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'N Geskiedenis Van Die Samestelling En ‘N GESKIEDENIS VAN DIE SAMESTELLING EN FUNKSIONERING VAN DIE SUID-AFRIKAANSE PARLEMENTÊRE STELSEL, 1910-1999 deur Willem Francois Hugo Tesis ingelewer ter voldoening aan die vereistes vir die graad Magister in Geskiedenis in die Fakulteit Lettere en Wysbegeerte aan die Universiteit Stellenbosch Studieleier: Prof. W.P. Visser Desember 2020 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za VERKLARING Deur hierdie tesis elektronies in te lewer, verklaar ek dat die geheel van die werk hierin vervat, my eie, oorspronklike werk is, dat ek die alleenouteur daarvan is (behalwe in die mate uitdruklik anders aangedui), dat reproduksie en publikasie daarvan deur die Universiteit Stellenbosch nie derdepartyregte sal skend nie en dat ek dit nie vantevore, in die geheel of gedeeltelik, ter verkryging van enige kwalifikasie aangebied het nie W F Hugo Kopiereg © 2020 Universiteit van Stellenbosch Alle regte voorbehou ii Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za OPSOMMING Hierdie studie handel oor die samestelling en funksionering van die Suid- Afrikaanse parlementêre stelsel vanaf 1910-1999. Daar word spesifieke klem gelê op die Eerste Suid-Afrikaanse Parlement (1910 tot 1915), die Eerste Parlement van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika (1961 tot 1966), die Sewende Parlement van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika (1984 tot 1987) en die Eerste Demokratiese Parlement van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika (1994 tot 1999). Hierdie parlemente het totstand gekom na die aanvaarding van nuwe grondwette wat nuwe parlementêre stelsels teweeggebring het. ‘n Historiese oorsig word gegee oor die ontwikkeling van die Suid-Afrikaanse parlement sedert die totstandkoming van die twee Britse kolonies en die twee Boere- republieke in Suid-Afrika tot en met die einde van die eerste demokratiese parlement in 1999. Verder word daar ook verwys na instansies wat ‘n impak gehad het op en tot ‘n mate deel was van die parlementêre stelsel, soos byvoorbeeld die Uitvoerende Oorgangsraad wat tussen Desember 1993 en April 1994 gefunksioneer het. Die wetgewende gesag, of parlement, is die regeringsinstelling wat wette vir ‘n samelewing maak, wysig of herroep en uit een of twee huise bestaan. In Suid-Afrika het die parlement van 1910 tot 1980 uit twee huise bestaan. In 1981 is die Senaat afgeskaf en het Suid-Afrika slegs een huis gehad totdat die Driekamer-parlement in 1984 ingestel is. Na die inwerkingtreding van die interim-grondwet in 1994 is die Driekamer-parlement afgeskaf en die Senaat weer ingestel sodat ‘n tweekamer parlement weer tot stand gekom het. Verder word die agtergrond tot die Zuid-Afrikawet van 1909 en die 1993- grondwet, wat deur onderhandelinge voorafgegaan is en die 1961- en 1984-grondwette wat deur referendums voorafgegaan is bespreek. Hierdie vier grondwette het die Suid- Afrikaanse parlementêre stelsel drasties verander en vorm die kern van hierdie studie. Die grootste verandering wat die Suid-Afrikaanse parlementêre stelsel tussen 1910 en 1994 ondergaan het, was dat die parlement ʼn evolusionêre verandering, van ʼn instelling beklee met soewereine oppergesag na een ondergeskik aan die grondwet as soewereine oppergesag, verander het. iii Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za ABSTRACT This study examines the structure and functioning of the South African parliamentary system from 1910 to 1999. The thesis specifically focuses on the First South African Parliament (1910 to 1915), the First Parliament of the Republic of South Africa (1961 to 1966), the Seventh Parliament of the Republic of South Africa (1984 to 1987) and the First Democratic Parliament of the Republic of South Africa (1994 to 1999). These parliaments were established after the adoption of new constitutions that created new parliamentary systems. The study entails a historical overview of the development of the South African parliament since the establishment of the two British colonies and the two Boer republics in South Africa until the end of the first democratic parliament in 1999. It also refers to institutions that impacted on and to some extent formed part of the parliamentary system, such as the Transitional Executive Council that existed between December 1993 and April 1994. The legislative authority, or parliament, is the government institution that passes or amends legislation for a country and consists of one or two chambers. In South Africa the parliament consisted of two chambers between 1910 and 1980. In 1981 the Senate was abolished and the South African parliament consisted of only one chamber until the tricameral parliament was established in 1984. After the implementation of the interim constitution in 1994, the tricameral parliament was abolished and the Senate was reestablished. South Africa therefore had two chambers