Present Status of Sicariidae (Arachnida: Araneae) in the Afrotropical Region

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Zootaxa 3522: 1–41 (2012) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2012 · Magnolia Press Article ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:5FDF2E4A-1F35-4EC8-A1FE-DCE443E4E702 Present status of Sicariidae (Arachnida: Araneae) in the Afrotropical region

L. N. LOTZ Department of Arachnology, National Museum, P.O. Box 266, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

In this paper the present state of knowledge of the family Sicariidae in the Afrotropical region is discussed. The Sicariidae in the Afrotropical region, as it stands at present, consists of two genera, viz. Sicarius Walckenaer, 1847 (subfamily Sicariinae) with six species: S. albospinosus Purcell, 1908, S. damarensis Lawrence, 1928, S. dolichocephalus Lawrence, 1928, S. hahni (Karsch, 1878), S. spatulatus Pocock, 1900, and S. testaceus Purcell, 1908 and Loxosceles Heineken & Lowe, 1835 (subfamily Loxoscelinae) with 13 species: L. fontainei Millot, 1941, L. foutadjalloni Millot, 1941, L. lacroixi Millot, 1941, L. meruensis Tullgren, 1910, L. neuvillei Simon, 1909, L. pallidecolorata (Strand, 1906), L. parrami Newlands, 1981, L. rufecens (Dufour, 1820), L. smithi Simon, 1897, L. speluncarum Simon, 1893, L. spinulosa Purcell, 1904, L. valida Lawrence, 1964 and L. vonwredei Newlands, 1980. Loxosceles parrami Newlands, 1981 is here renamed to L. parramae (Newlands, 1981), as it was named for a Miss Parram. Loxosceles valida Lawrence, 1964 is here transferred to the genus Drymusa Simon, 1893 (Drymusidae) and three species of Loxosceles is revalidated (L. bergeri Strand, 1906, L. pilosa Purcell, 1908 and L. simillima Lawrence, 1927).

Keywords: Sicariidae, Araneae, Afrotropical region, Drymusidae, Loxosceles, Sicarius

Introduction

The family Sicariidae is considered to be one of the medically important spider families of the world. A revision of the species is therefore considered to be of great importance for medical research and treatment. The first sicariid species described from the Afrotropical region in the family Sicariidae was Sicarius hahni (Karsch, 1878), described as Hexomma hahnii from the Hahn Mission in Namibia. Since then five other species, all from the southern African sub-region, have been added to the genus Sicarius. The first Loxosceles species recorded from the Afrotropical region are L. speluncarum Simon, 1893 from the Pretoria area in South Africa. At present there are 12 Loxosceles species known from the Afrotropical region. Two cosmopolitan species, Loxosceles rufescens (Dufour, 1820) and L. rufipes (Lucas, 1834) has also been reported from this region. The most recent research on the taxonomy of this family in the Afrotropical region is found in the PhD thesis of Newlands (1986). In this thesis, of which the results were never published, several changes and a new species were listed, creating nomenclature problems. For the present publication all traceable types were examined to validate the described sppecies. Type localities with geo-reference data, collection numbers and new lectotypes were designated to solve some problems. .

Material And Methods

All the type specimens that could be obtained on loan were studied and are discussed here. Some other material from type localities was also studied for comparison where types could not be found. Drawings of the male palps and female genitalia were made from the specimens or redrawn from published records. Drawings were simplified to exclude distracting detail and to make all drawings uniform, as they were made from different sources. Drawings were made with CORAL DRAW X4. Co-ordinates given in square brackets are not included on the specimen labels, but were looked up on maps and added.

Accepted by W. Fannes: 26 Sept. 2012; published: 19 Oct. 2012 1 Abbreviations mentioned in the text are as follows: AMSA (AM) = Albany Museum, Grahamstown, South Africa; AMNH = American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA; ARC (AcAT) = Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; BMNH = British Museum of Natural History, London, England; HNHM = Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary; ICZN = International Code of Zoological Nomenclature; MNHN = Muséum National D’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; NMBA = National Museum, Bloemfontein, South Africa (Araneae collection); NMNW (SMN) = National Museum of Namibia, Windhoek; NMSA (NM) = Natal Museum, Pietermartizburg, South Africa; SAIMR = South African Institute of Medical Research, Johannesburg, South Africa; SAMC (SAM) = Iziko Museum, Cape Town, South Africa.

FIGURE 1. Sicarius sp.

Results

SICARIUS Walckenaer, 1847 (Fig. 1)

Sicarius Walckenaer, 1847: 879; Simon, 1893: 268; Gerschman & Schiapelli, 1979: 88; Newlands, 1986: 42; Platnick, Codington, Forster & Griswold, 1991: 54, 71; Dippenaar-Schoeman & Jocqu, 1997: 277; Jocqu & Dippenaar-Schoeman, 2006: 230. Thomisoides Nicolet, 1849: 352; Keyserling, 1880: 238. Hexomma Karsch, 1878. Hexophthalma Karsch, 1879: 109.

Diagnosis: Carapace flat, wider than long; sternum wider than long; abdomen relativly flat with sickle-shaped setae; and leg femora with distinct setae.

2 · Zootaxa 3522 © 2012 Magnolia Press LOTZ Distribution: Sicarius is known from South America, the Galapagos Islands and the Afrotropical region. At present distribution of this genus in the Afrotropical region is restricted to the southern African sub-region. The majority of species occur in the drier western half of southern Africa extending eastward to the north.

Key to the Afrotropical species of the genus Sicarius:

1. Enlarged setae dorsal on femora raised on a slight mound and scoop shaped (Fig. 2D); male embolus with a broad, blunt apex (Fig. 3D); female spermathecae consist of numerous copulatory tubes, each ending in one or more spermathecal vesicles (Fig. 4E) ...... S. spatulatus – Enlarged setae dorsal on femora not raised on a slight mound and not scoop shaped (Fig. 2A–C, E); male embolus with a narrow, sharp apex (Fig. 3A–C, E); female spermathecae consist of finger-like tubes (Fig. 4A–D, F) ...... 2 2. Enlarged setae dorsal on femora not widened medially (Fig. 2A); female spermathecae all branching off close to the end of the copulatory duct; copulatory duct with triangular widening lateral near its distal end (Fig. 4A) ...... S. albospinosus – Enlarged setae dorsal on femora widened medially (Fig. 2B, C, E); female spermathecae branching off at intervals away from the end of the copulatory duct, if branched; copulatory duct with rounded widening lateral near its distal end, if widened (Fig. 4B–D, F) ...... 3 3. Enlarged setae dorsal on femora only slightly widened medially (Fig. 2C) ...... 4 – Enlarged setae dorsal on femora noticeably widened medially (Fig. 2B, E) ...... 5 4. Female spermathecae branched...... S. damarensis – Female spermathecae not branched; males unknown ...... S. dolichocephalus 5. Enlarged setae dorsal on femora narrowly widened medially (Fig. 2B)...... S. hahni – Enlarged setae dorsal on femora broadly widened medially (Fig. 2E) ...... S. testaceus

Sicarius albospinosus Purcell, 1908 (Figs. 2A, 3A, 4A, 5A)

Sicarius albospinosus Purcell, 1908: 224; Lawrence, 1938: 215, f. 1; Newlands 1986: 45, f. 13–15.

Types: 5 specimens from Namibia: Lüderitz Bay (Angra Pequena), Great Namaqualand, [2639'S, 1509'E], L. Schultze, April 1903 & January 1904; 1♀ and 1juv. from Namibia: Lüderitz Bay (Angra Pequena), Great Namaqualand, [2639'S, 1509'E], L. Schultze [examined in part, see note].

FIGURE 2A–E. Sicarius dorsal setae of leg femora: S. albospinosus (A); S. damarensis and S. dolichocephalus (B); S. hahni (C); S. spatulatus (D); S. testaceus (E).

Note: Purcell’s (1908) description of the species was based on the first 5 specimens listed, but from his description these seem to be all juveniles. At the end Purcell (1908) also describes the adult female and mentions 1 juvenile. Newlands (1986) refers to a female holotype and 2 nymphal paratype from the NMNW collection (SMN 35351), however they did not belong to the NMNW collected (Irish, 1985). A female and 2juveniles were found in the SAMC collection (SAM-ENW-X 150521) that seem to be part of the type material mentioned by Purcell (1908). The label with these specimens read: Sicarius albospinosus Purc. / ♀ (ex typ.) / Lüderitz B. Gr. Namaq. / L. Schultze 1/04. These specimens is here designated as female lectotype and 2 juv. paralectotypes.

