Volume 24: 69–74 METAMORPHOSIS ISSN 1018–6490 (PRINT) LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY OF AFRICA ISSN 2307–5031 (ONLINE)

New larval host records for of the Kruger National Park and its surrounds, Limpopo & Mpumalanga, Published online: 31 December 2013

Herbert H.H. Otto1, Alan J. Gardiner2 and Ian C. Sharp3.

1 P.O. Box 1511, Barberton, 1300, South Africa: [email protected] (corresponding author) 2 Southern African Wildlife College, P.B. X3015, Hoedspruit 1380, South Africa. E-mail: [email protected] 3 P. O. Box 146, Hoedspruit 1380, South Africa. E-mail : [email protected]

Abstract: New larval host are recorded for the Kruger National Park area, by means of oviposition observations, raising larvae to adults and/ or larval feeding observations. Some oviposition observations are provided and discussed.

Key words: Butterfly oviposition, host plant selection, Kruger National Park, larval host plants, monophagous, oligophagous, polyphagous

Citation : Otto, H.H.H., Gardiner, A.J. & Sharp, I.C. 2013. New larval host plant records for butterflies of the Kruger National Park and its surrounds, Limpopo & Mpumalanga, South Africa. Metamorphosis 24: 69–74.

Copyright © Lepidopterists’ Society of Africa

INTRODUCTION pattern. Frequent nectaring, often from the plant being oviposited on, is another clue. Such females Comprehensive lists of larval host plants for were often seen close to the host plant. When this southern African were produced by is a tree she can be observed flying between the Kroon (1999), and Williams (2012). The present branches and about the searching for a study consolidates the new larval host plant suitable bud, or twig to lay egg(s) on. In the records and observations of the authors for the case of annuals or low-growing perennials the Kruger National Park (KNP) and its surrounds. females often preferred to stay close to the ground. The range of host plants utilised by butterflies Females were often not affected by overcast allows them to be categorised into three broad weather and may even have found it conducive to groups (Cates, 1980; 1981). Those specialised on egg-laying. one or more host plant species within a genus are Following oviposition some distinguishing and termed monophagous. Those species feeding on characteristic plant parts like flowers (if present) plants from two or more genera in the same family were collected for plant identification purposes, or closely related families are termed and pressed and stored at the private herbarium of oligophagous. A number of prolific and Doug McMurtry near Nelspruit. If plant material widespread butterflies such as knysna was collected in the KNP a duplicate sample was (Trimen) and Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus) feed on a sent to the Skukuza Herbarium. wide range of unrelated host plants and are Nikon D80 & D3x (Alan Gardiner = AG) and polyphagous. This paper contributes to our Canon EOS 650D (Herbert Otto = HO & Ian Sharp knowledge of host plant records, and this can = IS) cameras were used to record oviposition, improve our understanding of the eggs, larval stages and host plants (illustrating (Pierre, 1987), distribution, ecology and evolution growth forms and flowers). of the Lepidoptera (Kroon, 1999). A number of books were used to identify plants from diagnostic features and distribution. Plant METHODS AND MATERIALS names were obtained for herbs and annuals from Germishuizen & Meyer (2003), Raimondo et al. Information was gathered either by finding early (2009), Paton (2013), and for trees from Boon stages and rearing them through to adult, or by (2010) and Schmidt et al. (2002). Plant synonyms observing adult oviposition behaviour. A gravid were checked for accuracy from Klopper et al. female butterfly ready to oviposit is noticeable (2006). Cuscuta epithymum was identified using from her altered wing-beat and searching flight keys from Goncalves (1987) and Meeuse &

Welman (2000). Priva cordifolia was identified Received: 3 September 2013 from Pooley (1998), and Mollugo nudicaulis from Accepted: 31 December 2013 Van der Walt (2009). Van Oudtshoorn (1992) was

