Theory, Research, and Policy FIFTH EDITION

FIFTH EDITION CRIMINOLOGY Theory, Research, and Policy

Gennaro F. Vito, PhD University of Louisville Jeffrey R. Maahs, PhD University of Minnesota Duluth World Headquarters Jones & Bartlett Learning 5 Wall Street Burlington, MA 01803 978-443-5000 [email protected] www.jblearning.com Jones & Bartlett Learning books and products are available through most bookstores and online booksellers. To contact Jones & Bartlett Learning directly, call 800-832-0034, fax 978-443-8000, or visit our website, www.jblearning.com.

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Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any form, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. The content, statements, views, and opinions herein are the sole expression of the respective authors and not that of Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or imply its endorsement or recommendation by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC and such reference shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes. All trademarks displayed are the trademarks of the parties noted herein. Criminology: Theory, Research, and Policy, Fifth Edition is an independent publication and has not been authorized, sponsored, or otherwise approved by the owners of the trademarks or service marks referenced in this product. There may be images in this book that feature models; these models do not necessarily endorse, represent, or participate in the activities represented in the images. Any screenshots in this product are for educational and instructive purposes only. Any individuals and scenarios featured in the case studies throughout this product may be real or fictitious, but are used for instructional purposes only. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the Subject Matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional service. If legal advice or other expert assistance is required, the service of a competent professional person should be sought. 18272-9 Production Credits VP, Product Management: Amanda Martin Cover & Text Design: Scott Moden Director of Product Management: Laura Pagluica Senior Media Development Editor: Troy Liston Product Specialist: Audrey Schwinn Rights & Media Specialist: John Rusk Product Coordinator: Paula-Yuan Gregory Cover Image (Title Page): © Nevarpp/iStockphoto/Getty Images, Project Manager: Lori Mortimer © Tithi Luadthong/Shutterstock, © GarryKillian/Getty Images, Senior Project Manager: Jennifer Risden © Mark Garlick/Science Photo Library RF/Getty Images Digital Project Specialist: Angela Dooley Printing and Binding: LSC Communications Marketing Manager: Suzy Balk Product Fulfillment Manager: Wendy Kilborn Composition: Exela Technologies Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Vito, Gennaro F., author. | Maahs, Jeffrey R., author. Title: Criminology: theory, research, and policy / Gennaro F. Vito, Jeffrey R. Maahs. Description: Fifth edition. | Burlington, MA : Jones & Bartlett Learning, [2021] | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Summary: “The text discusses criminal behavior and explores the factors that contribute to crime as well as the social reactions to crime. It takes a broad approach to criminology theory, incorporating sociology, psychology, biology, and ecology. By making the connection between theory, research, and policy, the authors demonstrate the relevancy of criminological theory in the public attempt to control crime while providing justice. The emphasis on these three elements with pertinent discussions and examples is what sets this text apart from other criminology titles”–Provided by publisher. Identifiers: LCCN 2019047602 | ISBN 9781284181784 (paperback) Subjects: LCSH: Criminology. Classification: LCC HV6025 .V57 2020 | DDC 364–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019047602

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Printed in the United States of America 24 23 22 21 20 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Gennaro F. Vito dedicates this book to Harry E. Allen.

Jeffrey R. Maahs dedicates this book to his family.

Preface xiii Acknowledgments xix About the Authors xxi

PART 1 Introduction to Criminology 1

CHAPTER 1 Crime and Criminology...... 3

CHAPTER 2 The Incidence of Crime...... 35

PART 2 Criminological Theories 49

CHAPTER 3 Neoclassical Criminology...... 51

CHAPTER 4 Biology and Crime...... 79

CHAPTER 5 Psychology and Crime...... 109

CHAPTER 6 Social Structure and Crime...... 135

CHAPTER 7 Social Process and Crime...... 163

CHAPTER 8 Critical Approaches to Law and Crime...... 191

CHAPTER 9 Crime over the Life Course...... 221

PART 3 Crime Types 241

CHAPTER 10 Crimes of Violence...... 243

CHAPTER 11 Property Crimes...... 291

CHAPTER 12 Public Order Crimes ...... 311

CHAPTER 13 Terrorism...... 333

v vi Brief Contents

CHAPTER 14 Cybercrime...... 347

CHAPTER 15 Drugs and Crime...... 363

CHAPTER 16 Crimes of the Powerful: Organized and White-Collar Crime...... 393

Glossary 427 Index 437 © Tithi Luadthong/Shutterstock Contents

Preface ...... xiii How to Study Crime...... 27 Acknowledgments...... xix Conclusion...... 28 About the Authors...... xxi Wrap-Up...... 28

