Chronicles of the Trail
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Princes and Merchants: European City Growth Before the Industrial Revolution*
Princes and Merchants: European City Growth before the Industrial Revolution* J. Bradford De Long NBER and Harvard University Andrei Shleifer Harvard University and NBER March 1992; revised December 1992 Abstract As measured by the pace of city growth in western Europe from 1000 to 1800, absolutist monarchs stunted the growth of commerce and industry. A region ruled by an absolutist prince saw its total urban population shrink by one hundred thousand people per century relative to a region without absolutist government. This might be explained by higher rates of taxation under revenue-maximizing absolutist governments than under non- absolutist governments, which care more about general economic prosperity and less about State revenue. *We thank Alberto Alesina, Marco Becht, Claudia Goldin, Carol Heim, Larry Katz, Paul Krugman, Michael Kremer, Robert Putnam, and Robert Waldmann for helpful discussions. We also wish to thank the National Bureau of Economic Research, and the National Science Foundation for support. 1. Introduction One of the oldest themes in economics is the incompatibility of despotism and development. Economies in which security of property is lacking—either because of the possibility of arrest, ruin, or execution at the command of the ruling prince, or the possibility of ruinous taxation— should, according to economists, see relative stagnation. By contrast, economies in which property is secure—either because of strong constitutional restrictions on the prince, or because the ruling élite is made up of merchants rather -
An Environmental History of the Middle Rio Grande Basin
United States Department of From the Rio to the Sierra: Agriculture Forest Service An Environmental History of Rocky Mountain Research Station the Middle Rio Grande Basin Fort Collins, Colorado 80526 General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-5 Dan Scurlock i Scurlock, Dan. 1998. From the rio to the sierra: An environmental history of the Middle Rio Grande Basin. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-5. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 440 p. Abstract Various human groups have greatly affected the processes and evolution of Middle Rio Grande Basin ecosystems, especially riparian zones, from A.D. 1540 to the present. Overgrazing, clear-cutting, irrigation farming, fire suppression, intensive hunting, and introduction of exotic plants have combined with droughts and floods to bring about environmental and associated cultural changes in the Basin. As a result of these changes, public laws were passed and agencies created to rectify or mitigate various environmental problems in the region. Although restoration and remedial programs have improved the overall “health” of Basin ecosystems, most old and new environmental problems persist. Keywords: environmental impact, environmental history, historic climate, historic fauna, historic flora, Rio Grande Publisher’s Note The opinions and recommendations expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the USDA Forest Service. Mention of trade names does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the Federal Government. The author withheld diacritical marks from the Spanish words in text for consistency with English punctuation. Publisher Rocky Mountain Research Station Fort Collins, Colorado May 1998 You may order additional copies of this publication by sending your mailing information in label form through one of the following media. -
New Mexico New Mexico
NEW MEXICO NEWand MEXICO the PIMERIA ALTA THE COLONIAL PERIOD IN THE AMERICAN SOUTHWEst edited by John G. Douglass and William M. Graves NEW MEXICO AND THE PIMERÍA ALTA NEWand MEXICO thePI MERÍA ALTA THE COLONIAL PERIOD IN THE AMERICAN SOUTHWEst edited by John G. Douglass and William M. Graves UNIVERSITY PRESS OF COLORADO Boulder © 2017 by University Press of Colorado Published by University Press of Colorado 5589 Arapahoe Avenue, Suite 206C Boulder, Colorado 80303 All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America The University Press of Colorado is a proud member of Association of American University Presses. The University Press of Colorado is a cooperative publishing enterprise supported, in part, by Adams State University, Colorado State University, Fort Lewis College, Metropolitan State University of Denver, Regis University, University of Colorado, University of Northern Colorado, Utah State University, and Western State Colorado University. ∞ This paper meets the requirements of the ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). ISBN: 978-1-60732-573-4 (cloth) ISBN: 978-1-60732-574-1 (ebook) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Douglass, John G., 1968– editor. | Graves, William M., editor. Title: New Mexico and the Pimería Alta : the colonial period in the American Southwest / edited by John G. Douglass and William M. Graves. Description: Boulder : University Press of Colorado, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016044391| ISBN 9781607325734 (cloth) | ISBN 9781607325741 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Spaniards—Pimería Alta (Mexico and Ariz.)—History. | Spaniards—Southwest, New—History. | Indians of North America—First contact with Europeans—Pimería Alta (Mexico and Ariz.)—History. -