Copyright: This work is licensed under the Creative used to identify grass species. Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 In most cases GPS co-ordinates and altitude were Unported License. To view a copy of this license, send a recorded to both serve as reference points and to letter to Creative Commons, Second Street, Suite 300, allow one to return to the plant. In a number of San Francisco, California, 94105, USA, or visit: instances a CE stereo microscope was utilised to http://creative commons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/

Otto et al./ Metamorphosis 24: 69–74 70

observe and photograph the early stages through eventually laid her eggs on a grass stem near the the eye-piece of the microscope using a host plant and on another non-larval host plant BlackBerry phone (HO), or later a Canon EFS 30cm away. Papilio demodocus demodocus near 60mm ultrasonic macro lens (HO & IS). Orpen have been observed laying eggs on spider Plant material for breeding the larval stages were web strands between small branches of a cultivated either kept in glass observation bottles (HO), citrus plants. periodically replenished, or in small plastic At Low’s Creek the Small Orange Tip, Colotis containers with lids (AG & IS). Some emerged evagore antigone was observed in July 2013 butterflies were set as voucher specimens; on laying eggs on dry grass stems (non host plant) in occasions with the mounted pupal casings. proximity to the host plant. Hypolimnas Williams (2012) was used to establish whether a misippus ovipositing on grass near the larval host host plant was a new record. Butterfly names were plant was also recorded from Ghana, and the confirmed using Mecenero et al. (2013) and emerging larvae moved to the larval host plant to Williams (2012). feed (Mensah & Kudom, 2012). Hypolycaena p. philippus oviposited on the non- RESULTS indigenous Cuscuta epithymum (Table 1). Cuscuta is a parasitic plant, commonly known as dodder, In total 61 new host plant records for 43 butterfly which was twining around the stems of an taxa were recorded (Table 1 & illustrations of Acanthaceae. The butterfly laid four eggs some of these records in Figs 1–15). Only five specifically on the Cuscuta flowers and stem. The (12%) of the 43 taxa in this study could be Cuscuta plant was a healthy one, observed in considered monophagous: Abantis tettensis; March after good January rains, and this excludes Leucochitonea levubu (Figs 2 & 3); Spialia colotes the possibility that drought was the reason for this transvaaliae; Spialia delagoae (Fig. 4) and behaviour. Even though four eggs were laid follow subpallida. Twenty five (58%) are up observations are required to confirm utilisation oligophagous and thirteen (30%) polyphagous. of this unusual plant. The polyphagous species are common and Telchinia serena larvae were found feeding on widespread, for instance Hypolycaena philippus Waltheria indica at Marloth Park in April 2009. philippus (Fig. 11), which in the KNP alone uses The gregarious larvae swarm over the leaves of the