DOCSLIB.ORG

Pseudotsuga Menziesii and Larix Decidua Have Curring In

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pseudotsuga Menziesii and Larix Decidua Have Curring In 130 IAWA Bulletin n.s., Vol. 1 (3), 1980 SOME REMARKS ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF FIBRES, SCLEREIDS AND FIBRE-SCLEREIDS IN THE SECONDARY PHLOEM OF TREES by N. Parameswaran Institut fUr Holzbiologie und Holzschutz der Bundesforschungsanstalt fUr Forst- und Holzwirtschaft, Leuschnerstrasse 91, D-2050 Hamburg 80, B. R. D. The paper by Bamber and Summerville tion of Esau (1977): 'a sclerenchyma cell with (1979) in this Bulletin on the sclerified tissue characteristics intermediate between those of a in the barks of Lauraceae evokes some questions fibre and a sclereid'. It has been recently as to the terminology of the various scleren­ established (Parameswaran & Liese, in prep.) chymatous elements in the secondary phloem. that these cells in Larix and Pseudotsuga Richter (1980) has recently gathered addition­ possess a polylamellate wall structure, just as al information on the Lauraceae barks within the sclereids (Parameswaran, 1975). We tend to the framework of an extensive anatomical classify these cells as sclerotic phloem fibres, study. It appears justified at this juncture because they are elongated through apical to offer some suggestions towards a redefini­ growth and have a polylamellate wall. tion of some of the terms employed, inasmuch The situation in the case of fibre-sclereids as the variety of forms for the lignified cells in is more problematic. Holdheide (1951) con­ the bark of trees has rendered the formulation sidered his 'sklerotische Fasem', for which he of precise criteria for separating them difficult. illustrated the bark of Larix decidua, as arising The term 'sclerenchyma' has been defined from parenchyma cells, which either enlarge by Esau (1977) as a tissue 'composed of scler­ evenly or even show apical growth. He also enchyma cells and includes fibres, fibre­ cited the exceptional case of such fibres de­ sclereids and sclereids', whereby the cell veloping in the first annual growth of elm bark. types are distinguished solely on the basis According to Holdheide this definition of of form and size (see also Esau, 1969). 'Fasersklereiden' can be applied to cells oc­ The secondary phloem fibres are to be curring in Aesculus, Fraxinus, Prunus, Pyrus, characterized as a cell type developing from Sorbus, Ulmus, etc. Esau et al. (1953) also the fusiform initials of the vascular cam­ defined the phloem fibres differentiating bium, showing apical intrusive growth in the from phloem parenchyma cells as fibre-sclereids, course of development (cf. Parameswaran & which develop their secondary wall in a tissue Liese, 1974). Sclereids on the other hand which is no more active in conduction. This mostly represent a secondary development developmental context finds its extreme from the still living parenchyma cells of the expression in the explanation of the term fibre­ axial and radial systems; they are character­ sclereid 'as phloem fibres that develop from ized by a lignified polylamellate secondary parenchyma cells of non-functional phloem' wall with ramified pitting. In form they are (Fahn, 1974). mostly isodiametric and shorter than fibres. Reports of a sclerenchymatization and fibre The sclereids may also show capabilities of formation, occurring not until the sieve ele­ idioblastic enlargement and production of ments have become non-functional in Parthe­ irregular branches and spicules in the sec­ nium argentatum (Art schwager, 1943) and ondary phloem tissue (Esau, 1969). A typical, Prunus avium (Schneider, 1945), have compli­ apical intrusive growth is however lacking cated the issue, since this means that these cells in the sclereids, compared with phloem fibres. develop as a result of redifferentiation of living In this connection it has to be emphasized parenchyma cells. Evert (1960) treated this that the lignified cells occurring in the bark of problem in extenso in his work on Pyrus Pseudotsuga menziesii and Larix decidua have communis phloem. The long sclereids occurring been called fibrous sclerotic cells (Shimakura, in this taxon, said to resemble fibre-sclereids 1936), fibre-sclereids (Holdheide, 1951), fibres sensu Holdheide (1951), are referred to as (Chang, 1954) and sclereids (Srivastava, 1963); sclereids. These cell elements, along with the their ontogeny has yet to be clarified. In terms non-elongating 'short sclereids~, are said to of their elongated form they can be defined as develop from precursors overwintering as 'fibre-sclereids' in accordanc-e with the defini- undifferentiated elements in the cambial zone. IAWABulletinn.s., Vol. 1(3),1980 131 Table I Cell type Ontogeny Wall