The Fiscal Logic of the Spanish Empire
1 Paper presented the March 28, 2003, Conference at Princeton University tituled “Imperial Crucibles”, organized by professors Jeremy Adelman and Stanley Stein. A Later version of this paper was published as "The Fiscal Logic of the Spanish Empire: New Spain and the Costs and Benefits of Colonialism, 1750-1810", en Renate Pieper & Peer Schmidt (eds.), Latin America and the Atlantic World. El mundo atlántico y América Latina (1500-1850). Essays in honor of Horst Pietschmann, Berlin, Böhlau verlag Köln Weimar Wien, 2005, pp. 367-385. THE FISCAL LOGIC OF THE SPANISH EMPIRE: NEW SPAIN AND THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF COLONIALISM, 1750-1810 Carlos Marichal (El Colegio de México) From before the time of Gibbon, historians with a global perspective have been discussing the rise and fall of empires. Today political scientists frequently speak of hegemonic states. If we look to some of the best-known studies conducted over the last forty-odd years, we can identify various, theoretical approaches adopted by those working on imperial or hegemonic states. On the one hand, there is a well-known school of researchers who are identified as belonging to the world-system school, which operates at a high level of generality to explain major changes in the international power structures by situating them 2 within the cyclical rhythms and secular trends of the world economy as a whole. 1 A second school which can be denominated as geopolitical, has paid more attention to analysis of the military, naval or coercive capabilities of hegemonic states to maintain their power and their mercantile or territorial empires.2 A third approach adopted by historical sociologists, like Charles Tilly, has offered explanations based on the changing capacities of states to exercise power through manipulation of capital and coercion. -
The English Invasion of Spanish Florida, 1700-1706
Florida Historical Quarterly Volume 41 Number 1 Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol 41, Article 7 Issue 1 1962 The English Invasion of Spanish Florida, 1700-1706 Charles W. Arnade Part of the American Studies Commons, and the United States History Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Article is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Florida Historical Quarterly by an authorized editor of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Recommended Citation Arnade, Charles W. (1962) "The English Invasion of Spanish Florida, 1700-1706," Florida Historical Quarterly: Vol. 41 : No. 1 , Article 7. Available at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq/vol41/iss1/7 Arnade: The English Invasion of Spanish Florida, 1700-1706 THE ENGLISH INVASION OF SPANISH FLORIDA, 1700-1706 by CHARLES W. ARNADE HOUGH FLORIDA had been discovered by Ponce de Leon in T 1513, not until 1565 did it become a Spanish province in fact. In that year Pedro Menendez de Aviles was able to establish a permanent capital which he called St. Augustine. Menendez and successive executives had plans to make St. Augustine a thriving metropolis ruling over a vast Spanish colony that might possibly be elevated to a viceroyalty. Nothing of this sort happened. By 1599 Florida was in desperate straits: Indians had rebelled and butchered the Franciscan missionaries, fire and flood had made life in St. Augustine miserable, English pirates of such fame as Drake had ransacked the town, local jealousies made life unpleasant. -
Coronado National Memorial Historical Research Project Research Topics Written by Joseph P. Sánchez, Ph.D. John Howard White
Coronado National Memorial Historical Research Project Research Topics Written by Joseph P. Sánchez, Ph.D. John Howard White, Ph.D. Edited by Angélica Sánchez-Clark, Ph.D. With the assistance of Hector Contreras, David Gómez and Feliza Monta University of New Mexico Graduate Students Spanish Colonial Research Center A Partnership between the University of New Mexico and the National Park Service [Version Date: May 20, 2014] 1 Coronado National Memorial Coronado Expedition Research Topics 1) Research the lasting effects of the expedition in regard to exchanges of cultures, Native American and Spanish. Was the shaping of the American Southwest a direct result of the Coronado Expedition's meetings with natives? The answer to this question is embedded throughout the other topics. However, by 1575, the Spanish Crown declared that the conquest was over and the new policy of pacification would be in force. Still, the next phase that would shape the American Southwest involved settlement, missionization, and expansion for valuable resources such as iron, tin, copper, tar, salt, lumber, etc. Francisco Vázquez de Coronado’s expedition did set the Native American wariness toward the Spanish occupation of areas close to them. Rebellions were the corrective to their displeasure over colonial injustices and institutions as well as the mission system that threatened their beliefs and spiritualism. In the end, a kind of syncretism and symbiosis resulted. Today, given that the Spanish colonial system recognized that the Pueblos and mission Indians had a legal status, land grants issued during that period protects their lands against the new settlement pattern that followed: that of the Anglo-American. -
