rocky slopes Forests and Thickets: Forest edges, openings, or clearings Meadows and Fields:

Meadows or grassy areas Disturbed Areas: Sun/Shade Tolerance Roadsides full sun > 80% Disturbed sites mostly sunny 60%-80%

Hydrology Interesting Facts: Was eliminated from the area, last collected in 1892, moist occasionally reappears in wildflower mix sowings. dry Elevation Range low elevation mid elevation Soil Preferences sandy soils well drained soils nutrient poor soils

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, D-I – pg.20

Goodyera oblongifolia Rattlesnake Plantain

At a Glance: Evergreen orchid from short rhizomes with an unusual mottled leaf pattern.

 Height: Up to 1.5 feet (45 cm).  Growth Form: Herb.  Leaves: Leaves in basal rosette, thick dark green leaves with rattlesnake pattern of white markings, especially along midrib; shape: oval or oblong to narrowly elliptic; Size: 3-10 cm (1-4 in) long.  Flowers: Petals and 1 of the sepals form a hood over the lip; numerous in long, dense, downy, terminal spike with most

flowers oriented to one side; primary color: dull-white to greenish; Size: to 1 cm. Does not bloom every year.  Flowering Period: July, August.  Fruits: Green capsules to 1 cm long.

Sun/Shade Tolerance Elevation Range partial sun and shade low elevation 40%- 60% mid elevation mostly shady 60%-80% Hydrology moist dry Habitat Preferences Forests and Thickets: Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Forests and woods  Material Uses: Used as a good luck charm by the Saanich and Open forests others. Children made small balloons from the leaves by rubbing Coniferous forests them until the top and bottom layers separated, and then inflated Old growth forests them by blowing through the stem. Mixed forests  Medicinal Uses: This plant was known as a medicine for Meadows and Fields: childbirth, and as a poultice for cuts or burns, the moist interior of Mossy areas the leaf being placed on the affected area. Because of the "Doctrine of the Sign," early settlers believed that the Rattlesnake Plantain could be used as an antivenin.  Name Info: It was thought to resemble Plantago major, hence the common name Plantain. "Goodyera" is named for John Goodyer, a 17th century English botanist. Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, D-I – pg.21

Grindelia integrifolia Entire-leaved Gumweed

At a Glance: Seaside perennial with sticky heads of yellow flowers.

 Height: Can grow up to 32 inches (80 cm) in height.

 Growth Form: Herb.  Stems: Leafy, hairy stems; often stout branched stem-base.  Leaves: Leaves can be toothed or entire; stem leaves have alternating arrangement and are stalkless; basal leaves are oblong; stem leaves are lance-shaped; Size: up to 40 cm (15.5 in) long, 4 cm (1.5 in) wide; color: green.  Flowers: Flowe heads are hemispheric, with 10-35 yellow ray flowers and numerous yellow disk flowers; involucral bracts have sticky, glandular resin and long, slender spreading tips; Size: ray: 8-20 mm long; disc head: 1-3 cm wide.  Flowering Period: June.  Fruits: Somewhat flattened achenes; pappus has 2-3 firm, deciduous awns.

Soil Preferences clay soils nutrient poor soils

Habitat Preferences Saltwater Areas: Mud flats Tidal areas Saltmarshes Seashores Coastal dunes or beaches Rocky or Gravelly Areas: Coastal bluffs

Wildlife Value Nectar for butterflies Insects: The flattened, radial flowers are visited by numerous butterfly species.

Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Medicinal Uses: Several northwest native groups extracted a resin from gumweed that was used to treat asthma, bronchitis, whooping cough, and Sun/Shade Tolerance dermatitis caused by poison ivy. full sun > 80% Name Info: The Latin genus name Grindelia refers to the Russian Botanist, mostly sunny 60%-80% David Grindel. The Latin species name means entire leaf referring to the entire upper leaves that are not lobed or divided. The common name gumweed refers Hydrology to the sticky, glandular resin the coats the bracts surrounding the flower heads. moist Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, D-I – pg.22

Helenium autumnale Mountain Sneezeweed

At a Glance:  Growth Form: Herb.  Flowering Period: August, September.