SICARIIDAE IN THE AFROTROPICAL REGION Zootaxa 3522 © 2012 Magnolia Press · 3 Diagnosis: Leg femora in both sexes with long, thin enlarged setae dorsal (Fig. 2A), in all the other species these setae widen to a certain extent medially. Male embolus ending in a thin pointed apex (Fig. 3A), this is similar to most of the other species except for S. spatulatus where the embolus apex is broad and blunt. Female spermathecae consist of four long finger-like sacs that branch close to the copulatory tube end, and the copulatory tube has a small triangular lateral extension slightly below the spermathecae (Fig. 4A); in S. damarensis, S. hahni and S. testaceus the branching is further away from the copulatory tube end, in S. dolichocephalus the copulatory tube is very short and the spermathecae is unbranched and in S. spatulatus the copulatory tube is a broad chamber to witch the spermathecae is joined with thin tubes. Female: (SAM-ENW-X150521): TL = 11.5; CL = 5.5; CW = 5.6; CLL = 0.7. AME-LE 0.6; Eye diameter 0.2. Leg measurements:

IIIIIIIVPalp Femur 5.3 5.8 5.3 5.5 1.5 Patella 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.0 0.9 Tibia 4.6 4.8 4.2 4.2 1.0 Metatarsus 3.3 3.2 3.0 3.0 – Tarsus 2.5 2.5 2.1 2.3 2.0 Total 17.8 18.5 16.7 17.0 5.4

Male: (SMN 43810): TL = 10.0; CL = 5.0; CW = 5.1; CLL = 0.6. AME-LE 0.5; Eye diameter 0.2. Leg measurements:

IIIIIIIVPalp Femur 5.6 6.5 5.7 5.8 1.3 Patella 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.8 0.9 Tibia 5.3 5.5 4.8 4.5 1.1 Metatarsus 3.9 4.1 3.5 3.5 – Tarsus 2.5 2.1 2.1 2.5 0.7 Total 19.3 20.2 18.1 18.1 4.0

Distribution: Sicarius albospinosus is distributed along the central and southern coastal areas of Namibia (Fig. 5A).

Sicarius damarensis Lawrence, 1928 (Fig. 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B)

Sicarius damarensis Lawrence, 1928: 221; Newlands 1986: 47, f. 16–18.

Types: ♀ Holotype from Namibia: Outjo, [2007'S, 1609'E], SAM 7057 [examined]. Diagnosis: Leg femora in both sexes with long, medially widened setae dorsal, similar to the setae of S. dolichocephalus (Fig. 2B); this widening is not as extensive as in S. testaceus, but is wider than in S. albospinosus and S. hahni; the setae differ from those of S. spatulatus in not being scoop shaped and not being on a raised on a slight mound. Male embolus ending in a thin pointed apex (Fig. 3B), this is similar to most of the other species except for S. spatulatus where the embolus apex is broad and blunt. Female spermathecae (Fig. 4B) consist of three long finger-like sacs that branch of away from the copulatory tube end in a similar way to S. hahni and S. testaceus, but not like S. albospinosus, in S. dolichocephalus the copulatory tube is very short and the spermathecae is unbranched and in S. spatulatus the copulatory tube is a broad chamber to witch the

4 · Zootaxa 3522 © 2012 Magnolia Press LOTZ spermathecae is joined with thin tubes; the copulatory tube is widened in a smooth arc over most of its length below the spermathecae, unlike any of the other species; the lateral spermathecal sac has a corrugated posterior- lateral side, unlike any of the other species.

FIGURE 3A–E. Sicarius male palps: S. albospinosus (A); S. damarensis (B); S. hahni (C); S. spatulatus (D); S. testaceus (E). Scale = 1mm.

SICARIIDAE IN THE AFROTROPICAL REGION Zootaxa 3522 © 2012 Magnolia Press · 5 FIGURE 4A–F. Sicarius female internal genitalia: S. albospinosus (A); S. damarensis (B); S. dolichocephalus (C); S. hahni (D); S. spatulatus (E); S. testaceus (F). Scale = 1mm.

Female: (SAM-ENW-B007057): TL = 7.3; CL = 3.3; CW = 3.5; CLL = 0.8. AME-LE 0.6; Eye diameter 0.2. Leg measurements:

IIIIIIIVPalp Femur 3.8 4.3 3.9 4.0 1.0 Patella 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.3 0.6 Tibia 3.7 3.6 3.2 3.0 0.6 Metatarsus 2.8 2.8 2.5 2.5 – Tarsus 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.1 Total 13.4 14.0 12.5 12.5 3.3

Male: (SMN 40160): TL = 8.2; CL = 4.3; CW = 4.4; CLL = 0.6. AME-LE 0.4; Eye diameter 0.2. Leg measurements:

IIIIIIIVPalp Femur 5.8 6.3 5.7 6.0 1.2 Patella 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.0 Tibia 6.0 6.2 5.3 5.3 1.1 Metatarsus 4.0 4.5 4.1 4.2 – Tarsus 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.5 0.6 Total 20.2 21.3 19.1 19.8 3.9

Distribution: Sicarius damarensis is distributed in the northern part of Namibia (Fig. 5B).

Sicarius dolichocephalus Lawrence, 1928: 222; Newlands 1986: 49, f. 19–20.

Types: 1♀ from Namibia: Kaoko Otavi, [1818'S, 1340'E], January 1926 and 5♀ from Namibia: Kaoko Otavi, [1818'S, 1340'E], April 1926, SAM 6943, 6937 [examined]. Note: The vial SAM 6943 that should, from the type description, only contain a female, only contains 3juv. specimens. There seem to have been some mix-up in the past, with three specimens added to the vial and the female removed. Vial SAM 6937 contains a female and 4 juvenile specimens. These specimens are here designated as female lectotype and juv. paralectotypes, as the female corresponds to the original description. Diagnosis: Leg Leg femora with long, medially widened setae dorsal, similar to the setae of S. damarensis (Fig. 2B); this widening is not as extensive as in S. testaceus, but is wider than in S. albospinosus and S. hahni; the setae differ from those of S. spatulatus in not being scoop shaped and not being on a raised on a slight mound. Male unknown. Female spermathecae consist of one long finger-like sac on each side with a very short copulatory tube (Fig. 4C), differing from all the other species that have branched spermathecal sacs. Female: (SAM-ENW-B006937): TL = 11.3; CL = 5.5; CW = 5.6; CLL = 0.6. AME-LE 0.6; Eye diameter 0.2. Leg measurements:

IIIIIIIVPalp Femur 6.1 6.6 6.1 6.1 1.5 Patella 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.1 1.0 Tibia 6.1 6.2 5.4 5.2 1.1 Metatarsus 4.6 4.8 3.8 4.2 – Tarsus 2.8 2.7 2.1 2.6 2.0 Total 21.9 22.6 19.6 20.2 5.6

Male: unknown. Distribution: Sicarius dolichocephalus is distributed in the northwestern corner of Namibia (Fig. 6A).

Sicarius hahni (Karsch, 1878) (Figs. 2C, 3C, 4D, 6B)

Hexomma hahnii Karsch, 1878: 325, pl. 9, f. 2. Hexophthalma hahni, Karsch, 1879: 109. Sicarius hahni, Simon, 1893: 269, f. 225–231; Purcell, 1908: 225; Newlands 1986: 51, f. 21–23. Sicarius oweni Newlands 1986: 53, f. 12, 24–26, unpublished synonym.

Types: ♂ holotype from Namibia: Hereroland, Hahn Mission [in 1878 Hahn had his mission at Otjimbingwe], [2221'S, 1608'E] [not seen]. Note: Newlands (1986) mentions a new species from the “Semiarid regions of Transvaal and Zimbabwe lowvelds. All the material he based this species on seem to be lost as they were mostly from his personal collection. The two records of material from AMSA seem to be lost as well, as they are not among the material received from AMSA on loan. Specimens studied from the “Transvaal / Zimbabwe area correspond to the description of S. hahni and the distinction of abdomen size mentioned by Newlands (1986) do not merit a new species. Diagnosis: Leg femora in both sexes with long, medially slightly widened setae dorsal (Fig. 2C), differing from S. albospinosus, where there is no widening medially, and from all other species where the widening is more pronounced. Male embolus ending in a thin pointed apex (Fig. 3C), this is similar to most of the other species except for S. spatulatus where the embolus apex is broad and blunt. Female spermathecae (Fig. 4D) consist of four medium length finger-like knobbed sacs that branch of away from the copulatory tube end, in a similar way to S.

8 · Zootaxa 3522 © 2012 Magnolia Press LOTZ damarensis and S. testaceus, but not like S. albospinosus, in S. dolichocephalus the spermathecae is unbranched and in S. spatulatus there is a multitude of spherical spermathecae; the copulatory tube has a short extension tube at the base and widens distally in lateral humps that in some specimens form short lateral extentions, in S. albospinosus the widening is triangular, in S. damarensis it is a smooth arc and in S. testaceus it is only sometimes present as a single hump.

FIGURE 6A–B. Sicarius distribution maps: S. dolichocephalus (A); S. hahni (B).

IIIIIIIVPalp Femur 6.2 6.7 6.1 6.2 1.5 Patella 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.0 0.9 Tibia 6.0 6.0 5.5 5.7 1.2 Metatarsus 4.5 4.9 4.2 4.1 – Tarsus 2.7 2.5 2.2 2.6 1.9 Total 21.6 22.3 20.1 20.6 5.5

Male: (MNHN AR 5504): TL = 10.8; CL = 6.2; CW = 5.8; CLL = 0.6. AME-LE 0.6; Eye diameter 0.2. Leg measurements:

IIIIIIIVPalp Femur 7.8 9.0 7.8 7.8 1.5 Patella 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.2 1.0 Tibia 8.1 8.8 7.2 6.6 1.3 Metatarsus 6.6 7.2 6.1 5.8 – Tarsus 3.5 3.5 2.8 3.2 0.6 Total 28.4 30.9 26.2 25.6 4.4

Distribution: Sicarius hahni is distributed in the eastern part of Namibia, in Botswana, in the northeastern part of South Africa and in Zimbabwe (Fig. 6B).