Appendix E High-Potential Historic Sites
APPENDIX E HIGH-POTENTIAL HISTORIC SITES National Trails System Act, SEC. 12. [16USC1251] As used in this Act: (1) The term “high-potential historic sites” means those historic sites related to the route, or sites in close proximity thereto, which provide opportunity to interpret the historic significance of the trail during the period of its major use. Criteria for consideration as high-potential sites include historic sig nificance, presence of visible historic remnants, scenic quality, and relative freedom from intrusion.. Mission Ysleta, Mission Trail Indian and Spanish architecture including El Paso, Texas carved ceiling beams called “vigas” and bell NATIONAL REGISTER tower. Era: 17th, 18th, and 19th Century Mission Ysleta was first erected in 1692. San Elizario, Mission Trail Through a series of flooding and fire, the mis El Paso, Texas sion has been rebuilt three times. Named for the NATIONAL REGISTER patron saint of the Tiguas, the mission was first Era: 17th, 18th, and 19th Century known as San Antonio de la Ysleta. The beauti ful silver bell tower was added in the 1880s. San Elizario was built first as a military pre sidio to protect the citizens of the river settle The missions of El Paso have a tremendous ments from Apache attacks in 1789. The struc history spanning three centuries. They are con ture as it stands today has interior pillars, sidered the longest, continuously occupied reli detailed in gilt, and an extraordinary painted tin gious structures within the United States and as ceiling. far as we know, the churches have never missed one day of services. -
NEW MEXICO, SANTA FE New Mexico State Records Center And
Guide to Catholic-Related Records in the West about Native Americans See User Guide for help on interpreting entries NEW MEXICO, SANTA FE new 2006 New Mexico State Records Center and Archives W-382 1205 Camino Carlos Rey Santa Fe, New Mexico 87507 Phone 505-476-7948 http://www.nmcpr.state.nm.us/ Online Archive of New Mexico, http://elibrary.unm.edu/oanm/ Hours: Monday-Friday, 8:00-4:45 Access: Some restrictions apply Copying facilities: Yes Holdings of Catholic-related records about Native Americans: Inclusive dates: 1598-present; n.d. Volume: 1-2 cubic feet Description: 26 collections include Native Catholic records. /1 “Valentin Armijo Collection, 1960-002” Inclusive dates: Between 1831-1883 Volume: Less than .2 cubic foot Description: Papers (copies) of Valentin Armijo; includes the Catholic Church in Peña Blanca, New Mexico. /2 “Alice Scoville Barry Collection of Historical Documents, 1959-016” Inclusive dates: 1791, 1799, 1826 Volume: 3 folders Description: Finding aid online, http://elibrary.unm.edu/oanm/; includes: a. “Letter Comandante General Pedro de Nava, Chihuahua, to Governor of New Mexico Fernando de la Concha,” July 26, 1791, 1 letter: re: death of Father Francisco Martin-Bueno, O.F.M., the scarcity of ministers, and the substitution of Fray Francisco Ocio, O.F.M. to administer to the Pueblos of Pecos and Tesuque b. “Letter from Comandante General Pedro de Nava, Chihuahua, to governor of New Mexico,” August 6, 1799, 1 letter: re: religion c. “Letter from Baltazar Perea, Bernalillo, to the Gefe Politico y Militar [Governor],” July 2, 1826, 1 letter: re: construction of a chapel at Bernalillo /3 “Fray Angelico Chavez Collection of New Mexico Historical Documents, 1960- 007” Inclusive dates: 1678-1913 (bulk, 1689-1811) Volume: Approximately .3 cubic foot 1 Description: Includes the missions at Zuni Pueblo, San Ildefonso Pueblo, Laguna Pueblo, and Santa Cruz, New Mexico. -
The Seventeenth-Century Pueblo-Spanish War
New Mexico Historical Review Volume 86 Number 2 Article 2 4-1-2011 A Long Time Coming: The Seventeenth-Century Pueblo-Spanish War John L. Kessell Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/nmhr Recommended Citation Kessell, John L.. "A Long Time Coming: The Seventeenth-Century Pueblo-Spanish War." New Mexico Historical Review 86, 2 (2011). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/nmhr/vol86/iss2/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in New Mexico Historical Review by an authorized editor of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. A Long Time Coming the seventeenth-century pueblo-spanish war John L. Kessell n his prize-winning book When Jesus Came, The Corn Mothers Went Away, I Marriage, Sexuality, and Power in New Mexico, 1500–1846 (1991), historian Ramón A. Gutiérrez implied that New Mexico’s seventeenth-century Fran- ciscan missionaries routinely abused their Pueblo Indian neophytes. “New Mexico’s Indians,” Gutiérrez informed us, “were conquered and made mansos [submissive] by a technique for which Fray Nicolás Hidalgo was renowned. In 1638 the friar beat Pedro Acomilla of Taos Pueblo and grabbed him ‘by the member and twisted it so much that it broke in half.’” If, for a fact, grabbing Pueblo men’s penises had been standard procedure in the missions, I dare say that the Pueblo-Spanish War, fought between 1680 and 1696, would have been not such a long time -