CHAPTER 2 The Incidence PART 1 Introduction of Crime...... 35 to Criminology 1 Introduction ...... 35 CHAPTER 1 Crime and Sources of Crime Statistics...... 36 Criminology...... 3 The Uniform Crime Report...... 36 Limitations of the UCR...... 38 Introduction ...... 3 The National Incident-Based Reporting What Is Criminology? ...... 4 System...... 39 Criminology and Academics...... 4 National Crime Victimization Survey...... 40 A Brief History of the Criminal Law ...... 5 Categories of Victims and Victimization. . . . . 41 Defining the Criminal Law ...... 5 Intimate Partner Violence, 1993–2010 . . . . . 42 Perspectives on the Criminal Law...... 6 Victims of Identity Theft, 2016...... 42 Criminological Theory...... 8 School Crime and Safety...... 42 Defining a Scientific Theory...... 8 Violence in the Workplace, 1993–2009. . . . . 43 The Origins of Criminological Theory...... 8 Limitations of the NCVS...... 43 Evaluating Theories of Crime ...... 11 Criminal Justice System Statistics...... 44 Organizing Theories of Crime...... 12 Jail Population...... 44 Criminology Research ...... 13 Prison Population...... 46 Cause and Effect in Social Science...... 13 Probation and Parole Figures...... 46 Experimental Designs...... 14 Conclusion...... 47 Nonexperimental Designs...... 15 Wrap-Up...... 47 Replication and Generalization in Science . . . .15 Crime Policy ...... 17 Uninformed Policy—The Case of Intensive PART 2 Criminological Supervision...... 17 Theories 49 Informed Policy: The Case of Multisystemic Therapy...... 17 CHAPTER 3 Neoclassical Criminology in Context ...... 18 Criminology...... 51 Political Ideology...... 18 Introduction ...... 51 Crime and the Media...... 19 The Politics of Crime...... 22 The Rise of Neoclassical Theory...... 52 Academic Criminology in Context ...... 24 Deterrence Theory...... 55 Criminology Students in Context: “Streetwise” Empirical Tests of Deterrence Theory ...... 55 Criminology ...... 25 General Deterrence...... 57 Crime as a Normal Phenomenon...... 26 Specific Deterrence...... 59

