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Species Diversity and Distribution Pattern of Marine Mammals of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman - Iranian Waters

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Species Diversity and Distribution Pattern of Marine Mammals of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman - Iranian Waters Species diversity and distribution pattern of marine mammals of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman - Iranian Waters Item Type article Authors Owfi, F.; Braulik, G.T.; Rabbaniha, M. Download date 24/09/2021 07:38:40 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/37668 Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 15(2) 927- 944 2016 Species diversity and distribution pattern of marine mammals of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman - Iranian Waters Owfi F. 1*, Braulik G. T.2, Rabbaniha M.1 Received: January 2014 Accepted: March 2015 Abstract A total of 98 marine mammal records from Iranian coastal waters of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman were compiled of which 66 are previously unpublished new records. Seventy- nine were from the Persian Gulf and 16 from the Gulf of Oman coast. The largest numbers of records were from Qeshm Island and Bushehr Provinces. Records of finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides), Indo-pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) and Indo- pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) were by far the most numerous probably reflecting their inshore distribution and local abundance. Other species recorded are common dolphin (Delphinus capensis tropicalis), rough-toothed dolphin (Steno bredanensis), Risso’s dolphin (Grampus griseus), false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens), and dugong (Dugong dugon). Evidence of 22 Mysticetes were obtained eight of which were tentatively identified as Bryde’s whales (Balaenoptera edeni), three as fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) and three as Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae). The largest threat to marine mammals in Iran is likely to be incidental capture in fishing gear. Six by caught finless porpoises were recorded and this species may be particularly vulnerable to incidental mortality in gillnets. Recommended marine mammal research, conservation and management small projects in Iran are described. Downloaded from jifro.ir at 0:01 +0330 on Sunday February 25th 2018 Keywords: Marine mammals, Species diversity, Distribution patterns, Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman. 1- Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran. 2- Sea Mammal Research Department, University of St. Andrews, UK. * Corresponding author's Email: [email protected] 928 Owfi et al., Species diversity and distribution of pattern of marine mammals of the Persian Gulf and … Introduction established to provide technical The southern coast of the Islamic Republic coordination, and to assist with of Iran is approximately 3800km in length implementation of projects associated with (Owfi et al., 2008), bordered in the east by the convention. This organisation has Pakistan and the west by Iraq. The marine been very active undertaking regional environment is comprised of two very surveys and monitoring of most aspects of different habitats, in the west for the marine environment, but has not yet approximately 1050km Iran borders the addressed marine mammals (ROPME, Persian Gulf, a warm, hyper-saline, 2003). Environmental management and shallow and enclosed sea, while the conservation in Iran is the responsibility of eastern coastline (430km) forms the the Department of Environment (DoE) and northern margin of the Gulf of Oman, a fisheries management is under the relatively exposed and deep component of jurisdiction of the Iranian Fisheries the Arabian Sea in the Indian Ocean. The Science Research Institute (IFSRI). DoE Persian Gulf is connected to the Gulf of have traditionally had a terrestrial focus Oman by the Hormoz Strait, a channel and IFSRI have targeted management of approximately 50km wide and 100m deep marine and freshwater fisheries. at its narrowest point. Qeshm Island, 120 Conservation of the marine environment km long and up to 30 km wide, is the including marine mammals has received largest island in the Persian Gulf and is comparatively little attention from either separated from the Iranian coast by the organisation. (Owfi, 2014). narrow Khuran Strait. There are 12 marine or coastal protected areas along the southern coast of Iran, all Management of the marine environment of them established in delta and mangrove Regional cooperation in conservation of ecosystems or to protect coral reefs. From Downloaded from jifro.ir at 0:01 +0330 on Sunday February 25th 2018 the Persian Gulf began when the Kuwait east to west by Province these are: Convention came into force in 1979. This Khuzestan: 1. Shadegan marshland and convention, signed by all Border States lagoon, 2. Al Amaya mudflats and creek, included the Action Plan for the Protection and 3. Khor-e-Musa, jointly a Ramsar site. and Development of the Marine Bushehr: 4. Khark and Kharku Islands. Environment and Coastal Areas, the Hormozgan: 5. Nayband Bay. 6. Shidvar Kuwait Regional Convention for Island, a Ramsar site, 7 and 