Pearls in Policing Pearls in Policing 2010 Secretariat Nassauplein 33 2585 ED The Hague The Netherlands Tel. + 31 (0)70 311 8686 Fax + 31 (0)70 311 8687 Navigating [email protected] www.pearlsinpolicing.com

978-90-814974-2-8 isbn The Way Ahead Pearls in Policing 2010 Navigating the Way Ahead

About this Book

agencies that it is necessary to actively engage in international cooperation to develop effective strategies to It is widely recognised by Commissioners and Chief Executive Officers of law enforcement organisations and best position law enforcement in the future. The need for law enforcement executives from around the world to jointly identify risks, threats and opportunities as well as research new ideas and realities for policing led to the launch of the Pearls in Policing initiative in 2007.

Under the responsibility of the Curatorium International Police Leadership, the Dutch based Pearls in Policing Secretariat had sole charge of the organization of the Pearls in Policing conferences in The Hague in 2007, 2008 and 2009. However, in 2010, the Australian Federal Police hosted the fourth Pearls in Policing conference in Sydney, Australia. This publication is a record of the events and discussions that took place at the 2010 conference.

The 2010 Pearls in Policing conference report is a joint publication between the Australian Federal Police and the Pearls in Policing Secretariat.

December 2010 Contents

Foreword 6 Working Group: New Media 50 Tony W. Negus APM, Commissioner of the Australian Federal Police Presentation by Andrew Scipione, Commissioner of the New South Wales Police 56 Executive Summary 10 Working Group: Organizational Change Presentation by Kevin L. Perkins, Assistant Director, Federal Bureau of Investigations 14 Pearls in Policing: an overview Feedback 62 What is it? Conference delegates: Establishing the initiative Peter Ng (Commissioner of the Singapore Police Force) History of the conferences Rod Knecht (Senior Deputy Commissioner of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police) How does it work? Michel de Smedt (Head of Investigations International Criminal Court) Mal Hyde (Commissioner of the South Australia Police) 20 Pearls in Policing: Sydney 2010 ‘Peace, Police and Justice – Navigating the Way Ahead’ 20 Observers: Keynote address by The Honourable Brendan O’Connor MP, Minister for Home Affairs Philip Moss (Integrity Commissioner, Australian Commission for Law Enforcement Integrity) Trust and Legitimacy Prof. Sohail Inayatullah (University of the Sunshine Coast, Australia) 24 International Pearl Fishers Action Learning Group input 70 Academic input Charting the Course of Change Discussion Conference outcomes 70

Booklet Closing Remarks 72 Ruud Bik, Chief Constable of The Netherlands Police Agency (KLPD) and President of the Curatorium International Pearl Fishers Action Learning Group International Police Leadership Overview ‘Questioning the Future: the six pillars of futures studies’ Delegates and Contributors 78 Article by Prof. Sohail Inayatullah

IALG Reflections

Legitimacy and Public Trust: Academic Perspective 34 Prof. Willy Bruggeman (Benelux University) Prof. Hugo Frühling (University of Chile) Prof. Christopher Stone (Harvard University) Prof. Pieter Tops (Police Academy of The Netherlands)

Working Group: International Cooperation 44 Presentation by Prof. Jurgen Stock, Vice President of the Bundeskriminalamt

Boston, United States 42° 22’ 40” North 71° 3’ 34” West

2 pearls in policing 2010 navigating the way ahead 3 Foreword

4 pearls in policing 2010 navigating the way ahead 5 Warshaw, Poland 52° 14’ 55” North 21° 0’ 35” East

