. '" . lHE STORY OF 1HE. NATIONS '

SUBSCRIPTION

EDmON

•

• ([be ~torp 0' tbe Jl!lation.s.

MEDIiEVAL . THE STORY OF THE NATIONS

I. ROME. By ARTHUR GILMAS, 2g. THE NORMANS. By SARAH lII.A. ORNE JEWETT. 2. THE JEWS. By Prof. J. K. 30. THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE. HOSMER. By C. W. C. O"AN. 3. GERMANY. By Rev. S. BARIXG· 3" SICILY: Phamlcian, Greok and GOULD, M.A. Roman. By the late Prof. E. 4. CARTHAGE. By Prof. ALFRRO A. FREEMAN. J. CHURCH. 32. THE TUSCAN REPUBLICS. 5. ALEXANDER'S EMPIRE. By By BELLA DUFFY. Prof. J. P. MAHAFFY. 33. POLAND. By W. R. MO.FILL, 6. THE MOORS IN SPAIN. By M.A. STANLEY LAME-POOLE. 34. PARTHIA. By Prof. GEORGE 7. ANOIENT EGYPT. By Prof. RAWLINSON. GEORGE RAWLINSON. 15. AUSTRALIAN COMIIIION- 8. HUNGARY. By Prof. ARMINIUS WEALTH. By GREVILLE VAMBERY. TREGARTHEN. 9- THE SARACENS. By ARTHUR 36. SPAIN. By H. E. WATTS. GILMAN, M.A. 37. JAPAN. By DAVID JIIURRAV. '0. IRELAND. By the Hon. EMILY PhoD. LA.WLEss. 38. SOUTH AFRICA. By GEORGE n. CHALDEA. By ZENAioE A. M. THEAL. RAGOZIN. 39. VENICE. By ALETHEA WIEL. , •• THE GOTHS. By HENRY BRAD.' ~o. THE CRUSADES. By T. A. LEY. ARCHER and C. L. KI:o.:GSFORD. '3. ASSYRIA. By ZENAioE A. 4" VEDIC INDIA. By Z. A. RA­ RAGOZIN. GOZIN. '4, TURKEY. By STANLEY LANE­ 42. WESTINDIESandtheSPANISH POOLE. MAIH. By JAMES RODWAY. rs. BOLLAND. By Prof. J. E. 43. BOHEMIA. By C. E">tUl

Lo:-:nON: T. FISHF.R UNWIN, ('ATERNOSTER SQUARE, E.C. .WALLS• OF CARCASSONNE. c MEDL/EVAL FRANCE

FROM THE REIGN OF HUGUES CAPET TO THE BEGINNING OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY.

• BY GUSTAVE MASSON, B.A.

UNIV. GALLIC., OFPICIER D'ACAoilMIK, MEMBRR OP THB soetina DB L-HISTOIRIr

DB FRANCKI ASSISTANT MASTRR AND LIBRARIAN OP HARROW SCHOOL

FIFTH EDITION

LONDON T. F ISH E RUN WIN PATERNOSTER SQUARE, B.C. Entered at Stationers' HaD By T. FISHER UNWIN

VC;3 · J G.S~ 7- 6 1/ «0 MY FRIEND AND COLLEAGUE. M. GUSTAVE RUAULT,

~lfS: FOLLOWING VOLUME IS AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED,

GUSTAVE MASSON. I'REFACE.

.. TilE story of a nation," we conceive, is read, not only in its political annals, in the records of the battle-field, and the details of treaties of peace; but in its social life, in the development of commerce, industry, literature, and the fine arts. Accordingly, whilst attempting througbut the following pages to give the history of Medireval France, we have allowed a large share to what may be called the intellectual side of the subject, more especially tc the formation and progress of national literature. Without pre­ tending to exhaust the topic, we have illustrated it by extracts from several authors, accompat1ied, whenever necessary, by a translation in English. The reader will thus be able to follow at the same time the development of the language; and the glossary at the end of the volume will help him to understand the archaisms used in the original passages quoteJ in the text. We have consulted the best sources for the prepa­ ration of this work, especially the histories of Messrs. Michelet, Dumy, Bordiflt and Charton, DemoHns, and x PREFA.CE.

Cherucl (" Dictionnaire des institutions, mc.eurs ct coutumes de la France"). and we trust that it may nut be found unworthy of the series of which it forms a part. GUSTAVE MASSON. CONTENTS.

rAGa CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE xxii

SOURCES TO CONSULT ON THE - .'ROM HUGur:.S CAPET TO LOUIS XII. xxxi

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF ALL THE CHANCELLORS OF FRANCE FRml TilE BEGINNING OF 'rHE CAP ETlAN DYNASTY TO nIE REIGN OF LoUIS XII. -xxxv •

GENEALOGY OF THE CAPETIAN KINGS OF FRANCE TO THE REIGN OF LOUIS XII. xxxviii

GENEALOGY OF THE CAPF.T1A!'l KINGS OF FRANCE , xl

A TABULAR VIEW OF THE STATES· GENERAL FROM THEIR COMMENCEMENT TO THE REIGN OF LOUIS XII. INCWSIVE • xlii xii CONTENTS.

PAGB I. THE FIRST FOUR CAPETIAN KINGS (g87-II08). 1-21 The society of the sixth century, 3-Feudal system, S-Feu­ dal fortresses, 7-Feudal dues, 9-Vassals and serfs, JI­ Warlike prelates, 13' -The Church, Is-Attitude of the serfs, 17-Robert of Norm, ndy; Foulques Nerra, I9-Philip I., 21.

II.

PILGRIMAGES ~TO THE 'HOLY LAND-THE CRU­ SADES-CHIVALRY

Council of Clermont, 23- The Crusaders in Asia, 27-" Assi­ ses de Jerusalem," 29-Results of the Crusades, 3 I-Chivalry, 33-Heraldry, 3S-Early French literature, 38-Subjects treated by poets, 39-Chanson de Gestes, 40 - Sirve'l,tcs, 4( -Bertram de Born, 42-Robert \Va~ 43-"Roman de Rou." 44-Richard the Pilgrim, 4S-Philip I., 46.

Ill.

LoUIS VI. - LOUIS VII. ---' THE COMMUNAL MOVEMENT-ScHOLASTICISM (II 08-II 80) 4i-68 The communal movement, 49-Commune' de Beauvais, 5 (­ France and ~nghind, . 55-France and the Papacy, 5i­ Second Crusade, 59-Sliger, 6I-GI1i1d of merchants, 63 -University of Paris, 6S-Lcuis VI., 66-Abelard, 67.

IV.

PHI.IP AUGUSTUS~THE CRUSADES-THE ALIlI­ GEN;;ES""':'Louis VIII. (1I80-1226) Richard Ctcur de Lion, 7I-Ballle of BOl1vines, 73-7S-Foul. ques of Neuilly, 77-Conquest of Constantinople, 8J-Philip Augustus, 8;-Crusade against the Albigenses. 83-Heretics and infid~ls, 8S-France under inteldict. 8i. CONTENTS. xiii

PAGB V.

SAINT LOUIS, TO HIS RETURN FROM HIS FIRST CRUSADE (1226-1254) .., 90 - 108 Louis IX., 91-Joinville, 93-The English in France, 95 -Louis IX. and the CruS4lle, 9,,-Joinville and Villehar· douin,99-nattle of :t.[ansurah, loo-The plague, 101-The Queen of France, 102-The French leave Egypt, 104-Death of , lOS-The PastoureauJ:, loo-The )Jaster of Hungary, 107.

VI.

SAINT LOUIS; END OF THE REIGN-LITERA­ TURE, ARTS, AND SCIENCES DURING THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY (1254-1270)." 109-132

La", reforms, 110, IIi-St. Louis as a judge, 113-Roads; Coinage, 114~Trade and industry, liS, 116-Administration and govemm1!nt, il7-Foundations created by Saint Louis, 1It1-Saint Louis starts for. another crusade, 119-Literature. 120-" Chansons de Gesie," 121-"Roman de 13 Rose," 122 -Rutebeuf; Marie de France. 12J-The drama. 124-Thi­ baut de Champn,,"lIe, US-Pulpit eloquence, 126--,Church architecture, 127-The fine arts, IJo-Music, 13r-IndustriaI arts, 132.

VII.

PHILIP ilL-PHILIP IV. (I27<>-:-I3i4)

Philip III. ; Charles d', 134-The Sicilian Vespers, 13S -Philip III. makes "jar with Spain, IJ6-rPierre de la BrosSe,_ I 37-Mary of Brabant, 13S-Philip IV., I39-Low state of the exchequer, 14o-Philip IV. and the English, 141-Philip . IV. and the Flemings. 142-B.lttle of Courtrai, 14J-Philip IV. and the Church, 144-Arrest of Bernard Saisset, 14S-Bull .. Ausculta, Fili," 146-Guillaume de Nogaret, 1ol7- Boniface VIII. and Beue

PAGR lar, 149-" Roman de Fauvel," ISo-States-Generalof 1302, ISI-Fifty-four knights burnt to death, IS2.

',.VIII. PHILIP THE FAIR - LOUIS X. - PHILIP V.- CHARLES IV.-PHILIP VI. (1314-1328) 153-170 The Paris Parliament, IS4-Jean Buridan, ISS-Louis X., Ie Hutin, Is6-Enguerrand de Marigny, IS7-The Salic law, ISS-Reform of the aristocracy, IS9-Jews and Lepers, 160- Charles Ie Bel, 161-Severity of the Paris Parliament, 162- The Hundred V ears' ,War, 163-Rebellion in , 164- Battle of Cassel, 16S-Defeat of the Flemings, 166-Froissart, 167-9-Sir John Bourchier on history, 170.

IX.

PHILIP VI. (CONCLUDED) - THE HUNDRED YEARS' WAR (1328-1350) . 171-187 The Brewer Arteveldt, 172-The Duchy 01 , 173- Charles of Blois, 174-Siege of Hennebon, 17S-Truce of 1346, I 76-Death of Clisson, 177-The English in France, 17S -Battle of Cressy, 179-The Genoese archers. ISo_Death of the King of Bohemia, lSI-Siege of Calais, 182-Eustachede Saint Pierre, iJ!3-Calais an English COIOIlY, 184-The,black death, ISS-Philip's home administration, I 86-Territorial acquisitions, IS7.