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, D-I – pg.23

Heuchera micrantha Small-flowered Alumroot

At a Glance: Grows from rhizomes with one to many flower stems that are reddish and covered with fine hairs and topped with delicate panicles of tiny white flowers.

 Height: Up to 2 feet (60 cm).  Growth Form: Herb.

 Stems: Long-hairy at base, glandular-hairy in , reddish color.  Leaves: Mainly basal, long stalked, 5-7 lobed, sharp to round toothed, hairy on leaf stalk and lower surface, often lacking stem leaves; shape: kidney-heart; color: light green to reddish tinged.  Flowers: White to cream colored, small, numerous, on thin stalks in large open groups; 5 stamens.  Flowering Period: April, May, June.  Fruits: Many-seeded, small beaked capsules; seeds small, black, egg-shaped, covered in rows of tiny spines.

Sun/Shade Tolerance Habitat Preferences full sun > 80% Shorelines and Riparian: mostly sunny 60%-80% Stream or river banks partial sun and shade 40%- 60% Rocky or Gravelly Areas: Hydrology Coastal bluffs moist Cliffs Elevation Range Rocky slopes low elevation Outcrops mid elevation Crevices sub-alpine Forests and Thickets: Wildlife Value Open forests Nectar for hummingbirds Forest edges, openings, or Birds: Flowers attract clearings hummingbirds.

Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts

 Material Uses: The Skagit pounded the plant and rubbed it in the Soil Preferences hair of girls to make it grow thick. gravelly soils  Medicinal Uses: Poulticed on cuts. organic soils  Landscape Uses: Well suited for a wild woodland edge, stream bank, or moist rock garden. Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, D-I – pg.24

Hydrophyllum fendleri Fendler's Waterleaf

At a Glance:  Growth Form: Herb.  Flowering Period: May, June, July.

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, D-I – pg.25

Hydrophyllum tenuipes Pacific Waterleaf

At a Glance: Single leafy, hairy stem grows from rhizomes and fleshy fibrous roots; with small clusters of greenish-white flowers.

 Height: Up to 32 inches (80 cm).  Growth Form: Herb.  Stems: Stems solitary, leafy, usually hairy.

 Leaves: Alternating arrangement; hairy and divided into usually 5 (9) coarsely toothed segments; Size: 15 cm (6 in) long, 15 cm (6 in) wide.  Flowers: Numerous in terminal compact clusters on stalks from upper leaf axils; primary color: greenish-white to lavender; Size: 5-7 mm long; stamens and pistils are sticking out; sepals are bristly on margins; shape: bell-shaped.  Flowering Period: May.  Fruits: Capsules, 1-chambered, opening by 2 valves; 1-3 seeds per capsule.

Hydrology moist Elevation Range low elevation mid elevation

Soil Preferences Prefers rich, moist soils. nutrient rich soils

Habitat Preferences Forests and Thickets: Open forests Deciduous forests

Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Food Uses: The Cowlitz peoples broke up the waterleaf root and ate it.

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, D-I – pg.26

Iris tenax Oregon Iris

Photo © Ben Legler At a Glance: Clumped, perennial iris with large purple flowers.

 Height: Up to 16 inches (40 cm).  Growth Form: Herb.  Leaves: Mainly basal, long and narrow, to 40 cm (16 inches) long by 5 mm (1/4 in) wide; 1-4 leaves per stem.  Flowers: Sepals and petals to 6 cm (2.5 in) long; 1-2 flowers on each flowering stems; primary color: blue to purple with yellow/white highlights.  Flowering Period: May, June.  Fruits: Angled capsules 3.5 cm (1.5 in) long.

Sun/Shade Tolerance Habitat Preferences mostly sunny 60%-80% Forests and Thickets: Photo © 2004, Ben Legler partial sun and shade 40%- 60% Open forests Coniferous forests Hydrology Deciduous forests wet Forest edges, openings, or moist clearings dry Meadows and Fields: Pastures or fields Elevation Range Meadows or grassy areas low elevation Disturbed Areas: mid elevation Roadsides Logged sites

Name Info: The Latin name tenax means tenacious recognizes the toughness of Oregon iris leaves.