structure Form Growth Phloem fibre derived from fusiform normally provided with elongate apical intrusive initials of the vascular the three layers of growth present cambium (e.g. Quercus) secondary wall in addition to middle lamella/primary wall Sclerotic ? lignified, polylamellate elongate apical intrusive phloem fibres (e.g. Larix, Pseudo- wall growth present fsuga) Sclereids derived from living lignified, polylamellate isodiametric or apical in tru sive parenchymatous cells wall slightly to growth absent (both axial and radial) considerably in the functional elongate and/or nonfunctional phloem (e.g. Fagus) Lignified derived from axial/ thick-walled, lignified, isodiametric, apical intrusive parenchyma radial parenchyma not polylamellate corresponding growth absent to length of parenchyma cells In Pyrus malus (Evert, 1963) similar cells are ondary wall alone without the formation of a suggested as arising from parenchyma cells in lamellated structure does not necessarily the non-functional phloem and termed fibre­ mean that this wall is 'sclerified'. In the sclereids; In a recent study of the fine structure literature one finds this term often used of fibre-sclereids in the phloem of Pyrus for several cell types, which only show a jamasakura Nanko et al. (1979) found a mere wall thickening with lignification. Per­ three-ply structure for the secondary walls, just haps 'lignified' parenchyma would describe the as for the phloem fibres of Populus they cell type better and obviate the confusion with studied earlier (Nanko et aI., 1977); these the terminology 'sclerified', 'sclerotic' etc., 'fibre-sclereids' are said to arise from axial which should be reserved for cells developing a parenchyma. regular polylamellate wall. In view of these different facts, it appears A redefinition of the terms discussed here that the term fibre-sclereid is not justified in thus appears appropriate and is presented in the taxa mentioned, since this cell type does Table 1, with the full awareness that some of not represent an intermediate form between the questions still remain unanswered and in phloem fibres and sclereids, as do fibre-tracheids the hope that this might stimulate further as intermediate forms between libriform fibres discussion. and tracheids. Meanwhile it is perhaps worth­ while to consider the possibility of a develop­ Acknowledgements ment of these cells from cambium initials, Thanks are due to Dipl.-Holzwirt H.G. Rich­ which lag behind in growth and which differen­ ter, Dr. P. Baas, and Prof. W. Liese for fruit­ tiate into fibre-like cells only at a belated stage ful discussions. in the non-functional phloem. It may be mentioned that such fibres, considered to be References genuine phloem fibres, occur in the phloem of Artschwager, E. 1943. Contribution to the several tropical trees (Parameswaran & Liese, morphology and anatomy of guayule (Par­ 1970). Further ontogenetic studies should thenium argentatum). U.S. Dept. Agr. Tech. clarify the situation. BUll. No. 842,33 pp. The cell type shown in Fig. 7 of Bamber Bamber, R.K. & R. Summerville. 1979. Taxon­ and Summerville's (1979) paper has been de­ omic significance of sclerified tissue in the signated as 'sclerified longitudinal paren­ barks of Lauraceae. lAW A Bull. 1979/4: chyma'. The slightly thickened lignified sec- 69-74. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mechanical Stress in the Inner Bark of 15 Tropical Tree Species and The
    Mechanical stress in the inner bark of 15 tropical tree species and the relationship with anatomical structure Romain Lehnebach, Léopold Doumerc, Bruno Clair, Tancrède Alméras To cite this version: Romain Lehnebach, Léopold Doumerc, Bruno Clair, Tancrède Alméras. Mechanical stress in the inner bark of 15 tropical tree species and the relationship with anatomical structure. Botany / Botanique, NRC Research Press, 2019, 10.1139/cjb-2018-0224. hal-02368075 HAL Id: hal-02368075 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02368075 Submitted on 18 Nov 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Mechanical stress in the inner bark of 15 tropical tree species and the relationship with anatomical structure1 Romain Lehnebach, Léopold Doumerc, Bruno Clair, and Tancrède Alméras Abstract: Recent studies have shown that the inner bark is implicated in the postural control of inclined tree stems through the interaction between wood radial growth and tangential expansion of a trellis fiber network in bark. Assessing the taxonomic extent of this mechanism requires a screening of the diversity in bark anatomy and mechanical stress. The mechanical state of bark was measured in 15 tropical tree species from various botanical families on vertical mature trees, and related to the anatomical structure of the bark.