Sicarius spatulatus Pocock, 1900 (Figs. 2D, 3D, 4E, 7A)

Sicarius spatulatus Pocock, 1900: 321; Newlands 1986: 56, f. 27–29.

Types: ♂ Lectotype (here designated) and 1♀ allolectotype (here designated) from South Africa: Port Elizabeth, [3358'S, 2538'E], H.A. Spencer & Dr. Broom [probably in the BMNH collection] [not seen]. Note: Specimens from an area close to the type locality were examined and found to correspond to the type description and the redescription given by Newlands (1986).This species might be the new genus from South Africa mentioned by Lehtinen (1986). Diagnosis: Leg femora in both sexes with scoop shaped enlarged setae dorsal (Fig. 2D) differing from the setae of all the other species. Male embolus ending in a broad, blunt apex (Fig. 3D), the embolus of all the other species have thin sharp apexes. Female copulatory tubes consist of a broad chamber, extending posterior in numerous tubes, each ending in one or more spermathecal vesicles (Fig. 4E), differing from all the other species where the spermathecae are finger-like sacs.

IIIIIIIVPalp Femur 2.7 2.7 2.4 2.7 0.7 Patella 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 0.6 Tibia 2.5 2.3 1.9 2.0 0.6 Metatarsus 2.0 2.0 1.7 2.0 – Tarsus 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.1 0.8 Total 9.6 9.5 8.3 9.1 2.7

Male: (AMSA 2525): TL = 8.0; CL = 3.7; CW = 3.9; CLL = 0.6. AME-LE 0.4; Longest eye diameter 0.15. Leg measurements:

IIIIIIIVPalp Femur 3.6 3.6 3.0 3.3 0.9 Patella 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.5 0.7 Tibia 3.6 3.2 2.5 2.6 0.8 Metatarsus 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.5 – Tarsus 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.3 0.6 Total 12.8 12.4 10.5 11.2 3.0

Distribution: Sicarius spatulatus is distributed along the southern coastal areas of South Africa (Fig. 7A).

Sicarius testaceus Purcell, 1908 (Figs. 2E, 3E, 4F, 7B)

Sicarius testaceus Purcell, 1908: 224; Newlands 1986: 57, f. 30–32.

Types: 3♀ and 1juv. from South Africa: Kamaggas [Komaggas], [2948'S, 1730'E], L. Schultze, July 1904 [SAMC collection] [examined in part, see note]. Note: Purcell’s (1908) description mentions 3 females and 1 juvenile, but no collection number. A juvenile specimen in the SAMC collection (SAM-ENW-X 150520) was located with the label reading: Sicarius testaceus Purc. / ♀ (ex typ.) / Kamaggas, L Namaq. / L. Schultze 7107. If this was the vial with the types used by Purcell, then the 3 females seem to be lost. A male from the type locality and females from the distribution area were also looked at. Diagnosis: Leg femora in both sexes with long, medially widened setae dorsal (Fig. 2E), wider than in all other species and not scoop shaped as in S. spatulatus. Male embolus ending in a thin pointed apex (Fig. 3E), this is similar to most of the other species except for S. spatulatus where the embolus apex is broad and blunt. Female spermathecae (Fig. 4F) consist of four or more long finger-like sacs that branch of away from the copulatory tube end in a similar way to S. damarensis and S. hahni, but not like S. albospinosus, in S. dolichocephalus the spermathecae is unbranched and in S. spatulatus there is a multitude of spherical spermathecae; the copulatory tube has a short extension tube at the base and is narrow over most of its length, with a slight lateral hump distal in some specimens; in S. albospinosus the distal widening lateral is triangular, in S. damarensis it is a smooth arc and in S. hahni it is rounded humps or short finger-like extentions. Female: (CAS specimen from Papensdorp): TL = 13.5; CL = 5.8; CW = 5.9; CLL = 0.8. AME-LE 0.7; Eye diameter 0.2. Leg measurements:

12 · Zootaxa 3522 © 2012 Magnolia Press LOTZ IIIIIIIVPalp Femur 6.0 6.6 6.3 6.5 1.6 Patella 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.1 1.0 Tibia 5.7 5.8 5.0 5.0 1.2 Metatarsus 4.5 4.7 4.1 4.1 – Tarsus 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 1.9 Total 21.0 21.9 21.2 21.2 5.7

Male: (SAM-ENW-B007442): TL = 10.8; CL = 5.7; CW = 5.9; CLL = 0.8. AME-LE 0.6; Eye diameter 0.2. Leg measurements:

IIIIIIIVPalp Femur 7.5 8.6 7,5 7.6 1.7 Patella 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.1 1.0 Tibia 7.3 7.8 6.3 6.3 1.4 Metatarsus 5.5 6.4 6.2 5.2 – Tarsus 3.0 3.0 2.5 3.0 0.9 Total 25.7 28.3 24.9 24.2 5.0

Distribution: Sicarius testaceus is distributed in the south-western part of South Africa (Fig. 7B).

LOXOSCELES Heineken & Lowe, 1835 (Fig. 8)

Loxosceles Heineken & Lowe, 1835: 321; Simon, 1893: 272; Gertsch, 1958: 5; Newlands, 1975: 142, 1986: 62; Brignoli, 1978: 18; Gertsch & Ennik, 1983: 277; Platnick, Codington, Forster & Griswold, 1991: 54, 71; Dippenaar-Schoeman & Jocqu, 1997: 277; Ubrick, 2005; Jocqu & Dippenaar-Schoeman, 2006: 230. Omosites Walckenaer 1833: 438. Considered a senior synonym of Calheirosia Mello-Leitão, 1917 by Brignoli, 1978: 18, and of Loxoscella Strand, 1906 by Gertsch & Ennik, 1983: 277; the spelling Lososcelis is an invalid emendation.

Diagnosis: Carapace longer than wide with deep fovea; clypeus porrect; sternum longer than wide; abdomen oblong with barbed or spine-like setae; and legs long and slender. Distribution: Loxosceles is known from South Africa to southern Europe and from the tropical zones of North and South America. At present the distribution of this genus in the Afrotropical region can be divided into four areas: northwest, northeast, southern and Madagascar, with the species L. rufescens (Dufour, 1820) reportedly (Gertsch & Ennik 1983) being an introduced species into Madagascar. Duncan, Rynerson, Ribera & Binford (2010) also places it in Sudan and St. Helena. Duncan et al. (2010) also lists a specimen of L. rufipes (Lucas, 1834) from Serra Leone. Note: Newlands (1986) used abdominal colour in the identification of some southern African species. However, two specimens collected from the same cave in northwestern Botswana showed abdominal colouration that vary from a dark brown to a uniformly colour without a pattern. This indicates that colour is a veriable character and cannot be used in the identification of species. Newlands (1975) synonymized four southern African species with L. spinulosa Purcell, 1904, but in his 1986 thesis he revalidates them again. However these changes are still unpublished and are examined here.

SICARIIDAE IN THE AFROTROPICAL REGION Zootaxa 3522 © 2012 Magnolia Press · 13 Brignoli (1976) mentioned the possibility of six new species for the Afrotropical region (noted as species A to F). Of these, species F have since been described as L. vonwredei Newlands, 1980. This would leave a further three or four new species still to be described.

FIGURE 8. Loxosceles sp. male palp; (B) female spermathecae; (C) distribution map. Scale = 1mm. A–B Millot: (A) male palp; (B) distribution map. Scale = 1mm.

Key to the Afrotropical species of the genus Loxosceles:

Males

1. Embolus with a flattened spiral towards apex (Fig. 9L) ...... L. spinulosa – Embolus with thin cylindrical shaft towards apex ...... 2 2. Cymbium lengthened, much longer than pulp bulb (Fig. 9D, E, K)...... 3 – Cymbium short, not much longer than pulp bulb (Fig. 9A, B, C) ...... 5 3 Lengthened part of cymbium with an angular bend near palp bulb (Fig. 9D) ...... L. meruensis – Lengthened part of cymbium with smooth curve near palp bulb (Fig. 9E, K) ...... 4 4. Palp tibia parallel sided (Fig. 9E) ...... L. parramae – Palp tibia narrowing towards patella (Fig. 9K) ...... L. speluncarum 5. Palp cymbium about half to less than half tibia length ...... 6 – Palp cymbium slightly longer than tibia length ...... 10 6. Palp tibia length/height ratio more than 2.5 (Fig. 9M) ...... L. vonwredei – Palp tibia length/height ratio less than 2.5 (Fig. 9B, C, G, H)...... 7 7. Palp tibia length/height ratio less than 2.0 (Fig. 9G) ...... L. rufescens – Palp tibia length/height ratio more than 2.0 (Fig. 9B, C, H)...... 8 8. Palp bulb width about half tibia length (Fig. 9C) ...... L. foutadjalloni – Palp bulb width about a third tibia length (Fig. 9B, H) ...... 9 9. Palp femur/cymbium ratio more than 4.5 (Fig. 9H) ...... L. rufipes – Palp femur/cymbium ratio less than 4.5 (Fig. 9H) ...... L. fontainei 10. Palp femur shorter than patella + tibia length (Fig. 9J)...... L. smithi – Palp femur length equal to than patella + tibia length (Fig. 9A, F, I) ...... 11 11. Cymbium twice as long as patella (Fig. 9A) ...... L. bergeri – Cymbium length 1.5 times as long as patella (Fig. 9F, I) ...... 12 12. Cymbium length 1.2 times as long as tibia (Fig. 9F) ...... L. pilosa – Cymbium length 1.5 times as long as tibia (Fig. 9I) ...... L. simillima