X.

JOHIif IT.-THE HUNDRED YEARS' WAR (CON­ TINUED) - ETIENNE MARCEL - THE JAC- QUERIE (1350-1364) . 188~209 Charles Ie Mauvais, IS9-The States-General. 190-Financial measures, 191-Battle of Poitiers, 192-Errors and bravery of the kmg. 193-King John surrendeR;. 194-The French king CONTENTS. xv

rAGB in England, 196-Travels to Windsor, 197 -Marcel and' Lecoq, 198-" La grande ordonnance," 199-Revolution in Paris, zoo-Reaction in the provinces, zOI-Jacques Bon. homme, zoz-Marcel and Charles Ie Mauvais, 203-Murder of Etienne Marcel, z04-State of France, 20s--Le Grand Ferre, 2oo-The English at Longuc;il, 207-Peace of Bretigny, 208-Death of the king, z09.

Xl.

CHARLES V. THE WISE, AND FIRST PART OF THE REIGN OF CHARLES VI. (1364-1392). 210-233

Authorities for the reign of Charles V., 211-Battles of Cocherel and Auray, 213-The "grandes compagnies," 2ls-English and French, 217-Duguesclin, 218-Budget of Charles V., 22o-Political writings, 22I-:-The Duke d'Anjou, 222- Council of regency, 223-Charles VI. in Paris, 224-The Duke d'Anjou, 22s-The Maillotins, 226-General rising of the peo· pie, 227-Battie of Roosebeke, 228-The Maillotins, 229- The'Marmousets, 23o-Attempt upon Clisson, 232-Charles VI. struck with madness, 233.. .

XII.

SECOND PART OF THE REIGN OF CHARLES -VI. (1392-1422) 234-253

Isabelle of Bavaria, 23s~Murder of tlie Duke d'Orieans, 236 -Death of Valentine Visconti, 237- Eustaclte Deschamps, z38-A1ain Chartier; Christine de Pisan, 239-Burgundians And Armagnaci, 24o-Battle of Azincourt, 242-Severe losses of the French, 243-Fresh massacres in Paris, 244-Capilula. tir," cf , 24S-The Dake of Burgundy murdered, 246- Treaty of Troyes, 247-The Dauphin retires behind the Loire, 248-Death of Henry V. and Chnrles VI., 249-AfTairs of the Church, 2so-Pierre d'Ailly, 2SI-" Apparition de Maistre Jehan de Meung," 2S2-Nicq/as de Clemangis, 2S3. xvi CONTENTS.

PA' XIII. CHARLES VII.-END OF THE HUNDRED YEARS' WAR (1422-1461) 254-28 Battles of Cravant and of Verneui!, 2SS-Strengthening the power of Charles VII., 2S6'-:Siege of Montargis, 2S7-Siege of Orleans, 2S8-" Battle of the Herrings," 260-Joao of Are, 262-S-Battle of Patay, 266-Capture of Joan of Arc, 267- Coronation of Henry VI., 268-Conference at Arras, 269- • Richemont enters Paris, 27o-Character of Charles VII., 271 -End of the war, 272-The H Praguerie," 273-"Ordon­ nance d'Orleans," 274-The" Francs-archers," 27S-Financial reforms, 277-Death of Charles VII., 2i8-Jacques ereur, 279·

XIV.

Louis XI. and feudalism, 284-Character of Louis XI., 28S­ Coronation of Louis XI., 286-League of the common weal, 287-Battle of Montlhery, 2SS-France and Burgundy, 290- Louis XI. at Peronne, 29I-Cardina\ Baillc, 292- invades , 293-Death of the Duke de Guienne, 294-Jeanne Hachet!e, 29S-The baronial.houses give way, 298-Breaking up of the feudal system, 299-Batlle of Guinegate,3oa-Death of Louis XI., 30I-Non-political re­ forms, 302-Progress of France under Lou.is X I., 303.

XV.

CHARLES VIII. (1483-1498) LOUIS Xli. (1498- 1 515)

H La Grande Dame," 30S-The Duke d'Orieans, 306-Rebel­ lion against Anne de Bealljeu, 307-Batt\e of Saint Aubin du ~ Cormier, 308-Charles VIII., 309-Situation of Italy, 310- Charles V III. invades Italy, 311-B"ttle of Fornovo, 312- Death of Charles VIII., 314-Charac!er of Louis XII., 31S­ Lodovico iI Moro, 3I6-Battle of Garigliano, 317-League against France, 3I9-Baule of , 320-Death of Louis XII., 322-Administration, 323-" The Father of the Peo- n1 .... " ""'A_l"':",,,1'"lYp./O::. raTrlin'.:ll ,.t' A.Jnhni!;:p_ 'l?t. CONTENTS. xvi.

XVL INTELLECTUAL LIFE OF THE FIFTEENTH CEN­ TURy-LITERATURE, THE DRAMA, IND:USTRY -CONCLUDING REMARKS 326-:342 Poetry; Rutebeuf, VilIon, 327-Historians; Monstrelet, 328 -Chastellain; Basin, 329-Commines, 330-Louis XI. and Commines, 331 - Tales; II Les cent nouvelles nouvelles," 332-The drama, 333-The Basoche;" Enfants sans souei," 334-Pierre Gringore, 33S-Art of printing, 336-Architec­ ture, 337-Painting, 338-Playing cards, 339-Industry and commerce, 34o-The Renaissance. 341-The Reformatior.. 34 2•

GLOSSARY OF MEDI.lEYAL WORDS 343

INDEX .. 347 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

CHATEAU OF MONTLHERY 8

KNIGHT • 10

GODFREY OF BOULOGNE IN THE MOVING TOWER 25

KING OF THE TENTH. CENTURY 2 " 3 KNIGHT AND ARMS. 34 TOURNAMENT • 37 SEAL OF LOUIS VI. • 47

CATHEDRAL OF NOYON 50

SEAL OF TOULOUSE COMMUNE (OBVERSE AND REVI:RSE) 5~

FIGURE OF SUGER IN CHURCH WINDOW 60

SEAL OF ST. BERNARD • 78 THE VOWING OF A CHUR.CH '9 SKAL OF SIJIlON DE MONTFORT 84

PARIS UNDER PHILIPPE AUGUSTE. 87

WALLS OF CARCASSONNE 89 .- . xx LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

i"AGa SAINT LOUIS 92

SAINT LOUIS STARTS FOR "I HE CRUSADE 98

SAINT WUIS IN PRISON. 103

SAINT LOUIS RENDERS JUSTICE 112

SEAL q., LOUIS IX. • 117

TROUBADOURS. 122

SAINT WULFRAN, A 128

NOTRE DAhlE OF PARIS • 129

FROISSART 169

FRONT ENTRANCE OF NOTRE DAME, AT POITIERS 195

CORONATION OF CHARLES V. • 212

STATUE OF DUGUESCLIN 214

TOlllB OF DUGUESCLIN 216

VIEW OF THE BASTILE 219

CHARLES VI. 231

HEAD-DRESS OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 2-\1

BATTLE OF AoZINCOURT 243

CAPTURE OF TROYES 246

THE OLD • 248

SIEGE OF ORLUNS • 259

S~ATUE OF JOAN OF ARC 261

MEDAL OF JOAN OF ARC 265

STATUE OF JOAN OF ARC 268 rORTRAIT OF JACQUES CCf.UR • 276 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XXI

PACB KING RENt 28:1. JEANNE DE LAVAL. 283 PHILIP THE GOOD AND CHARLES THE DOl.D 289 GATE OJ' THE PALACE, NANCY 297

CATHEDRAL OF REIMS ~ 299 BATTLE OJ' FORNOVO 313 CHEVALIER BAYARD 318 MOUNT ST. MICHAEL 321 fHILIP DE COIlIMINES 330 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE >e .....2:! • POLITICAL EVENTS. THE CHUnCH. :iCIENCE AND LITERATURB. 987 Hugues Capet ... 987 Council at Reims. 996 Hl1gues Capet d. 996 at Saint Denis. 1031 Henry I .... 1095 Preaching of the Crusad ... '095 at Clermont. 1097 Nicaea taken by the Crusaders. 1098 Battle of Dorylael1m. 1099 The Crus'lders take Jerusalem. 1100 Godfrey of Boulogne d. 1108 Philip I. d. IInS Aimon, Abbot o( Fleuri d. 1112 /{ing Henry of England captures and puts III2 Robert Wace IJ. . to death H~lie, Count of Mans. IUS Peter the Hermit d. The Monastery1 of Clair­ vaUK founded by St. 1119 Battle of Brenneville lost by Louis VI. Bernard. 1124 War between France and Germany. 1137 Louis VII. k. 1140 Abbey of La Trappe 1143 The Town of Vitry burnL founded in France. 1147 Second Crusade preached. 1147 Giraud Ie Roux. frolllJatlour. jI. 1148 Si~g" of Damascus by the Crusaders. 1149 Louis VII. returns to France. IIS0 rtenry Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, Maine, 1150 Villehardouin IJ. Arnaud. Daniel, and Touraine. trouoatlollr. /I. COIIr! d·amour. nS2 Sugerd. 1179 Louis VII. visits as a pilgrim the tomh of Thomas a Becket. n80 Philip Augustus .t. 1180 Robert Wace d. 1187 Saladin takes J erusaIem-formation of e/JIII­ munu. u88 . The tax called Saladin's tithe (dime Saladin') imposed. U90 The Kings of France and England go to the Crusade. The walls and gates of Paris are built. u91 Philip Augustus returns to France. .~ u91 Chrestien de Troyes d. :u¢ Mnrriage of Philip Augustus and of Agnes de Meranie. IlZOW War between England and France. Agnes 1201 Thibaut de Champngne II. de Meranie d. 1203 John. King of England. summoned to ap­ 1203 BiMe Ouiot de Frovins pub­ pear before an assembly of the French lished. peers. His estates in France confiscllted. J 210 Crusade against the A1bigenses. 1210 Otho IV. excommuni­ cated by Innocent III. Council of Paris con­ demns the metaphysi­ cal works of Aristotle 1213 , won by Simon de Montrort. to be burnt. 1213 Villehardouin d. 1"'4 Battle of . 1215 Louis IX• .t. 'bf France II. Magna Charta. 1215 Cathedral of Reims consecrated. Statutes /riven to Paris Univ. POLITICAL EVENTS. THE CHURCIL "SCIENCE. AND .LITERATURB.