vii viii Contents

Focused Deterrence...... 61 Freudian Explanations of Delinquency . . . . .112 Perceptual Deterrence...... 62 Policy Implications of Freudian Theory. . . . .114 Celerity...... 62 Behavioral Psychology...... 114 Summary of Deterrence Theory...... 64 Principles of Learning...... 114 Rational Choice Theory...... 65 Contagion Theory and Mass Violence. . . . . 118 Cornish and Clarke’s Rational Modeling Theory: A Summary of the Choice Theory ...... 65 Evidence ...... 119 Routine Activities Theory and the Lifestyle Policy Implications of Behaviorism...... 119 Approach...... 67 Cognitive Psychology...... 120 Routine Activities Theory ...... 68 Cognitive Structure...... 120 The Lifestyle Approach...... 68 Cognitive Content...... 121 Policy Implications: Situational Crime Policy Implications of Cognitive Psychology: Prevention...... 70 Cognitive–Behavioral Programs...... 121 Conclusion...... 72 Personality and Crime...... 123 Wrap-Up...... 74 Personality Traits and Crime...... 123 Criminal Personality: The Psychopath. . . . . 124 CHAPTER 4 Biology and Policy Implications of Personality Crime...... 79 Theory...... 127 Intelligence and Crime ...... 127 Introduction ...... 79 A Brief History of Intelligence Testing. . . . . 127 Early Biological Theories...... 80 IQ and Crime ...... 128 Phrenology...... 80 Policy Implications of the IQ–Crime Lombroso’s “Born Criminal” ...... 80 Relationship...... 129 Further Study of Physical Deficiencies...... 81 Summary of IQ and Crime ...... 129 Sheldon’s Somatotype Theory...... 82 Conclusion...... 130 The XYY “Supermale” ...... 82 The Legacy and Policy Implications of Early Wrap-Up...... 131 Biological Research...... 83 CHAPTER 6 Social Structure A Modern Biosocial Approach to Crime. . . . . 84 and Crime...... 135 Indirect Studies of Behavioral Genetics. . . . . 84 Direct Studies of Human Genes: Molecular Introduction ...... 135 Genetics...... 87 Emile Durkheim and Crime ...... 136 Biological Correlates of Crime...... 91 Social Disorganization and Social Ecology. . 137 Biosocial Theory...... 99 Early Social Ecology: Concentric Zone Theory. . .138 Eysenck’s Biosocial Theory ...... 99 Social Disorganization Theory...... 138 Moffitt’s Theory of Life-Course–Persistent Race, Place, and Crime ...... 140 Offending...... 100 Stark’s “Deviant Places” Theory...... 142 Low Self-Control as a Biosocial Concept. . . . 100 Hot Spots of Criminal Behavior...... 142 A Biosocial Explanation of Female Policy Implications: Social Ecology Delinquency...... 101 and Social Disorganization...... 143 Evolutionary Explanations...... 101 The Strain/Anomie Theoretical Tradition. . . . 145 Conclusion...... 102 Critique of Anomie Theory...... 147 Wrap-Up...... 103 General Strain Theory...... 148 CHAPTER 5 Psychology Institutional Anomie Theory...... 149 and Crime...... 109 Implications of Anomie and Strain Theories . . .150 Subcultural Explanations of Crime ...... 151 Introduction ...... 109 Cohen: Status Frustration and Reaction Psychoanalytic Theory...... 112 Formation...... 151 Freudian Elements of Personality...... 112 Cloward and Ohlin: Differential Opportunity. . 152 Contents ix

Miller: Focal Concerns of the Lower Class. . . .153 Research on Race and Criminal Justice A General Critique of Subcultural Processing...... 196 Explanations ...... 155 Conflict Theory as an Explanation of Criminal Policy Implications of Subcultural Theories. . . 155 Behavior...... 201 Conclusion...... 156 A Critique of Conflict Theory ...... 202 Wrap-Up...... 158 Radical Criminology...... 202 Karl Marx and Crime...... 202 CHAPTER 7 Social Process Engels and the Social Revolution...... 203 and Crime...... 163 Bonger and Egoistic Capitalism...... 203 Rusche and Kirchheimer and Penal Systems. . .203 Introduction ...... 163 Richard Quinney: Class, Crime, and the State. . 204 Differential Association and Social Radical Explanations of the Law and the Learning Theory...... 165 Criminal Justice System...... 204 Tarde’s Law of Imitation...... 165 Historical Support for Marxist Criminology. . . 207 Sutherland’s Theory of Differential Association. . .165 A Radical Critique of “Traditional” From Differential Association to Social Criminologists...... 208 Learning ...... 167 A Critique of Radical Criminology...... 208 Policy Implications: Social Learning Theory . . .170 Extensions of Radical Criminology ...... 209 Informal Social Control Theory...... 171 New Directions in Critical Criminology. . . . .211 Three Types of Informal Social Control. . . . .171 Feminist Criminology...... 212 Early Control Theory: Walter Reckless and The Gender Ratio ...... 213 “Containment”...... 171 The Generalizability Issue...... 213 Hirschi’s Social Bond Theory...... 171 Gender and the Criminal Justice System. . . . 215 Gottfredson and Hirschi’s General Theory Conclusion...... 216 of Crime...... 174 Wrap-Up...... 216 An Age-Graded Theory of Informal Social Control ...... 175 CHAPTER 9 Crime over the Life Are Humans Really Selfish and Greedy? Course...... 221 Positive Criminology and Social Support. . . 176 Policy Implications for Theories of Informal Introduction ...... 221 Social Control ...... 177 The Criminal Career Perspective...... 222 Can’t We All Just Get Along? Social Control, Case Studies of Criminal Careers...... 222 Social Learning, and Behaviorism...... 178 Cohort Research: The Chronic Six Percent . . . 223 Labeling Theory...... 179 From “Criminal Career” to Life-Course The Roots of the Labeling Perspective. . . . . 179 Criminology...... 224 Putting the Pieces Together—The Labeling Life-Course Criminology...... 225 Process...... 180 Central Life-Course Questions...... 226 A Critique of Labeling Theory...... 181 Life-Course Theories...... 226 Policy Implications of Labeling Theory. . . . .182 Continuity Theories...... 226 Extensions of Labeling Theory...... 183 Continuity and Change Theories...... 227 Conclusion...... 183 Continuity or Change Theories...... 230 Wrap-Up...... 186 An Integrated Life-Course Theory...... 231 Policy Implications of Life-Course CHAPTER 8 Critical Approaches Criminology...... 232 to Law and Crime...... 191 Criminal Justice Responses...... 232 Introduction ...... 191 Policing Initiatives...... 232 Conflict Theory...... 192 Sentencing/Corrections Initiatives...... 233 Conflict Theory and the Law...... 192 Negative Consequences of Getting Tough. . . .234 Conflict Theory and the Criminal Justice System. . 195 Prevention and Rehabilitation...... 234 x Contents