1. Copulatory tubes connected or close together (Fig. 10B, C, D, G, H) ...... 2 – Copulatory tubes separated (Fig. 10A, E, F, I, J, K, L) ...... 6 2. Copulatory tubes long and thin (Fig. 10D) ...... L. neuvillei – Copulatory tubes broad chambers (Fig. 10B, C, G, H) ...... 3 3. Spermathecae far apart (Fig. 10H) ...... L. rufipes – Spermathecae close together (Fig. 10B, C, G) ...... 4 4. Copulatory tubes without lateral sclerotized area (Fig. 10C) ...... L. lacroixi – Copulatory tubes with lateral sclerotized area (Fig. 10B, G) ...... 5 5. Two spermathecae to a side (Fig. 10B) ...... L. foutadjalloni – One spermathecae to a side (Fig. 10G) ...... L. rufescens 6. Spermathecae situated in book-lung area (Fig. 10E) ...... L. parramae – Spermathecae situated between book-lung areas (Fig. 10A, F, I, J, K, L) ...... 7 7. One spermathecae on each side (Fig. 10L) ...... L. vonwredei – Two spermathecae on each side (Fig. 10A, F, I, J, K)...... 8 8. Spermathecae large (Fig. 10A, F) ...... 9 – Spermathecae small (Fig. 10I, J, K) ...... 10 9. Spermathecae pairs far apart (Fig. 10A) ...... L. bergeri – Spermathecae pairs close together (Fig. 10F) ...... L. pilosa 10. Posterior copulatory tube strait (Fig. 10J) ...... L. speluncarum – Posterior copulatory tube curled (Fig. 10I, K) ...... 11 11. Copulatory tube short before dividing (Fig. 10I) ...... L. simillima – Copulatory tube long before dividing (Fig. 10K) ...... L. spinulosa

Loxosceles bergeri Strand, 1906 (Figs. 9A, 10A, 11A)

Loxosceles bergeri Strand, 1906b: 26; Newlands 1986: 64, f. 34–36. Loxosceles spinulosa, Newlands, 1975: 144, f. 2–5, 8, 10–13 (syn.).

Types: ♀ holotype from Namibia: Gibeon, Rietmond, [2434'S, 1811'E], C. Berger [not found, possibly lost during World War II]. Note: Newlands (1986) looked at specimens from the type locality and suggested revalidating the species. Specimens from the same area were examined and I agree with Newlands’ (1986) findings and his revalidation is here confirmed. Diagnosis: Male palp cymbium and tibia short, similar to L. pilosa, L. simillima, L. smithi and L. spinulosa; differing from L. pilosa and L. simillima in the palp cymbium being twice as long as the patella; differing from L. smithi in the palp femur length being equal to the patella+tibia length; differing from L. spinulosa in the structure of the embolus (Fig. 9A). Female spermathecae consist of a large medial round sac and a smaller lateral sac, connected with a short copulatory tube and the two pairs of spermathecae are separated medially; L. bergeri differ from all other species in this respect, the closest being L. pilosa where the spermathecae pairs are medially close together (Fig. 10A). Female: (SMN 35438): TL = 10.4; CL = 3.9; CW = 3.1; CLL = 0.5. AME-LE 0.1; Eye diameter 0.2. Leg measurements:

IIIIIIIVPalp Femur 8.3 8.7 7.7 8.8 1.05 Patella 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 0.50 Tibia 8.7 8.8 6.7 8.0 0.75 Metatarsus 8.0 8.5 7.8 9.4 – Tarsus 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.6 1.40 Total 27.9 28.9 24.9 29.1 3.70

SICARIIDAE IN THE AFROTROPICAL REGION Zootaxa 3522 © 2012 Magnolia Press · 15 FIGURE 9A–M. Loxosceles male palps: L. bergeri (A); L. fontainei (B); L. foutadjalloni (C); L. meruensis (D); L. parramae (E); L. pilosa (F); L. rufescens (G); L. rufipes (H); L. simillima (I); L. smithi (J); L. speluncarum (K); L. spinulosa (L); L. vonwredei (M). Scale = 1mm.

Male: (SMN 46279): TL = 4.4; CL = 3.1; CW = 1.9; CLL = 0.3. AME-LE 0.05; Eye diameter 0.15. Leg measurements:

IIIIIIIVPalp Femur 7.3 7.6 6.4 7.3 0.75 Patella 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.30 Tibia 7.4 7.8 5.7 6.8 0.45 Metatarsus 7.2 7.7 6.5 8.2 – Tarsus 1.7 1.6 1.3 1.6 0.60 Total 24.4 25.5 20.7 24.7 2.10

Distribution: Loxosceles bergeri is distributed from east-central Namibia to north-central South Africa (Fig. 11A).

Loxosceles fontainei Millot, 1941: 36, f. 13A–B.

Types: 3♀, 1♂ and 3juv. syntypes from Gunea: Macenta, [ca. 0830'N, 0930'W], J. Millot, July 1937 [MNHN] [examined in part, see note]. Note: Male syntype pecimen from MNHN (AR1322) were received for examination. The females and immature specimens mentioned in the type description were not included. Diagnosis: Male palp tibia long, cymbium short, similar to L. foutadjalloni, L. rufescens, L. rufipes and L. vonwredei; differing from L. foutadjalloni in the palp bulb being about a third of tibia length and from L. rufescens in the palp tibia length/height ratio being more than 2.0; differs from L. rufipes in the femur/cymbium ratio being less than 4.5, but this is not a very clear distinction and the two species could be synonymous as mentioned below; differing from L. vonwredei in the palp tibia length/height ratio being less than 2.5 (Fig. 9B). Female spermathecae not seen, but could be similar to that of L. rufipes, with which it may be synonymous according to Duncan et al. (2010). Female: (from type description): TL = 7.9; CL = 3.1; CW = 2.8. Leg measurements:

I II III IV Palp Femur 4.2 ? ? 4.2 ? Patella+Tibia 4.9 ? ? 4.8 ? Metatarsus+Tarsus 5.5 ? ? 5.8 – Total 14.6 ? ? 14.8 ?

Male: (MNHN AR 1322): TL = 5.0; CL = 2.5; CW = 2.2; CLL = 0.25. AME-LE 0.2; Eye diameter 0.15. Leg measurements:

IIIIIIIVPalp Femur 4.7 5.0 4.2 4.6 1.7 Patella 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.7 Tibia 5.1 5.5 3.8 4.5 1.0 Metatarsus 5.5 6.3 5.0 5.7 – Tarsus 1.3 1.4 1.1 1.3 0.4 Total 17.5 19.2 15.0 17.0 3.8

Distribution: Loxosceles fontainei is known from Guinea (Fig. 11B).

Loxosceles foutadjalloni Millot, 1941 (Fig. 9C, 10B, 12A)

Loxosceles fouta-djalloni Millot, 1941: 32, f. 12A–D. Loxosceles foutadjalloni, Duncan et al., 2010: 241, f. 3.

Types: ♂ Lectotype (here designated) and ♀ allolectotype (here designated), 3♂, 2♀ and 6juv. syntypes from Guinea: Kindia, Tassacoure cave (Fouta-Djallon near Kindia), [ca. 1001'N, 1258'W], J. Millot, July 1937 [MNHN] [examined in part, see note]. 2♀ and 5juv. syntypes from Guinea: Fouta-Djallon, Segea Santa cave, [ca. 1100'N, 1230'W] [MNHN] [not seen].

SICARIIDAE IN THE AFROTROPICAL REGION Zootaxa 3522 © 2012 Magnolia Press · 17 FIGURE 10A–L. Loxosceles female internal genitalia: L. bergeri (A); L. foutadjalloni (B); L. lacroixi (C); L. neuvillei (D); L. parramae (E); L. pilosa (F); L. rufescens (G); L. rufipes (H); L. simillima (I); L. speluncarum (J); L. spinulosa (K); L. vonwredei (L). Scale = 1mm.