1216 Invasion of England by Philip Augustus. 1216 The Order of the Do­ minicans approved by the . 1218 Simon de Montfort tl.· 1218 The study of Civil Law prohibited in the Uni­ versityof Paris-Canon Law alone allowed. 1222 Raymond VI., Count of Toulouse, .t. 1222 Joinville I. 1223 Louis VIII. King of France. 1226 Louis IX. (Sai7l1 Louis) .t. regency of·' 1226 National Council in Blanche of Castile. Paris. 1234 Louis IX. maDies Marguerite of Provence. 1237 The Carthusian Order of Monks in France. 1240 Adam de la Halle lJ • • 1242 Battle of Taillebourg. 1"48 Louis IX. goes to the Crusade. 1249 Damietta taken by tbe French. 1250 Louis IX. defeated and taken prisoner al 12S0 Marcabrus, lrou6aaOJll', jI. the Battle of Mansurab. 1252 Death of Blanche of Castile. 1252 Foundation. of the Mo­ \254 Louis IX. leaves Palesune. D~tio Order 01 Su­ "iles in Frnnoe. 1256 The Augustinian Order 1258 ESlienne Boileau, Provost of Frnnce. of Monks establiahed In France. 1260 Guillaume de Lorris tl. 1262 .. y,. au mariage ()fI ~ la f,.illie," compcsed by Adamo de la Halle. la6,f Battle of Lewes. The King of France 126,f Vincent de Beauvals 4. arbilral~s between Henry 111. and th .. Barons. 1270 Louis IX. a. 1270 II ElalJlisstmmtsaeSainlLouu" 1:;'78 Pierre de la Brosse banged in Paris. published. !:lila .. The Sicilian Vespers:' 1284 .. y,. tk Ro6in et tie Marion ... by Adam de Ia Halle. 1285 Philip IV• .t. 1286 Bull .. Cltrins laicos." 1286 Adam de la Halle tI. t'.z91 The French invade Flanders. 1297 Pope Boniface VIIr. e.'Ccommunicates the Colonna family. 1300 The Celestine Order of Monks estahlished in France. 1301 Revolt at Bruges. 1301 Bull .. A useulla,jil'." 1302 Battle of Courlrai. 1302 Bull" Unam Saneiam." 1303 Peace between the French and.the Scotch. 1303 Arrestation and death of 1303 The Company (dramatic) of the Pope Boniface VIII. Basoclu established. 1304 Battle of. Mons-en-Puelle. 1304 Pope Benedict XI. a. 1308 The States-General at Tours approve the prosecution against the Templars. 1314 Jacques de Molayand a large numher of 1314 Clement V. tI. Templars '6umt alive in Paris (March). POLITICAL EVENTS. THE CHURCIL SClltNCE AND LITERATURE.

1314 Philip the Fair d. States-General (August). ~. 13'S The serfs emancipated on the royal dominions. Enguerrand de Mp";n:ny d. 1317 The Benedictine abbe). of Saint Papoul Con­ dom, Maillezais, Tu\1e, Sariat, Montauban, Vabres, and Castress erected into bishop­ riCs. 1319 JoinvnIp.d. '328 Battle of Cassel gained by Philip VI. 1'336 The Flemings supported against the French by Edward III. 1337 Beginning of the Hundred Years' War. 1337 Frolssart 6. 1340 Naval battle near Sluys; the French de­ feated by the English. Truce of four years. 1341 War for the successIOn of Brittany. 13,., Royal decree restraining the 1344 Renewal of the war between France and licentiousness of sta~e- England. players. '346 Battle of Cressy. '347 Siege of Calais, and its surrender to the 1347 William of Ockballl d. English. 1348 The Black Plague. The Jews persecuted. 1349 Vienness and Montpellier ceded to the French. 1350 Pbibp VI. iI. 1351 .. M~lfAn du en/anb d" Ai",trl de NarIJonne," acted. 1352 .. Mo.-alifl du mtJu"au m/.e" 1356 Battle ('If Poitiers. John, King of France, du /Qdre," acted taken prisoner and sent to England. 13s8'Treatyof Calais. .Etienne Marcel. The 7acquerie. 1360 King John returns to France. 'treaty of 1360 Buridan d. Bretigny. 1364 Battles of Cocherel (May 6) and of Auray 1364 A university founded at Ang~rs. (Sept. ~). Charles V• .t. 1367 Battle of Navarette. Duguesclin made • prisoner. 1376 Edward, Prince of Wales (the Black Prince) d. 1,'f.7 Edward Ill.. King of England. Olivier de , Clisson invades Brittany. 1378 "JfylfAre tle fa prile tle 7lrult1- letn," acted. 1380 Duguesclin d. Charles V. d. 1380 I, M~slAre de la Palnon," acted. 1382 Battle of Roosebeke. The MaillottM, J3S", Nicolas Oresme d. 1390' " Jeu des sept "eTlus," acted. 1392 Murder of Olivier de ClissoD. 139'" Earliest ''Composition of the II Fe,rce i.e Paltlin. If 1395 .. Mystlre de Grise/idis .... royal decree against stage­ 1407 Murder of the Duke of Orillan •• players. POLITlCA~ EVENTS. THE CHURCH. SCIENCE AND LITERATCRE.

1408 Valentine of Milan d. Peace of Chartres. 1408 The Pope excommuni­ L410 Civil War in France. The Bourgu;gnon, cates the King of and the Armagnacs. France. 1415 Battle of Azincourt (October 23). 1418 The Armagnacs massacred in Paris. 1419 The Duke of Burgundy murdered at Mon- rereau. 1420 Treaty of Troyes. 1421 Battle of Bauge. 1422 HenryV. N•. of England, d. at Vincennes, near Paris. Charles VI. 1423 Battle of Crevant. 1428 The French defeated at Verneuil (Aug. 16) by the Duke of Bedford. 1429 Battle of the Herrings. Joan of Arc obliges the English to rai.e the siege of Olleans. 1431 Trial and death of J ~an of Arc. 1435 Treaty of Arras. 1436 Paris recovered by the French. 1437 Siege of Montereau._ Charles VII•. enters Paris. 1440 The Pragutri~. 1440 Amon! and Simon Grebanjl'. 1444 Truce of Tours between France & England. 1449 Renewal of hostilities. 1449 Pierre Blanchet 1I. 1450 Battle of Formigny-the English defeated. 1450 .. MysUr6 tlu acta du ap6tru," Agnes Sorel II. Greban. acted. 1451 The English evacuate part or France. Campaign in Guienne. 1456 Jacques Cc:eur tI. 1459 "Myslll'f tI. Ia thst",eliotl '" 1461 Louis XI.... T,.oi,," by Jacques Midet. 1464 .. LilJ1l1 du Ii,,, 'tl6/k" against Louis X I. 1465 Treaties of Conflans and of Saint Maur. 1467 Philip tue Good, Duke of Burgundy, d. 1468 Revolt orlnhabitanl.lol Li~ge. Louis XI. at Veronne. 1475 The Beel of Maneille•• Saint Pol, Toulon, and Orange form the eccle­ liastical provinc:e 01 • Avignollo 1476 Battle or GransoD. Charles the Bold de- 1476 The BtUoeAia", allowed 10 re­ feated. .wr.e their perfol'lWUlCe5. 1477 'Ibe Duke or Burgundy alain at Nancy. 1479 Battle of Guinegate. . 1483 Louis XI d. 1484 The States-General assemble at Tours. 1488 Battl" 01 Saint Aubin du Cormier. 1491 Metlin de Saint Gelall 6. 1493 Brittany united to the French Crown. 1492 Margu"erite de Valois 6. 1494 Italian Campaign by Charles VIII. ~495 Battle of Fornovn between Charles VIII. 1495 Clement Marot". and the Venetian •• 1498 Charles V II I, tI. 1499 Milaness invaded by the French. POLITICAL EVENTS, THE CHURCH. SCIENCE AND Ll'rERATURE. isoo Insurrection of Milan. ~SOI The kingdom of Naples invaded by the . French and Spaniards. !503 Battles of Cerignola, Seminara, and Garig- ,s03 Pope Alexander VI. tl. 1503 Michel de l'Hospital IJ. , liano. The French driven from Italy. Is04 Truce between France and SpaiD. ISO? The .. Mystlre de la PalsiDn," ~s08 Treaty of Cambra!. printed in Paris. ' '509 Battle of Agnadello. 1509 Calvin IJ. Etienne Dolet ". ~510 Cardinal d'Amboise tl.• Martial d'Auvergne d. Philippe '512 Battle of Ravenna. GastGln de Folx tl. de Com mines d , 1513 The Swiss defeat the French at Novarra. 1513 POPf JuliUl II. d. 1513 Jacques Amyot 6. _;;14 Anne of BritlAny tl. ' . ;,.~ SOURCES TO CONSULT ON THE HISTORY OF FRANCE FROM HUGUES CAPET TO LOUIS XII.

TilE CAP~TJANS.