Conclusion...... 237 Larceny-Theft...... 300 Wrap-Up...... 237 Larceny-Theft Trends...... 300 Nature and Extent of Larceny-Theft...... 300 Research on Larceny-Theft: A Focus on PART 3 Crime Types 241 Shoplifting...... 301 Criminal Justice System Response to Shoplifting. . 302 CHAPTER 10 Crimes Motor Vehicle Theft...... 303 of Violence...... 243 Patterns of Motor Vehicle Theft...... 303 Introduction ...... 243 Methods and Motives of Car Thieves...... 305 Violent Crime Trends in the United Conclusion...... 306 States...... 244 Wrap-Up...... 306 Homicide...... 245 CHAPTER 12 Public Order Murder Levels and Trends...... 246 Crimes...... 311 Circumstances Leading to Homicide...... 247 Offender and Victim Characteristics ...... 247 Introduction ...... 311 Explaining America’s Homicide Rate...... 249 The Morality Perspective...... 313 Multicide...... 253 Moral Entrepreneurs...... 313 Mass Murder...... 253 Drugs, Alcohol, Moral Entrepreneurs, Serial Murder...... 256 and Interest Groups...... 315 Rape and Sexual Assault...... 259 The Law and Order Perspective...... 317 Rape: Incidence, Prevalence, and Trends. . . . 259 Wilson and Kelling: Broken Windows Theory. . 317 Victims of Rape and Sexual Assault...... 260 Gambling ...... 319 The Criminal Justice Response to Rape. . . . .263 The Morality Perspective: Compulsive Gambling. . 320 Explaining Rape and Sexual Assault ...... 263 The Law and Order Perspective: Casinos Intimate Partner Violence...... 265 and Crime...... 320 Intimate Partner Abuse...... 265 Prostitution...... 322 Child Abuse ...... 274 Types of Prostitutes...... 322 Robbery...... 276 Entry into the Profession...... 323 Characteristics of Robbery and Robbers. . . . .277 The Morality Perspective: The Dangers Explaining Robbery...... 277 of Prostitution...... 323 The Law and Order Perspective: Policing Assault...... 279 Street Prostitution ...... 326 Conclusion...... 280 Conclusion...... 328 Wrap-Up...... 281 Wrap-Up...... 329

CHAPTER 11 Property Crimes. . . . 291 CHAPTER 13 Terrorism...... 333 Introduction ...... 291 Introduction ...... 333 Property Crime Trends ...... 291 Terrorism Defined...... 334 Burglary...... 292 Why Terrorism?...... 335 Burglary Trends...... 292 Organization and Support...... 337 The Nature of Burglary...... 292 Domestic Terror Groups...... 341 Burglary Methods and Motives ...... 293 Responses to Terrorism ...... 343 Typologies of Burglars...... 295 Response to Burglary...... 297 Wrap-Up...... 345 Arson...... 297 CHAPTER 14 Cybercrime...... 347 Research on Arson and Arsonists...... 298 Arson Typologies: Mentally Disordered Introduction ...... 347 and Serial Arsonists...... 299 Cybercrime Markets ...... 348 Contents xi