International Pearl Fishers Action Learning Group (IALG) vigorously, and in the spirit of close camaraderie, as an was able to recalibrate for many of us the foundation stones international enforcement community, in our attempts of policing and the derivative sources of legitimacy and trust to achieve practical and meaningful outcomes. from which we draw our authority. Another example is the progress made in moving the working topic of ‘international And for those that joined us in the opening phase of the Foreword cooperation’ from a simple mapping exercise to its next conference on a June Sunday morning by participating iteration of improving the functionality of collaborative efforts in a yachting regatta on Sydney Harbour, I am certain between jurisdictions. many delegates will regard it Australian Federal Police Commissioner, as one of the highlights of the “We recalibrate the foundation Tony W. Negus APM A recurrent theme throughout three days. The opportunity to the course of the conference was stones of policing and the informally network with police the increasing recognition of the derivative sources of legitimacy commissioners from around the role social media plays in our world in a scenic setting was a chosen profession. This theme and trust from which once-in-a-lifetime experience emerged in almost all discussions we draw our authority.” enjoyed by all. and in fact was so prevalent that it is no surprise it was selected as On behalf of the Curatorium International Police Leadership and Australian Federal It was an honour and a privilege for the Australian Federal to deliver a professional and productive conference to look forward to the presentation of their research work on Police, I proudly present and commend the conference Police to host the Pearls in Policing annual conference in the delegates in Sydney, Australia. the assignment topic for the 2010/11 Pearl Fishers. We all report to you. It is the product of dedicated personnel further discussion. from within the AFP, supported by the Pearls in Policing Many delegates I have spoken to have commented this topic at the 2011 conference in The Hague to stimulate 2010. Especially in the context of the conference being Secretariat, which have done a truly remarkable job in its inception and for the Australian Federal Police (AFP) on the richness and quality of the presentations and held outside of The Netherlands for the first time since It would be remiss of me not to mention two other Pearls collating and summarising the outcomes of our broad to be entrusted to pioneer discussions of the conference. in Policing disciplines which both played instrumental ranging discourse, including capturing police leadership this concept, and a privilege I do not intend to cover those ‘pearls’ obtained from personalised interviews with in the context of, the AFP not “We did not shy away from in detail in this foreword the Pearls Academics and the Pearls Observers. This just playing a key role in the however I should note we roles in the success of the 2010 conference, and they were some of the most fundamental year we experimented with a smaller, but much more represents an accurate account of the conference conduct of this important event, did not shy away from some conference delegates. I am confident it not only questions and challenges focused, academic conference which turned out to be a conduct, but contains wonderfully unique pearls of but also being able to showcase of the most fundamental huge success. Our academics, selected for their subject insight and wisdom from each of the delegates. the beauty of Australia to the facing police in contemporary questions and challenges matter expertise, were of an exemplary quality and were Pearls in Policing delegates. facing police in contemporary society.” able to emulsify with the IALG to bring outstanding society. Challenging the very value to that group’s presentation. Similarly, this year It was certainly with some foundations of police legitimacy we introduced independent observers to the conference trepidation that the AFP took on the task of planning and trust; critically examining the dynamics of effectively whose insightful commentaries brought a ‘real world’ managing strategic organizational change; and evolving reality check to our sometimes esoteric deliberations. conference. The standards set by the Dutch organizers a model for improved international enforcement for this prestigious event at the end of the 2009 over the last three years established a high benchmark cooperation, to mention just a few, are daunting I was enormously impressed by the collective intellect for us to match. Fortunately, we were able to draw on endeavours in their complexity and size of task alone. and wisdom which gathered together in Sydney to the experiences of the past and, despite the tyranny debate such issues. Moreover, I was delighted in of distance, the Australian and Dutch teams worked I can point to many tangible outcomes that we achieved in the willingness of delegates to engage honestly and together exceptionally well over the course of 12 months this short, but intense, conference. For example, the 2009/10

6 pearls in policing 2010 navigating the way ahead 7 Executive Summary The Hague, The Netherlands 52° 5’ 7” North 4° 18’ 43” East

Discussions at this year’s conference have essentially explore opportunities for enhancing police legitimacy and public trust, taking defined next year’s conference which will be held in • Pearls in Policing conference is into consideration the dark side of police The Hague, The Netherlands from 18 to 22 June 2011. “Charting the Course of Change”. organizations, accountability, mutual The theme of the fifth Executive Summary understanding between law enforcement At next year’s conference delegates will consider the executives and politicians and the focus on research work of two working groups as well as the public concerns and media relations IALG and academics. One working group will explore consider emerging areas of interest for policing opportunities for cooperation in a globalised world and such as new professionalism This report provides an overview of the topics discussed as members of the International Pearl Fishers Action • the other working group will consider ways to improve share their experiences of policing within their and outcomes achieved at the fourth Pearls in Policing Learning Group (IALG). police services through contemporary professionalism. own organizations and countries, and gain a • better understanding of the challenges that lay The working groups reported on public trust and conference held in Sydney, Australia from 13 to 15 June 2010. will examine the evolving nature of social media and ahead for policing through plenary sessions The Australian Federal Police and the Curatorium police legitimacy, media management (chaired by Mr. The IALG for 2010/11 and a select group of academics associated new technologies, the implications on crime and topic workshops. International Police Leadership jointly hosted the Andrew Scipione, Commissioner of the New South Police Force, Australia), international cooperation (chaired and opportunities for police to respond strategically, and Pearls in Policing initiative that the conference was held by Professor Dr. Jürgen Stock, Vice President of the and public safety/security and the associated challenges conference. This was the first time in the history of the make recommendations for the future. The real ‘pearls’ of this conference though were found outside of The Hague, The Netherlands. Bundeskriminalamt, Germany) and leadership (chaired in the substance of the discussions and presentations. by Mr. John Pistole, Deputy Director of the Federal Overall this year’s conference created the The spirit of professionalism that is so evident in police Pearls in Policing is an international think-tank event, where Bureau of Investigation, United States of America). The opportunity for delegates to: practitioners around the world prevailed strongly with law enforcement executives share ideas, knowledge and Pearls exchange ideas and share best practice as all delegates demonstrating commitment and passion in policing experience in an informal and interactive setting. in Policing research topics were identified by delegates at the well as network with other law enforcement engaging robustly with their peers to debate existing and The event operates under the Chatham House Rule and is interest for future policing. • conference in 2009 as being key areas of professionals and academics through network emerging challenges which are profoundly affecting our closed to the public and media to encourage the delegates to events discipline in contemporary society. participate in open discussion without fear of consequence. The IALG and a group of academics conducted the

Since its inception Pearls in Policing has grown into an event’s feature presentation on the topic of enhancing holders in international law enforcement. included analysis of past trends in trust levels and internationally respected think-tank for the highest office police legitimacy and public trust. Their findings

This year’s conference theme of “Navigating the Way as to how best enhance police legitimacy and trust identification of key influencers and recommendations Ahead” had delegates exploring ways in which police and law enforcement agencies could identify and prepare interest, and rich discussions continued well into the into the future. The presentation attracted significant for future challenges. The conference was attended by level of interest shown by delegates. evening beyond the scheduled finish time due to the enforcement agencies as well as reputed academics from 27 Commissioners and Chief Executive Officers of law around the world, from Europe, Asia, North America and Africa. by several external, non-law enforcement observers who For the first time this year, the conference was attended oversaw the integrity of the proceedings and provided As in previous years, discussions were informed by the critical and objective feedback. research conducted by three working groups, as well

