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ICT Design Unsustainability & the Path Toward School of Computing Blekinge Institute of Technology ICT Design Unsustainability & the Path toward Environmentally Sustainable Technologies Mohamed Bibri School of Computing Blekinge Institute of Technology (BTH) Karlskrona, Sweden June 2009 Thesis submitted for completion of a Master in Informatics Supervisor Sara Eriksén i Abstract This study endeavors to investigate the negative environmental impacts of the prevailing ICT design approaches and to explore some potential remedies for ICT design unsustainability from environmental and corporate sustainability perspectives. More specifically, it aims to spotlight key environmental issues related to ICT design, including resource depletion; GHG emissions resulting from energy-intensive consumption; toxic waste disposal; and hazardous chemicals use; and also to shed light on how alternative design solutions can be devised based on environmental sustainability principles to achieve the goals of sustainable technologies. The study highlights the relationship between ICT design and sustainability and how they can symbiotically affect one another. To achieve the aim of this study, an examination was performed through an extensive literature review covering empirical, theoretical, and critical scholarship. The study draws on a variety of sources to survey the negative environmental impacts of the current mainstream ICT design approach and review the potential remedies for unsustainability of ICT design. For theory, central themes were selected for review given the synergy and integration between them as to the topic under investigation. They include: design issues; design science; design research framework for ICT; sustainability; corporate sustainability; and design and sustainability. Findings highlight the unsustainability of the current mainstream ICT design approach. Key environmental issues for consideration include: resource depletion through extracting huge amounts of material and scarce elements; energy-intensive consumption and GHG emissions, especially from ICT use phase; toxic waste disposal; and hazardous substances use. Potential remedies for ICT design unsustainability include dematerialization as an effective strategy to minimize resources depletion, de-carbonization to cut energy consumption through using efficient energy required over life cycle and renewable energy; recyclability through design with life cycle thinking (LCT) and extending ICT equipment’s operational life through reuse; mitigating hazardous chemicals through green design - low or non-noxious/less hazardous products. As to solving data center dilemma, design solutions vary from hardware and software to technological improvements and adjustments. Furthermore, corporate sustainability can be a strategic model for ICT sector to respond to environmental issues, including those associated with unsustainable ICT design. In the same vein, through adopting corporate sustainability, ICT-enabled organizations can rationalize energy usage to reduce GHG emissions, and thereby alleviating global warming. This study provides a novel approach to sustainable ICT design, highlighting unsustainability of its current mainstream practices. Review of the literature makes an advance on extant reviews of the literature by highlighting the symbiotic relationship between ICT design and environmental sustainability from both research and practice perspectives. This study adds to the body of knowledge and previous endeavours in research of ICT and sustainability. Overall, it endeavours to present contributions and avenues for further theoretical and empirical research and development. Keywords: ICT, ICT design, Sustainable design, Environmental and corporate sustainability, Environmental impact, Dematerialization, De-carbonization, Recyclability, Resource depletion, Energy consumption, GHG emissions, Climate change, Toxic waste, Hazardous chemicals, Product lifecycle, Planned obsolescence, and Data centers. ii Acknowledgement This thesis is the fruit of many experiences and challenges involving great many people to whom I am more indebted than I can possibly acknowledge. They have contributed both directly and indirectly – and sometimes unknowingly. It would be impossible to name all who have supported me through my studies. I would like to start by thanking those who have directly contributed to this research work, making it such an enjoyable and momentous intellectual experience. I would like to specifically thank Per Flensburg, professor in social informatics at University West for his readiness to give of his time and knowledge through constructive advice and guidance throughout the whole period of the Master program that kept me on a sound research path while his good nature and humbleness made learning from him such