Cyberpornography...... 350 CHAPTER 16 Crimes of the Cyberfraud...... 351 Powerful: Organized and Hacking...... 353 White-Collar Crime...... 393 Cybercrime Communities...... 355 Introduction ...... 393 Cyberbullying...... 355 Organized Crime ...... 394 Cyberhate...... 356 Similarities Between Organized Crime Cyberstalking...... 357 and Legitimate Business Enterprises. . . . . 394 Sexting ...... 357 Theories of Organized Crime ...... 396 The Alien Conspiracy Model...... 396 Conclusion...... 358 The Local, Ethnic Group Model...... 397 Wrap-Up...... 359 The Mafia: La Cosa Nostra...... 400 CHAPTER 15 Drugs and Crime. . . . 363 Law Enforcement Methods to Combat Organized Crime...... 402 Introduction ...... 363 Headhunting: The Racketeer Influenced Drug Use: A Historical Perspective ...... 363 and Corrupt Organizations Act ...... 402 Drugs and Criminal Behavior...... 365 The Federal Witness Protection Program. . . . 403 The Incidence of Substance Abuse Among Impact of Law Enforcement Methods Offenders...... 365 on Organized Crime...... 405 The Goldstein Models...... 368 White-Collar Crime...... 407 Drug Dealer Methods ...... 370 The Sutherland Definition of White-Collar Crime. . 407 Women, Drug Abuse, and Crime...... 371 The Impact of White-Collar Crime ...... 407 Delinquency and Drug Abuse...... 374 Expanded Definitions of White-Collar Crime . . 409 Types of Illegal Drugs: Drug Abuse Occupational Crime ...... 410 and Trends...... 375 Corporate Crime...... 411 Trends in Use ...... 375 The Criminal Careers of Corporations. . . . . 412 Other Categories of White-Collar Crimes . . . .413 Methamphetamine...... 376 The Careers and Motivations of Individual The Impact of Treatment...... 378 White-Collar Criminals...... 414 The Economics of Drugs and Crime...... 379 Prosecution of White-Collar Criminals . . . . .417 Legalization of Drugs ...... 380 Sentencing of White-Collar Criminals. . . . . 418 Arguments in Favor of Legalization...... 380 Conclusion...... 420 Arguments Against Legalization...... 381 Wrap-Up...... 420 The War on Drugs ...... 384 Conclusion...... 385 Glossary...... 427 Wrap-Up...... 386 Index ...... 437