I Glaber (Raoul), Ii. ~ut 1<46. His chronicle extends from goo to 1044- I Rieber, lotb century... Ricberi Historiarum," IV. libri, 888-99S. Invaluable for the history of tbat time. I Helgaud, Ii. 10481 .. Epitome vit2e Roberti regis," 991-1031. Written in a detestable style, and too mucb as a panegyric: but interesting. I Adalbl!ron, Bishop of Laon, tl. 10301 1031 1 Satirical poem in­ scribed to the king. I Eudes, monk of tbe Abbey of SL Maur des Fossils. Life of Bou­ chard (Burckhardt), Count of Mclun and Corbeil, 9so-lOS8. I Jlugues de Sainte Marie, monk of Fleury (SL Benolt-sur-Loire), ntb century. .. Cbronicon Floriacense," -noS. I Hugues de Poi tiers, 12tb century. .. lIistoire du Monastere da

Vl!zelai, N Books ii.-iv., n40-1167. Interesting details. I Guibert de Nogent, IOS3-II24. ., Gesta Dei per Francos" (His­ tory of tbe First Crusade) ; .. de vitd suA." One of tbe best of medireval cbronicles. I Guillaume de St. Thierry. 1 . . I Arnaud de Bonneval. _ Life of St. Bernard, abbot of Clalr- I Geoffroi de Clairvaux. vaux, 1091- 1.1S3· r Rigord, tI. 1'2U/ 1 .. Life of Philip Augustus," 116S-1208. For tbe hislory of the first thirty years of the reign tbis wc.rk is incom­ parably the best. I Guillaume Ie Breton (Gillie/mils Brito), nso 1-1226. Continua­ tion of the previous work, 1208 -1223. .. PbiliPl'idos," \ibri xii., an historical poem of ~at interesL r Nicolas de Bray. u/iQ ?-12¥'?" G~S!~ L\ldovic;i V~H." ~i~tC?ric;a,l Poefllo xxxii SOURCES FOR HISZ'ORY OF FRANCE.

1,2 Guillaume de Nangis. .. Chronicon," from the creation of the world to 1301, continued by other monks of Saint Denis to 1368. 1 Pierre de Vaulx-Cernay, . Chronicle of the war against ~he Albigenses. -- 1 Guillaume de Puy Laurens, 12101-1295- Chronicle of the war against the Albigenses. I Simon de MontforL Under that name a chronicle exists called .. Des gestes glorieux des Fran~ais," 1202-13II. 1 Gui\laume de. Tyr, II301-II90 1 .. Historie des Croisades," I095-1I8+ Most interesting. 1,2 Ernoul and Bernard Ie tresorier. Chronicle, 1201-1231. 1 Albert (or Albt!ric) d'Aix, 12th century. "Chronicon Hieroso_ lymitanum," I095-II200 I Raimond d'Agiles. Interesting account of the First Crusade, 1096 -IIDo. 1 Jacques de Vitry, d. 1"40. .. HlstOria Orientalis, Historia Occi­ dentalis." I Raoul de Ca@n, i2th century. .. Gesta Tancredi," -1105- (F"Jrst Crusade.) I Robert Ie Moine, 1055-II2a. .. Historia Hierosolymitana." (First Crusade.) 1 Foulcher de Chartres. .. History of the Crusades," 1095-11"7. I Odon de Dueil, ti. 1162. Wrote a history of the expedition of Louis VII, in Palestine, II46-II48. 1,2 Orderic Vital, 1075-II4a. His ecclesiastical history abounds in interesting details on the state of society in the 11th and 12th centuries. 1 Guillaume de Jumi~ges, nth century. .. Historia Norman­ norum," 8SD-II37' "I Guil1aume de Poitiers, lIth century, •• Gesta GuUebnei Ducis" (William the Conqueror), -1"7"- 3 Guillaume Anelier. History of the war in Navarre, 1276, 77. PulJ.. } fished.epa- .. Grandes Chroniques de .,.France" 376-1381 ~attly. 2,4,5,6 Geofl'roi de Villehardouin, II551-12I3' .. La Conqueste.ie Con­ stantinoble." The earliest chronicle written In French, 1I98- 1207· 4,6 Henry de Valenciennes. Continues Villehardouin's chronicle. 3 Cuvelier, 14th century. A metrical history of Duguesclin. 6 .. Chroniquc lIIetrique de Saint Magloire, 1223-129a. 6 .. Chronique Metrique d'Adam de la Halle," 12821 6 Guil1aume Guiard, 13th century. .. La Branche des royauK Lignagea." A rhymed chronicle, II65-1306. 6 Godefroi de Paris. .. Cb~nique Metrique de Philippe Ie Bel," 1;100-1316• FROM HUGrJES CAPET TO 1.0UlS XII. l(xxlii

•• 4.5 Le Sire de Joinville, 1224-13'9- .. Vk de Saint Louis." Charming by its style, its grace, and its simplicity• • ,6 Jean Froissart, 1337-1~'o. Chronique, 1326-1400. The chronicler ltV u&el/~,,".

TUB VALOIS. 8, •• 5 Christine de Pisan, 13631-1431. .. Le Livre des fai13 et bonnes mlleurs du sage roy Charles (V.}." Authentic and interesting, but too pompous in style, 1336-1380. • "La Chronique du bon Duc Louis de Bourbon," 1360-1410. 4.5 "Le livre des faiets du bon Messire Jean Ie Maingte, dit Mareschnl de Boucienut," 1368-1421. II "Chronique du Religieux de Saint Denis," 1380-1422- 4 Jean Juvenal des Ursins, 1388-1473. "Histoire de Charles VL, roi de France," 1380-1422- .,6 Enguerrand de Monstrelet, 13901-1451. Chronique, 1400-144" Tedious when compared to Froissart, but valuable for its accuracy and completeness. •• 6 Lef~vre de Saint Remy, 1194-1468. Molmoires, 1407-143.5- 1 .... 3. Pierre de Fenins. Memoires, 1408-14~. 4 "Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris sous Ie regne de Cbarles VI," 1408- 142 & 7 Guillaume CousinoL •• Chronique de la Pucelle," 1422-1429. 7 Pierre Cochon. -1443. •• Chronique Normande," In8-141Q, 7 Jean Chartier. -1462. .. Chronique de Charles VII.... 1422- 1461• 405 Th. Godefrol. .. Histoire «I'Artus III•• Due de Bretaigne, Comte de Richl'mont, et connc!table de France," 1411-1457. , 4,5 Th, Godefroi. .. Memooes relatifs l Floren!. Sire d'Uliers." 4.6 "Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris sous Ie regne de Charles VII," 142a -1449- 4,5 Olivier de Ia Marche, 1426-ISoL Molmoires, Icr et and Iivres, 1433-1488. 4.5 Olivier de la Marche. •• S'rnsuyt roltat de Ia mBison da Due Charles de Bourgogne, dit Ie Hardi, 1474. 4,5,6 Jacques du Clercq, 1420-. seigneur de Beauvoir en Ternois. Mc!moires, 1448-1467• • ,6 Mathieu d'Escouchy (or de Courcy). Chronique, 1444-1461. Continuator of MODstreleL 2,4.5 Philippe de Commines, 1445- 1509- Mt!moires. 1464-1498. Tne first French author who has written history with the depth and sagacity of a man a~'Customed to politica1life. 4.5 .. Chronique Scandaleuse, .. 1460-1483- On the life of Louis XL Does not deserve the title under which it is known, . • Thomas D.'lSin, 1412-1491•• " Histoire de Charles VIL. et de Louis XI.-, Written in Latin; most valuable. 16 l xxxiv SOURCES FOR HiSTORY OF FRANCE.

3 Jean M3liSClin, -1500. "Journal des etats geDeraux de l.!84-·· 4,5 Guillaume de Villeneuve. Memoires, '494-'497. Very curious memoirs. 4,5 Jean Boucher, '476-.'5501 UPanegyrique du Chevalier sans reproche," 1460-1525. 1iI.4 .. Le Loyal Serviteur." Tres joy,u5e,. plaisante, et .ecreativc histoire du bon chevalier sans paour et saDS rcproche, 1476- . '520. A masterpiece. . 6· "oeorge Chastellain, ;"4"3-1475: "Chron;que du bon chevalier ~ . Jacques de Lalaing," 1430-1453. 6 George "Chastellain. co Declaration de tous les haulz faitz et glorieuses adventures du due Philippe de Bourgogne," 1464- 1470• 5 Jean Molinct, -1507. Chronique, 1470-1506.

THE VALOIS-ORL~ANS. 4,5 Robert de la Marc1l.~eigneur de Fleuranges, 149'-'537. '" His­ toire des choses melJlOrables advenures du reigne de Louis XII. et· FraDyois I.:' 1499-'52'. Interesting memoirs, but written too m'uch in afanfaron style. • The foregoing list comprises the prillcijal chronicles and memoirs published in the collections edited by :-1. M. Guizot. . 2. U Sociltl til l"kistoirl ill Frane,. 3 The French Government (CO Documents im!dits "). 4 MM. Michaud and Poujoulat. 5 MM. Petitot and Monmerque. 6 M. Buchon. 7 M. Jannet (" Bibliotheque EIzevirienDe "). CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF ALL "I:HE CHAN. CELLORS OF FRANCE FROM THE BEG.lN· NING OF THE CAPETIAN DYNASTY TO THE REIGN OF LOUIS XII.

HUGu .. CAPET. Adal~n, Archbishop of Reims-Gerbert, Archbis hop of Reims-RqginaJd. Bishop of Paris-Rotger. Bishop of Beauvais. . ROBERT. Abbo, Bishop-Francon. Bishop of Paris-Arnulphus. Archbishop of Reims-BaIdwin-FuIbert of Char· tres. HENRY I. Gervais. Archbishop of Reims (1059. I06S)-Daldwin (1061-1067) - Peter. Abbot of Saint Germain (1067-1I)-GuiIIaume (1073)-Godfrid (1°15-92) -Roger of Beauvais (1070. 1080, IIoS)-Ursion of Senlis (J()90)-Hubert (109r, 92)-Hambaud (I09s)-Arnulphus (1097)-Gislebert (1095. UOS) -Etienne (u06. 1108). . LoUIS THE FAT. Etit.-nne (the same as abbvc. no8-III6-Etienne de Garlande (lu6. IUS. H33)-Fulchrade CrII9)­ Simon (U2S. U33)-Hugues 1II29)-AIgrin (u34. 37)· .. LoUIS THB YOUNG. AIgrin (the 'IIlme as above. uso)-No~I. Abbot of .Rebais (1139, 40)-Cadurc (U4o-II47)-Lideric (II42)-Barthc!Iemy (U47) - Bauaouin (1147)­ Simon (uso. IIS3)-Hugues 4e Champfueri. Bis. hop of Soissons (uso. 51,69, 72)-Roger (uS4)­ .' Hugues de Puiscaux (U78• 79) • PHILIP A!1GUSTCS. Hugues de Puiseaux (as above, to 1I8S)-Hugues de Bethisy (uRS, 86). LOUIS NIII, Gut!rin (u86-1226). , \.oUIS IX. Gut!rin (abdicates in 1227. then a vacancy occurs­ Phinp d'Antogny--Jeaa"AIIegrin (12401 vacancy in 1.a.t8)-Nicolas de Canis (1249)-GiIIcs. Archbis­ hop oCTyre{12S8)-Jean 10 Court d'AubergenviIIe. xxxvi LIST OF CHANCELLORS OF FRANCE.