10 pearls in policing 2010 navigating the way ahead 11 Pearls in Policing: an overview London, United Kingdom 51° 30’ 59” North 0° 7’ 39” West

It was born out of the recognition that matters of in policing’ discovered on their journeys for screening international safety and security could no longer be dealt to inaugural conference delegates. Referred to as Pearl solely by individual police jurisdictions. The world was Fishers, this group of police leaders inspired the annual Pearls in Policing: becoming increasingly globalised and emerging trends in formation of a conference research group called the world crime required a collaborative policing approach. IALG. an overview The representatives recognised a number of Pearls in international cooperation platforms already existed, but Policing conference at The Hague in The Netherlands. In June 2007, the Curatorium hosted the first they believed there was opportunity to establish a new The attending law enforcement executives and What is it? The informal and interactive setting offered law enforcement think tank. Research conducted by the academics were welcomed by the Governor of the Pearls in Policing is an international law by the conference enables the open trade of think tank would be presented at an annual meeting Residency, the Mayor of The Hague and Queen Beatrix. enforcement think tank in which executive ideas, knowledge, and experiences between following the small-scale and highly interactive The delegates listened to numerous presentations and police leaders and reputed academics international counterparts. Delegates are Bilderberg conference model. engaged in professional debate on topics including participate. The key purpose of the initiative granted the freedom of expression, due to global crime trends, policies, strategies and leadership. is to identify emerging challenges in policing Representatives from the founding agencies formed and create collaborative solutions. conference. a board called the Curatorium International Police the private and confidential nature of the Leadership. The Curatorium was tasked with the for a think tank initiative. Consequently an IALG plus The success of the conference confirmed the demand A variety of year-long “The informal and Still relatively young responsibility of overseeing the initiative. three other working groups were tasked with research assignments in order to prepare for the second research projects interactive setting in its development, are conducted under the success of Pearls The Curatorium took the initiative to establish a conference working to the theme Policing the Future or the initiative, with offered by the in Policing can be permanent Pearls in Policing Secretariat in The Hague. In Future Policing. Are You Prepared? its daily functioning, the Pearls Secretariat is, supported Pearls conference enables the attributed to top-level The findings of these by many Dutch law enforcement organisations amongst in Policing the annual Pearls in police leaders around assignments were presented at the June 2008 findings presented at open trade of ideas, which the Police Academy of The Netherlands and the conference built on the success of previous years’ events. Policing conference. the world sharing conference in The Hague. The June 2009 The two-and-a-half- knowledge, and the common goal of Regional Police service Haaglanden. Again staged in The Hague, the theme for the event was Bridging the Gap. day conference is held experiences between contributing to crime- every June and consists free communities. It The Curatorium acknowledges the valuable support of presentations, international is an initiative where Eurojust, the International Criminal Tribunal for the Pearls in Policing conference workshops and counterparts.” legislative and judicial and advice provided by senior officials from Europol, In June 2010, the Australia Federal Police was granted the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), the International Criminal to be conducted outside The Netherlands. Held in discussions. differences of delegates honour of hosting the first are respected and Court (ICC) and Interpol in crystallising the Pearls in Sydney, Australia, the event was based on the theme The conference is kept purposefully small- cultural diversity is valued. Policing initiative. Navigating the Way Ahead. scale and attendance is by invitation-only. Distinct from other law enforcement Establishing the initiative History of the conferences Impartial Observers were incorporated into the collaborations, it is future-oriented and The Pearls in Policing initiative was Pearls in Policing conference, the Secretariat consulted with both law enforcement of proceedings and providing feedback. Pearls in encourages out-of-the-box thinking. It To prepare for the first conference for the first time, overseeing the integrity grants police leaders a rare opportunity the Police Academy of The Netherlands, executives and academics to determine the key topics Policing founded in 2006 by representatives from for discussion. A group of Dutch police leaders were also of Charting the Course of Change will be explored. The to take time out from everyday duties to The Netherlands Police Agency, The Royal returns to The Hague in 2011 where the theme examine the impacts of emerging social, Netherlands Marechaussee, the Ministry tasked with travelling the world in search of inspiring Singapore Police Force will host the initiative’s sixth economical, environmental, demographical of the Interior and Kingdom Relations, and police work. Mentored by law enforcement executives pearls and technological trends on policing. the Ministry of Justice of The Netherlands. annual conference in 2012. and academics, they compiled a film about the ‘

navigating the way ahead 15 Montebello, Canada 45° 39’ 36” North 74° 56’ 44” West

