Diviziile Americane Între Conflictul Nuclear Şi Angajarea Neconvenţională ( 1947 – 1969 )

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Diviziile Americane Între Conflictul Nuclear Şi Angajarea Neconvenţională ( 1947 – 1969 ) Mr. dr. VALERICĂ CRUCERU DIVIZIILE AMERICANE ÎNTRE CONFLICTUL NUCLEAR ŞI ANGAJAREA NECONVENŢIONALĂ ( 1947 – 1969 ) BUCUREŞTI – 2006 PAGINĂ LIBERĂ 2 CUPRINS INTRODUCERE ...........................................................................xxx Capitolul 1 - ”CONTAINMENTUL”. TENSIUNILE DINTRE MARILE PUTERI .............................................................xxx Capitolul 2 - ÎNTRE DEMOBILIZARE ŞI RĂZBOIUL DIN COREEA (1947 – 1953) ...................................................xxx 2.1. Reorganizarea marilor unităţi şi unităţilor.................xxx 2.2. Marile unităţi în războiul din Coreea.....................xxx Capitolul 3 - „RIPOSTA MASIVĂ” (MASSIVE RETALIATION) ŞI CÂMPUL DE LUPTĂ NUCLEAR. CONCEPTUL ŞI ORGANIZAREA „PENTOMICĂ”...................................xxx 3.1. Strategia „ripostei masive” (”the Massive Retaliation”)...................................................................................xxx 3.2. Diviziile forţelor terestre şi câmpul de luptă nuclear. Organizarea “PENTOMICĂ” ......................................................xxx Capitolul 4 - „RIPOSTA FLEXIBILĂ (“THE FLEXIBLE RESPONSE”) ŞI REORGANIZAREA DIVIZIILOR .....xxx 4.1. Strategia “ripostei flexibile“ (Flexible Response).....xxx 4.2. Reorganizarea diviziilor. Conceptul ”ROAD”..........xxx Capitolul 5 - UN NOU CONCEPT: CONTRAINSURGENŢA. LABORATORUL VIETNAMEZ ......................................xxx 5.1. Apariţia şi implementarea conceptului .....................xxx 5.2. Operaţii specifice executate în Vietnam ....................xxx 3 Capitolul 6 - NOI CAPABILITĂŢI CERUTE DE STRATEGIA “RIPOSTEI FLEXIBILE” ..................................................xxx 6.1. Aeromobilitatea – fundament tehnico-tactic al „ripostei flexibile” .....................................................xxx 6.2. Sprijinul general al forţelor ......................................xxx CONSIDERAŢII FINALE ............................................................xxx BIBLIOGRAFIE ...........................................................................xxx GLOSAR .......................................................................................xxx LISTA ANEXELOR .....................................................................xxx 4 INTRODUCERE Eforturi de cercetare imense au fost şi vor fi consacrate analizei „războiului rece”, o jumătate de secol de confruntare între democraţiile occidentale susţinute de Statele Unite ale Americii şi sistemul politico-militar construit de Uniunea Sovietică. Istoricii şi analiştii politici încearcă încă să explice cu argumente consistente, cum anume a reuşit democraţia să învingă în confruntarea cu expansionismul ideologic, politic şi militar al marxism-leninismului. Perioadă de intensă ostilitate între blocul comunist (coagulat în Tratatul de la Varşovia) şi occidentul capitalist (reprezentat de N.A.T.O.), „războiul rece” a constituit în esenţă un conflict de cultură şi de civilizaţie determinat de regulile principale ale vieţii internaţionale şi ale filosofiei guvernării în societăţile dezvoltate. De-a lungul celor mai mult de patru decenii, superputerile din ambele blocuri (Statele Unite ale Americii şi Uniunea Sovietică) au făcut eforturi de înzestrare enorme şi pregătiri militare intense pentru a ieşi învingătoare în cazul unui conflict direct, indiferent de tipologia acestuia. În cele din urmă, conflictul direct nu s-a produs, confruntarea dintre superputeri având loc la periferie (statele în curs de dezvoltare şi subdezvoltate din Asia, America Centrală şi de Sud, Africa), materializată sub forma eforturilor de extindere a sferelor de influenţă. Ne raliem specialiştilor militari, analiştilor politici şi istoricilor, care consideră că soliditatea N.A.T.O., susţinută de libertatea individului, dezvoltarea economică durabilă a statelor occidentale şi prezenţa mijloacelor militare ale S.U.A. în Europa a constituit factorul primordial al victoriei vestului, în confruntarea indirectă cu estul comunist. Subliniem însă şi importanţa plasată de S.U.A. „blocării” expansiunii comunismului şi slăbirii acestuia la scară planetară şi în special în Europa. În final, istoria a demonstrat existenţa unei corelaţii directe între prăbuşirea comunismului şi victoria vestului, prin dizolvarea Tratatului de la Varşovia, reunificarea Germaniei, eliberarea fostelor state-satelit ale Uniunii Sovietice şi aderarea lor la democraţie. 