Bishop of Evreux (1258. 1260. 'ncancy in 1259)­ Simon de Brie (Pope under the name of Martin IV. 1261)-Philippe de Catllrc (1269)-M,lthiell de Ven­ dOme. Ahbot of Saint Denis-Simon de Clermont. 'PHILIP ilL Pierre Barbet. Archbishop of Reims (1270. vacancy in 1271, 73. 740 79)-Henry de Vezelay (1279)-Pierre de Ckal\on (1281-83). PHIUP IV. Jean de Vassaigne (1292. died in 13oo)-Etienne de Sousy (1292. 1302. 1304)-Guillaume de Crespy (1293. ¢)-Pierre Flotte (13OO-1302)-Pierre de Belle-. Bishop of Auxerre (1306, 1307)­ Pierre de Gres-GlIillaume de Nogaret (1307)­ Gilles Aycelin. Archbishop of Narbonne (13"9- 13(3)-Pierre de LatiJJy (1313-14). LOUIS u: HUTlN. Etienne de Mornai (1314-16). PHILIPV. Pierred'Arablai (1316. 17)-Pierre de Chappes (1321) -Jean de Cherchemont (1320). CHARI.ES IV Pierre Rodier (1320-23) - Jean de Cherchemont (13 23-28). PHILIP VI. Mathieu Ferrand (1328)-Jean de Marigny._Arch­ bishop of Rouen (1329) - GlIi11aume de Sainte Mallre (1329-34)-Pierre Rogert (since Clement VI., 1334)-GlIY Baudet. Bishop of Langres (1334 -38)-Etienne de Vissac (1338)- Gui11aume Flolle (1339-47) - Firmin Coquerel. Bishop of Noyon (1347)-Pierre de la For@t. Cardinal (1349-57). JOHN II. Pierre de la Foret (1359)- Fouquet Bardoul-Gilles Aycelin de Montagu (1357. 1360)-Jean de por­ mans. Bishop of Beauvais (1361). CHARLE-~ V. Jean de Dormans (till 1317)-Guillaume de Dormans (1371)-Pierre d'Orgemont (1380). CIIA';

1428-4s)-Guillaume Juvenal des Ursins (1445- 1461). Pierre de Morvillier (I46I-I46s}-Guillaume J UV.!lIaJ de Ursins (I472}-Pierre d'Oriole (I483). CHARLES VIII. Guillaume de Rochefort (I492)-Adam Fum~e (1494) -Robert Bri90nnet, Archbishop of Reims (1495- 97)-Gui de Rochefort. LoulsXIL Gui de Rochefort (as above till IS07)-Jean de Gannay (ISI2)-Etienoe Poncher (ISIS).

THE PARLIAMENT. The Supreme Court of Law in France held its sittings. first at interval., afterwards (reign of Charles V.) permanently; was re-organized by Philip the Fair (edict of 1302). and subdivided according to the nature of the duties it had to discharge, I. Political functions-belonged to the Council of State (Comnl d'Etat, Grand Consnl. Comeil Etroit). a. Cllam6,., des rtquCies. tried cascs brought directly before the Par­ liament. /I. CIlam6re des ellqulles, tried cases :a. Judicial functions - belonged about which appeal had been to tbe Parliament proper. divided into three Courts made to Parliament. e. Grand' CIla1ll6re or Cilam/Jre des piaidoirie.s, decided cases ex­ amined in the first instance by the Cha",6,., des enqlltles. 3. Financial functions-belonged to the ella",6,., des comlles. Number of persons composing tbe Parliament under the reigns of Cbarles VII., Louis XI., Charles VIII., and Louis XII.:-

I. Twelve Pecrs of France. II. Eight Masters (Mailres dts requetes). 3- Eighty Councillors. both laymen and ecclesiastics.

PROVINCIAL PARLIAMENTS. Toulouse created in 1302 lJijon created in 1471 Grenoble .. .. 1453 Rouen 1499 Bordeaux.. .. 1462 Ai .. II ISOI GENEALOGY OF THE CAPETIAN KINGS OF FRANCE TO THE REIGN OF LOUIS XII. (TilE LETTERS ~. d. k. S'l'AND RESPECTIVELY FOR born, died, king.) HUGUES LP GRAND, L'ABBE, Count of Paris and of OrUans, Duke of Neustria, Burgundy, , lind France, d. 956. I HuC-ES CAPET,6. (1) 941, Duke of France, Count of Paris lind of Orleans,'960; k. 937; d. !)Q/l. ,---___1 I ROBItRT II., fJ. 970; k. 996; d. lOll. I I IIUGUES LE GRACD, fJ. 1007; d. 1025. HENRY I., b. 1005; k. 1031 ; ,I. 1060, I ' rl------,I,------~ . PHILIP I., fJ. 1053; HUGUES LE GRASD, fJ. 1027, Count of Verman(!OJ~ k. 1060; d. 1108. (sltm of Ihe second brancll of Ille Counls of VermanJou). I . LOUIS VI., u: GROS, fJ. 1078; Count of Vexm 1092; k. 1108; d. 1137. I LOUIS VI~., LE JF-UNE, fl. 1120; Duke of ROBJRT, Count of Dreux, Aquitaine, ~. 1137; d. 1180. (Slt1ll of III, Counts of .DrlUx). PHILIP II., AUGUSTUS, = (I) IsiBELLA of Hainault, (2) INGELBURGE of Denmark, (J) AGNES DIt MltRANIE. 6. 1165; k. 1180; d. 1223. I fJ. 1170; d. 1190. d. 1236. d. 1201. /I r I . , LOUIS VIII., LE LION, =BLANCHE of Castile, I. 1187; PHILIP'HuREPEL, I. 1200; I. US7; R. 1223; d. 1236. Regent 1226-12J6, 1249 j ti. 1252. Count of Boulogne ; d. 1234.

LO~IS IX. (Saint=MAlIGUERITE of ROBERT, Count ALPHONSE, I. 1220; Count CHARLES, Count of Louis), I. 1215; Provence, d'Artois (st~m of of l'oitou & Auvergne, 1241 ; Anjou & Provence (st~'" R. 1226; d. 1270. 1.1219; ti.1245. lhe C()Unisti' Artois). Count of Toulouse, 1249 j of 1/" Counts of Anjou, ti. 1271. KilICS of Nap/~s) •. , I , PHILIP III., LE=(I) ISABEl.I.A of (2) MARY of JEA~ (Tristan), 6. 1250; Count ROBERT, Count of Clermont HARnI, IJ. 1245; I Arragon, 6. Brabant, ti. of Nevers 1265 j Counr. of Valois (stem of tlze house oj R. 1270; ti.12S5. 1247; ti. 1271. IJ21 •. 1268; ti. 1270. Bou,.bon). t I I PlilLIP IV., LE BEL, 6. 1268 ; k. of Navarre CHARLES, Count of Valois LOUIS, Count of Evreux (sf~'" oftlte 1284 j R. of France 1285; ti. IJI4. (sinn of the house of Valois). Counts of Evreux, Kings oj"Navarre). . I I I I LoUIS X., LE=(I) MARGARET PHILIP V., LELONG,I.=JEAN~E CHARLES IV., LE=(I) BLANCHE of 'Burgundy, HUTIN, 6. of Burgundy, 1294; Count ofPoitiers of Bur· BEL,6. 1293; k. of repudiated 1322; ti. 1326. 1289; k. of 6.129°; repudi· 131I; k. 1316; k. of gundy, }'rance & Na .. arre (2) MARY of Luxenburg, Navarre 1307; . ated & d. 1315. Navarre IJI8; ti. 1322. d. 1329. 13,1~ • ti. 1338. b. 13°5; ti. 1~24. k. of France (2) CLltME~CE (3) JEANNE D EVIlEUX, ti. 1314; ti. IJI6. of Hungary, 1371. d. 1328. GENEALOGY OF THE CAPETIAN KINGS OF FRANCE. (THE I.ETTERS IJ. do k. STAND RESPECTIVELY FOR born, diet!, king.) B. VALOIS BRANCH. CHARLES DE VALOIS, son of Philip Ie Hardi and Isabel of Arragon, IJ. 1270; Count of Alen~on and Valois, 1285; d. 1325. I i I PHILIP VI. DE VALOIS=(I) JEANNE of Burgundy, d. 1348. CHARLES DE VALOIS, /). 1293; Count of Valois, 1325; I(2) BLANCHE of Navarre, d. 1398• Count of Alenlon k. 1328; d. 1350. (stem of the Counts oj Aletlf""\· JEAN II. LE BON, IJ. 1319; Count of Anjou and Maine, Duke of=(I) BONNE of Luxemburg, d. 1349- . and Guienne, 1335; k. 1350; d. 1364. I(2) JEANNE of Auvergne, 1360• I I I I CHARLES V. LE LOUIS, Duke of JEAN=(I) JEANNE D'ARMAGNAC. PHII.IP LE HARDI SAGE=JEANNE de Anjou IJ. 1370; d. 1387. Dul

C. BRANCH OF VALOIS-ORLEANS.

LOUIS XII., LE P~RE DU PEUPLE, Grandson of Charles V.=(I) JEANNE of France. IJ. 1462; Duke of Orleans, 1466; Governor of Paris,1483; (2) , IJ. 1476; d. 1514. and of Normandy, 1491 ; Duke of Milan, 1494; k. 1498; (3) MARY, daughter of Henry VII., King of Engl:1nd, d. 1515. 6. 1496; d. 1534- ~ A TABULAR VIEW OF THE STATES-GENERAL FROM THEIR COMMENCE­ MENT TO THE REIGN OF LOUIS XII. INCLUSIVE.