How does it work? Each Pearls in Policing conference is The Pearls in Policing annual also informed by secondary research The Hague, The Netherlands conference runs for two-and-a-half- The Hague is the governmental capital of The established headquarters in the city. They include the days, usually starting on the second Sunday leading up to the event. Assignment topics assignments, conducted over the 12 months Netherlands and home to the nation’s royal family. International Court of Justice in The Peace Palace, the of June. It is attended by top-level law of the working groups are determined by Known as the ‘City of Peace and Justice’, it is International Criminal Court (ICC), the International enforcement executives who have been delegates attending the previous year’s internationally recognised as a centre for international Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), nominated by the Pearls in Policing Board of conference by a vote. Members of working legal arbitration. It is regarded as the second United Europol and Eurojust. International Advisors and selected by the groups performing the research are chosen Nations city after New York in the United States of initiative’s governing board; the Curatorium by delegates expressing interest for their America. It was The Hague’s international eminence as a International Police Leadership. Delegates agency to be involved. Driver and co-drivers convention centre that resulted in it becoming the chosen must have a good command of the of the working groups are appointed by a The Hague’s reputation as an international affairs home of Pearls in Policing. The initiative’s permanent English language, be geographically diverse nomination and approval process during Secretariat is located in the city, with The Hague also and represent a range of local, national and conference proceedings. mecca was first earned by hosting the world’s first international jurisdictions. think tank conferences. Each Pearls in Policing conference Peace Conference in 1899. Since then more than serving as the meeting place for the first three annual The theme for each conference is has an academic component, with a 130 organizations from all around the world have determined at the conclusion of the conference held between professors and previous year’s conference based on law enforcement experts. The academic The Bilderberg concept delegate discussion and consensus. The conference delegates produce a research The Bilderberg conferences are off-the-record delegates, is highly interactive, and promotes mutual keynote presentation of each conference paper with the aim of providing new international forums where prominent citizens of understanding. The setting is intimate and informal is provided by the IALG. The IALG is a high insights and fresh perspectives on policing. Western Europe and North America discuss matters in order to encourage participation. Delegates are level leadership development programme Several academics usually attend the Pearls deemed to be of common critical importance. Guests for emerging law enforcement leaders, in Policing conference as delegates. at the annual, invitation-only event are usually royals under the Chatham House Rule. also ensured confidentiality with the event operating organized by the Australian Federal Police, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the business, the military and media. A group of leading The Pearls meetings are characterized by the fact and respected leaders in the fields of politics, banking, Pearls in Policing Secretariat in cooperation that it is a small scale gathering (with a maximum with the Belgian Federal Police. figures in European recent history agreed that a international relations and successfully staged a exchange between senior executives from different meeting between influential people could improve of 35 delegates) entailing an intensive and personal meeting between Europeans and Americans in May law enforcement backgrounds. The conference takes IALG is selected annually by the Curatorium place in a private atmosphere, removed from the Made up of a maximum of 18 members, the upon nomination by participating Pearls become an annual event, with the initiative inheriting prying eyes of the media. The meetings are of a very 1954 in The Netherlands. The meeting evolved to in Policing agencies. The group meets the name of the inaugural Bilderberg Hotel meeting interactive nature, where delegates are speakers and place. in professional learning and personal Finally, Pearls encourages professionals from all over three times a year for five days to engage where brief (max. 7 minutes) presentations are held. development. Over the course of their The Pearls in Policing ethos is inspired by the the world to take part in the discussion. appointment the group is tasked by the Bilderberg conferences concept. The law enforcement Assignment Giver, a conference delegate of conference includes a broad cross-section of one of the participating Pearls in Policing agencies, with completing a major Pearls in Policing research assignment. The IALG is assisted by several mentoring academics.

16 pearls in policing 2010 navigating the way ahead 17 Pearls in Policing: Sydney 2010 Washington, USA 38° 54’ 29” North 77° 2’ 10” West

Over the past few decades it has become increasingly Solutions are now focusing on the nexus between the clear that we need to do more than simply enforce peace rule-of-law and development, rather than concentrating exclusively on halting violence and enforcing calm. ‘Peace, Police and One of the reasons for this thinking is the recognition when conflict arises. We also need to provide assistance recurring. Peace, or at the very least the absence of of the enormity of the problems faced by strife-torn that helps to stop conflict arising and prevents it from Justice: Navigating communities. without risk. It enables nations to grow and prosper. It conflict, allows citizens to establish homes and families the Way Ahead’ protects basic human rights. The introduction of a civil policing presence, as opposed At a government level, we have a responsibility to to a military force, can offer major benefits to ensuring maintain peace through the rule-of-law. Increasingly, operations are complex. ongoing peace. But the difficulties thrown up by these we are calling on policing agencies to provide some of The Honourable Brendan O’Connor MP Minister for the resources we need to promote and protect peace in A little more than a decade after shocking violence tore Home Affairs, keynote address at the opening of the fragile communities across the world. have been made in restoring peace, and importantly the Pearls in Policing Conference, Sydney, 2010 families and communities apart, significant inroads rule-of-law in Timor-Leste. One aspect of this has been Australia’s perspective and approach to peace the Timor-Leste Police Development Programme, which missions is governed by three core principles: has been jointly designed by the Australian Federal The third President of the United States, Thomas Jefferson brings me to the topic: ‘Peace, Police and Justice – navigating First, that peace and security is necessary for Police and the Policia Nacional de Timor-Leste. Through said “When a man assumes a public trust, he should consider the way ahead.’ This subject goes to the heart of the notion human development. educational opportunities in Australia and Timor-Leste, himself a public property”. I am realistic and accept the public of police legitimacy, and the importance of this legitimacy • Second, that human development is secured by members of the local police force have been given exposure and the responsibility of public trust that comes in maintaining the community’s faith in the legal system the rule-of-law. exposure to enhanced leadership and executive training. with political life, as it is a career I have as an arbiter of justice. • The programme also provides training in a range of chosen. But Jefferson’s comments can maintenance of the rule-of-law is underpinned also be applied to those who may not set “It is never wise to In modern democratic societies • And finally, that the sustainable and effective by democratic civilian policing. out to choose life in the public eye, such where rule-of-law principles are other fields, including community policing. be complacent, and From a policing perspective, a large part of the as Commissioners of Police. By virtue entrenched, we are taken by surprise programme’s success lies in getting police to speak to of their roles, they too are in positions in navigating the if something happens that appears The role of police in stabilisation, humanitarian people while they patrol, proactively approaching their of public trust, and are responsible for way ahead we must to contradict the path of justice. Law assistance and international development operations duties to identify potential problems and generally in others who must also be accountable to enforcement agencies are generally remain vigilant to has increased steadily. The trend has been so marked building the community’s trust in its police force. From the community they serve. well accepted by the majority of that the United Nations’ Brahimi Report published at the a community perspective, the programme is succeeding the undercurrents citizens, who believe that police turn of the century paid special attention to the role of if police are seen as approachable, trustworthy and able have a role to protect and serve the and tides that civilian police. to successfully resolve the problems that are put before rank, whether on or off duty, are open community through investigating and The actions of any police officer of any could push us onto them. to public scrutiny. Any actions which do combating criminal activity. This is not not hold up to such examination will rocky shoals” always true in developing nations. It The police of Timor-Leste is now gaining legitimacy in a diminish the amount of trust a police is perhaps helpful, then, to take a step In 2007 the number of police serving with the United are now more than eleven thousand police deployed to way that has not been seen before. When the community force has, and lower the regard in which back from where we are to look at why Nations exceeded nine thousand for the first time. There UN missions. So it is clear there has been a shift in what trusts its police force and respects the work it does, policing is an essential element of any stable, secure and the international community is trying to achieve when it the police have a much better chance of combating both politicians and police that without the public’s trust peaceful society. individual officers are held by their community. It is true for agrees to enter into a peacekeeping agreement. criminality and promoting stability and security across we have no legitimacy in the eyes of our community which the community.