a pleasure. He sparked many of my ideas and inspired me to write about ICT design. I am very grateful to my supervisor, Sara Erikson, Program Manager of Informatics at BTH for her guidance and unwavering support and especially for believing in my abilities and this work. My gratitude also goes to Stig Holmberg, professor at Mid University for his assistance and understanding throughout the course of e-culture. I owe special thanks to all informatics program team for the rich content of the courses and the support delivered throughout the year of study, especially who have contributed intangibly to my knowledge enrichment, which gave me inspiration to put it in writing. I wish to acknowledge the contributions of my classmates throughout the period of the rigorous and quite tasking Informatics Master Program. I would also like to extend my special thanks to all my colleagues from MSLS program 2006-2007 for the inspiration to keenly undertake sustainability research endeavors and for their dedication to promote sustainable development in many spheres. Last but not least, I would like to express my profound gratitude and appreciation for my lovely, devoted, and affable sister Amina for her encouragement and immeasurable moral support throughout the tough times; she has constantly been restorative counterbalance to my life. Without her patience and love, I never would have been able to make it through this intellectual journey. Mohamed Bibri June 2009, Karlskrona iii Table of Contents Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………………....iii Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………………..iv List of Figures and Tables……………………………………………………….…….……....vii Glossary…………………………………….……………………….………………….……....viii Acronyms………………………………………………………….…………………….…….....xi 1. Introduction.………………….….……....….…………….……………….……………..1 1.1. Motivation and Justification……………………………………………..………1 1.2. Theoretical Background…………………………………………………………4 1.2.1. ICT…………….....……………...………………….……….…………....4 1.2.2. Design……………………………………………………………...…….5 1.2.3. Sustainability………………………………………………………...……7 1.3. Problem Discussion………………………………………...……..……………..8 1.4. Research Purpose……………………………..……………………….……….10 1.5. Research Questions………………………………………………...…………..11 1.6. Scope……………………………………………..………………….….……...11 1.7. Disposition of the Study……………………….…………………….….……...11 2. Research Methodology……………………………………………….….……………...13 2.1. Research Approach…………………………………………..……….…….......13 2.2. Literature Review Method…………….…………………...........……...…..……13 2.3. Purpose…...............………….…………………………………………….……14 2.4. Hierarchical Search Strategy and Sample Studies Selection...……………...…….15 2.5. Selected Theories and Reviewed Topics....……………………………...………16 2.6. Organizational Framework………………………...…………………...………16 2.7. Data Analysis, Synthesis, and Evaluation ……………….…………........………17 2.8. Validity………………………………………………………………..….….…17 3. Literature Review…………………….………………………….……………..…..……19 3.1. Design Issues………………………………………..……………………..…...19 3.1.1. Definitional Issues………………………………………………………19 3.1.2. Structured and Ill-structured Design Problems and ICT Design…...……20 3.2. Design Science and ICT Design.....……………………………………………..22 3.2.1. Distinction between Design Science and Natural Science….…..…..…….23 iv 3.2.2. Design Science Research: Theory………………...….…………….…….25 3.3. Design Research Framework for ICT………………….......……….…………...26 3.3.1. The Two Dimensional Framework………………….……………….….26 3.3.2. Framework Application and its Applicability Spectrum………...…….….27 3.3.3. Design Research Framework and Environmental Sustainability…....……29 3.3.3.1. Research Outputs…………………….………….………..….29 3.3.3.1.1. Constructs……………………..…………...…..….29 3.3.3.1.2. Models……………………………….…….……...30 3.3.3.1.3. Methods…………………………….……….….....30 3.3.3.1.4. Instantiations…………………….………..………31 3.3.3.2. Research Activities ………………….………….………..….32 3.3.3.2.1. Build and Evaluate (Design Science)……….…..… 32 3.3.3.2.2. Theorize and Justify (Natural Science)...……..….....33 3.4. Sustainability……………………………………………………………...……34 3.4.1. The Four Sustainability Principles (SPs)……………………………...….35 3.4.2. Implications of Sustainability Principles……………………………..…..36 3.4.3. Strategic Sustainability……………………………..……………….....…37 3.4.4. Operational Sustainability…………………………………………….…37 3.4.5. Deep Sustainability……………………………………………...………39 3.4.6. Sustainability: An Organizational Paradigm…..…………...…………….40 3.5. Corporate Sustainability and Key Related Concepts……………………………42 3.5.1. What is Corporate Sustainability?………………………..………….…...42 3.5.2. Key Related Concepts…………………………………………...………43 3.5.2.1. Sustainable Development……………………..……..…….…43 3.5.2.2. Stakeholder…………………..………………...…….…..…...44 3.5.2.3. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)…..…………….…..….45 3.5.2.4. Corporate Accountability…………………………………….46
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