Photo © 2004, Ben Legler

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, D-I – pg.27

References

Dicentra formosa Suggested References

 Alden, P., D. Paulson. 1998. National Audubon Society, Field Guide to the Pacific Northwest. Chanticleer Press. Page 159.  Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 174.  Link, R. 1999. Landscaping for Wildlife in the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 279.  Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 313.

Disporum hookeri Suggested References

 Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 689.  Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and . Lone Pine Publishing. Page 186.  Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 102.

Dodecatheon hendersonii Suggested References

 Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 352.  Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 267.  Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 324.

Epilobium brachycarpum Suggested References

 Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 238.  Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 207.

Epilobium watsonii Suggested References

 Cooke, S.S. A Field Guide to the Common Wetland Plants of Western Washington and Northwetern Oregon. Seattle Audubon Society and Washington Native Plant Society. Page 112.  Guard, B.J. 1995. Wetland Plants of Oregon & Washington. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 175.  Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of . University of California Press. Page 796.  Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 307.  Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 207.

Erigeron philadelphicus Suggested References

 Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 515.  Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 306.  Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 310.  Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 284.

Eriophyllum lanatum Suggested References

 Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Page 264.  Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 520.  Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 415.  Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 250.  Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 293.

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, D-I – pg.28

Erythronium oregonum Suggested References

 Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Page 1192.  Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 690.  Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 415.  Link, R. 1999. Landscaping for Wildlife in the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 223.  Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 185.  Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 104.

Erythronium revolutum Suggested References

 Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Page 1193.  Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 690.  Link, R. 1999. Landscaping for Wildlife in the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 223.  Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 185.  Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 105.

Fragaria chiloensis Suggested References

 Gunther, E. 1973. 2nd ed. Ethnobotany of Western Washington. University of Washington Press. Page 36.  Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Page 952.  Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 211.  Link, R. 1999. Landscaping for Wildlife in the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 272.  Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 172.  Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 183.  Turner, N.AJ. 1975. Food Plants of British Columbia Indians: part 1, Coastal Peoples. British Columbia Provincial Museum. Page 218.

Fragaria vesca Suggested References

 Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Page 952.  Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 211.  Link, R. 1999. Landscaping for Wildlife in the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 272.  Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 172.  Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 183.

Fritillaria lanceolata Suggested References

 Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 691.  Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 331.  Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 110.

Galium trifidum Suggested References

 Cooke, S.S. A Field Guide to the Common Wetland Plants of Western Washington and Northwetern Oregon. Seattle Audubon Society and Washington Native Plant Society. Page 115.  Guard, B.J. 1995. Wetland Plants of Oregon & Washington. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 199.  Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 450.  Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 282.  Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 163.  Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 331.

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, D-I – pg.29

Geum macrophyllum Suggested References

 Cooke, S.S. A Field Guide to the Common Wetland Plants of Western Washington and Northwetern Oregon. Seattle Audubon Society and Washington Native Plant Society. Page 118.  Guard, B.J. 1995. Wetland Plants of Oregon & Washington. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 113.  Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 212.  Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 196.  Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 223.  Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 185.  Turner, N.AJ. 1975. Food Plants of British Columbia Indians: part 1, Coastal Peoples. British Columbia Provincial Museum. Page 37.

Goodyera oblongifolia Suggested References

 Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Page 1214.  Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 701.  Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 336.  Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 211.  Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 120.

Grindelia integrifolia Suggested References

 Cooke, S.S. A Field Guide to the Common Wetland Plants of Western Washington and Northwetern Oregon. Seattle Audubon Society and Washington Native Plant Society. Page 121.  Guard, B.J. 1995. Wetland Plants of Oregon & Washington. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 140.  Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 306.  Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 252.  Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 291.

Heuchera micrantha Suggested References

 Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Page 1005.  Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 187.  Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 420.  Link, R. 1999. Landscaping for Wildlife in the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 281.  Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 181.  Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 166.

Hydrophyllum tenuipes Suggested References

 Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 252.  Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 183.  Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 231.

Iris tenax Suggested References

 Alden, P., D. Paulson. 1998. National Audubon Society, Field Guide to the Pacific Northwest. Chanticleer Press. Page 149.  Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 319.  Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 116.