North American Deserts Chihuahuan - Great Basin Desert - Sonoran – Mojave
North American Deserts Chihuahuan - Great Basin Desert - Sonoran – Mojave http://www.desertusa.com/desert.html In most modern classifications, the deserts of the United States and northern Mexico are grouped into four distinct categories. These distinctions are made on the basis of floristic composition and distribution -- the species of plants growing in a particular desert region. Plant communities, in turn, are determined by the geologic history of a region, the soil and mineral conditions, the elevation and the patterns of precipitation. Three of these deserts -- the Chihuahuan, the Sonoran and the Mojave -- are called "hot deserts," because of their high temperatures during the long summer and because the evolutionary affinities of their plant life are largely with the subtropical plant communities to the south. The Great Basin Desert is called a "cold desert" because it is generally cooler and its dominant plant life is not subtropical in origin. Chihuahuan Desert: A small area of southeastern New Mexico and extreme western Texas, extending south into a vast area of Mexico. Great Basin Desert: The northern three-quarters of Nevada, western and southern Utah, to the southern third of Idaho and the southeastern corner of Oregon. According to some, it also includes small portions of western Colorado and southwestern Wyoming. Bordered on the south by the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts. Mojave Desert: A portion of southern Nevada, extreme southwestern Utah and of eastern California, north of the Sonoran Desert. Sonoran Desert: A relatively small region of extreme south-central California and most of the southern half of Arizona, east to almost the New Mexico line. -
A Natural History Summary and Survey Protocol for the Southwestern Willow Flycatcher
Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service A Natural History Summary and Survey Protocol for the Southwestern Willow Flycatcher Chapter 10 of Section A, Biological Science Book 2, Collection of Environmental Data Techniques and Methods 2A-10 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover: Southwestern Willow Flycatcher. Photograph taken by Susan Sferra, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. A Natural History Summary and Survey Protocol for the Southwestern Willow Flycatcher By Mark K. Sogge, U.S. Geological Survey; Darrell Ahlers, Bureau of Reclamation; and Susan J. Sferra, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Chapter 10 of Section A, Biological Science Book 2, Collection of Environmental Data Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Techniques and Methods 2A-10 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior KEN SALAZAR, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Marcia K. McNutt, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2010 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment, visit http://www.usgs.gov or call 1-888-ASK-USGS For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod To order this and other USGS information products, visit http://store.usgs.gov Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. -
Anglo-Habsburg Relations and the Outbreak of the War of Three Kingdoms, 1630-1641
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Charles I and the Spanish Plot: Anglo-Habsburg Relations and the Outbreak of the War of Three Kingdoms, 1630-1641 A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History by Patrick Ignacio O’Neill March 2014 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Thomas Cogswell, Chairperson Dr. Randolph Head Dr. Georg Michels Copyright by Patrick Ignacio O’Neill 2014 The Dissertation of Patrick Ignacio O’Neill is approved: __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Bertolt Brecht posed the question, “Young Alexander conquered India./ He alone?” Like any great human endeavor, this dissertation is not the product of one person’s solitary labors, but owes much to the efforts of a great number of individuals and organizations who have continually made straight my paths through graduate school, through archival research, and through the drafting process. First and foremost, I would like to thank my dissertation chair, Dr. Thomas Cogswell, for his excellent guidance throughout my years at the University of California, Riverside. When I arrived as a first-year graduate student, I had very little certainty of what I wanted to do in the field of Early Modern Britain, and I felt more than a bit overwhelmed at the well-trod historiographical world I had just entered. Dr. Cogswell quickly took me under his wing and steered me gently through a research path that helped me find my current project, and he subsequently took a great interest in following my progress through research and writing. I salute his heroic readings and re-readings of drafts of chapters, conference papers, and proposals, and his perennial willingness to have a good chat over a cup of coffee and to help dispel the many frustrations that come from dissertation writing.