Note: Only the male lectotype and female allolectotype specimens from MNHN (AR1317) were received from the type series and examined. Diagnosis: Male palp tibia long, cymbium short, similar to L. fontanei, L. rufescens, L. rufipes and L. vonwredei; differing from L. rufescens in the palp tibia length/hight ratio being more than 2.0 and from L. fontanei and L. rufipes in the palp bulb width being about half tibia length; differing from L. vonwredei in the palp tibia length/height ratio being less than 2.5 (Fig. 9C). Female spermathecae consist of two, short, round sacs and copulatory tube a broad chamber, with a dark sclerotized strip lateral; differing from all other species in this respect; closest to L. rufescens, but differing from this species in having two spermathecae sacs on each side instead of one (Fig. 10B). Female: (MNHN AR 1317): TL = 8.5; CL = 3.9; CW = 3.2; CLL = 0.45. AME-LE 0.2; Eye diameter 0.2. Leg measurements:

18 · Zootaxa 3522 © 2012 Magnolia Press LOTZ IIIIIIIVPalp Femur 8.0 8.1 6.8 7.1 1.6 Patella 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 0.5 Tibia 7.7 7.9 6.2 6.8 1.0 Metatarsus 8.1 8.9 7.3 8.4 – Tarsus 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.6 1.5 Total 26.8 27.8 22.9 25.1 4.6

Male: (MNHN AR 1317): TL = 8.0; CL = 4.0; CW = 3.7; CLL = 0.45. AME-LE 0.2; Eye diameter 0.2. Leg measurements:

IIIIIIIVPalp Femur 14.0 14.0 10.0 10.6 1.9 Patella 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.5 0.6 Tibia 13.7 15.4 9.5 10.2 1.1 Metatarsus 14.4 17.5 12.2 13.8 – Tarsus 2.1 2.1 1.5 1.8 0.5 Total 45.9 50.6 34.7 37.9 4.1

Distribution: Loxosceles foutadjalloni is found in caved in the Fouta-Djallon mountains in Guinea (Fig. 12A).

Loxosceles lacroixi Millot, 1941 (Fig. 10C, 12B)

Loxosceles lacroixi Millot, 1941: 35, f. 13C.

Types: ♀ Lectotype (here designated) from Ivory Coast: Man, [ca. 0730'N, 0730'W], J. Millot, August 1937 [MNHN AR1319] [examined]. Diagnosis: Male unknown. Female spermathecae consist of two or more, long finger-like sacs, some divided apically, and a short, rounded, lateral sac and copulatory tube a broad chamber; differing from all other species in this respect with no other species close to it (Fig. 10C). Female: (MNHN AR1319): TL = 6.6; CL = 2.6; CW = 2.2; CLL = 0.35. AME-LE 0.1; Eye diameter 0.2. Leg measurements:

IIIIIIIVPalp Femur 4.2 4.6 3.5 4.1 1.2 Patella 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.3 Tibia 4.1 4.3 3.3 3.9 0.7 Metatarsus 4.4 4.5 4.0 4.7 – Tarsus 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.2 1.0 Total 15.0 15.7 12.7 14.8 3.2

Male: unknown. Distribution: Loxosceles lacroixi is known from the Ivory Coast (Fig. 12B).

Loxosceles meruensis Tullgren, 1910: 100, pl. 1, f. 11. Loxoscella meruensis, Caporiacco, 1947: 104.

Types: 1♀ type from Kenya: Meru, [0005'N, 3744'E], Sjöstedt; 1juv. ♂ from Tanzania: Kilimandjaro, Kibonoto, [0311'S, 3706'E], Sjöstedt [not seen, see note]. Note: The location of the type specimens is unknown at present. Two specimen on loan from the HNHM collection were examined: A juvenile female labeled—Loxosceles meruensis (Tullg.) / HNHM Araneae—5340 / Urso, Kovács 1283; and a male labeled—Loxosceles sp. / 1283 Urso / 1912 Lg. Kovács Ödön. The drawings depicted here are from the male specimen. The Urso locality is—Ethiopia: Urso, [0936'N, 4138'E]. These specimens seem to be the specimens mentioned by Caporiacco (1947) (same locality, collector and collector number), except he mentions two females and not a male and female. Diagnosis: Male palp tibia and cymbium long similar to L. parramae and L. speluncarum; differing from both these species by having an angular bend and not a smooth curve in the cymbium close to the palp bulb (Fig. 10D). Female not seen. Female: (from type description): CL = 3.0; CW = 2.8. Leg measurements:

IIIIIIIVPalp Femur 5.60 5.60 4.70 5.60 ? Patella 1.00 0.95 0.95 0.98 ? Tibia 5.70 4.46 4.46 5.28 ? Metatarsus 5.60 5.70 5.40 6.60 – Tarsus 1.23 1.30 1.23 1.40 ? Total 19.13 18.01 16.74 19.86 ?

Male: (HNHM 1283): TL = 5.5; CL = 2.3; CW = 2.1; CLL = 0.25. AME-LE 0.05; Eye diameter 0.15. Leg measurements:

IIIIIIIVPalp Femur 7.2 7.4 5.8 6.6 1.30 Patella 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.9 0.45 Tibia 7.6 8.1 5.0 6.2 0.80 Metatarsus 7.7 8.2 6.4 8.1 – Tarsus 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.20 Total 24.9 26.1 19.2 23.3 3.75

Distribution: Loxosceles meruensis is distributed in caves in Ethiopia and Kenya (Fig. 13A).

Loxosceles neuvillei Simon, 1909 (Figs. 10D, 13B)

Loxosceles neuvillei Simon, 1909: 31; Berland, 1914: 60; 1922: 46, pl. A1, f. 1.

Types: ♀ Lectotype (here designated) from Somaliland [Djibouti?]: Daomel region [Daouenl?], Southern Etiopia, Filoa, [locality unknown], M. de Rothschild [MNHN] [examined, see note].

SICARIIDAE IN THE AFROTROPICAL REGION Zootaxa 3522 © 2012 Magnolia Press · 23 Note: The locality data given by Simon (1909) is a bit confusing, as it refers to both Somaliland and southern Ethiopia. The Daomel region could not be traced, but Berland (1922) refers to it as Daouenl region, which seem to be an area in Ethiopia where Ethiopia, Djibouti and Somalia borders meet [ca. 1100'N, 4238'E]. Filoa on the other hand, seem to be somewhere near the Hawash (Awash?) river which flows into Lake Abh, lying on both sides of the Ethiopia, Djibouti border [ca. 1110'N, 4150'E]. Diagnosis: Male unknown. Female spermathecae where lost during the dissection and it is thus unknown what the actual spermathecae may look like; copulatory tubes consist of two long tubes originating medially, continuing anterior before bending laterally; this species differ from all other species in this respect (Fig. 10D). Female: (NHNM AR1231): TL = 6.3; CL = 2.5; CW = 2.1; CLL = 0.3. AME-LE 0.10; Eye diameter 0.15. Leg measurements:

IIIIIIIVPalp Femur 5.9 6.1 5.1 5.6 1.0 Patella 0.9 1.0 0.8 1.0 0.5 Tibia 6.1 6.0 4.2 5.1 0.7 Metatarsus 5.7 5.9 5.0 6.0 – Tarsus 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.4 Total 20.0 20.4 16.3 19.0 3.6

Male: unknown Distribution: Loxosceles neuvillei is distributed in the Djibouti, Ethiopia, Somalia border area and in Kenya (Fig. 13B).

Loxosceles pallidecolorata (Strand, 1906) (Fig. 14A)

Loxoscella pallidecolorata Strand, 1906a: 668; 1908: 74.

Types: ♀ holotype from Etiopia: Mane river, [locality unknown], Erlangen, March 1901 [not found, possibly lost during World War II]. Note: Neither the type nor the specimens mentioned by Caporiacco (1949), from Kenya, could so far be traced. This species should therefore possibly be considered as nomina dubia. As stated by Brignoli (1976), although Strand (1908) gave a long and not bad description of the species, one cannot identify the species with certainty from this description. Diagnosis: Male unknown. Female not examined. Differentiated by Strand (1906) from other Loxosceles species by legs I and II being of equal length and the sternum being as long as wide. Female: (from type description): TL = 7.5; CL = 2.8; CW = 2.2. Leg measurements:

I II III IV Palp Femur 4.7 5.0 4.4 ? ? Patella + Tibia 5.5 5.5 4.5 ? ? Metatarsus + Tarsus 6.5 6.0 6.0 ? – Total 16.7 16.5 14.9 ? ?

Male: unknown Distribution: Loxosceles pallidecolorata is distributed in Ethiopia (Fig. 14A).

Loxosceles parrami Newlands, 1981: 358, f. 1–3; 1986: 66, f. 33, 37–39.