    [Show full text]
  • Dwarf Mistletoes: Biology, Pathology, and Systematics
    This file was created by scanning the printed publication. Errors identified by the software have been corrected; however, some errors may remain. CHAPTER 10 Anatomy of the Dwarf Mistletoe Shoot System Carol A. Wilson and Clyde L. Calvin * In this chapter, we present an overview of the Morphology of Shoots structure of the Arceuthobium shoot system. Anatomical examination reveals that dwarf mistletoes Arceuthobium does not produce shoots immedi­ are indeed well adapted to a parasitic habit. An exten­ ately after germination. The endophytic system first sive endophytic system (see chapter 11) interacts develops within the host branch. Oftentimes, the only physiologically with the host to obtain needed evidence of infection is swelling of the tissues near the resources (water, minerals, and photosynthates); and infection site (Scharpf 1967). After 1 to 3 years, the first the shoots provide regulatory and reproductive func­ shoots are produced (table 2.1). All shoots arise from tions. Beyond specialization of their morphology (Le., the endophytic system and thus are root-borne shoots their leaves are reduced to scales), the dwarf mistle­ (Groff and Kaplan 1988). In emerging shoots, the toes also show peculiarities of their structure that leaves of adjacent nodes overlap and conceal the stem. reflect their phylogenetic relationships with other As the internodes elongate, stem segments become mistletoes and illustrate a high degree of specialization visible; but the shoot apex remains tightly enclosed by for the parasitic habit. From Arceuthobium globosum, newly developing leaf primordia (fig. 10.lA). Two the largest described species with shoots 70 cm tall oppositely arranged leaves, joined at their bases, occur and 5 cm in diameter, toA.
    [Show full text]
  • Ultrastructural Study on the Formation of Sclereids in the Floating Leaves of Nymphoides Coreana and Nuphar Schimadai
    Kuo-HuangBot. Bull. Acad. et al. Sin. — Sclereids(2000) 41: in 283-291Nymphoides and Nuphar 283 Ultrastructural study on the formation of sclereids in the floating leaves of Nymphoides coreana and Nuphar schimadai Ling-Long Kuo-Huang1,2, Su-Hwa Chen1, and Shiang-Jiuun Chen1 1 Department of Botany, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (Received December 29, 1999; Accepted April 14, 2000) Abstract. The formation of star-shaped sclereids in the floating leaves of Nymphoides coreana and Nuphar schimadai was studied microscopically. These foliar sclereids were associated with the aerenchyma and found as the form of idioblast. The outer surface of mature sclereids was smooth in Nymphoides, but with many prismatic calcium oxalate crystals in Nuphar. However, the early morphogenesis of these two kinds of sclereids was similar. The sclereid initials were distinguished from the neighboring cells by their distinctly large nucleus. The expanding sclereid initials were constrained by the neighboring cells. Crystal formation in young sclereids of Nuphar started near the cessation of sclereid expansion. The crystals were bounded by crystal sheath and located in crystal chambers between the primary cell wall and plasma membrane. Calcium antimonate precipitates were found, especially on the crystal sheaths as well as between the plasma membrane and the primary cell walls. The crystal chambers have a paracrystalline appearance connected with the crystal sheath and the plasma membrane. After formation of crystals, the secondary wall was deposited and then the crystals became embedded between the primary and secondary walls. The possible functions of the foliage sclereids and the plans for further investigation are discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • Epiparasitism in Phoradendron Durangense and P. Falcatum (Viscaceae) Clyde L
    Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Volume 27 | Issue 1 Article 2 2009 Epiparasitism in Phoradendron durangense and P. falcatum (Viscaceae) Clyde L. Calvin Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont, California Carol A. Wilson Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont, California Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Calvin, Clyde L. and Wilson, Carol A. (2009) "Epiparasitism in Phoradendron durangense and P. falcatum (Viscaceae)," Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany: Vol. 27: Iss. 1, Article 2. Available at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol27/iss1/2 Aliso, 27, pp. 1–12 ’ 2009, Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden EPIPARASITISM IN PHORADENDRON DURANGENSE AND P. FALCATUM (VISCACEAE) CLYDE L. CALVIN1 AND CAROL A. WILSON1,2 1Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, 1500 North College Avenue, Claremont, California 91711-3157, USA 2Corresponding author ([email protected]) ABSTRACT Phoradendron, the largest mistletoe genus in the New World, extends from temperate North America to temperate South America. Most species are parasitic on terrestrial hosts, but a few occur only, or primarily, on other species of Phoradendron. We examined relationships among two obligate epiparasites, P. durangense and P. falcatum, and their parasitic hosts. Fruit and seed of both epiparasites were small compared to those of their parasitic hosts. Seed of epiparasites was established on parasitic-host stems, leaves, and inflorescences. Shoots developed from the plumular region or from buds on the holdfast or subjacent tissue. The developing endophytic system initially consisted of multiple separate strands that widened, merged, and often entirely displaced its parasitic host from the cambial cylinder.
