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(IVBSS): Human Factors and Driver-Vehicle Interface (DVI) Summary Report

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(IVBSS): Human Factors and Driver-Vehicle Interface (DVI) Summary Report National Highway Traffic Safety Administration DOT HS 810 905 February 2008 Integrated Vehicle-Based Safety Systems (IVBSS): Human Factors And Driver-Vehicle Interface (DVI) Summary Report This document is available to the public from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161 This publication is distributed by the U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, in the interest of information exchange. The opinions, findings and conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the Department of Transportation or the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The United States Government assumes no liability for its content or use thereof. If trade or manufacturer’s names or products are mentioned, it is because they are considered essential to the object of the publication and should not be construed as an endorsement. The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. DOT HS 810 905 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Integrated Vehicle-Based Safety Systems (IVBSS): February 2008 Human Factors and Driver-Vehicle Interface (DVI) 6. Performing Organization Code Summary Report 052004 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Green, P., Sullivan, J., Tsimhoni, O., Oberholtzer, J., Buonarosa, UMTRI-2007-43 M.L., Devonshire, J., Schweitzer, J., Baragar, E., & Sayer, J. 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit no. (TRAIS) The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute 11. Contract or Grant No. 2901 Baxter Road Cooperative Agreement Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2150 DTNH22-05-H-01232 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered The University of Michigan November 2005 – November 2007 Industry Affiliation Program for 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Human Factors in Transportation Safety Office of Human Vehicle Performance Research – Intelligent Technologies Research Division, NVS-332 15. Supplementary Notes 16. Abstract The IVBSS program is a four-year, two-phase project to design and evaluate an integrated crash warning system for forward collision, lateral drift, lane-change merge, and curve speed warnings for both light vehicles and heavy trucks. This report, covering human factors research and DVI development in the first two years of the program, describes five laboratory studies, four driving simulator studies, and two on- road pilot tests conducted to assess a variety of driver-interface concepts related to the development of integrated warning systems. Selected major findings are as follows: 1) For the vehicles selected, warning sounds should be at least 80 dB(A) in the 1 to 5 KHz range. 2) Auditory warning durations should be less than the expected mean response time. 3) No approaches to warning combination (single, dual-simple, dual-hybrid, or multiple warnings) led to noticeably better driver responses, though drivers favored the multiple warning approach least, and for a variety of reasons a dual-warning approach is recommended for IVBSS. 4) Delays between 150 and 300 ms are acceptable for the LDW algorithm. 5) No single prioritization scheme for warnings (simultaneous, priority interrupt, or delayed presentation) is recommended based on the findings from a simulator study. Extended pilot testing is likely to suggest minor refinements to the DVIs developed here. In the pilot tests that have been conducted, all of the warning systems operated as planned, with some changes required to reduce false alarm rates. Overall, drivers reported IVBSS to be intuitive and easy to use. Most drivers stated warnings were received with about the right frequency, and in general the warnings were not distracting. Results from the laboratory and simulator experiments, in particular, are likely to assist future developers of driver-vehicle interfaces for integrated crash warning systems. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement Integrated Vehicle-Based Safety System, IVBSS, DVI, driver vehicle interface, Document is available to the human factors, ergonomics, warnings public through the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 19. Security Classification (of this report) 20. Security Classification (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 396 i Table of Contents 1 Executive Summary................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Goal of the Human Factors and Driver-Vehicle Interface Effort ....................................... 1 1.2 Overview............................................................................................................................. 1 1.3 Initial Human Factors and DVI Development Efforts........................................................ 2 1.4 Available DVI Options .......................................................................................................3 1.5 Experiment 1: Auditory Warnings...................................................................................... 3 1.5.1 Summary Findings..........................................................................................................3 1.6 Experiment 2: Driver Response to Warnings ..................................................................... 4 1.6.1 Summary Findings..........................................................................................................4 1.7 Experiment 3: Combined Warnings for IVBSS.................................................................. 4 1.7.1 Summary Findings..........................................................................................................5 1.8 Experiment 4: Warning Time-Accuracy Trade .................................................................. 5 1.8.1 Summary Findings..........................................................................................................5 1.9 Experiment 5: Driver Response to Simultaneous Warnings............................................... 5 1.9.1 Summary Findings..........................................................................................................5 1.10 Light-Vehicle Stage 2 Pilot Test......................................................................................... 6 1.10.1 Summary Findings.......................................................................................................... 6 1.11 Heavy-Truck Stage 2 Pilot Test.......................................................................................... 6 1.11.1 Summary Findings.......................................................................................................... 7 1.12 Conclusions......................................................................................................................... 7 2 Overview................................................................................................................................. 8 2.1 The Need to Conduct Studies on Integrated DVIs.............................................................. 9 2.2 Prior Warning Studies - What Do They Say About How Drivers Should Be Warned?... 10 2.2.1 Warning Timing............................................................................................................ 10 2.2.2 Warning Reliability....................................................................................................... 11 2.2.3 Warnings Systems with Multiple Warnings ................................................................. 11 2.2.4 Modality of Warning and Multi-Modal Warnings........................................................ 12 2.2.5 Auditory Warnings........................................................................................................ 12 2.3 Research Questions Identified and Addressed.................................................................. 16 2.4 Work Plan ......................................................................................................................... 17 2.4.1 Impact of Human Factors Testing on IVBSS Design................................................... 17 2.4.2 Timeline ........................................................................................................................ 19 2.5 Report Structure................................................................................................................ 21 3 Research Summary ...............................................................................................................22 3.1 Platform-Based Hardware Constraints ............................................................................. 22 3.2 Available Option Space .................................................................................................... 22 3.2.1 Light-Vehicle Option Space ......................................................................................... 22 3.2.2 Heavy-Truck Option Space........................................................................................... 29 3.3 Research Questions........................................................................................................... 31 3.3.1 Q1. Shared Warnings.................................................................................................... 33 3.3.2 Q2. Sequencing Co-Occurring Warnings ....................................................................
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