Types: ♂ Holotype and 2♂ and 4♀ paratypes from South Africa: Johannesburg, Bellevue, [2610'S, 2805'E], S. Parram, 1979; 1♀ paratype from South Africa: Johannesburg, Parktown, [2606'S, 2803'E], G. Newlands, March 1980; 1♀ paratype from South Africa: Germiston [2606'S, 2812'E], N. Ensor, January 1980; [BMNH and SAIMR] [examined in part, see note]. Note: According to Newlands (1981) the Holotype and a male and three female paratypes are at BMNH and the other paratypes at SAIMR. The BMNH material was not examined. All the SAIMR material was examined, but there was only one vial with seven specimens (males and females), labeled only—Loxosceles parrami, JHB. Whether some of these specimens were part of the paratype series, is unknown, but they correspond with the type description. The species name is here changed to Loxosceles parramae, as the types were named for a Miss Sheila Parram (ICZN Art. 31). Diagnosis: Male palp tibia and cymbium long similar to L. meruensis and L. speluncarum; differing from L. meruensis in not having a smooth curved bend in the cymbium close to the palp bulb and from L. speluncarum in the palp tibia being parallel sided and not sloping towards patella (Fig. 9E). Newlands (1981, 1986) describes and depicts the female genitalia of L. parrami as a small vesicle with a short duct. Examination of specimens from the collections of the SAIMR and the NMBA, revealed that the genitalia is much more extended and do not consist of one but two vesicles on each side, joined to each other by a short tube; anterior vesicle more sclerotized than posterior one; copulatory tube thin; copulatory tubes and spermathecae situated in the book-lung area and differing from all other species where the spermathecae and copulatory ducts are situated between the book-lung areas (Fig. 10E). Female: (NMBA 10429): TL = 7.4; CL = 3.0; CW = 2.5; CLL = 0.4. AME-LE 0.15; Eye diameter 0.15. Leg measurements:

IIIIIIIVPalp Femur 5.5 5.6 4.9 5.7 0.95 Patella 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.40 Tibia 5.8 5.8 4.3 5.2 0.70 Metatarsus 5.6 5.8 4.9 6.2 – Tarsus 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.10 Total 19.0 19.3 16.0 19.2 3.15

Male: (NMBA 15267): TL = 6.2; CL = 2.8; CW = 2.4; CLL = 0.35. AME-LE 0.10; Eye diameter 0.15. Leg measurements:

IIIIIIIVPalp Femur 7.2 7.0 5.6 6.3 1.0 Patella 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.4 Tibia 8.2 7.6 5.4 6.3 0.6 Metatarsus 8.6 8.0 6.3 7.7 – Tarsus 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.4 0.9 Total 26.4 24.9 19.4 22.6 2.9

Distribution: Loxosceles parramae is found in Gauteng and north-eastern Free State, South Africa (Fig. 14B).

Loxosceles pilosa Purcell, 1908: 225; Newlands, 1986: 68, f. 40–42. Loxosceles spinulosa, Newlands, 1975: 144, f. 2–5, 8, 10–13 (syn.).

Types: ♀ Lectotype (here designated) and 1♀ paralectotype (here designated) from South Africa: Little Namaqualand, Steinkopf, [2915'S, 1744'E], L. Schultze, July and August 1904; 2juv.♀ Paralectotypes (here designated) from Namibia: Southern Hereroland (1 from Otjimbingwe), L. Schultze, September and October 1903 [SAMC collection] [examined in part, see note]. Note: Purcell’s (1908) description mentions two female and two juvenile female specimens. A vial with two female specimens in the SAMC collection (SAM-ENW-X 150512) was found with a label that read: Loxosceles pilosa Purc. / ♀ (ex type) / Steinkopf, CP. Nam. / L. Schultze No. 717. These are here designated the new lectotype (complete specimen) and first paralectotype (at present consisting of only a cephlothorax and legs). The other paralectotypes could not be located. Newlands (1975) synonymized the species with L. spinulosa, but in 1986 he suggested revalidating the species, a revalidation confirmed here. Diagnosis: Male palp cymbium and tibia short, similar to L. bergeri, L. simillima, L. smithi and L. spinulosa; differing from L. bergeri in the palp cymbium being 1.5 times as long as the patella; differing from L. simillima in the cymbium being only 1.2 times as long as tibia; differing from L. smithi in the palp femur length being equal to the patella+tibia length; differing from L. spinulosa in the structure of the embolus (Fig. 9F). Female spermathecae consist of two round sacs; median sac large; lateral sac small; two copulatory tubes joined at the base; medial tube thin; lateral tube wide at base, narrowing to base of spermathecae; differing from all other species in this respect, the closest species being L. bergeri from which it differs in the lateral spermathecae having a longer copulatory tube (Fig. 10F). Female: (SAM-ENW-150512): TL = 6.0; CL = 2.6; CW = 2.2; CLL = 0.35. AME-LE 0.10; Eye diameter 0.15. Leg measurements:

IIIIIIIVPalp Femur 5.1 5.5 4.8 5.5 0.80 Patella 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.35 Tibia 5.3 5.3 4.0 4.9 0.50 Metatarsus 5.0 5.1 4.7 6.0 – Tarsus 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.00 Total 17.5 18.0 15.4 18.5 2.65

Male: (SAM-ENW-B008450): TL = 5.5; CL = 2.4; CW = 2.1; CLL = 0.3. AME-LE 0.05; Eye diameter 0.15. Leg measurements:

IIIIIIIVPalp Femur 7.5 7.8 6.8 7.8 0.9 Patella 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.4 Tibia 8.0 7.7 6.2 7.5 0.5 Metatarsus 8.4 8.3 7.8 9.0 – Tarsus 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.5 0.6 Total 26.3 26.2 22.8 26.7 2.4

Distribution: Loxosceles pilosa is distributed along the coast from central Namibia to north-western South Africa (Fig. 15A).

Scytodes rufescens Dufour, 1820: 203, pl. 76, f. 5; Audouin, 1826: 379, pl. 5, f. 2. Loxosceles citigrada Heineken & Lowe, in Lowe, 1832: 322, pl. 48, f. 1–14. Scytodes erythrocephala C. L. Koch, 1838: 90, f. 399–400. Scytodes distincta Lucas, 1846: 104, pl. 2, f. 4. Omosita rufescens Simon, 1864: 50. Scytodes pallida Blackwall, 1865: 100. Loxosceles erythrocephala Simon, 1873: 38; Pavesi, 1876: 435; Simon, 1914: 75, f. 127. Loxosceles rufescens Simon, 1873: 38; Bösenberg & Strand, 1906: 113, pl. 6, f. 69, pl. 16, f. 450; Simon, 1914: 75, f. 126;. Strand, 1918: 91, pl. 2, f. 28–29; Petrunkevitch, 1929: 108, f. 92–96; Bristowe, 1938: 311, f. 6; Comstock, 1940: 108, f. 96; Yaginuma, 1940: 129, f. 3; Gertsch, 1958: 31, f. 60–62, 73; Bücherl, 1961: 213, f. 2a; Lee, 1966: 24, f. 5a–d; Gertsch, 1967: 144, pl. 10, f. 5–8; Brignoli, 1969: 156, f. 19–62; Canese, 1972: 83, f. 1; Brignoli, 1976: 144, f. 9–10; Paik, 1978: 572, f. 6–13; Yin, Wang & Hu, 1983: 33, f. 1B, 3B; Gertsch & Ennik, 1983: 353, f. 341–343, 348–351; Lehtinen, 1986: 153, f. 4–5, 7; Yaginuma, 1986: 18, f. 12.1; 1987: 155, f. 20.9; Xu, 1987: 3, f. 4A–D; Chen & Gao, 1990: 37, f. 39a–b; Chen & Zhang, 1991: 68, f. 60.1–3; Dunin, 1992: 75, f. 1, 5, 10–12; Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999: 49, f. 19M–N, Q; Namkung, 2002: 30, f. 2.1a–c; Saaristo, 2002: 29, f. 84–86; Namkung, 2003: 30, f. 2.1a–c; Ono, 2009: 122, f. 1–6; Le Peru, 2011: 111, f. 112. Spermophora comoroensis Butler, 1879: 43, pl. I, f. 5. Loxosceles compactilis Simon, 1881: 6. Loxosceles distincta Simon, 1908: 422. Loxosceles marylandicus Muma, 1944: 2, f. 1. Loxosceles indrabeles Tikader, 1963: 23, f. 1a–c. Loxosceles ruescens Yoo & Kim, 2002: 25, f. 4.

Types: Scytodes rufescens Dufour, 1820 ♂ Holotype from Spain: Valencia province, near Sagunto [original specimen lost]. Loxosceles marylandicus Muma, 1944 ♂ Holotype from USA: Maryland, College Park (AMNH); Other types unknown as the puplications could not be found. [no types seen]. Note: No specimens of this species were looked at, but it is included here for completeness, as it occurs in the Afrotropical region in published records. Diagnosis: Male palp tibia long, cymbium short, similar to L. fontainei, L. foutadjalloni, L. rufipes and L. vonwredei; differing from L. fontainei, L. foutadjalloni and L. rufipes in the palp tibia length/height ratio being less than 2.0; differing from L. vonwredei in the palp tibia length/height ratio being less than 2.5 (Fig. 9G). Female spermathecae consist of one short round sac; copulatory tube wide, slightly narrowing to spermathecae, with a sclerotized strip lateral; differing from all other species in this respect, the closest species being L. foutadjalloni from which it differs in having only one spermathecae to a side (Fig. 10G). Female: (from Gertsch & Ennik 1983): TL = 7.5; CL = 3.2; CW = 2.7; CLL = 0.51. AME-LE 0.26; Eye diameter 0.13. Leg measurements:

IIIIIIIVPalp Femur 4.35 4.70 4.00 4.60 1.20 Patella 1.00 1.00 0.90 1.00 0.40 Tibia 4.50 4.80 3.60 4.20 0.80 Metatarsus 4.50 5.10 4.30 5.05 – Tarsus 1.15 1.25 1.10 1.20 1.20 Total 15.50 16.85 13.90 16.05 3.60

Male: (from Gertsch & Ennik 1983): TL = 7.0; CL = 3.0; CW = 2.6; CLL = 0.4. AME-LE 0.13; Eye diameter 0.13. Leg measurements:

SICARIIDAE IN THE AFROTROPICAL REGION Zootaxa 3522 © 2012 Magnolia Press · 29 IIIIIIIVPalp Femur 5.40 6.25 5.00 5.30 1.30 Patella 1.05 1.10 1.00 1.00 0.40 Tibia 6.20 7.40 5.00 5.50 1.00 Metatarsus 6.20 7.60 6.00 7.00 – Tarsus 1.30 1.35 1.15 1.40 0.50 Total 20.15 23.70 18.15 20.20 3.20

Distribution: Loxosceles rufescens is a cosmopolitan species.