PLAC!'; DATE. KING. OF MI':ETiNG. PRINCIPAL SUBJECTS DISCUSSED. 1302 Philip the Paris. Pope Boniface VIII. having asserted in the Bull a1lscu,'fn/ili the (April 10) Fair absolute supremacy of the Pope, this pretension was condemned by the States-General. 1308 Tours. The conduct of the king with reference to the Knights-Templar is (April) approved. 1317 PhilipV. Paris. The Salic law hy virtue of which women are declared incapable of (February) reigning, is confirmed. 135 1 Johu The States-General grant a subsidy for carrying on the war against (February) the English. 1355 The States-General of the" Langue d' oil n votes fresh subsidies. but (April 2) reserve for themselves the-right of superintending the administra­ tion and outlay of these funds, delegating for that purpose a commission of nine members (glneratlx et supenntendanls). On the loth of December the king, agreeably to the wish of the States. issues an edict in thirty-three articles, thoroughly reform­ ing the administration:-Salt-tax is established. as also a tax of eight deniers per livre on all articles sold. 1356 Second session of the States-General. The two taxes ahove (March) mentioned are suppressed and replaced by an income-tax, su clumsilv assessed that it weighed more heavily on the poor than 0'1 the rich. 1350 The popular party (Robert Ie Coq, Etienne Marcel, &c.) insists upon re­ (October) forms, but Dauphin contrives to postpone tbese, and dismisses the States, pro.misingat the same time to summon them again shortly. 1357 Subsidies granted for the payment of 30,000 men. In return, the (February \ deputies insist upon the dismissal of twenty-two of the Dauphin's ministers and friends, and upon tbe creation of a council of reform. The Dauphin pllblishes an edict in thirty-six articles for the carrying out of necessary improvements, but it has no effect. 1357 The States-General are again con~Aned by the Dauphin, and without (~ovenllJ~r I any result. to 1358 Oanuary) 1358 Compiegne. A fresh edict of reform is issued in twenty-eight articles. (May) 1359 Paris. General amnesty proclaimed by the Regent. The Treaty signed by (May) King John with the English is annulled. Subsidies granted. 1363 Amiens. Subsidies-granted. Another edict of reform (December Sth;. (November­ December) 1369 CharlesV. Paris. Threatened rupture between France and England. The king's con- (May 9) duct approved. 1382 Charles VI. Compiegne. The States-General had only one sitting. Application for money (April) made by the king. 1413 Paris. Statement of grievances on the part of the deputies. Subsidy Oanuaryl asked for by the king. Edict for the police of the kingdom (ordonnance Cabochiemle) published on the 2,5th of May, annulled on the 5th of September foilowing. PLACE ~ DATE. KING. 01' MEETING. fNINc1PAL SUBJECTS DISCUSSED. <' 1420 Charles VI. Paris. The States-Ge!leral, at the request of the king, sanctions the treaty _ (Decemuer 6-10) of Troyes. 1423 Charles VII. BOllrges or A grant of 1,000,000 francs made by the States. Oanuary) Selles ill Berry. "i Chinon. The States demand the reform of the ckam6re des compte! and of the tt. 1428 tl:! (October) inferior Law Courts, appeal to the patriotism of all the feudal t-< lords, and grant a subsidy of 400,000 /iVYes. t::: 143-1 Blois? Tours? No details. 0 (April) .,. 1435 l This assembly seems to have consisted chiefly of deputies of the (February) Langue d'oc. Subsidies voted. ~ 1439 OrMans. Negctiations with the English sanctioned. Funds granted for the t» (October-- re-organization of the army which was new modelled, and made rn "i- November) permanent by an edict published on the 2nd of November. tt. 1440 Bourges. The States-General discussed exclusively religious questions, and "i t» (September) chiefly the Papal schism. They pronounced for Eugenie IV. rn against Felix V. 6 1468 Lollis XI. Tours. On the necessity of putting down abuses and of maintaining the t>J (April) unity of the kingdom. ~ Charles VIII, Tours, The votes are taken by nationl (France, Burgundy, Normandy, t>J 1484 ~ Oanuary) Aquitaine, Langue d'oc, Langue d'oil). The regency is given tt. to Madame de Besujeu. t' ISOT? 1502? Louis XIL Blois. No details. Uanuary) 1506 Tours. The title. .. Father of the People," voted to Lollis XII. ; be i. (May) requested, and consents to give his only daughter Claude ID marriage to Francis, Duke d'Angouleme, heir to the throne. ..

GLOSSARY OF MEDIlEVAL WORDS.

A. Cas/oiem",l. cAtJlittUnl .. also erulie­ Ausi and Aid are two Proven¢ .unl in O. F. [a book o~ r~ forms of ;ei=here; adv. monstrances, reproofs. Allot/ial from the Teutonic ai, loll Cavaleisia, Proven~al for tourna­ (hence the Low L. aI/odium .. Fr. nients. From the Low L. ea~allus, al/eu), hereditary property free a horse. from all dues. Cmdr",s, base, cowards, a serf who is employed in making cinders A Ilrl, for auln (L. aller). (e'ndres) out of burnt wood. Amal., Proven~ for ai.Ma (I.. Cervoisien, those who 'sel1 eervoise, amalis), love. a kind of bee~ (een'ois, .. eervin'a Ara;rl, L. arllrium from ager in Pliny~ aralorill', a ploughed fie!d. CAaeier, chasse. To go in pursuit Mod. Fr. arpenl. of. Ardoir, I.. arder" to bum. CAangiw. changer. A,I, he burns, consumes, from CAar, chair, flesh. ardoir. Cil, celui. From the I.. leCI, iU" Aw/a, 1.. Nz~el;s, you have. Cla_ur, c\ameur. Autrui, of other, or others. Used Cor, CCEur. in Old French without a preposi­ C'on for fu'on, whom one. tion. CordouanioTl, 'cordonniers, shu~ B. makers; literally, dealers in goods Balm', (de cuisine), kitcl:ell range, made of Cordova leather. Eng. utensils. cordV1/liller. Bi~/" name given during the Middle Corrm;'ea, ullro",,'s, crowned Ages to all compositbcs of an (heads]. ethical and didactic character. Coy, ,ui, who; deeoy=de qui~whose. O«Au, Picard pronounciation of Crlans, myanl, believer ; hence, the adjective BOJJU, hunchback. mierlanl, a miscreant. Buous, Proven pal for Brz.ifs, oxen; Cui,,,,, coucl" .. je [me] CUi&61, I lie 1.. BrnJlI. down. C. Capdel, capila;n" captain. Cajdel 'D. is Proven~al. /)amtzp. dommage., 344 GLOSSARY OF MEDl£VAL• WORDS.

• Dlallir~ (se), to enjoy one's self. Hom, Home, Homo, Homme. Synonym, II divertir. Hmt. [faite 1] Dieu (la~ Dlmente, menee : dimnu:r, to lead [out of the right way]. I. J. K. Detllollr, aemeure. Qru je dernour. /stor•• histoire. that I may remain. . Jor,jour. D;r~, prec;euse. Eng. dear. Ki, qui. Despll/izon. dispute, controverse. Destrendzier, trancher, ccaper, dt!- 1.. capiter. Lais, laisse, I lea Ie. Diu, Dien. Laist, laisse, leave off, desist. D%ir. souffrir, from the 1.. aolor•• Lea. pres. from the L latus. side. Dam, the I.ord. L Dominus. Eng. Mar. Thus again: P/essis­ ItII· Tours. Plessis near Tours. E. Li. Ie, les, the. E/, Ie. Loer, louer. Emperakur, empereur. Enfls, enfant. M. En/remist, (s). undertook. Mais. mieux. L. magi$, Eshlet (m'), me faut, I must. lvIantlie, mendiant. EZIlaIl,kin-, exalt. Mod. Fr. ex· MmacUr. menacer. llausser. M.ngier. manger. F. Mh. mais. Mie. point. L. ",iea. crumb. .. Ne Fais,/aiz,/araeall, burden. Ie suis mil: .. = I am not so at all. Fo. fais. Miu, mieux. FlrtlllMrie, the place where irol!- MOlIgn, moi .... e. L f1IvllacAu.r. mongers have their stalls or shops. Morwus, morveUll:. Eng. snotty. Fou, feu. FtnlJ(, fou. N. Fremin-s, fermiers. Na,ain. Eng. cymbals. G. Nayz, naif. L naIiT.. us. Gaaingner. Gagner. N;,., diftidlo. Gmt., gentiL Not (U). n', ~e· Con/anon, also Oon/.. :"', flag, stan... dare!. From the Old High Ger. O. Gutr/fatro; from Gundja, IiglJt. \ ... ·a•• sale. Eng. dirty. and/an~ banner. 'I f..:g>l.lA, orgueil. Ott ent. H. HarrJement, hardiment. P. Haua, haut. PancAu.panse. Eng.paunch Hloimt, Haissaient. Thus Frois­ Payz. pays. sart: .. Quand it remontroit un Pris.prix. IIQmme qu'U Moil." i'risUr, priser. Enl{. to eslee.", GLOSSARY OF MEDllEVAL WORDS. 345

Pou, peu. Set. saito h;". PUI. depuis. . Si, c'est pourquoi. Eng. therefore. Sialll (qui vons). soyez. Q. So/aeier. donner de plaisir. Eng Quanl. ce que. L. guanlum. Eng. to solace. as much as. So/as. plaisir. Eng. solace. Querguier. chercher. Soume. somme. Suetn. j'avais coutume. R. Re,rraliers. Eng. retail dealers. T. Riens. chose. L. Rem. To/u. enlev6. L. tollere. S. Tol. tout. Trais. trahi. San. seDS. Eng. seDSe. Tristor. tristesse. Sayz. sain? L. San us. Sen. sien. Sen porlerOlll=There­ fore they will carry of it. v. Sente. sen tier. Eng. path. Voir. vrai. 1." fln-Um. Sermoneis. prech.... Volt, veuL L " .. II. INDEX.

