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Peasant Subsistence in Northwestern Haiti: Geography, Cultural Ecology, and Rural Development Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1993 Peasant Subsistence in Northwestern Haiti: Geography, Cultural Ecology, and Rural Development. Edward Cameron Britton Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Britton, Edward Cameron, "Peasant Subsistence in Northwestern Haiti: Geography, Cultural Ecology, and Rural Development." (1993). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 5488. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/5488 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. 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Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 0401609 Peasant subsistence in northwestern Haiti: Geography, cultural ecology, and rural development Britton, Edward Cameron, Ph.D. The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical Col., 1993 UMI 300N.ZeebRd Ann Aibor, MI 48106 PEASANT SUBSISTENCE IN NORTHWESTERN HAITI: GEOGRAPHY. CULTURAL ECOLOGY, AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Geography and Anthropology by Edward Cameron Britton B.A., University of Tennessee, 1977 M.S., University of Tennessee, 19B3 May 1993 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to acknowledge and to thank all of the many men and women who supported this study. Some of them gave technical guidance in the study itself, while others provided encouragement and support of a different sort. Foremost in helping bring this project to fruition was professor William Davidson. Notable advisors include Don Vermeer, Kent Mathewson, Miles Richardson, Kam-biu Liu, Anthony Lewis, Ken Paxton, Loren Scott and Katie Nelson. The work is much improved for their input, and any remaining imperfections are the responsibility of the author alone. Gratitude is in order to Hal Horan, Linda Lee, Phil Woodland, Andrew Vining, Dan Durway, F.C.Barnes and Joe Ligon. The many folks who helped in Haiti include Jane Acacia, Michele Rashnavadi, Wectnick Paul, Babette Wainwright, Marcia Murray, and many others who welcomed a stranger in their midst with grace and dignity. Lastly, a special word of appreciation goes to my wife, Elizabeth, who has borne much, and for a long time. TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................... i i LIST OF TABLES ............................................ vi LIST OF FIGURES .......................................... vii ABSTRACT .................................................. ix CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................... 1 Background: Witnessing History .................... 6 Rural Haiti: Painting the Cultural Landscape .... 11 Objectives, Methodological Underpinnings, Methods. 22 Objectives .................................... 22 Methodological Underpinnings ................ 23 Methods ....................................... 28 The Contributions of This Work ..................... 32 2. THE LAND AND ITS USE ................................. 39 Land: Characteristics of the Study Area ........... 39 Land: Conserving the Most Precious Resource ...... 40 Land As Space ................................. 44 Land With a Vertical Dimension .............. 45 Hope For the Land Resource of Haiti ......... 55 Land Tenure: The Rules of the Game ................. 63 Permutations of Tenure ....................... 64 Unclear Titles, Practical Reasons ........... 65 The "Typical” Farm .................................. 74 Diversity: A Little of This, a Little of That 78 Subsistence or Commercial? .................. 82 3. FOUNDATIONS OF RURAL SUBSISTENCE .................... 85 Staple Food Crops ................................... 85 Root and Tuber Crops: The Hidden Harvest ........... 88 Sweet Potato ................................... 93 The True Tropical Yam ......................... 98 Manioc ......................................... 101 The Potato ..................................... 106 Other Root and Tuber Crops ................... 108 "Maize, Beans and Squash:" Are Haitian Food Crops "Latin American?" ........................ 108 Beans and Peas ................................. Ill Maize .......................................... 114 4. THE IMPORTANCE OF LIVESTOCK ON PEASANT FARMS ........ 122 Goats in Haiti: Small, Docile, Unrelentingly Hungry ............................................ 124 From Asset to Liability ....................... 125 Goat Hides and Leather ........................ 132 Humble Hen and Fighting Cock ....................... 135 Hogs in Haiti: Ups and Downs, Social Reverberations 140 5. EXPORT CROPS IN HAITI: MACROECONOMICS ON THE DOORSTEP 151 Coffee: The Troubles of the Leading Cash Crop .... 151 Production Review ............................. 152 A Matter of Scale ....................... 155 Shading .................................. 157 Mulching ................................. 157 Pruning .................................. 159 Fertilizer .............................. 159 Improved Varieties ...................... 160 New Plantings ........................... 161 Yields ................................... 161 Harvesting, Processing, Quality Control 162 The Coffee Market: Local and Global .......... 163 Marketing Cooperatives ................. 164 International Competition .............. 165 Haiti's Loss, Central Africa's Gain? ... 166 Summary ........................................ 174 Haiti's Sugar Cane Industry: From "One of its Principal Riches" to "Almost Complete Collapse". 175 Citrus: Unrealized Export Potential? .............. 179 6. RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN HAITI: LOOKING AHEAD ....... 188 Geographers and Development .................... 188 What Development Is Not ............................ 190 The Basic Needs Approach ........................... 195 Food and Nutrition ............................ 197 Water, Fit For Drinking ....................... 200 Health Care .................................... 203 Literacy and Education ........................ 206 Employment and Income ......................... 207 People Participating in Policy-Making ........ 214 Sustainable Development, Renewable Energy ......... 216 Why An Emphasis on Energy? .................... 216 The Nuances of "Power"......................... 218 Energy Alternatives ........................... 222 Solar Energy ............................ 223 Wind Energy ............................. 226 Hydroelectricity ........................ 228 Alternative Combustibles ............... 230 Putting it All Together: Hybrid Systems at the Proper Scale ........................ 232 iv 7. CONCLUDING REMARKS ..................................... 234 Summary.... .......................................... 234 A Final Word ........................................ 238 BIBLIOGRAPHY.... .......................................... 241 VITA ...................................................... 265 v LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Viny crops of the conuco ......................... 53 2. Legumes for soil improvement in Haiti ....... 57 3. Haitian land tenure ............................... 66 4. Roots and tubers production....................... 90 5. Roots and tubers importance tiers ............... 92 6. Sweet potato and yam variety names in Haiti ...... 94 7. Plant names associated with goats ............... 133 8. Potential swine feeds ............................ 150 9. Common coffee shade trees ......................... 158 10. Comparing coffee countries: Haiti. Burundi, and Rwanda ..................................... 170 11. Citrus fruits in Haiti ............................ 180 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. The nine ddpartements of Haiti
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