20 pearls in policing 2010 navigating the way ahead 21 Driebergen, The Netherlands 52° 3’ 28” North 5° 17’ 25” East

A nation’s ability to uphold the rule-of-law has a direct continue to work in close collaboration with domestic accountability are vital elements, helping to ensure the impact on peace and stability, which in turn has a and international law enforcement agencies, and other police retain trust in the community. key government partners. minimise criminal behaviour and other activities which positive influence on the ability of law enforcement to I am proud to say that in Australia, we have a history undermine a government’s legitimacy. As Lord Ashdown Conferences such as Pearls in Policing provide one of police accountability across all jurisdictions. And has said “We lovingly forget that item number one is avenue for the Australian Federal Police to raise issues whatever our political leanings, the nation’s political always the rule of law. It is not elections, I’m afraid. If you and discuss possible solutions with agencies who may leaders are committed to upholding and promoting have elections before you establish the rule of law then be dealing with the same problem but from diverse the rule-of-law. The very nature of our system allows all you do is elect the criminals who ran the war. What perspectives. For example, people smuggling is an us to experience ongoing peace, effective policing and you create is not a democracy, but a criminally captured insidious crime that affects source, destination and adherence to the principles of natural justice. But it is state.” An essential ingredient needed to uphold the rule- never wise to be complacent, and in navigating the way of-law is the presence of an effective civilian police force. transit countries differently. The latest figures from ahead we must remain vigilant to the undercurrents and We cannot become complacent about what we are doing. This leads me to pose the question – what is an effective the United Nations suggest there are around 42 million tides that could push us onto rocky shoals. It is important that police leaders use forums such as civilian police force? them are refugees. displaced people worldwide, and more than 15 million of Pearls in Policing to discuss what is working in their own The increasing complexity and interconnected nature of jurisdictions, and what isn’t. The damage caused both The Australian Federal Police has done an enormous The provision of justice, however, requires more than today’s globalised environment means that more than immediately as the result of a terrorist attack, and in its amount over the past decade to ensure its activities are effective policing. Justice is the sum total of all activities ever before, policing agencies are becoming involved in a aftermath, means we must ensure counter-terrorism relevant and meeting the community’s expectation to undertaken by the legal and law enforcement system. range of multi-agency and multi-jurisdictional operations. remains a key priority of law enforcement. combat criminality and protect Australian interests. To And partnerships of one kind be effective in this role, the Australian Federal Police will or another are fundamental to “An essential ingredient needed to The challenge, both The provision of justice includes: ensuring the success of such overseas and in Australia, the investigation and prosecution of a crime endeavours. uphold the rule of law is the presence lies in harnessing the the ability of judge and jury to assess whether • of an effective civilian police force. This separate roles and a defendant is guilty • I have spoken about the risk leads me to pose the question – what is legislative mandates of the fairness of any sentence which is serious and organized crime the agencies involved. We handed down an effective civilian police force?” • poses to national security. need to work together to the conditions under which the sentence is achieve agreed outcomes served issue we face, and we cannot let down our guard. It is in a way that ensures national, or perhaps more • Terrorism is another significant and whether the outcome helps to deter other important to remain focused on identifying, disrupting accurately global, security activities are carried out in criminals from engaging in similar activities • and prosecuting those who seek to promote terror and a complementary, rather than competitive way. And undermine our society. we cannot predict the future. Who knows what is lying around the corner? From a policing perspective, the provision of justice is mainly concerned with ensuring that investigations a broader, whole-of-government strategy that aims The journey will continue to challenge us, and we will We need to consider how law enforcement can fit into are carried out fairly, and that all avenues of inquiry to build resilience to extremist ideologies across the need to continue to work together to address the issues are followed diligently. Investigators must also ensure community, as well as investigate and prosecute those that arise. that the brief of evidence they provide to prosecutors who engage in terrorism-related activities. On a global contains all the information needed to pursue the case *Excerpt drawn from the Minister for Home Affairs’ successfully. It is important that police activities can be international effort to build security and establish peace official website. scale, we need to look at how such actions fit into the reviewed by independent authorities. Transparency and in nations such as Afghanistan.