host plants from 10 genera in 7 different plant host plant with final instar larvae often pupating on families. One record, Melhania prostrata, was the the same plant and later eclosing (a similar first host plant record for Spialia delagoae (Fig. 4). behaviour was observed for the same species in Three of the records were for host plant families Harare, Zimbabwe [AG, 2000]). One freshly never previously recorded for that butterfly eclosed female was observed in copulation while species: Cigaritis mozambica on Rubiaceae her wings were still drying. Such females possibly (Fig. 10), Hypolycaena philippus on enjoy the advantage of reduced predation risk from Convolvulacae (Fig. 11), and flying, both for mating and egg oviposition. In sichela sichela on . Central and South America heliconid males have In low rainfall areas, such as the KNP, butterflies even been known to puncture the pupa to mate have larval host plants that can survive harsh with uneclosed females (Murawski, 1993). conditions even during extended periods of drought. For example in the KNP Boscia DISCUSSION albitrunca has been recorded as a larval host plant for 14 Pierid species and Spialia delagoae utilises At times oviposition observations can be Melhania prostrata (Table 1). confusing, for instance, there may be a lack of host Some unusual field observations plant (e.g. due to late rains) and the adult lays on creona severina was observed ovipositing either one or more non host plant substrate(s). If on Maerua rosmarinoides near Barberton (July fortunate enough when the hatches a host 2010) and subsequently at a different locality in plant may have sprouted nearby (Mensah & Barberton in January 2013. In the latter case the Kudom, 2012). It seems females are able to sense eggs hatched in three and a half days (90 hours). the presence of the host plant in close proximity to The rainy season resulted in lush vegetation and the laying site. droves of white pierids were seen migrating during Female butterflies are very careful about where mid-summer. they lay their eggs even down to choosing A gravid female Papilio demodocus demodocus particular plant individuals at the right stage of was observed ovipositing at Crocodile Gorge development and in the optimal microhabitat. The (September 2012) when the spring flush of plants survival of their off-spring depends on this choice. were emerging. The butterfly was circling, one Once-off oviposition observations are not larval host plant, a small Sneezewood, Ptaeroxylon conclusive for some of the reasons provided above, obliquum, but was seemingly caught between not but repeat observations made by different wanting to lay too many eggs, on such a small observers, on different occasions, and using plant, and the lack of other suitable larval host different methods can verify such records. In plants nearby. She flew off a few times but addition putative host plants can be verified by returned, each time with greater urgency. She rearing of the larvae to adulthood on the plant. Otto et al./ Metamorphosis 24: 69–74 71