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomy of the Underground Parts of Four Echinacea-Species and of Parthenium Integrifolium
    Scientia Pharmaceutica (Sci. Pharm.) 69, 237-247 (2001) O Osterreichische Apotheker-Verlagsgesellschaft m.b.H., Wien, Printed in Austria Anatomy of the underground parts of four Echinacea-species and of Parthenium integrifolium R. Langer Institute of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna Center of Pharmacy, Althanstrasse 14, A - 1090 Vienna, Austria Improved descriptions and detailed drawings of the most important anatomical characters of the roots of Echinacea purpurea (L.) MOENCH,E. angustifolia DC., E. pallida (NuTT.) NUTT.,and of Parfhenium integrifolium L. are presented. The anatomy of the rhizome of E. purpurea, which was detected in commercial samples, and of the root of E. atrorubens NUTT., another known adulteration for pharmaceutically used Echinacea-species, is documented for the first time. The possibilities and limitations of the identification by means of microscopy are discussed. The anatomical differences between the roots of E. angustifolia, E. pallida and E. atrorubens are not sufficient for differentiation, however, root and rhizome of E. purpurea and the root of Parthenium integrifolium appear well characterized. Because of the highly similar anatomy the microscopic proof of identity and purity of crude drugs of Echinacea must be done with uncomminuted material and the examination of cross sections. (Keywords: Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea atrorubens, Echinacea pallida, Echinacea purpurea, Parthenium integrifolium, Asteraceae, microscopy, anatomy, identification) 1. Introduction The first, and for a long period only, detailed anatomical descriptions of the underground parts of Echinacea were published at the beginning of the last century', '. Due to later changes in the taxonomy within the genus Echinacea, unfortunately the plant sources for these descriptions remain unclear. The increasing interest in Echinacea and the adulterations that had been observed frequently caused Heubl et aL3 in the late eighties to examine the roots of E.
    [Show full text]
  • Response of Avocado Pericarp Tissue to Mechanical Injury
    Proc. of Second World Avocado Congress 1992 pp. 485-488 Response of Avocado Pericarp Tissue to Mechanical Injury C. A. Schroeder Dept. of Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA Abstract. Mechanical injury to avocado (Persea americana Mill.) pericarp will initiate a meristem and the production of periderm. Injury to tissues deep within the pericarp results in cellular differentiation of parenchyma with various degrees of cell wall thickening. Sclereid-like cells with thick, lignified walls and prominent pits can be formed in tissue normally occupied by thin-walled, oil-filled parenchyma. The unique growth and increase in volume of avocado fruit is characterized by continuous cell division in the pericarp tissue from pollination until fruit maturity. Shortly following fruit set, the parenchymatous cells which comprise the major tissue of the pericarp attain a diameter of approximately 50 //m and then undergo mitosis (Schroeder, 1953). Thus cell size is fairly constant and uniform throughout the fleshy pericarp. Larger fruit therefore have more cells than smaller fruit upon reaching maturity. Mitotic activity throughout the pericarp tissue at all times from anthesis to full fruit size is reflected in the high respiratory behavior of the fruit tissue, which is comparable to that of meristematic tissues in general. One can expect meristematic activity in the pericarp tissue at any point in time during fruit development. This has been demonstrated by the successful grafting of nearly mature avocado fruit. Cutting through the thick pericarp of adjacent fruit and holding these together along the cut plane eventually results in development of meristem tissue on the cut surfaces and the union of tissues between the two fruit (Schroeder ef a/., 1959).