A. Armagnac, Count d', chosen leader against Duke of Bur· Abelard, philosopher, 67; con· gundy, 237 : created Constable demned by councils, 67 ; death, 68 . of France, 244; killed in Paris, 244; John V., Count of, 298 Acre, siege of, 70, 7 I Armorial bearings, 35, 36 Agnes de Meranie, mar.ied to Armorican cities, 2 Philip Augustus, 86 ; her death, Arras, Treaty of, 269, 270 87 . Arteveldt, Von; rules in Flanders, Albigenses, their origin, 83; cru· 172 ; Philip von, 228 sade against them, 82-84; at· Art in fourteenth century, 337 tacked by Louis VIII., 88 Art under Louis IX., 127-132; Alen~on, Duke of, 298 industrial;' 132 Anjou, Counts of, their power, I; Assisu de Ylrusalem, 31, 32 Foulques Nerra, 21 ; Geoffrey Avignon, Papal residence at. 149 Plantagenet, SS; Henry Plan. Azincourt, battle of, 240-243 tagenet,61. Charles d', brother of Louis IX" 120; his ambi· tion, 134 ; stopped by Gre· B. gory X., 134; decline of his power and death, 136. Louis, Basin, Bishop of Lisieux, his· Duke d'Anjou, 222; his struggle torian, 329 for power, 223; shares the Basoclze (eler(s de la) actors, 334 Regency, 223-228; death,229. BaJPlrd, Chevalier, 317 King Rene, 282. Power of Beauvais, siege of, 295 Count of Anjou destroyed by Becket, Thomas a, 62 Louis XI., 299 Bedford, Duke of, at funeral of Anne de Beauj eu, regent for Charles VI., 249; regent of Charles VIII., 304; her policy, France,.254; marches to Or· 305 ; meeting of the States, ~oS ; leans, 257; decline of power, struggles with Duke d'OrIeans, 266, 267; death, 270 306-308; end of regency and Benedict XII!., Pope, 251, 252 death, 310 Beneventum, battle of, 120 Architecture, its revival, 127; Bernard, Saint, 58-60; opposes Gothic, 127-130; secular, 130; Abelard,67 fifteenth century, 337, 338 Berry, Duke de, brother of Louis INDEX.

XI., 292, 293; opposes his :l01; succeeds his father as brother, 294; poisoned, 294 Charles V., 210; settles disputes Bertrand de Born, 42 in Brittany, 213; renews war Blanche of Castile, wife of Louis with England, 215-218; death, VIII., 90; her influence with 218 j his government, 218-220 j the barons, 91 j regent during love of literature, 221 Louis' absence, 97 j her death, Charles VI. succeeds his father, 105 222; crowned, 224; troubles Boniface VIII., quarrel with Philip in France, 224 j riots about IV., ~44-148 taxes, 226; marches into Flan­ Bonnet, Honore, Prior of Salons, ders, 228; returns to Paris and 25 2 imposes taxes, 229 j assumes Bouvines, battle of, 73-76 sole government, 230; marches Brittany, Duchy of, dispute as to into Brittany, 232; seized with the succession, 173 j war in, 213 j madness, 233; regency during John de Montfort acknowledged his illness, 234 j condition of the Duke, 213 j he conspires against country, 237; civil war, 239 j Clisson, 232. John VI., Duke war with English, 240; signs of, joins Charles VII., 256. treaty of Troyes, 247; death, Duke of, joins Duke d'Orlt:ans 249 against Anne de Beaujeu, 307 j Charles VII. proclaimed king, submits, 308. Anne of, 308 j 250; his territory, 254 j his married to Charles VIII., 309 j marriage, 255; increase of his married to Louis XII., 3 I 5 power, 256; assisted by Joan Burgundy, Duke of. PhJip the of Arc, 263-266; coronation, Good, 247~288. Charles the 266; treaty of Arras, 270; Bold, 288 j takes Louis XI. English leave Paris, 271; his prisoner, 291 j marches into chief advisers, 27 I ; entry into Normandy, 295 j death, 296. Paris, 272; defeats the English, Mary of, marries Maximilian of 272; his reforms, 273; or­ Austria, 300 ganizes the army, 274; finan­ cial reforms, 275; death, 278, .c. 279 Charles VIII. succeeds his father, Calais, siege of, 182-184 304; his portr&it, 309; marries Cards, Playing, 339 Anne of Brittany, 309; plans Charles IV. (Ie Be!), 161; his to invade Italy, 310; makes exactions, 161, 162 j his death, treaties with England, Germany, 163 • and Spain, 311 j marches into Charles of Blois, 173 j made Italy, Battle of Fornovo, 112 j prisoner by the English, 184 j returns to France, 314; death, disputes Brittany, and is killed, 314 21 3 Chastellain, George, historian, 328 Charles of Navarre (I! MfJu'lIfJis) Chivalry, 33 and foIl. ; training of claims throne of France, 189 j a knight, 33 j his admission, imprisoned by King John, 191 j 34; his duties, 35; chronicled joins with Etienne Marcel, 202 j by Froissart, 169 rebels against Charles V., 21 I Church, the, in Middle Ages, 14, Charles (the Dauphin), son of IS; establishments of the truce John, 198 j opposed by Etienne of God, 21; favours the com­ Marcel, 198-200; leaves Parl$, munal Qlovement, S2; theo- INDEX. 349 logical disputes, 66; architec­ literature, 36-38: troubadours: ture, 127 -130; music, 13 I ; 4cr43; historians, 45 riches of,. under Philip IV., Crusade, Second, 58; its failure, 59 144; schisms and Council of Crusade, Third, 70, 71 Constance, 250; need of re­ Crusade, Fourth, preached by form, 251-253 ; power reduced Foulques, 77; siege of Con by Louis XI., 287 stantinople, 81 ; .crusade to Holj Church in firteenth century, 340 Land abandoned, 82 CIemangis, Nicolas de, 253 Crusade, Fifth, preached by Inno Clisson, Olivier de, 210; at cor~ cent IV., 95; the start, 97-99 ; nation of Charles VI., 224; in Damietta taken, &c., 100; Flanders, 228: chosen as the plague, 101; crusade aban. king'S adviser, 230; attacked doned, 105 by order of the Duke of Brit­ Crusade of St. Louis, 119 tany, 232; retires from court, Crusade against Sultan Bajazet J 234 234 Coinage, 114; altered by Philip the Fair, 140; debased by D Charles IV., 161; altered by John, 188 Dauphin, origin of title, 187; Commines, Philip de, historian, Charles, son of John, 198-210; 330 Charles, son of' Charles VI., Commerce, medireval, 116; en­ 245; Louis, son of Charles VII., couraged by Louis XI., 303 ; in 273; opposes his father, 278; fifteenth century, 340 his accession, 280 Communalmovement,48;charters, Deschamps, Eustache, his poems, 49-52; sanctioned by bishops, 238,251 52; encournged by the king, Drama, 332-335 54; increases under Louis VII., Duguesclin, Bertrand, 210; made 63; Communes support Philip prisoner at Auray, 213; ran­ Augustus, 73, 75; Communes somed and sent to Spain, 215 ; transformed into royal cities, made Constable of France, 217; 118 his exploits, 21~ Constantinople, siege of, 81; Frankish Empire established, E 82, and collapses, 82; taken by Turks, 277 Edward III. (of England) renders Councils, Etampes, 57; Reims, homage, 163 i visits Philip VI., 57; Soiss:ms, 67; Sens, 67; 1~7; enters Flanders, 172; Lyons, 95; Constance, 250 comes to Brittany, 176; ad­ Cour tI.. roi, 109, 110 vances towards Paris, 178; in· Creur (Jacques), Chancellor of vades France again, 205 Charles VII., 275; his career, England. power of in France, 55. 278,279 56,61 ;epower lost under John, Cressy, battle of, 179-181 72 ; peace between France and, Crusade against Albigenses, 82-84 142; Hundred Years' War, Crusade, First, preached by Peter 171, 272 the Hermit, 25, 26; leaders of, English defeated at Taillebourg, 29; attack on Jerusalem, 30; 95 . P' Godefroi de Bouillon made King Enguerrand de Mangny, nme of Jerusalem, 31; influence on Minister of France, 157 35 0 INDEX.

F. Gloucester, Duke of, in France, 256 Feudal system, 3 and following; Gotteschalck, monk; 66 homage, 6; castles, 9; vassals. Gringore (Pierre), actor, 335 10; serfs, 13, 14; evil influ­ Cud Royal, 114 ence of, 21-48; established in Guilds, liS; in fifteenth century, the East, 31 ; rise of the people 340 against it, 48; gradual decay before the power of the king, H. 77 ; judicial power of barons, 109 ; further decay under Philip Henry 1_ succeeds his father, 20; the Bold, 138; finally destroyed, his marriage, 20; defeated by 157; last struggles of feudal William of Normandy, 21 lords, 273, 278, 298; conquered Henry V_ (of England) lands at by Louis XI., 29B-3OO Harfleur, 240; conquests in Flagellants, 185 Normandy, 245; enters Paris, Flanders invaded by Philip Au­ 2t7 ; death, 249 gustus, 73 ; defeat of Count of, Henry VI_ (of England) King of 77 ; invaded by Philip the Fair, France, 254; crowned,268 141 ; annexed to France, 142; Herrings, battle of the, 260 under a French governor, 142; Hugues Capel, his accession, I i rebellion, 143; defeat of the origin. 15; death, 17 French, 144 ; rebellion in, 164; lIundred Years' War. 171; in battle at Cru;sel, 165, 166; Flanders, 172; in Brittany, 173- Flemings join with England 176; truce, 176 i war renewed, against Philip Vr., 172; rising 177; S{'cond truce. 185; war of cities against counts, 227; renewed by Edward III., 189; battle of Roosebeke, 228 truce after Poitiers, 197; Ed­ France, districts of, in 987, I, 2 ; ward enters France, 205 ; peace political condition, 4, 5; lan­ signed at Bn!tigny, 208; war guages of, 38; union of, under renewed by Charles V_, 215; Philip Augustus, 77, 86 ; further truce, 218; battle of Azincourt, enlargements, 91; royal terri­ 240-243; siege of Orleans, 257; tory increased, 187 English defeated, 272; and Froissart, 167 ; his account of him­ finally retreat, 272; end of the self, 168; Chronicles, 168 and Hundred Years' War, 272 following; as a poet, 326 1_