8. Khuran Cooperation on the Protection of the Straits and Laft & Khamir mangrove Marine Environment from Pollution and creeks, jointly the Hara Protected Area, a the Protocol concerning Regional Ramsar site and Biosphere Reserve, 9. Cooperation in Combating Pollution by Shur, Shirin and Mindab River deltas, a Oil and other Harmful Substances in Cases Ramsar site, 10. Gaz and Hara River of Emergency (Owfi and Rabbaniha, deltas, a Ramsar site. Sistan-e- 2001). Pursuant to the convention the Baluchistan: 11 and 12. Govater Bay and Regional Organisation for the Protection Bahu Kalat creek, jointly a Ramsar site ( of the Marine Environment (ROPME) was World Conservation Monitoring Center, Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 15(2) 2016 929 1991;Owfi, 2005). The Hara Protected consuming prey contaminated by Area is probably of greatest significance to petroleum residues (Geraci et al., 1999). marine mammals as finless porpoise, The Shadegan Marshes Ramsar site in humpback dolphins and dugong have been Khuzestan Province at the head of the sighted in the channels within the Persian Gulf has been placed on the mangroves. The site is also an important Montreux Record due to chemical site for water birds and is the largest stand pollution from the Iran-Iraq war. Finless of mangroves in the Persian Gulf. porpoise and humpback dolphins have Management of the reserve is relatively been sighted near to this area and weak and cutting of mangroves and gillnet populations of these animals were likely fishing still occur (Owfi, 2005). impacted by the war and may be affected by the chemical pollution. The effect of Threats to marine mammals in Iran pollution in the Persian Gulf is Marine mammal surveys conducted off the compounded by its enclosed nature and coast of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) low flushing rate. Harmful algal blooms in the Persian Gulf recorded a dramatic occur frequently in the Persian Gulf and 71% decline in cetacean abundance Gulf of Oman and have been associated between 1986 and 1999 (Preen, 2004). with mass mortality of fish, marine Two major mortality events occurred mammals and other marine organisms between the two surveys. In 1986, 520 (ROPME, 1986; Anon., 1994; Subba-Rao cetaceans died, most located in Qatar and and Al-Yamani, 1998;Anon., 2003a; Saudi Arabia (including 6 from Bushehr, Anon., 2003b). Iran). Cause of death was tentatively At present the coastal regions of Iran linked to a red tide event (ROPME, 1986; are less developed than those of southern Subba-Rao and Al-Yamani, 1998; Baldwin part of the Persian Gulf states, however Downloaded from jifro.ir at 0:01 +0330 on Sunday February 25th 2018 et al., 1999). In 1991 the death of 71 several resort islands such as Kish are cetaceans coincided with The Persian Gulf extremely popular and developing rapidly. war oil spill, however the dead animals Unless there are controls placed on coastal were located 120 – 250 km south of the development in Iran it is likely to proceed spill and the cause of death was not along similar unsustainable lines as states identified (Robineau, 1998; Preen, 2004). such as the UAE potentially causing In Iran the continual input of oil into the declines in fisheries resources and negative marine environment from natural seepage impacts on marine mammals. The largest and human activities causes pollution that threat to cetaceans in Iran is likely to be could have a chronic affect on marine incidental capture in fishing gear mammals. There is also always a risk of (Robineau, 1998; De Boer et al., 2003). new catastrophic oil spills. In most cases The country has the largest fishing fleet in cetaceans would be expected to avoid a the region and uses techniques such fixed spill and the greatest impact on them is and drift gillnets and purse-seining for tuna likely to be indirect effects on prey known to cause mortality of cetaceans availability, or the health effects of elsewhere in the world (Jefferson and 930 Owfi et al., Species diversity and distribution of pattern of marine mammals of the Persian Gulf and … Curry, 1994; Perrin et al., 1994 ; Gosliner, identification was made based on tooth 1999; FAO, 2005). All seven records of counts and/or basic morphology. marine mammal incidental mortality in fishing gear in Iran are of finless porpoises Discussion and this near-shore species may be A total of 98 marine mammal records declining in Iranian waters due to bycatch. were compiled from Iranian coastal Other porpoise species such as the Vaquita waters of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of (Phocoena sinus) and Harbour porpoise Oman of which 66 are previously (Phocoena phocoena) are especially unpublished new records. Seventy-nine vulnerable to entanglement in gillnets and were from the Persian Gulf and 16 from as a result have suffered large-scale the Gulf of Oman coast. The largest population declines (Read and Gaskin, numbers of records were from Qeshm 1988; D'agrosa et al., 2000; Biack and Island (36) and Bushehr Provinces (25). Sutinen, 2006; Rojas-Bracho et al., 2006). Records of finless porpoise (Neophocaena Records were compiled from cited phocaenoides), Indo-pacific humpback references in english and english dolphin (Sousa chinensis) and Indo- translations of references in farsi.
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