Loxosceles rufipes (Lucas, 1834) (Figs. 9H, 10H)

Scytodes rufipes Lucas, 1834: 8, pl. 6; Keyserling, 1877: 214, pl. 7, f. 5. Scytodes omosites Walckenaer, 1837: 273. Loxosceles rufipes F.O. P.-Cambridge, 1899: 52, pl. 4, f. 7–8; Simon, 1907: 247, f. 1E; Mello-Leitão, 1934: 71, f. 1b, 2b, 3b; Gertsch, 1958: 33, f. 66–68, 82; 1967: 166, pl. 11, f. 8–10, 15–16; Bücherl, 1971: 216, f. 10b; Gertsch & Ennik, 1983: 352, f. 335–337, 347; Wunderlich, 1988: 70, f. 95.

Types: Scytodes rufipes Lucas, 1834 ♀ Holotype from Guatamala: No specific locality [not seen]. Scytodes omosites Walckenaer, 1837 ♀ Holotype from Guiana: No specific locality, Leschnault and Doumere [not seen]. Note: No specimens of this species were looked at, but it is included here for completeness, as it occurs in the Afrotropical region in published records. Diagnosis: Male palp tibia long, cymbium short, similar to L. fontainei, L. foutadjalloni, L. rufescens and L. vonwredei; differing from L. fontainei in the femur/cymbium ratio being more than 4.5; differing from L. foutadjalloni in the pulp bulb being about a third of tibia length; differing from L. rufescens and L. vonwredei in the palp tibia length/height ratio being less than 2.0 (Fig. 9H). Female spermathecae consist of two long, finger-like sacs; median sac narrow, lateral sac wide; copulatory tubes wide, slightly narrowing to spermathecae, joined medially; differing from all other species in this respect, closest species being L. lacroixi from which it differs in the number and structure of the spermathecae (Fig. 10H). Female: (from Gertsch & Ennik 1983): TL = 6.5; CL = 2.6; CW = 2.3; CLL = 0.4. AME-LE 0.24; Eye diameter 0.16. Leg measurements:

IIIIIIIVPalp Femur 3.00 3.15 2.70 3.10 0.85 Patella 0.80 0.85 0.80 0.80 0.38 Tibia 2.75 3.00 2.25 2.75 0.70 Metatarsus 3.00 3.25 2.75 3.30 – Tarsus 1.10 1.00 0.80 1.00 0.92 Total 10.65 11.25 9.30 10.95 2.85

Male: (from Gertsch & Ennik 1983): TL = 5.2; CL = 2.5; CW = 2.2; CLL = 0.3. AME-LE 0.15; Eye diameter 0.15. Leg measurements:

30 · Zootaxa 3522 © 2012 Magnolia Press LOTZ IIIIIIIVPalp Femur 4.00 4.25 3.50 4.00 1.70 Patella 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.70 Tibia 4.00 4.35 3.05 3.50 0.90 Metatarsus 4.40 4.70 4.00 4.70 – Tarsus 1.20 1.25 1.00 1.10 0.32 Total 14.40 15.35 12.35 14.10 3.62

Distribution: Loxosceles rufescens is distributed in Colombia, Guatemala, Panama and West Africa.

Loxosceles simillima Lawrence, 1927 (Figs. 9I, 10I, 15B)

Loxosceles simillima Lawrence, 1927: 6; Newlands, 1986: 71, f. 43–45. Loxosceles spiniceps Lawrence, 1952: 187, f. 7; Newlands, 1986: 75, f. 49–51 (syn.).

Types: Loxosceles simillima—2♀ (1♀ Lectotype—here designated) from Namibia: Andoni, [1835'S, 1642'E]; 1♀ paralectotype from Angola: Namakunde, [1718'S, 1551'E]; Loxosceles spiniceps—1♂3♀ syntypes from South Africa: Zululand, Ingwavuma, [2708'S, 3202'E] [examined in part, see note]. Note: Lawrence (1927) described Loxosceles simillima on two females (SAM-ENW-B005925) and one female (SAM-ENW-B006281). At present there is only one specimen in vial SAM-ENW-B005925 and it is this specimen that is designated the Lectotype. The other syntype specimen from SAM-ENW-B005925 seem to be lost. The types of Loxosceles spiniceps were not examined, but specimens from a whole range of localities from Namibia to Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa were examined. Newlands (1986) looked at specimens from the type localities and suggested revalidating both species. It is felt that only Loxosceles simillima should be revalidated with Loxosceles spiniceps as a synonym, as no discernable differences could be found in specimens in the type locality areas and the areas in between. Diagnosis: Male palp cymbium and tibia short, similar to L. bergeri, L. pilosa, L. smithi and L. spinulosa; differing from L. bergeri in the palp cymbium being 1.5 times as long as the patella; differing from L. pilosa in the cymbium being 1.5 times as long as tibia; differing from L. smithi in the palp femur length being equal to the patella+tibia length; differing from L. spinulosa in the structure of the embolus (Fig. 9I). Female spermathecae consist of two, small, round sacs; posterior sac slightly larger and rounder than anterior sac; two thin copulatory tubes joined at a widening base, with posterior tube longer and coiled; similar in some respects to L parramae, L. speluncarum and L spinulosa; differing from L. parramae and L. spinulosa in the copulatory tube being short between the copulatory opening and the split in the copulatory tube; differing from L. speluncarum in the posterior copulatory tube being coiled (Fig. 10I). Female: (SAM-ENW-B005925): TL = 8.7; CL = 3.2; CW = 2.7; CLL = 0.4. AME-LE 0.1; Eye diameter 0.2. Leg measurements:

IIIIIIIVPalp Femur 6.0 6.2 5.5 6.2 0.9 Patella 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.4 Tibia 6.0 6.0 4.7 5.6 0.6 Metatarsus 5.8 6.1 4.6 7.0 – Tarsus 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.4 1.2 Total 20.1 20.6 16.9 21.2 3.1

IIIIIIIVPalp Femur 5.6 6.0 5.1 5.8 0.8 Patella 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.4 Tibia 6.7 6.7 4.6 5.5 0.4 Metatarsus 6.6 7.0 6.2 7.3 – Tarsus 1.2 1.3 1.0 1.4 0.6 Total 21.0 21.9 17.7 20.8 2.2

Distribution: Loxosceles simillima has a wide distributed from northern Namibia, through Botswana and Zimbabwe to north-eastern and central South Africa (Fig. 15B).

Loxosceles smithi Simon, 1897 (Figs. 9J, 16A)

Loxosceles smithii Simon, 1897f: 386.

Types: ♂ Lectotype (here designated) from Ethiopia: Gallarum region [specific locality unknown], Sheikh Husein, [BMNH] [examined]. Diagnosis: Male palp cymbium and tibia short, similar to L. bergeri, L. pilosa, L. simillima and L. spinulosa; differing from L. bergeri, L. pilosa and L. simillima in the palp femur length being shorter than the patella+tibia length; differing from L. spinulosa in the structure of the embolus (Fig. 9J). Female unknown. Female: unknown. Male: (BMNH 511): TL = 6.0; CL = 2.7; CW = 2.3; CLL = 0.4. AME-LE 0.10; Eye diameter 0.15. Leg measurements:

IIIIIIIVPalp Femur 7.0 7.0 6.1 7.0 0.80 Patella 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.50 Tibia 8.5 8.6 6.3 7.5 0.55 Metatarsus 8.4 8.6 6.7 9.0 – Tarsus 1.6 1.6 1.3 1.6 0.70 Total 26.6 26.8 21.4 26.1 2.55

Distribution: Loxosceles smithi is distributed in Ethiopia (Fig. 16A).

Loxosceles speluncarum Simon, 1893 (Figs. 9K, 10J, 16B)

Loxosceles speluncarum Simon, 1893: 273; 1894: 64; Newlands, 1975: 146, f. 6; 1986: 73, f. 46–48.

Types: ♀ Holotype from South Africa: Transvaal, in caves, [specific locality unknown], [examined ?, see note].

Note: A vial of two females, two specimens without palps and seven juvenile specimens (AR 1311) were received from the MNHN collection as the types, and examined, with label data: Loxosceles speluncarum ES / Pretoria. It is unknown if Simon had more than one female on hand when he made the description, but the description only mentions one. Whether the AR 1311 specimens are the types is therefore unknown.