CONCLUSIONS KLOPPER, R.R., CHATELAIN, C., BANNINGER, V., HABASHI, C., STEYN, The continued accumulation of larval host plant H.M., DE WET, B.C., ARNOLD, T.H., records will allow us to distinguish with more GAUITIER, L., SMITH, G.F. & SPICHGER, certainty between monophagous, oligophagous and R. 2006. Checklist of the Flowering Plants of polyphagous butterflies. Such studies will shed Sub-Saharan Africa – an index of accepted more light on the distribution and evolution of names and synonyms. South African these butterflies and can help answer questions Botanical Diversity Network Report No.42. such as: how and why have certain butterflies SABONET, Pretoria. adapted to a wide variety of larval host plants? Or, KROON, D.M. 1999. Lepidoptera of southern on the other hand, why are certain species Africa – host-plants & other associations – a monophagous? A survival strategy which in many catalogue. Lepidopterists’ Society of Africa. cases limits their distribution may render them MECENERO, S., BALL, J.B., EDGE, D.A., more successful by allowing them to extract more HAMER, M.L., HENNING, G.A., nutrition from a plant they are well adapted to KRÜGER, M., PRINGLE, E.L., exploit. TERBLANCHE, R.F. & WILLIAMS, M.C. This article illustrates how much new information (eds). 2013. Conservation assessment of can be gathered in a relatively small area. It is butterflies of South Africa, Lesotho and hoped this article will serve as an incentive for Swaziland: Red list and atlas. Saftronics other interested parties to collect and record (Pty) Ltd., Johannesburg & information for their local surrounds. Demography Unit, Cape Town. MENSAH, B.A. & KUDOM, A.A. 2012. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Nutritional ecology of the mimetic butterfly Hypolimnas misippus L. (Lepidoptera: The authors are grateful to the following persons ) in Ghana. Journal of Research who have provided invaluable assistance: Mark on the Lepidoptera 44: 29–33. Williams, Dave Edge and two reviewers for their MEEUSE, A.D.J. & WELMAN, W.G. 2000. guidance in preparing this article; Doug Convolvulaceae. Flora of Southern Africa McMurtry, Shane Burns, John Burrows, Pieter 28(1). National Botanical Institute, Pretoria. Winter and Brian Schrire (Kew Gardens) for plant MURAWSKI, D.A. 1993. Passion Vine butterflies identification; Guin Zambatis of Skukuza – a taste for poison. National Geographic Herbarium for confirming the presence of many 194(6): 123. plants in the KNP; Vaughan Jessnitz for photos PATON, A.J. 2013. , Orthosiphon. In: and larval host plant records; Sarel du Toit for kind Flora Zambesiaca 8(8). Royal Botanical use of his laboratory and stereo microscope; Gardens, Kew. Allison Sharp for photographs of butterfly life PIERRE, J. 1987. Systématique cladistique chez histories; and John & Bernadette Roux and family les Acraea [Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae]. for generous permission to traverse Three Sister Annales de la Societé Entomologique de farm in search of butterflies where 12 new larval France (N.S.) 23: 11-27. host plants were discovered. POOLEY, E. 1998. A Field Guide to Wild Flowers Kwazulu-Natal and the Eastern Region. Natal LITERATURE CITED Flora Publications Trust. Durban. RAIMONDO, D., VON STADEN, L., FODEN, BOON, R. 2010. Pooley’s Trees of Eastern South W., VICTOR, J.E., HELME, N.A., Africa – A Complete Guide. Flora and Fauna TURNER, R.C., KAMUNDI, D.A. and Publications Trust, Natal Herbarium. Durban. MANYAMA, P.A. 2009. Red List of South CATES, R.G. 1980. Feeding Patterns of African Plants. Strelitzia 25. South African monophagous, oligophagous, and National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. polyphagous : The effect of resource SCHMIDT, E., LÖTTER, M., & McCLELLAND, abundance and plant chemistry. Oecologia W. 2002. Trees and of Mpumalanga 46: 22–31. and Kruger National Park. Jacana, CATES, R.G. 1981. Host plant predictability and Johannesburg, South Africa. the feeding patterns of monophagous, VAN DER WALT, R. 2009. Wild Flowers of the oligophagous and polyphagous Limpopo Valley. Self-published. Musina. herbivores. Oecologia 48: 319–326. VAN OUDTSHOORN, F.P. 1992. Guide to GERMISHUIZEN, G. & MEYER, N.L. (eds). Grasses of Southern Africa. Briza, Arcadia. 2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated WILLIAMS, M.C. 2012. Butterflies and skippers checklist. Strelitzia 14. National Botanical of the Afrotropical Region. 11th edition. CD- Institute, Pretoria. ROM available from the GONCALVES. M.L. 1987. Cuscutacecae. Flora author [email protected]. Zambesiaca 8(1). Flora Zambesiaca Managing Committee. London.