G. Ingelburge, wife of Philip Augus­ tus, 86 Gabelle established, .186; re- Innocent III., Pope, interferes be­ moved, 225 tween Philip Augustus and John Gaston de Foix at Raveflna, 320 of England, 72; promotes the Gaudri, bishop of Laon, 54 Fourth Crusade, 78; his efforts Geoffrey de Villehardouin, his- against heresy, 83; lays France torian of Fourth Crusade, 80 under an interdict, 86 Georges, Cardinal d'Amboise, 324, Innocent IV., Pope, takes refuge 32 5 in France, 95 Gerson, Jean Charlier de, 249; at Inquisition established at TOil . Con~tance, 25 t louse, 91 -INDEX. 35 1

Isabelle of Davaria married to IM'lndit, foire du, 116 Charles VI., 235; returns to Law, revival of study of, 110; Paris, 245 administered by Louis IX., III ; Etablissements de Saint Louis,. J. 114; under Philip IV., 147; Salie, 159; under Philip V., Tacquerie. origin of. 202 158; under Louis XI., 302 Jeanne de Montfort, 174; at siege Literature, earliest speciml'ns, 38 ; of Hennebon. 175 of chivalry, 39,40 ; of Crusades, Jeanne Fouquet (Hachet~e). at 40-45; first prose writer, 80; Beauvais. 295 . in Langued'oe, 83; progress of. Jews. persecution of. 20 ; persecu­ in thirteenth century, 120-126; tion by Philip Augustus. 70; sermons, 126; at the time of treatment of. by Louis IX., 11 I; Charles V., 221; of fifteenth banished by Philip the Fair. 140; century, 326-332; dramatic suspected of poisoning wells, literature, 332 159.160; plundered by Charles Louis VI., 47; struggles with the IV., 161 ; accused of poisoning, nobles, 54; makes war with &e., 185 England, 55 ; invades Flanders, ] oinville, Sire de, his memoirs, 56; extension of his power in 93. 94, 97, 100, 105, II I, 113, France. 56 ; supports Pope Inno­ 119 cent II., 57 ; death, 57 Joan of Are, her birth. 260; her Louis VII., coronation of, 57 l visions, 262; interview with accession, 57 l quarrel with Charles VII., 263; goes to Count of . 58 ; orga. Orleans, 264; raises the siege, nizes a crusade. 5g ; repudiates 266; further victories, 266; his wife, 61 ; war with Henry uken prisoner, 267 ; her death, 11. of England, 61,62 268 Louis VIII., 88 John (Jean Ie Bon), 188; summons Louis IX. (Saint Louis) succeeds the Slates-General, 190; the Louis VIlI., 90 l majority pro­ nation taxed, 190; John at claimed, 91 l his character, 92- Poitiers. 192. 196; enters Lon· 94; starts for the Holy Land. don, 197; relurns to France, 97 l victory at Mansurah, 100, 208; cedes many provinces to 101 l his wife, 102 ; Louis taken England, 208; returns to Eng­ prisoner, 104 ; reaches the Holy land and dies, 209 Land, 105 ; returns to France, John the Fearless, Duke of Bur­ 106 ; his reforms, 109 l adminis­ gundy, 235; murders Duke t~ation of justice, 111, 113 ; other d'Orleans, 236; conduct to the improvements, 114-118; starls Parisians, 237; eivil war, 239; on another Crusade, 119; death, enters Paris, 244; treacherouhly 119; canonization, 145 murdered, 246 Louis X. (Ie Hutin), his wife, ISS; succeed. his father, 156 K. Louis XI., 28q- struggles with the nobles, 281-284; his cha­ Kicrse), Edict of, 4 racter, 285 l coronation, 286; general discontent, 287 l war L with Count of Charolais, 288 ; treaties with the nobles. 288; I a I lire. 257; at OrUans, 258 invades Normandy, 288; strug. 352 INDEX.-

gles with Charle~ .the Bold, Philip Augustus, 72; Normandy 288-291, 293-296; establishes exchequer, 154; John of, 176 his power over the nohles, 298-300 ; invades Hainault, o. 300; illness and death, 301; review of his reign, 301-303 Orleans, siege of, 257-266; Duke Louis XII., accession, 314 ; d', rivalry between him and divorces his wife and marries Anne de Beaujeu, 305-307; Anne of Brittany, 315; lays made prisoner, 308; succeeds claim to Naples, 315; con­ Charles VIII., 314 quers Milan, 316; marches Otto IV., Emperor of Germany, towards Naples, 316; war 72; at battle of Bouvines, 75 with King of Spain, 317; battle with the Venetians, 319; P. attacked by the" Holy League," 319; forced to negotiate, Painting and painters, fifteenth 319-322; marries Mary of century England, 322; death, 322 ; Paris Guild of Merchants, 63; his home administration, 323 ; cathedral of NOtre Dame called" Father of the People," founded, 63; University of, 324 ; various improvements, 64; Estienne Boisleve, Provost 2 of, IIS; endowments of St. 3 5 Louis, 1I8; Parliament of, M. 153, 154; its treatment ot offenders, 162; fortified, 198; Mansurah, baltle of, 100 revolution against the Dauphin Marcel (Etienne) sent as deputy Charles, 199-201; improve­ to King John, 190; opposes ments in, by Charles V., 220; the Dauphin Charles, 199-201 ; Rising of people against plots with Charles of Navarre, Charles VI., 225-228; Mas­ 203; slain by ] ohn Maillart, sacres in, under Duke of Bur­ 204 gundy, 244 Marguerite, wife of Louis IX., Pastoureaux, revolt of, 106; pro­ accompanies him on the Cru­ gress and defeat, 107, 108; sade, 102 another rising of, 160 lIIarguerite de Bourgogne, 155 Peronne, treaty of, 291; rupture lIlarie de France, 123 of treaty, 293 Mersen, Edict of, 3 Philip I. succeeds his father, Monstrelct (Enguerrand de) his· 23; attacked by William of torian, 328 f Normandy, 23; character and l\fontargis, siege of, 257 death,46 Montlhery, battle of, 288 Philip Augustus, 69; his con­ Muret, battle of, 35 quests, 69; relations towards Richard I. of England, 71; plots with ] ohn, 71; quarrels N. with John, 72; John forms a Name., 36 league against him, 72; Philip Nominahsm,67 marches . into· Flanders, 73; t\ormandy, insurrection in, 18; battle of Bouvines, 73-76; re­ Rohert, Duke of, 21 ; William, turns to Paris, 77; his three Duke of, 21-23; invaded by wives, 86; various improve. INDEX. 353 ments introclul:ed by him, 87, I Praguerie, rebellion, 273 88; death, 88 Printing, introduction of, 335, 336 Philip III. (It Hard,), increase of his power, 133; war with Spain, 136; death, 136; story Q. 01 Philip and Pierre de la Brosse. 137. 138 Qua,-anfat'",-lt.,-o,·, La, 88, I~ Philip IV., accession, 139; great Quinze-vingts, Hospital of, 118 changes, 139; establishes troops and -ships, 140 ; his marriage, 141 ; attacks Edward R. I. in Guienne and at Dover, 141; his daughter married to Ravenna, battle of, 320 the son of King of England, Raymond V., Count of Toulouse, 142; war in Flanders, 143, complains against .Albigen~es, 144; quarrel with the Pope, 83 . 145-148; chooses another Pope, Raymond VI., 84 Clement V.; his reforms, 153, Renaissance, dawn of;· 341 154; death, 156 Rennes, siege of, 174, J75 Philip V. (It Lotlg), proclaimed Richard the Pilgrim, 45 king, 157; events of his reign, Richard, Cceur de Lion; Joms 159-160; death, 161 Third Crusade, 70; his captivity, Philip de Yalois (Philip VI.) 71; defeats the French, 72; al?pointed regent, 163; made death,72 . klllg, 164; enters Flar_ders, Richemont, Arthur de, made 164 ; end of the rebellion, 166; Constable, 256; at Arras, 269 ; takes part in war in Brittany, enters Paris, 270 176; treachery against Breton Robert (good king), 17; his lords, 177; defeatc:d at Cressy, marriage with Constance, 17; 181; death, 186; oppressive refuses Italy and Lorraine, 18; acts, 187; increase of terri­ his death, 20 tory, 187 Robert d'Artois, 171, 172 Philip the Good, Duke of Bur­ Romance, 43; .. Roman de la gundy, 247; ally of Duke of Rose," 44, Jl7-122; romances Bedford, 256; feelings to­ ofthirteenth century; It Roman wards the English, 269; at de Renart," 123; .. Roman de Arras, 269; breaks with the Fauvel," ISO English, 270; his estates, 284; Roscelin, Canon of Compiegne, sells cities to Louis XL, 287; '7 death,288 Poetry, subjects for, 39; II Chan­ s. sons de geste," 40; .. Chanson d'Antioche," 45; .. Gestes," Saint Orner, battle 01, 173 120; Romances of thirteenth Schools, ftlunded by Charlemagne, century, 121; Mysteries, 124; 64; school of Saint Victor, 05 patriotic poets, 238, 239 ; Sicilian Vespers, 135 poetry of fifteenth century, Simon de Montfort, attacks the 326, 327 Albigenses, 85; receives do· Poitiers, battle of, 191-196 mains in Languedoc, 85 Postal service estal,lishcd in Society, tenth century, 3 France, 302 Sorbonne {the}, Jl8 . 16 354 INDEX.

,Spurs, battle of, 320-322 Troyes, treaty of, 247 Star, Order of, created, 209 Suger, Abbot of Saint Denis, 61 U. T. University of Paris, 64; noted members, 65; interferes on Templars, Knigbts, 149 ; suppres­ behalf of Joan of Are, 267 'sion planned by Philip tbe Fair, 150; condemned by the States General, 151; destruc. V. tion and final suppression, 152; murder of the Grand Master, ViIlon, Fran~ois, his p'letry, 327 156 Thibaut, Count of Champagne, w. 90; becomes King of Navarre, QI ; his poetry, 12." "'ace, Robert, 43, 44

rnlNTBP P,Y MORRISON "Nl) eusD LIl\.1ITIi:D. EDINBVRCI{