This text is the result of many years of teaching criminol- Chapter 4 ogy at the undergraduate and graduate levels, working • Updated the research on the DNA–crime link to with criminal justice agencies, and conducting research address genome-wide association studies and other on crime and its consequences. We have benefitted from advances in technology. those classroom and professional experiences. They • Added a Theory in Action box on how DNA is inform the contents of this book. We give attention to used in criminal justice. the linkage between theory, research, and policy because • Added a Theory in Action box on the water crisis without these connections, there is little hope of crime in Flint, Michigan. prevention or treatment. The text has been completely Chapter 5 revised and updated to contain the most recent statistics • Updated the Theory in Action box to include the and research findings on the topics covered. Materials link between mental illness and mass shootings in updated for the Fifth Edition are listed as follows. the United States. Chapter 1 • Added a section on contagion theory. • Reorganized and updated based on the themes of • Added moral recognition therapy (MRT) as exam- the book: theory, research, and policy. ple of cognitive skills/restructuring. • Given the many relationships between mass Chapter 6 media, modern society, and the study of crime, • Updated Sampson’s research on collective efficacy. we added a section on crime and the media. This • Updated the Theory in Action box on Cabrini-Green. includes a Theory in Action box about “reality” • Incorporated updated research on institutional television shows about policing, such as Cops and anomie. LivePD. • Updated the information on general strain theory, including strains most likely to cause crime and Chapter 2 defining objective and subjective strains. • Discussed updated statistics from Uniform Crime Reports, the National Crime Victimization Survey, Chapter 7 city crime ratings, and the National Incident-Based • Added a study of Japanese men’s cognitive distor- Reporting System. tions about sexual offenses. • Updated the discussions about intimate partner • Added a section on positive criminology, includ- violence, victims of identity theft, and violence in ing Agnew’s “social concern,” and updated Cul- the workplace. len’s social support. • Updated the criminal justice statistics for the jail • Updated the Theory in Action box on “ban the population, the prison population, and probation box” campaigns. and parole figures. • Updated the information on restorative justice. Chapter 3 Chapter 8 • Updated the information on incapacitation and • Updated the Theory in Action box on the legal incarceration trends. status of marijuana. • Provided updated research on deterrence the- • Updated the statistics on race/ethnic disparities in ory, including evaluations of Hawaii’s HOPE incarceration rates, and research on disparity. This program. includes research on “driving while Black.” • Incorporated updated research on rational choice • Updated the information on the relationship theory. between drug policy and race. This includes the • Updated the Theory in Action box on “scared winding down of the drug war and the public health straight” programs to include new research. approach advocated in the face of the opioid crisis. xiii xiv Preface • Incorporated the latest poll data on support for Chapter 12 the death penalty. • Incorporated discussion of the theoretical link • Discussed the latest statistics on federal prose- between crime and disorder in the section about cution of white-collar crime. broken windows theory and updated the research • Added the section, New Directions in Critical findings. Criminology, to highlight emerging theory devel- • Updated the information on casinos and crime. opment in other critical areas (cultural criminol- • Included new statistics in the discussion about ogy, convict criminology, and green criminology). human trafficking. • Updated the information on feminist theory and the relationship between gender and crime Chapter 13 (includes “male support theory” and efforts to • Added information about the UN Code of Conduct gender other theories). This includes Jody Mill- Towards Achieving a World Free of Terrorism. er’s Getting Played research/theory. • Updated the text with information about the 2019 mass shooting in El Paso, Texas. Chapter 9 • Incorporated material on Patrick Crusius (El Paso • Added information on David Farrington’s integra- Walmart shooting), Conor Climo (planned white tive cognitive antisocial potential (ICAP) theory. supremacist attack), James A. Fields Jr. (attack at • Added attachment and biobehavioral catch-up Charlottesville “Unite the Right” rally), and Robert (ABC) intervention to the Theory in Action box Gregory Bowers (Pittsburgh synagogue shooting). on home visiting. • Updated the chapter with information about the 2018 Taliban attacks in Afghanistan and the Chapter 10 2018 Intercontinental Hotel Attack in Kabul, • Updated the information for violent crime trends Afghanistan. and the Theory in Action box explaining the drop in violent crime. Chapter 14 • Included additional research findings about • Added sections on cyberhate, cyberstalking, and intimate partner homicide (IPH). sexting. • Expanded the discussion of gun control. • Provided updated research findings and statistics Chapter 15 on mass murders • Added a section on drug dealer methods. • Provided updated research findings for serial • Incorporated new research findings in the discus- murders. sion of women, drug abuse, and crime. • Provided updated statistics and research findings • Provided data from the results of the Monitoring on rape and interpersonal violence. the Future survey for 2017 and the 2018 National • Incorporated additional information on stalking Drug Assessment in the discussion of trends in and responses of victims. drug use. • Expanded the discussion on campus sexual violence. • Updated the analysis of the impact of drug • Expanded the discussion of child abuse to treatment. include more information about its impact on • Updated the discussion about legalizing marijuana. CSA victims. • Updated the statistics and information on robbery Chapter 16 and assault—victimizations and typologies. • Added information about the initiation ceremony • Added a Theory in Action box on school violence. to the Theory in Action box, The 10 Command- ments of the Mafia. Chapter 11 • Expanded the discussion about the business of • Incorporated updated statistics regarding prop- organized crime to include findings about the erty crime. types of illegal gambling promoted by orga- • Created a new subsection, Burglary Methods and nized crime and the related criminal offenses Motives. involved. • Updated the statistics for cars most targeted for • Updated the statistics of the impact of white-collar theft and added a new table of top motor vehicle crime and added information about white-collar theft locations. crime victim compensation. Preface xv • Added an economic analysis to the Theory in • Added a new Theory in Action box on outlaw Action box, The Neapolitan Camorra. motorcycle gangs. • Added a new Theory in Action box on Russian organized crime.