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TABLE 1 – LIST OF BUTTERFLY TAXA WITH NEW LARVAL HOST PLANT RECORDS Also provided is: the plant family of the larval host plant (for longer family names the suffix -EAE has been omitted); the place of observation (see Table 2 for explanation of abbreviations); the date(s) of observations in the format: day (if available), month (if available – Roman numerals), year (without the prefix 20); observation type (O = oviposition, L = larva found feeding in wild, B = larva bred through to adult in captivity); and observer(s) (HO = Herbert Otto, IS = Ian Sharp & family, AG = Alan Gardiner; VJ = Vaughan Jessnitz)

PLANT OBSERVATIONS FAMILY, TAXON LARVAL HOST PLANTS FAMILY PLACES DATES TYPE OBSERV. HESPERIIDAE Abantis tettensis Hopffer Grewia flavescens Juss.; G. hexamita Burret TILIACEAE Ho i.13; xii.12 B IS Coeliades forestan forestan (Stoll) a microphyllum Klotzsch COMBRETAC. Ba, Or, Sk iii.12;10;10 O,L,B HO,IS,AG Gomalia elma elma (Trimen) Abutilon austro-africanum Hochr. MALVACEAE Ho i.13 B IS Kedestes callicles (Hewitson) Panicum maximum Jacq. POACEAE Or, Ho 10;12 B IS, VJ xi.12; i.10 Leucochitonea levubu Wallengren Grewia bicolor Juss.; G. monticola Sond. TILIACEAE TS, Ho, Sk O, L, B HO, IS, AG xii.12; xii.10 morantii (Trimen) Combretum mossambicense (Klotzsch) Engl. COMBRETAC. Ho i.13 B IS Pelopidas thrax inconspicua (Hübner) Panicum maximum Jacq. POACEAE Ho xii.12; xii.11 B IS, AG Hibiscus aethiopicus L. var. ovatus Harv. MALVACEAE MP iii.09 O HO Spialia colotes transvaaliae (Trimen) Pavonia burchellii (DC.) R.A.Dyer MALVACEAE Ho v.13 B IS Spialia delagoae (Trimen) Melhania prostrata DC. MALVACEAE TS xi.12 O HO Anthene amarah amarah (Guérin-Méneville) robusta subsp. clavigera (E.Mey.) Brenan BR x.09 O, L AG jesous jesous (Guérin-Méneville) Acacia caffra (Thunb.) Willd. FABACEAE Sk x.10 O HO Acacia davyi N.E.Br. FABACEAE WT 05.i.12 O HO Azanus moriqua (Wallengren) Acacia ataxacantha DC. FABACEAE Ho v.13 B IS Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd. LAMIACEAE Sk vii-viii.12 B HO lingeus (Stoll) Hyptis pectinata (L.) Poit. LAMIACEAE Ba 26.x.13 O HO Cacyreus virilis Stempffer Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd. LAMIACEAE WT vii-viii.13 B HO Indigofera astragalina DC. FABACEAE Sk iii.11 O HO Indigofera vicioides Jaub & Spach. var. rogersii FABACEAE TS, Sk 16.ii-04.iv.13 O HO Chilades trochylus (Freyer) (R.E. Fr.) J.B. Gillett Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. FABACEAE TS 05.iv.13 O HO Indigofera swaziensis Bolus FABACEAE Ho v.13 B IS Cigaritis mozambica (Bertoloni) Fadogia tetraquetra K. Krause var. tetraquetra RUBIACEAE TS 18.xi.12 O HO Eicochrysops messapus mahallakoeana (Wallengren) Thesium costatum A.W. Hill var. costatum SANTALACEAE Or, Ho ii.11; xii.12 B, O IS, AG obovatum Mey. ex Benth. iii.09; xii.10; Euchrysops subpallida Bethune-Baker LAMIACEAE MP, Or, Ba O, B, O HO, IS, AG Ocimum americanum L. x.09 * + Cuscuta epithymum Murray CONVOLVULAC. Sk iii.11 O HO Hypolycaena philippus philippus (Fabricius) Kraussia floribunda Harv. RUBIACEAE Pachystigma venosum Hochst. RUBIACEAE Ba x.09 O HO Lampides boeticus (Linnaeus) Rhynchosia nitens Benth.; R. caribaea (Jacq.)DC. FABACEAE WT, Sk x.11; 29.iii.13 O HO Lepidochrysops glauca glauca (Trimen) Orthosiphon thymiflorus (Roth) Sleesen LAMIACEAE TS 04-24.xi.12 O, L HO Lepidochrysops plebeia plebeia (Butler) + Ocimum americanum L. LAMIACEAE MP iii.09 O HO Leptomyrina sp. Butler Kalanchoe lanceolata (Forssk.) Pers. CRASSULACEAE Ho v.13 B IS *Calliandra haematocephala Hassk. FABACEAE WT i.12 O HO Abrus laevigatus E. Mey. FABACEAE CG 01.i.08 O HO Acacia caffra DC. FABACEAE Ba 18.ix.10 O HO Leptotes species in pirithous group Acacia nigrescens Oliv. FABACEAE TS 07.vii.13 O HO Neonotonia wightii (Arn.) J.A. Lackey FABACEAE TS i.09; ii.11 O HO Rhynchosia totta (Thunb.) DC. var. totta FABACEAE CG i.11 O HO Pseudonacaduba sichela sichela (Wallengren) Combretum zeyheri Sond. COMBRETAC. EC 30.ix.13 O HO Virachola antalus (Hopffer) Combretum mossambicense (Klotzsch) Engl. COMBRETAC. Ho x.12 B IS *Glinus lotoides L. var. lotoides MOLLUGINAC. Pa xii.11 O HO *Mollugo nudicaulis Lam. 12.xii.12; Zizeeria knysna knysna (Trimen) MOLLUGINAC. TS, Ba O HO 12.xii.13 Zaleya pentandra (L.) C.Jeffrey AIZOACEAE Nsh xii.11 O HO Zizula hylax (Fabricius) Dyschoriste rogersii S. Moore ACANTHACEAE TS xi.12 O HO NYMPHALIDAE Bicyclus anynana anynana (Butler) Panicum maximum Jacq. POACEAE TS 05.iv.13 O HO Byblia ilithyia (Drury) Tragia rupestris Sond. EUPHORBIAC. Sh, Ho, Mo xii.11; x.10 B, B, L HO, IS, AG saturnus Butler Pterocarpus rotundifolius (Sond.) Druce FABACEAE Or 06 B IS Junonia natalica natalica (Felder & Felder) Ruellia sp. nov. in ed sensu M.J. Balkwill ACANTHACEAE TS 05.iv.13 O HO eurytis eurytis (Doubleday) Homalium dentatum (Harv.) Warb. FLACOURTIAC. Le ii.10 B IS Panicum maximum Jacq. POACEAE Ho, Or 12; xii.13 O VJ, AG Physcaeneura panda (Boisduval) Dactyloctenium austral Steud. POACEAE Or xii.13 O AG Protogoniomorpha anacardii nebulosa (Trimen) Ruellia malacophylla C. B. Clarke ACANTHACEAE Sk iii.11 O HO Priva cordifolia (L.f.) Druce VERBENACEAE TS 05.iv.13 O HO Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus) Dicoma tomentosa Cass. ASTERACEAE Or B IS PAPILIONIDAE Papilio demodocus demodocus Esper Teclea pilosa (Engl.) I. Verd. RUTACEAE Ho ix.12 B IS Belenois aurota aurota (Fabricius) Maerua rosmarinoides (Sond.) Gilg & Gilg-Ben. CAPPARACEAE Ba, Ho xi.10 L, B HO, IS Belenois creona severina (Stoll) Maerua rosmarinoides (Sond.) Gilg & Gilg-Ben. CAPPARACEAE Ba vii.10; i-ii.13 O, B HO Belenois gidica abyssinica (Lucas) tomentosa Lam. CAPPARACEAE Ho v.13 B IS Catopsilia florella (Fabricius) galpinii N.E. Br. FABACEAE CG iv.10 O HO Maerua parvifolia Pax; M. rosmarinoides (Sond.) Colotis evagore antigone (Boisduval) CAPPARACEAE Sh, Ho xii.11; v.13 O, B HO, IS Gilg & Gilg-Ben. Colotis evenina evenina (Wallengren) Maerua parvifolia Pax CAPPARACEAE Sh xii.11 O HO Notes: Larval host plants preceded by * are non-indigenous and those with + require further confirmation a C. paniculatum and C. microphyllum are very similar morphologically. The differences are ecological viz. 1) Habitat preference – C. paniculatum occurs only in evergreen forest whilst C. microphyllum prefers dry and hot, low altitude riverbanks; and 2) C. microphyllum always flowers before the leaves are present. C. microphyllum is therefore regarded as a subspecies of C. paniculatum by some botanical taxonomists (see www.zimbabweflora.co.zw). Otto et al./ Metamorphosis 24: 69–74 73