22 pearls in policing 2010 navigating the way ahead 23 Ruud Bik President Curatorium International Police Leadership Chief Constable National Police Agency (KLPD) The Netherlands

The autistic nature of law enforcement is a risk Approval by the subjects depends on the belief that the governance is right and proper. Curatorium International Police Leadership President and The Netherlands National Police Agency Chief Constable Trust and The IALG recognised legitimacy, in terms of law enforcement, Ruud Bik’s key concern for police in the future is the autistic nature of law enforcement agencies. to be a multidimensional concept which was achieved through

the combination of three interlinked elements, namely: a moral By acting as isolated bodies, he says, police can’t see the Legitimacy alignment between the governance and the governed; the feeling full picture and therefore risk becoming ineffective. It is amongst citizens they had an obligation to obey; and the legal right critical for police leaders to evolve their organizations to to govern. They determined legitimacy was the very foundation of be engaged and socially aware. police authority and stated ‘a legitimate police force demonstrates to The Australian Federal Police hosted the executives and politicians and the focus on “I believe police operate in a manner that is too isolated its citizens why its access to and exercise of power is rightful and why fourth annual Pearls in Policing conference public concerns and media relations. from their social surroundings,” he said. “The outside those subjected to its power have a corresponding duty to obey’. It world is seen as unfamiliar and unsafe. A wall is erected The importance of trust and legitimacy around our organizations and outside signals are in Sydney, Australia from 13 to 15 June ignored.” over the world attended the event, which Research indicates the failure of public 2010. Law enforcement executives from all was identified police legitimacy is highly dependant on the trust and followed the theme Navigating the Way institution to command trust and confidence of citizens. Mr Bik perceives law enforcement organizations are Trust definition Ahead. legitimacy results in an ineffectiveness and, all experiencing the same challenges and that policing Pearls Trust is a broad concept but generally refers to reliance on the is the same anywhere in the world. “When it comes to The IALG delivered the event’s feature in Policing delegates therefore recognised integrity, strength and ability of a person or organization. In terms of police systems, however, there is a wide range of systems, ultimately, redundancy. The 2009 presentation, which explored the topic of it was fundamentally important for law operating in many different societal contexts,” he said. morality element of legitimacy and the integrity of the governance. public trust and police legitimacy. Research enforcement agencies to place a renewed policing, the IALG identified trust as being intrinsically linked to the They found trust was predominantly determined by the public “Our jurisdictions may be different in each case, but projects undertaken by three other essentially it’s all about expertise, how good we are at our perception that police are honest, benevolent and competent. working groups were also considered by maintain relevance into the future. job. And the more we know about one another’s policing focus on achieving public confidence to the delegates on the topics of international systems, the better we can work together.” Mr Bik believes cooperation, new media and leading Legitimacy definition Research shows public trust levels are adversely impacted as the it all boils down to tactics, technology, specializations, information and organization systems. organizational change. result of increased crime, but trust does not correspondingly increase right to govern, and the recognition by the when crime rates drop. Gaining trust was found more closely related The IALG defined legitimacy as the lawful “If we don’t lead the debate, before we Several esteemed academics and impartial governed of that right. A high degree of to the intangible enhanced feeling of safety in the community. know it other people will have decided observers attended the conference, legitimacy means the governed approve of what’s good for policing.” the authority and feel obliged to comply. Trust, legitimacy and law enforcement Trust and legitimacy are complex and interrelated concepts, but at the group. Breaking down the barriers to navigate the potential presenting their findings and feedback to times make uneasy partners. tumultuous way ahead will require a culture change. Mr International Pearl Fishers Bik is currently busy transforming his organization, “I Action Learning Group input want to make it a more professional police service than The four dimensions of trust and legitimacy are: what it is now.” he says. procedural justice (due process, fairness in law) The IALG was tasked with exploring Mr Bik foresees possible road blocks during this distributive justice (non-discrimination of service delivery, opportunities for enhancing police • transition phase which stems from a resistance to change respect of diversity, social inclusion) legitimacy and public trust, taking into • from within the organization and while he recognises service performance (police competence and integrity) consideration the dark side of police risk management (prevention, detection, intervention) achieve he ultimately knows that it will be rewarding organizations, accountability, mutual • that implementing a revised culture will be difficult to understanding between law enforcement • serves. and beneficial to the organization and the community it

navigating the way ahead 25 Jens Henrik Højbjerg National Commissioner Jerusalem, Israel Danish National Police 31° 46’ 54” North Denmark 35° 13’ 0” East