The Student Experience Criminology: Theory, Research, and Policy, Fifth Edition, was designed with students in mind and contains numerous pedagogical features to aid in their understanding and retention of the material. For this edition, the text has been organized into three parts to add structure and help readers focus on the different topics. xvi Preface

Each chapter opens with a list of objectives to help the reader focus on the most important aspects of the material and come away with measurable outcomes to indicate mastery of the subject.

Throughout each chapter, Theory in Action boxes feature closer looks at special topics related to the chapter. These boxes can help students connect content to practical applications and real-life scenarios, and provide a starting place for further research. Preface xvii

Chapters conclude with a Wrap-Up section contain- ing useful study tools so students can check their Teaching Tools understanding and prepare for assessments. The A wide range of Instructor Resources are also provided Chapter Spotlight summarizes key points from the with this book. These resources are meant to aid the chapter in a bulleted list. Putting It All Together ques- instructor throughout the teaching of this book and tions are available for homework or for self-study. help the student gain a deeper understanding of the A list of Key Terms aids students in mastering import- information at hand. ant vocabulary. These Key Terms are marked in bold throughout the text, and complete definitions are • Slides in PowerPoint format included in the Glossary at the end of the book. The • Weblinks Endnotes are a thorough list of references for each • Instructor’s Manual Lecture Outlines chapter and can be easily used for further exploration • Test Banks of the topics covered. For information on how to access these resources, please contact your Jones & Bartlett Learning Account Manager at go.jblearning.com/findmyrep.

Contributors Special thanks to the following people for their contributions to the text: George E. Higgins University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky Chapter 14: Cybercrime George E. Richards Edinboro University of Pennsylvania Edinboro, Pennsylvania Chapter 13: Terrorism

Reviewers David Bugg, SUNY-Potsdam Kelli Callahan, Bellevue College Melissa Deller, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater Dana DeWitt, Mount Marty College Cherly Furdge, North Central Texas College Daniel Hebert, Springfield Technical Community College Kelly Henderson, Langston University Vincent Henry, Long Island University Patricia Marek O’Neill, Hudson Valley Community College Kenneth Salmon, Arizona State University Celia Sporer, Queensborough Community College (CUNY) Michael TenEyck, The University of Texas at Arlington Albert Toh, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff Eugene L. Wright, Queensborough Community College (CUNY)

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Gennaro F. Vito is a professor in the Department of such topics as capital sentencing, police consolida- Criminal Justice at the University of Louisville. He tion, police traffic stops, policing strategies for drug also serves as a faculty member in the administra- problems in public housing, attitudes toward capital tive officer’s course at the Southern Police Institute punishment, and the effectiveness of criminal jus- and vice chair of degree programs. He holds a PhD tice programs, such as drug elimination programs, in public administration from The Ohio State Uni- drug courts, and drug testing of probationers and versity. Active in professional organizations, he is a parolees. He has made over 100 presentations at past president and fellow of the Academy of Crimi- professional meetings, including the American Cor- nal Justice Sciences and recipient of the Bruce Smith rectional Association, the International Commu- Award and the Outstanding Service Award (Police nity Corrections Association, and the Kentucky Bar Section). He is also the recipient of the Educator of Association. the Year Award from the Southern Criminal Justice Association (1991), the Dean’s Outstanding Perfor- Jeffrey R. Maahs is an associate professor in the mance Award for Research and Scholarly Activities Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Crim- from the former College of Urban and Public Affairs inology at the University of Minnesota Duluth. He at University of Louisville (1990), the Dean’s Award received his BA in psychology from the University for Outstanding Research from the College of Arts of Wisconsin-Eau Claire in 1993, an MA in criminal and Sciences, and the President’s Distinguished Fac- justice from Sam Houston State University in 1997, ulty Award for Excellence in Research (2002). He is and a PhD in criminal justice from the University of the author of over 100 professional, refereed journal Cincinnati in 2001. His research interests include articles (in journals such as Criminology, The Journal corrections (probation outcomes, drug courts, prison of Criminal Law and Criminology, Justice Quarterly, privatization) and criminological theory, and he has Police Quarterly, and The Prison Journal) and over authored numerous articles, book chapters, and 40 technical research reports. He has published on agency reports in these areas.

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