L'église Catholique Et La Politique De Défense Au Début Des Années 1980

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L'église Catholique Et La Politique De Défense Au Début Des Années 1980 L’Église catholique et la politique de défense au début des années 1980 Étude comparative des documents pastoraux des évêques français, allemands et américains sur la guerre et la paix Catherine Guicherd DOI : 10.4000/books.iheid.1832 Éditeur : Graduate Institute Publications Édition imprimée Année d'édition : 1988 ISBN : 9782130422693 Date de mise en ligne : 29 septembre 2014 Nombre de pages : xii-336 Collection : International ISBN électronique : 9782940549573 http://books.openedition.org Référence électronique GUICHERD, Catherine. L’Église catholique et la politique de défense au début des années 1980 : Étude comparative des documents pastoraux des évêques français, allemands et américains sur la guerre et la paix. Nouvelle édition [en ligne]. Genève : Graduate Institute Publications, 1988 (généré le 27 janvier 2017). Disponible sur Internet : <http://books.openedition.org/iheid/1832>. ISBN : 9782940549573. DOI : 10.4000/books.iheid.1832. Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 27 janvier 2017. Il est issu d'une numérisation par reconnaissance optique de caractères. © Graduate Institute Publications, 1988 Creative Commons - Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported - CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 1 En octobre 1982, les évêques américains faisaient une entrée remarquée dans le débat sur la politique de défense. Non contents de rappeler les principes généraux de l'enseignement de l'Eglise, ils se livraient à une analyse minutieuse des stratégies et des systèmes d'armes dans un avant-projet de texte intitulé « Le défi de la paix ». De mois en mois, ils furent imités par une douzaine de conférences épiscopales. De quel droit, avec quelles justifications les évêques venaient-ils prendre part au débat public sur la politique de sécurité ? Ne dépassaient-ils pas par là largement leur champ de compétence ? En outre, comment se fait-il qu'en dépit de l'unité du moment et de la tradition éthique, ils aient, selon les pays, abouti à des conclusions sensiblement différentes sur la dissuasion nucléaire, la défense conventionnelle, la non-violence ou la forme de l'ordre international ? L'auteur a choisi de répondre à ces questions par l'analyse des textes français, américain et allemand, représentatifs de la diversité des sensibilités. Son étude minutieuse de leurs procédures d'élaboration et d'argumentation met en évidence les pressions de toutes origines – politique, sociologique, théologique, ecclésiale – qui en ont fait des documents aussi ambigus que novateurs. A partir de l'examen des positions particulières, elle pose la question du rapport de l'Eglise au pouvoir politique dans chaque contexte national. Le poids de l'histoire ne serait-il pas à la racine de bien des divergences dans les attitudes contemporaines de l'Eglise sur la défense ? Au-delà de l'analyse spécifique des contenus, cet ouvrage se veut un vigoureux plaidoyer pour une Eglise pluraliste et engagée, dans la ligne dessinée par Vatican II, au risque de devoir renoncer à l'autorité d'une parole unique. CATHERINE GUICHERD 2 SOMMAIRE Liste des principales abréviations Avant-propos Préface Jean-Yves Calvez Introduction 1. Un choix de textes 2. Les évêques, le politique et la politique 3. De la stratégie à l’éthique 4. Plan d’analyse Chapitre I. Eglise, politique et Etat dans la tradition catholique I. Les justifications d’une intervention II. Modes d’intervention de l’Eglise dans le domaine politique III. Le pouvoir politique dans la tradition catholique Partie I. Des temps anciens aux temps nouveaux : le discours de l'eglise sur la guerre et la paix Chapitre II. Points de repère historiques I. L’approche traditionnelle : la guerre juste II. Vatican II sur la guerre et la paix III. Panoramas nationaux Chapitre III. Les déclarations épiscopales au jour le jour I. Les Etats-Unis II. L’Allemagne III. La France Partie II. La dissuasion nucléaire Partie II. La dissuasion nucléaire Chapitre IV. Le jugement éthique de la dissuasion nucléaire : aspects stratégiques En guise de préalable : l’évolution du concept de dissuasion nucléaire Le cas particulier de la dissuasion française La problématique I. L’emploi des armes nucléaires II. Discrimination, proportionnalite et dissuasion III. Dissuasion : « oui » – emploi : « non » 3 Chapitre V. Le jugement éthique de la dissuasion nucléaire : limites théologiques et politiques I. Les évêques américains sont-ils « conséquentialistes » ? II. Les évêques américains, le Vatican et la dissuasion nucléaire III. Les divergences de vues entre les conférences épiscopales IV. L’acceptabilite morale de la dissuasion : un jugement transitoire Partie III. Pour sortir de la dissuasion Partie III. Pour sortir de la dissuasion Chapitre VI. Non-violence et autorité politique I. Guerre juste et objection de conscience dans les lettres pastorales II. La non-violence, moyen de défense ? III. La désobéissance civile Chapitre VII. A la recherche d’une éthique des relations internationales I. Les présupposés du dialogue II. Le dialogue politique : détente ou changements structurels ? III. A la recherche d’une éthique commune Conclusion Aux Etats-Unis En France En Allemagne Bibliographie I. Sources II. Ouvrages et études 4 NOTE DE L’ÉDITEUR Cet ouvrage a été publié pour la première fois en 1988, dans la collection Publications de l'Institut de hautes études internationales, Genève, aux Presses universitaires de France, Paris (ISBN 2-13-042269-1). 