SICARIIDAE IN THE AFROTROPICAL REGION Zootaxa 3522 © 2012 Magnolia Press · 33 Diagnosis: Male palp tibia and cymbium long similar to L. meruensis and L. parramae; differing from L. meruensis in not having a smooth curved bend in the cymbium close to the palp bulb and from L. parramae in the palp tibia sided sloping towards patella (Fig. 9K). Female spermathecae consist of two, small, round sacs of about equal size; two thin copulatory tubesextend from the spermathecae, joined at a wide atrium, with the posterior tube slightly shorter; similar in some respects to L parramae, L. simillima and L spinulosa; differing from L. parramae and L. spinulosa in the copulatory tube being short between the copulatory opening and the split in the copulatory tube; differing from L. simillima in the posterior copulatory tube being straight (Fig. 10J). Female: (AcAT 2003/1451): TL = 6.5; CL = 3.0; CW = 2.7; CLL = 0.4. AME-LE 0.2; Eye diameter 0.15. Leg measurements:

IIIIIIIVPalp Femur 7.1 7.2 6.0 6.9 1.1 Patella 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1 0.4 Tibia 7.9 7.6 5.5 6.6 0.8 Metatarsus 7.6 7.7 6.4 8.0 – Tarsus 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.2 Total 25.2 25.1 20.2 24.1 3.5

Male: (AcAT 2005/1368): TL = 5.0; CL = 2.5; CW = 2.4; CLL = 0.3. AME-LE 0.15; Eye diameter 0.15. Leg measurements:

IIIIIIIVPalp Femur 10.6 9.2 7.2 8.0 1.1 Patella 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.4 Tibia 11.9 10.1 6.3 7.7 0.9 Metatarsus 12.4 11.0 8.1 9.6 – Tarsus 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.0 Total 37.8 34.0 24.1 27.9 3.4

Distribution: Loxosceles speluncarum is found in caves in the Pretoria area, South Africa (Fig. 16B).

Loxosceles spinulosa Purcell, 1904 (Figs. 9L, 10K, 17A)

Loxosceles spinulosa Purcell, 1904: 140; Newlands, 1975: 144, f. 2–5, 8, 10–13; 1986: 77, f. 52–54.

Types: ♀ Holotype from South Africa: Swellendam, Pass at Avontuur, near Stormsvlei, [3404'S, 2005'E], W.F. Purcell, August 1900 [SAM-ENW-X007915—examined]. Diagnosis: Male palp cymbium and tibia short, similar to L. bergeri, L. pilosa, L. simillima and L. smithi; differing from these species and all other species in the embolus ending in a flattened spiral (Fig. 9L). Female spermathecae consist of two, small, round sacs; two thin copulatory tubes extend from the spermathecae, joined centrally; posterior of paired tubes longer and bent before entering spermathecae; similar in some respects to L parramae, L. simillima and L speluncarum; differing from L. simillima and L. speluncarum in the copulatory tube being long between the copulatory opening and the split in the copulatory tube; differing from L. parramae in the copulatory tubes being long after the split (Fig. 10K).

Female: (SAM-ENW-X007915): TL = 5.5; CL = 2.5; CW = 2.2; CLL = 0.3. AME-LE 0.1; Eye diameter 0.1. Leg measurements:

SICARIIDAE IN THE AFROTROPICAL REGION Zootaxa 3522 © 2012 Magnolia Press · 35 IIIIIIIVPalp Femur 5.2 5.6 4.7 5.2 0.80 Patella 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.35 Tibia 5.0 5.7 4.5 5.3 0.60 Metatarsus 5.2 5.5 5.0 6.3 – Tarsus 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.10 Total 17.5 18.9 16.2 19.0 2.85

Male: (NMBA 8158): TL = 4.3; CL = 2.1; CW = 1.9; CLL = 0.25. AME-LE 0.05; Eye diameter 0.15. Leg measurements:

IIIIIIIVPalp Femur 6.7 7.8 6.1 7.0 0.70 Patella 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.35 Tibia 7.5 8.8 5.9 6.9 0.55 Metatarsus 7.7 9.3 6.9 8.6 – Tarsus 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.5 0.40 Total 24.2 28.2 21.0 24.8 2.00

Distribution: Loxosceles spinulosa is distributed along the southern coast of South Africa (Fig. 17A).

Loxosceles vonwredei Newlands, 1980 (Figs. 9M, 10L, 17B)

Loxosceles vonwredei Newlands, 1980: 367, f. 1–5; 1986: 81, f. 58–60.

Types: ♀ Holotype and 2♀ paratypes from Namibia: Grootfontein, Uisib 427, Uhlenhorst Cave, 1935'S, 1713'E, P. von Wrede; 1♂ and 1♀ paratypes from Namibia: Otavi Cave, 1940'S, 1715'E, F. Gaerdes [SMN 36435 and NM 8837—not seen]. Note: The type specimen was not among the specimens received on loan from the NMNW collection. Other specimens from the type localities were examined. Diagnosis: Male palp tibia long, cymbium short, similar to L. fontainei, L. foutadjalloni, L. rufescens and L. rufipes; differing from these species in the palp tibia length/height ratio being more than 2.5 (Fig. 9M). Female spermathecae consist of a round sac on a long copulatory tube that widens towards the copulatory opening; posteriolateral of the copulatory tubes there are two short tubes on each side; differ from all other species in this respect (Fig. 10L). Female: (SMN 45840): TL = 12.2; CL = 5.7; CW = 5.0; CLL = 0.6. AME-LE 0.3; Longest eye diameter 0.3. Leg measurements:

IIIIIIIVPalp Femur 12.4 14.0 11.3 12.5 2.5 Patella 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 0.7 Tibia 13.9 15.8 11.0 12.0 1.9 Metatarsus 14.3 16.9 13.4 16.5 – Tarsus 2.0 2.1 1.8 2.3 2.6 Total 44.6 50.8 39.5 45.3 7.7

IIIIIIIVPalp Femur 13.3 15.0 10.7 12.1 2.1 Patella 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.9 0.5 Tibia 13.8 17.6 10.9 11.8 1.5 Metatarsus 16.0 19.9 14.1 17.0 – Tarsus 2.4 2.4 1.9 2.4 0.8 Total 47.4 56.8 39.3 45.2 4.9

Distribution: Loxosceles vonwredei is found in caves in north-central Namibia (Fig. 17B).

Drymusa valida (Lawrence, 1964), comb. nov. (Fig. 18A–C)

Loxosceles valida Lawrence, 1964: 61, f. 3–4; Brignoli, 1976: 147; Newlands, 1975: 146, f. 7; 1986: 80, f. 55–57.

Types: ♂ Holotype from South Africa: Cape Town, Table Mountain, Echo Halt Cave, [3407'S, 1826'E], J.R. Grindley, April 1954 [examined]. Note: Only the Holotype (SAM-ENW-B010012) was designated as a type by Lawrence (1964). The other material were referred to as ‘further material’ and are all from South Africa: Cape Town, Table Mountain—1♀ (SAM B10018) Powder Room Cave, South African Spelaeological Assosiation, March 1956; 1♀ (SAM B10016) Wynberg Caves, South African Spelaeological Assosiation, February 1956; 1♀ (SAM B10015) Devil’s Pit, Kalk Bay, J.R. Grindley, June 1954; 1juv. (SAM B10013), Tartarus Cave, Kalk Bay, J.R. Grindley, July 1961; 1juv. (SAM B10017), Giants Workshop, Table Mountain Cave, J.R. Grindley, July 1956; 1juv. (SAM B7892), Wynberg Cave, R.F. Lawrence, March 1931; and 1♀ (SAM B10014), Bats Cave, J.R. Grindley, September 1960. As suggested by Brignoli (1976) this species is here transferred to the genus Drymusa in the Drymusidae on the grounds of the presence of a long and clear onicium and the presence of three tarsal claws on all legs. These are both characters found in Drymusidae, but not in Sicariidae. Diagnosis: Male palp long; cymbium short, thickset; palp bulb basally wider than cymbium length (Fig. 18A). Female spermathecae consist of two large round sacs on short copulatory tubes, joined at an enlarged area at the copulatory opening (Fig. 18B). Female: (SAM-ENW-C1748): TL = 15.0; CL = 6.0; CW = 4.5; CLL = 0.6. AME-LE 0.7; Eye diameter 0.3. Leg measurements:

IIIIIIIVPalp Femur 16.2 14.5 11.7 14.5 2.0 Patella 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.8 0.7 Tibia 15.8 13.3 10.0 13.1 1.3 Metatarsus 15.9 14.0 10.6 13.9 – Tarsus 2.0 2.0 2.1 3.0 2.0 Total 51.7 45.6 36.1 46.3 6.0

Male: (SAM-ENW-B010012): TL = 12.4; CL = 5.8; CW = 4.5; CLL = 0.5. AME-LE 0.5; Eye diameter 0.25. Leg measurements:

SICARIIDAE IN THE AFROTROPICAL REGION Zootaxa 3522 © 2012 Magnolia Press · 37 IIIIIIIVPalp Femur 20.4 18.5 14.5 17.0 1.9 Patella 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 0.8 Tibia 20.2 17.4 12.6 15.4 1.5 Metatarsus 21.9 19.0 14.8 17.8 – Tarsus 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.7 0.6 Total 67.0 59.4 46.4 55.9 4.8

Distribution: Drymusa valida is distributed on the Cape peninsula, South Africa (Fig. 18C).

FIGURE 18A–C. Drymusa valida: (A) male palp; (B) female spermathecae; (C) distribution map. Scale = 1mm.

I am very grateful to the institutions mentioned in the text for the loan of their specimens. The Council and Director of the National Museum Bloemfontein are also acknowledged for supporting this project.

Literature Cited

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