    [Show full text]
  • Phloem Structure and Development in Illicium Parviflorum, a Basal Angiosperm Shrub Authors
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/326322; this version posted June 1, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 Article title: 2 Phloem structure and development in Illicium parviflorum, a basal angiosperm shrub 3 Authors: 4 Juan M. Losada1,2* and N. Michele Holbrook1,2 5 Affiliations: 6 1Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University. 16 Divinity Av., 7 Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA. 8 2Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. 1300 Centre St., Boston, MA, 02130, USA. 9 *Author for correspondence. 10 Phone: + 1 (617) 384 5631 11 E-mail: [email protected] 12 13 WORD AND FIGURE COUNTS: 14 Total word count: 5,882 15 Introduction: 835 16 Materials and Methods: 1,530 17 Results: 1,412 18 Discussion: 1,939 19 Number of color figures: 8 20 Supporting information figures: 2 21 22 23 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/326322; this version posted June 1, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 24 SUMMARY 25 Recent studies in canopy-dominant trees revealed a structure-function scaling of the 26 phloem. However, whether axial scaling is conserved in woody plants of the understory, the 27 environments of most basal-grade angiosperms, remains mysterious. We used seedlings 28 and adult plants of the shrub Illicium parviflorum to explore the anatomy and physiology of 29 the phloem in their aerial parts, and possible changes through ontogeny.
    [Show full text]
  • Sclereid Distribution in the Leaves of Pseudotsuga Under Natural and Experimental Conditions Author(S): Khalil H
    Sclereid Distribution in the Leaves of Pseudotsuga Under Natural and Experimental Conditions Author(s): Khalil H. Al-Talib and John G. Torrey Source: American Journal of Botany, Vol. 48, No. 1 (Jan., 1961), pp. 71-79 Published by: Botanical Society of America Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2439597 . Accessed: 19/08/2011 13:16 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Botanical Society of America is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to American Journal of Botany. http://www.jstor.org January, 1961] AL-TALIB AND TORREY-SCLEREID DISTRIBUTION 71 SMITH, G. H. 1926. Vascular anatomyof Ranalian flowers. Aquilegia formosav. truncata and Ranunculus repens. I. Ranunculaceae. Bot. Gaz. 82: 1-29. Univ. California Publ. Bot. 25: 513-648. 1928. Vascular anatomy of Ranalian flowers. II. TUCKER, SHIRLEY C. 1959. Ontogeny of the inflorescence Ranunculaceae (continued), Menispermaceae,Calycan- and the flowerin Drimys winteri v. chilensis. Univ. thaceae, Annonaceae. Bot. Gaz. 85: 152-177. California Publ. Bot. 30: 257-335. SNOW, MARY, AND R. SNOW. 1947. On the determination . 1960. Ontogeny of the floral apex of Micheiat of leaves. New Phytol. 46: 5-19.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 9 a Beginner's Guide to the Study of Plant Structure
    Chapter 9 A Beginner's Guide to the Study of Plant Structure Edward C. Yeung Department of Biological Sciences University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4 Tel: (403) 220-7186; e-mail: [email protected] Edward C. Yeung obtained his B.Sc. from the University of Guelph in 1972 and a Ph.D. in biology from Yale University in 1977. After spending one year as a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Ottawa, Dr. Yeung joined the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, where he is now a Professor. His primary research interests have been reproductive biology of higher plants, especially the structural and physiological aspects of embryo development. Reprinted From: Yeung, E. 1998. A beginner’s guide to the study of plant structure. Pages 125-142, in Tested studies for laboratory teaching, Volume 19 (S. J. Karcher, Editor). Proceedings of the 19th Workshop/Conference of the Association for Biology Laboratory Education (ABLE), 365 pages. - Copyright policy: http://www.zoo.utoronto.ca/able/volumes/copyright.htm Although the laboratory exercises in ABLE proceedings volumes have been tested and due consideration has been given to safety, individuals performing these exercises must assume all responsibility for risk. The Association for Biology Laboratory Education (ABLE) disclaims any liability with regards to safety in connection with the use of the exercises in its proceedings volumes. © 1998 Edward C. Yeung Association for Biology Laboratory Education (ABLE) ~ http://www.zoo.utoronto.ca/able 125 126 Botanical Microtechniques
    [Show full text]
  • Leaf Epidermis of the Rheophyte Dyckia Brevifolia Baker (Bromeliaceae)
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation The Scientific World Journal Volume 2013, Article ID 307593, 7 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/307593 Research Article Leaf Epidermis of the Rheophyte Dyckia brevifolia Baker (Bromeliaceae) Ghislaine Maria Lobo,1 Thaysi Ventura de Souza,1 Caroline Heinig Voltolini,2 Ademir Reis,3 and Marisa Santos1 1 Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Cienciasˆ Biologicas,´ Departamento de Botanica,ˆ 88040-900 Florianopolis,´ SC, Brazil 2 Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, 88750-000 Realeza, PR, Brazil 3 HerbarioBarbosaRodrigues,88301-302Itaja´ ´ı, SC, Brazil Correspondence should be addressed to Thaysi Ventura de Souza; [email protected] Received 17 April 2013; Accepted 5 June 2013 Academic Editors: P. Andrade and E. Porceddu Copyright © 2013 Ghislaine Maria Lobo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Some species of Dyckia Schult. f., including Dyckia brevifolia Baker, are rheophytes that live in the fast-moving water currents of streams and rivers which are subject to frequent flooding, but also period of low water. This study aimed to analyze the leaf epidermis of D. brevifolia in the context of epidermal adaptation to this aquatic plant’s rheophytic habitat. The epidermis is uniseriate, and the cuticle is thickened. The inner periclinal and anticlinal walls of the epidermal cells are thickened and lignified. Stomata are tetracytic, located in the depressions in relation to the surrounding epidermal cells, and covered by peltate trichomes. While the epidermal characteristics of D.