TABLE 2 – GAZETTEER Coordinates recorded with Garmin Etrex 20; from KNP map coordinates; and Google Earth

ALTITUDE PLACE NAMES ABBREVIATION GPS COORDINATES (m a.m.s.l.) Barberton (Ameide) Ba 25°49.141′ S 31°01.265′ E 855 Manoutsa Park, Blyde River BR 24°25.601′ S 30°37.001′ E 910 Crocodile Gorge CG 25°31.249′ S 31°15.157′ E 395 Eagle’s Cove, Magaliesburg EC 25°49.561′ S 27°25.201′ E 1650 Hoedspruit Ho 24°35.783′ S 31°05.005′ E 530 Lekgalameetse Le 24°20.531′ S 31°06.411′ E 1300 Mopane, KNP Mo 23°31.239′ S 31°23.682′ E 335 Marloth Park MP 25°21.394′ S 31°45.497′ E 200 Nshawu Pan 3, KNP Nsh 23°57.151′ S 31°47.451′ E 280 Orpen Or 24°27.280′ S 31°24.200′ E 235 Pafuri Pa 22°24.051′ S 31°11.491′ E 200 Shibavantsengele, KNP Sh 23°25.080′ S 31°32.420′ E 415 Skuzuza Sk 25°01.424′ S 31°34.158′ E 310 Three Sisters farm, Low’s Creek TS 25°37.907′ S 31°19.843′ E 460 Whyte Thorne, Nelspruit WT 25°06.411′ S 31°33.131′ E 850

Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3

Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6

Figure 1 – Coeliades f. forestan final instar larva feeding on Combretum microphyllum Barberton, March 2012. H. Otto Figure 2 – Leucochitonea levubu scale-covered egg laid on Grewia bicolor Three Sisters farm, Low’s Creek, 17 Nov. 2012. H. Otto Figure 3 – L. levubu 1st instar larva constructing leaf shelter on G. bicolor ex-Three Sisters farm, Low’s Creek, 26 Nov. 2012. H. Otto Figure 4 – Spialia delagoae egg laid on Melhania prostrata Three Sisters farm, Low’s Creek, 12 Nov. 2012. H. Otto Figure 5 – Azanus j. jesous egg laid on Dichrostachys cinerea Letsitele, Limpopo 18 Dec. 2013. H. Otto Figure 6 – Cacyreus lingeus pupa on Tetradenia riparia ex-Skukuza, 21 Aug 2012. H. Otto Otto et al./ Metamorphosis 24: 69–74 74

Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9

Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12

Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15

Figure 7 – Cacyreus virilis larva feeding on Tetradenia riparia flowers ex-Whyte Thorne, Nelspruit, July 2013. H. Otto Figure 8 – Chilades trochylus adult ovipositing on Indigofera schimperi var. schimperi Letsitele, Limpopo 16 Dec. 2013. H. Otto Figure 9 – Chilades trochylus egg laid on Indigofera schimperi var. schimperi Letsitele, Limpopo 16 Dec. 2013. H. Otto Figure 10 – Cigaritis mozambica egg laid on Fadogia tetraquetra var. tetraquetra Three Sisters farm, Low’s Creek, 18 Nov. 2012. H. Otto Figure 11 – Hypolycaena p. philippus adult ovipositing on Pachystigma venosum Sheba Mine, Barberton, Oct. 2009. H. Otto Figure 12 – Lepidochrysops g. glauca adult ovipositing on Orthosiphon thymiflorus Three Sisters farm, Low’s Creek, 18 Nov. 2012. H. Otto Figure 13 – Lepidochrysops g. glauca egg laid on Orthosiphon thymiflorus Three Sisters farm, Low’s Creek, 18 Nov. 2012. H. Otto Figure 14 – Lepidochrysops g. glauca 1st instar larvae on Orthosiphon thymiflorus Three Sisters farm, Low’s Creek, 24 Nov. 2012. H. Otto Figure 15 – Zizeeria knysna eggs laid on *Mollugo nudicaulis flowers Three Sisters farm, Low’s Creek, 12 Dec. 2012. H. Otto