5 Liste des principales abréviations 1 BDKJ : Bund der Deutschen Katholischen Jugend 2 BK : Bensberger Kreis 3 CDU : Christlich-Demokratische Union 4 CEF : Conférence épiscopale française 5 CoP : “The Challenge of Peace” 6 DBK : Deutsche Bischofskonferenz 7 DC : La Documentation Catholique 8 EKD : Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland 9 GP : « Gagner la Paix » 10 GS : „Gaudium et Spes“ 11 GsF : „Gerechtigkeit schafft Frieden“ 12 HSFK : Hessische Stiftung für Friedens- und Konfliktforschung 13 IFRI : Institut Français des Relations Internationales 14 IHEDN : Institut des Hautes Etudes de Défense Nationale 15 IKvu : Initiative kirche von unten 16 KAEF : Katholischer Arbeitskreis Entwicklung und Frieden 17 NCCB : National Conference of Catholic Bishops 18 PT : “Pacem in Terris” 19 RH : “Redemptor Hominis” 20 SPD : Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands 21 ST : Somme Théologique 22 USCC : United States Catholic Conference 23 ZdK : Zentralkomitee der deutschen Katholiken 6 Avant-propos Si le guetteur a vu venir l'épée et n'a pas sonné du cor, si bien que le peuple n'a pas été averti, et que l'épée survienne et fasse chez eux une victime, celle-ci périra victime de sa faute, mais je demanderai compte de son sang au guetteur. Ez 33, 6-7 1 Cet ouvrage est le produit d’un long cheminement qui conjugue curiosité intellectuelle et engagement personnel. 1983. J’effectuais alors des recherches à l’Institut universitaire de hautes études internationales de Genève. A cette époque, les mouvements de paix fleurissaient en Europe et aux Etats-Unis, aiguillonnés par la décision atlantique de stationnement des « euromissiles ». Les milieux catholiques que j’avais l’habitude de fréquenter encourageaient leurs membres à s’engager dans le débat public. Confusément, je sentais qu’au nom de mes convictions éthiques, je ne pouvais rester silencieuse sur des questions aussi importantes que la guerre, la paix et la manière dont une société conçoit sa défense. J’étais convaincue que l’Eglise a quelque chose à dire sur ces problèmes. Mais elle ne peut dire n’importe quoi : il faut des distinctions, des critères de jugement. En entreprenant la recherche sur les lettres pastorales des évêques allemands, américains et français qui a abouti à la rédaction de cet ouvrage, je souhaitais donc en même temps répondre à un questionnement personnel et faire œuvre d’élucidation scientifique. 2 Je ne peux remercier ici toutes les personnes qui ont été associées, directement ou indirectement, à mon entreprise. Cependant, je voudrais signifier, sans les nommer, ma plus sincère gratitude à tous ceux qui, de près ou de loin, m’ont soutenue au cours de cet effort. Je crois devoir évoquer en tout premier les personnes qui. à travers les interrogations qu’elles ont soulevées dans mon esprit par leur attitude ou leurs paroles, m’ont incitée à entreprendre cette tâche. Il me faut ensuite rappeler combien les conseils dispensés par mon directeur de recherche, souvent par lettres à cause des contraintes de distance, me furent précieux à chaque étape d’orientation et de rédaction de mes travaux. Je souhaiterais aussi remercier d’une manière toute particulière les personnes qui, à Paris, à Genève ou de l’autre côté de l’Atlantique, ont accepté de relire et commenter mes écrits, malgré le poids de leurs occupations personnelles. 3 En remontant plus avant dans le cours du temps, je rencontre les visages de tous les interlocuteurs qui, en Allemagne, aux Etats-Unis, en France ou ailleurs m’ont fourni les 7 éléments d’information sans lesquels ce travail n’aurait pas été possible. Je voudrais exprimer plus spécialement ma reconnaissance à ceux d’entre eux qui, malgré leurs responsabilités et la lourdeur de leur charge, ont accepté de me recevoir et de me communiquer les matériaux souvent confidentiels qui m’ont permis d’appuyer mon argumentation. J’espère en avoir fait un usage digne de la confiance qu’ils m’ont accordée. 4 D’autres personnes m’ont prodigué une aide non moins estimable en me donnant les moyens matériels de mener à bien ma tâche. Que ceux qui m’ont hébergée, conseillée, soutenue financièrement pendant mes recherches sachent que ma gratitude leur est aussi adressée. Je remercierai tout particulièrement la Fondation Rotary, qui a financé mon séjour d’une année à l’Université de Bloomington, aux Etats-Unis, le D.A.A.D. qui a accordé son concours financier pour une partie de mes recherches en Allemagne, et surtout, l’Institut universitaire de hautes études internationales de Genève qui. par le soutien constant qu’il m’a apporté au cours de ces longues années, a permis l’aboutissement de mon œuvre.
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