Shift towards an intuitive policing model institutions, but emphasised declining trust levels was a concerning organization to be legitimate in times of low trust due to Macro historical changes accompanied by new trend that needed to be more comprehensively addressed. Improving The IALG identified it is possible for a police National Commissioner Jens Henrik Højbjerg of the Danish its legal status. Conversely, high public trust may reduce millennium global and glocal changes include: trust, they said, should be considered the new Return on Investment’. National Police believes it is important to continuously the need for procedural safeguards. climate change strive for high ethical standards. “In Denmark we don’t have terrorism resulting in higher compliance rates, ultimately reducing crime and corruption,” he said. “I think we have high ethical standards, • That is, trust increases legitimacy, which improves public confidence, but we need to work on it all the time. It is very important natural disasters creating safer communities. • we don’t feel too secure about it, not too relaxed about it.” economic crisis Trust and legitimacy levels are influenced by both • include human resources, budgets, governance, the rise of social media Future Mr Højbjerg considers culture as the collective inner stories internal and external factors. Internal influencers • The IALG participants’ key message was that the future is not a single • technology, asymmetrical threats and social changes. path development that can be predicted. However, key drivers can legitimacy. “We need to identify the different aspects of structure and culture. External influencers include of officers and can either work to enhance or diminish be mapped and analysed, assumptions made and a range of possible culture,” he said. “Then we must keep all the good value and get rid of the rest. I want to focus on the inner stories of my Past adversely impact on public trust levels and ultimately futures determined. Within that range a preferred future model The IALG identified that if ignored, these changes could In order to understand the current state of trust and the effectiveness of police. officers.” Mr Højbjerg believes it is critical police leaders have a can be identified and actively constructed through organizational last century’s macro historical changes had profound Present environment, society, technology, and nature of policing. comprehensive understanding of organizational cultures legitimacy the IALG revisited the past. They identified strategic planning. The key drivers identified by the IALG were the effects on public trust and legitimacy. Research demonstrates that trust and legitimacy have when implementing change. “I live in a society that is constantly changing,” he said. “I need to see to it that my been declining for several years around the world Inner stories organization is also constantly changing. So it is extremely Research shows declining trust is most likely to occur when a citizen important that I understand the culture, its strengths and The macro changes were: number of reasons for declining levels of public trust. experiences negative interaction with police. It is for this reason its weaknesses.” and across institutional sectors. The IALG identified a social diversity changed values and They included increased public expectations, recent high the IALG determined that the nature of policing is the most critical expectations of communities element of police legitimacy and trust. The nature of policing refers • the future is the continued shift towards a proactive, the universal human rights issue granting increased police access, poor frontline to the ‘inner stories’ or subconscious perspectives of individuals. It Mr Højbjerg anticipates the most significant change in profile public safety incidents, new media technologies preventative and intuitive policing model. This globalisation is hitting on the physical barriers processes and police culture. • and social boundaries we protect and ultimately determines the way they interact with citizens. • creates a series of assumptions, which dictates behaviour of officers, the proliferation of the information age The IALG recognised police organizations are still transformation will require officers who are engaged, adaptable, flexible and motivated. political changes relatively well placed when compared to other public “In Denmark we are already in constant dialogue with our • Common assumptions which are the result of negative inner own society,” he said. “We have a system where we go out • and ask our clients, our citizens, how they see our service.” stories within police organizations include: “leave it to us” “It is very important that policing is more “we know best” • than what the people want. “We have to “we always have to be the leaders” • help them to understand what they need “we are the good guys – it’s us versus them” because we are the professionals, the • “ you need to trust and respects us, but we don’t have to specialists, who see the whole picture.” • trust and respect you”. • Mr Højbjerg feels he can maintain legitimacy into the future by evolving his work force to meet new demands and expectations.

Police culture Inner stories collaboratively determine the accepted practices, informal rules and social norms, which form police culture. The IALG research found police agencies around the world shared common

26 pearls in policing 2010 navigating the way ahead 27 Peter Ng Commissioner Copenhagen, Denmark Singapore Police Force 55° 41’ 47” North Singapore 12° 34’ 23” East

Never excused from exercising our values force on a suspect believed to have committed a serious crime. illegality. For example a keen and zealous officer may use unlawful Courage, loyalty, integrity and fairness are the Confused role underpinning values of the Singapore Police Force.

wrongs right and risk their lives to safeguard society. The The traditional role of a police officer to ‘enforce’ is evolving to There is an expectation for officers to speak the truth, set involve more service provision. In this perspective officers have a situation. The IALG recognises it is not always easy to strike the right that is unbiased, never forsaking ethics to achieve an dual role to play and are expected to be flexible and adaptable to each organization demands that officers police in a manner balance, thereby undermining legitimacy and trust. objective.

Singapore Police Force Commissioner Peter Ng requires Mistrust between management and the street cops

The IALG found misunderstandings and miscommunication between off duty. his officers uphold the organization’s values both on and