    [Show full text]
  • Study on the Seasonal Development of the Secondary Phloem in Larix Leptolepis
    Title Study on the Seasonal Development of the Secondary Phloem in Larix leptolepis Author(s) IMAGAWA, Hitoshi Citation 北海道大學農學部 演習林研究報告, 38(1), 31-44 Issue Date 1981-03 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/21047 Type bulletin (article) File Information 38(1)_P31-44.pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP Study on the Seasonal Development of the Secondary Phloem in Larix /epto/epis* By Hitoshi IMAGAWA jJ :7 -:( ';J (Larix leptolepis) (f) 2 tx ffifi $ (f) * frJ E8 ts:. ~ Ji i%I J@P~ 00 -t Q ~ J.'l 4- JII - ~** CONTENTS Introduction .. 31 Materials and Methods . 32 Results and Discussions . 32 1. The development of current growth increment 32 2. The maturation of sclerenchyma cells 37 Literatures Cited . 41 f-J. 41 Explanation of Photographs . 43 Photographs (1-23) Introduction The raidal growth of forest tree is accomplished by cell divisions in the cam­ bium and the phellogen. However, most of it is derived from the cells which are newly produced in the cambium. Cambium which is located between xylem and phloem produces xylem and phloem elements, respectively inward and outward. Therefore, in order to clarify the processes of the radial growth, extensive studies about not only the xylem formation but also the cambial activity itself and the phleom formation are very significant. The xylem formation in Larix leptolepis has been already studied (IMAGA w A and ISHIDA 1970, IMAGA W A et al. 1976). But the phloem elements which are produced simultaneously with the xylem elements have been little dealt with.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomic Identification of Dry and Carbonized Archaeobotanical
    Veget Hist Archaeobot (2008) 17 (Suppl 1):S277–S286 DOI 10.1007/s00334-008-0176-4 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Taxonomic identification of dry and carbonized archaeobotanical remains of Cucurbita species through seed coat micromorphology Vero´nica Lema Æ Aylen Capparelli Æ Marı´a Lelia Pochettino Received: 31 October 2007 / Accepted: 7 June 2008 / Published online: 30 July 2008 Ó Springer-Verlag 2008 Abstract Cucurbita seeds are difficult to identify to problem, several authors have made statistical analyses on species level using only their external morphology. In this measurements of seeds, rinds and peduncles of North contribution, we discuss anatomical features of fresh, American Cucurbita (eg. Cucurbita pepo L.) to identify dehydrated and experimentally carbonised specimens that useful diagnostic features (Decker and Wilson 1986; are useful for the identification of archaeological Cucurbita Newsom et al. 1993; Smith 2000, 2006). However, the seeds. Qualitative and quantitative differences in the seed diagnostic criteria of North American Cucurbita seeds are coat micromorphology were found to be the most helpful not always appropriate for the identification of South diagnostic characteristics of South American Cucurbita American species, which include many closely related species. taxa, such as C. maxima Duchesne ssp. maxima, C. maxima Duchesne ssp. andreana (Naudin) Filov. and C. moschata Keywords Seed coat Á Taxonomic identification Á (Lam.) Poir. Cucurbita Several papers have been written about the testa tissues of Cucurbita seeds, most of them providing qualitative descriptions (Lott 1973; Stuart and Loy 1983) but only a Introduction few (Singh and Dathan 1972; Teppner 2004) provide data that is useful for differentiating species. The present study Cucurbita seeds, including archaeological specimens, are is the first archaeobotanical analysis of the characteristics typically identified to species from the qualitative charac- of South American Cucurbita seed testae.
    [Show full text]