5 Am ales primele decenii ale „războiului rece” pentru articularea demersului ştiinţific deoarece în opinia noastră atunci s-au produs o serie de evenimente care, activate la nivel de conflict deschis ar fi produs schimbări dramatice la nivel mondial; este vorba de „blocada Berlinului” şi disputa privind viitorul Germaniei, urmările războiului din Coreea (culmea înfruntării dintre China şi S.U.A.), „criza Berlinului”, „criza rachetelor” („criza cubaneză”) şi intervenţia directă în războiul din Vietnam, ca momente de referinţă în confruntarea sovieto-americană, toate acestea pe fondul ecaladării cursei nucleare. Încercarea noastră urmăreşte elucidarea unor aspecte privind evoluţia gândirii strategice, a organizării structurale şi conceptelor tactice în forţele terestre americane între 1947-1969 (prima jumătate a războiului rece). În această perioadă sistemul militar american a suferit cele mai drastice transformări de la înfiinţarea sa, datorită turbulenţelor de pe scena relaţiilor internaţionale la nivel regional şi global, într-o lume care se reaşeza într-un cu totul alt mod după încheierea conflagraţiei mondiale. Lucrarea începe cu o analiză succintă a relaţiilor dintre occident şi blocul comunist după 1946, centrată firesc pe evoluţia relaţiilor sovieto-americane, respectiv chino-americane; în cadrul acestei părţi sunt punctate principalele crize care s-au produs în perioada analizată. Următorul capitol prezintă procesul de reorganizare a forţelor terestre americane începând cu 1947, precum şi aspecte de natură organizaţională şi tactică întâlnite în războiul din Coreea. Capitolul 3 prezintă pe scurt conceptul doctrinar al “ripostei masive” şi abordează evoluţia conceptelor şi structurilor tactice ale forţelor terestre americane între 1953-1961, în vederea ducerii unui posibil război nuclear în Europa. În continuare, lucrarea tratează conceptul strategiei “ripostei flexibile” şi modul de reorganizare şi instruire a structurilor forţelor terestre americane după 1961, pentru a fi în măsură să acţioneze cu succes în viitor, indiferent de tipologia conflictelor. Capitolul 5 descrie contrainsurgenţa (ca modalitate de contracarare a mişcărilor de gherilă de sorginte marxist-maoistă de pe mapamond, susţinute de Uniunea Sovietică şi China) şi experimentarea acesteia în războiul din Vietnam. 6 Ultimul capitol punctează noile capabilităţi cerute de „riposta flexibilă”. Insistăm pe aeromobilitate ca un element tehnico-tactic major al flexibilităţii forţelor americane, prin care s-a adăugat cea de a treia dimensiune spaţiului de angajare militară. Prezentăm şi unele aspecte privind noile concepte de sprijin (logistică, comunicaţii, geniu, artilerie) apărute după 1961. În esenţă lucrarea scoate în evidenţă complexitatea relaţiilor internaţionale în mediul de securitate bipolar, în prima jumătate a „războiului rece”, articularea conceptelor strategice şi tactice americane într-o perioadă de risc extrem şi capacitatea forţelor terestre ale S.U.A. de a se adapta conceptual, organizaţional şi operaţional la cerinţele strategice. Sursele cercetate pe parcursul demersului ştiinţific provin în majoritate din arhive şi biblioteci civile şi militare (inclusiv electronice) din S.U.A., dar şi din România, Federaţia Rusă şi Republica Populară Chineză. 7 CAPITOLUL 1 ”CONTAINMENTUL”. TENSIUNILE DINTRE MARILE PUTERI Din perspectiva americană „războiul rece” a fost caracterizat pe toată perioada existenţei sale de conceptele ”deterrence” (descurajare) şi ”containment” (blocare, limitare, îngrădire). „Descurajarea” nu prezintă un caracter de noutate, fiind întâlnită în multe perioade din istorie; „războiul rece” însă a adus în prim plan armamentul nuclear, iar marile puteri au fost nevoite să se bazeze pe descurajarea prin ameninţarea cu întrebuinţarea forţei şi nu prin întrebuinţarea efectivă a acesteia. „Descurajarea” a fost legată de doctrina “containmentului”, pilonul de bază al strategiei americane de blocare a expansiunii comunismului în Europa şi Asia şi de promovare în lume a unei ordini politico-economice liberale.1 Pe perioada războiului rece Statele Unite ale Americii au pendulat la nivel strategic între o politică ofensivă de blocare a comunismului la scară planetară şi o politică limitată de îngrădire a Uniunii Sovietice. “Containmentul” îşi are originea în “ Telegrama lungă” a lui Kennan2, care în 1946 avertiza asupra direcţiilor probabile de efort ale Uniunii Sovietice în viitorul apropiat: a) subminarea generală a politicii şi potenţialului strategic al puterilor occidentale, prin reducerea încrederii populaţiei, împiedicarea măsurilor de întărire a apărării naţionale, intensificarea mişcărilor de protest grefate pe cauze socio-economice, stimularea tendinţelor de fragmentare de orice fel; b) slăbirea puterii şi influenţei puterilor occidentale asupra popoarelor din colonii sau dependente de acestea; 1 Nye Joseph S. Jr., Understanding International Conflicts. An Introduction to Theory and History, New York, Longman, 1997, p. 99 2 George Kennan (diplomat american, specialist în relaţii externe, în misiune la Moscova între iulie 1944 - aprilie 1946) a trimis Departamentului de Stat la 22 februarie 1946 “Telegrama
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