again. The background to the South African Act of 1909 and the 1993 constitution, that were both the product of extensive negotiations, as well as the 1961 and 1984 consitutions that were both preceded by referendums, are discussed. These four constitutions changed the South African parliamentary system drastically and form the basis of this study. The biggest change to the South African parliamentary system between 1910 en 1994 was that the parliament underwent an evolutionary change from an institution with absolute power to one that is subordinate to the constitution as sovereign supremacy. iv Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za BEDANKINGS Hierdie werk word opgedra aan my eggenote, Juanita en my kinders Juandri, Stephan en Danielleh vir hulle opofferinge en ondersteuning terwyl ek naweke en vakansies besig was met hierdie studie. Dit word ook opgedra aan my oorlede vader wat my aangemoedig het om vrae te vra en my toegelaat het om die antwoorde self te gaan soek. Graag betuig ek my opregte dank aan al die persone wat deur middel van hulle tyd, raad, aanmoediging en die beskikbaarstelling van inligting dit moontlik gemaak het om hierdie studie te voltooi. Hierdie studie het ‘n nuwe dinamika bereik na onderhoude met en insette wat ontvang is van professore Rassie Malherbe, Fanie Cloete, Ig Rautenbach en Willie Breytenbach en advokaat Jan Heunis. Hulle was altyd beskikbaar om nog van my baie vrae te beantwoord en daarvoor is ek baie dankbaar. Hierdie gesprekke en insette het tot nuwe perspektiewe op Suid-Afrika se grondwetlike en parlementêre geskiedenis gelei wat in hierdie studie bespreek word. Ek wil graag ʼn spesiale woord van dank aan professor W.P. Visser rig vir sy inspirasie, leiding en geduld met dié staatsamptenaar. Hy was altyd beskikbaar om by my skedule aan te pas en sy entoesiasme en aanmoediging het my gefokus en gemotiveerd gehou. Ek wil ook die SA Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns vir hulle finansiёle ondersteuning bedank. Alle eer aan my Hemelse Vader vir genade, gesondheid en krag om hierdie studie te kon voltooi. v Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za INHOUDSOPGAWE Bladsy HOOFSTUK 1 TEORETIESE RAAMWERK VAN STUDIE 1.1 Inleiding 1 1.2 Die parlement as historiese instelling 3 1.2.1 Die werking van die parlementêre stelsel in ‘n demokratiese staat 4 1.2.2 Die Britse Westminster-stelsel 5 1.3 Doelwitte, fokus en uitgangspunte van die studie 9 1.4 Historiografie oor die Suid-Afrikaanse parlemente en parlementêre stelsel 12 1.5 Navorsingsmetodiek 16 1.6 Struktuur 17 1.7 Konseptuele vertrekpunte ten opsigte van die bestudering van die Suid-Afrikaanse parlement 18 1.7.1 ‘n Beknopte historiese oorsig van die ontwikkeling van die parlementêre stelsel in Suid-Afrika 18 1.7.2 Die evolusie van die oppergesag van die parlement 21 1.7.3 Die struktuur van die Suid-Afrikaanse parlementêre stelsel 23 1.7.3.1 Die Wetgewende Gesag 24 1.7.3.2 Die oorsigrol van parlementêre komitees 26 1.7.3.3 Die rol van die parlementêre koukus 28 1.8 Samevatting 28 HOOFSTUK 2 SUID-AFRIKAANSE PARLEMENTÊRE GESKIEDENIS EN ONTWIKKELING VOOR 1910 2.1 Die historiese aanloop tot Suid-Afrikaanse parlementêre instellings 30 2.2 Die Kaapkolonie 33 2.3 Natal 46 2.4 Die Republiek van die Oranje-Vrystaat (Oranjerivier-kolonie) 51 vi Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za 2.5 Die Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek (Transvaal) 58 2.6 Samevatting 64 HOOFSTUK 3 DIE EERSTE SUID-AFRIKAANSE PARLEMENT, 1910 – 1915 3.1 Inleiding 65 3.1.1 Nouer samewerking tussen die vier Britse kolonies 65 3.1.2 Smuts se inisiatiewe 69 3.2 Die aanloop en daarstelling van ʼn Nasionale Konvensie 71 3.2.1 Die Nasionale Konvensie 72 3.3 Die Zuid-Afrikawet 79 3.3.1 Debat in die Britse parlement 85 3.4 Die status en konstitusionele regte van die Unie-parlement 90 3.4.1 Die strukture en stelsels van die Unie-parlement 94 3.4.2 Uitdagings van die Unie-parlement 97 3.4.3 Die Senaat 100 3.4.4 Die Volksraad 102 3.4.5 Die instelling van die Hansard as die amptelike parlementêre rekord 103 3.5 Samevatting 105 HOOFSTUK 4 DIE EERSTE EN TWEEDE PARLEMENTE VAN DIE REPUBLIEK VAN SUID-AFRIKA, 1961 – 1966 4.1 Inleiding 107 4.2 Aanvoering van die republikeinse ideaal 108 4.2.1 Die 1960-referendum 111 4.2.2 Die 1961-grondwet 117 4.3 Die Republiek-parlement van 1961 123 4.3.1 Die Volksraad 128 4.3.2 Die Senaat 133 4.3.3 Die Staatspresident 134 4.4 Samevatting 136 vii Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za HOOFSTUK 5 DIE SEWENDE PARLEMENT VAN DIE REPUBLIEK VAN SUID-AFRIKA, 1984 – 1987 5.1 Inleiding 138 5.2 Die politieke aanloop tot die instelling van die 1983-grondwet 139 5.3 Konsepwetgewing vir ’n nuwe parlementêre struktuur 144 5.4 Die Schlebusch-kommissie se grondwetlike voorstelle 146 5.5 Die instelling van die 1983-grondwet 153 5.6 Die strukture van die Driekamer-parlement ingevolge
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