a challenge to translate strategic policing and policies into action “I tell my officers we are never excused management and frontline officers resulted in mistrust. There is without distortion. from exercising our values. They apply 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days Scenarios a year, year after year. They apply for as long as we remain police officers.” and the nature of policing, four possible futures were determined. In considering main influences of environmental, social, economic Mr Ng says pledging to act in the best interest of their Jürgen Ebner, Bundeskriminalamt, Germany Edwina Lau, Hong Kong Police country is a condition of appointment. He says police also promise to strive for excellence, act with courtesy and Four possible futures are: elements of police culture, even in diverse political, humanity when dealing with the public. socio-economic and cultural backgrounds. police culture that inhibited law enforcement agencies solving. But, the IALG identified negative aspects of reactive, enforcement focused, low tech capabilities). form reaching full potential. They included a lack of • Firefighting/Business as Usual (gap between rich and poor, what we say,” he said. “It is the responsibility of police communication, little external collaboration, under “As police officers we have to do what we mean and mean isolation) leaders to do everything in their power to ensure the Common elements that shape elements of police delivering on high community expectations, creating • Orwellian/Police State (Big Brother, force oriented, fear, organization acts in a fair and just manner.” Patchwork and Self Service (fragmented, tribal) culture are: bureaucracy and red tape and being overly secretive. The • Recognising the standards are exceptionally high, Mr Ng says this is necessary in order to achieve legitimacy. “In as: • Preferred Future (flexible, adaptable, innovative, strategic) • Police officers face dangerous situations IALG broadly identified the darker aspects of this culture my view, public trust and police legitimacy start with come into contact with citizens • Police officers by the very nature of their work police enacting the organization’s core values,” he said. The danger of brotherhood Preferred Future The IALG recommended police organizations move towards the use force Police duties emphasise teamwork and cooperation • Police officers have authority and discretion to Preferred Future model. This model is about being adaptable, “Not everyone can be a police officer. amongst colleague. While loyalty is essential in “It is a vocation that requires a calling. It demands full resilient, proactive, community-focused, preventative and service- group by their uniforms or functions. dangerous situations, the dark side of this culture personal dedication, all of the time.” Legitimacy is also • Police officers are easily identified as a separate based. The group determined this model could be achieved by achieved by the Singapore Police Force by adhering to a service pledge, which states the target response times of misconduct. making changes in organizational structures, competencies, tools, manifests when officers fail to act on another officer’s learning opportunities, networking and partnerships. Strong leaders The common themes in police work have generated conducted and the results published annually. will be needed to transform their organizations for example by certain cultural norms, also referred to as the ‘thin blue Externality of the can-do officers. Internal audits of service response times are then trusting in order to be trusted, offering a balance of service (proactive line’. There are many positives of police culture such as Mr Ng says monitoring of service targets is an additional policing) and force (law enforcement) and leading to be followed. community leadership, the management of crises, the try their best to accomplish a task. However, ‘overdoing’ A can-do attitude is positive in that it drives an officer to Using future tools and future mapping police leaders can facilitate an is achieved. encouragement of team work and collaborative problem means of ensuring citizens are satisfied and public trust

can sometimes lead an officer to act on the verge of

28 pearls in policing 2010 navigating the way ahead 29 Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania 6° 47’ 48” South 39° 15’ 24” East

organizational culture change and ultimately achieve in competence. Whilst robust internal control is viewed focusing on the social media should be considered in the vision of being a ‘true’ partner in public safety. as a credible tool to gain public trust, deep-rooted order to seize the opportunity for direct dialogue. organizational culture may pose obstacles to change. Tasking considerations Conclusion Mutual understanding between state politicians and police The IALG determined the impact of police culture on The state needs to acknowledge the potential danger of The IALG used their research findings to consider the task. Their four papers are summarised as follows: risking police legitimacy when making political demands underestimated. They determined it was essential to various aspects of policing identified in their assignment trust and legitimacy has historically been significantly relating to their actions. Police and state politicians reform the negative inner stories of individuals to renew The dark side of police organizations should formulate new strategies of collaboration when police culture and achieve the Preferred Future. Police culture is grounded in history and tradition. The handling contentious issues, especially those involving dark side does not only represent deliberate acts of civil liberties. Balancing competing interests is a delicate criminality or corruption, but is the genuine will to get act and the police will need to demonstrate to the were that police believed they were to some degree The most significant cultural concerns they identified the job done, but at a cost. A shift in culture is necessary community that they are answerable to the public rather white knights, members of a brotherhood or Christians so that operation effectiveness can be maintained under than the government. in the Colosseum. In order to achieve the preferred Academic input conditions in which decision and actions are value- based, not results driven. Public concerns and media relations IALG recommended a transformation of police culture Professors Willy Bruggeman, Hugo Frühling, Christopher future of having a flexible adaptable workforce, the An effective public-media relations strategy is essential Stone and Pieter Tops considered the topic of public Accountability to project a positive public image. A proactive approach town’. trust and police legitimacy at the academic conference. so officers don’t believe that they are ‘the only show in Both external and internal accountability mechanisms to cultivate a shared vision is crucial to establishing are essential. Over-reliance on external control can mutual understanding, legitimacy and trust. With the tasked with completing a major assignment under They shared their findings with the IALG who were rise of citizen journalist, direct community engagement Active measures to improve police culture, enhance the same topics. The academics also conducted a legitimacy and ultimately reduce crime include: Pearls in Policing Discussion stifle initiative and flexibility and lead to the reduction trusting to be trusted Dinner, held on the opening night of the conference. presentation at the 2010 police not alone in law enforcement The key point made in the presentation was the distinct • leading to be followed link between legitimacy and crime rates. Prof. Frühling • • trusts police and accepts law enforcement agencies defined legitimacy as the degree to which the public as governing bodies. High levels of legitimacy, he said, external world was currently outpacing the ability tended to result in legal compliance and consequentially They identified the changes experienced by the of police organizational change. Should this trend reduced crime rates. “Police seen to be trustworthy and continue the IALG determined police risked becoming legitimate are accepted by the public,” he said. “High levels of trust by the community reduced incidence of the IALG advised police leaders it was essential to crime.” outdated, inefficient and redundant. To combat this,

intellectually agile. They recommended if skills are Prof. Tops agreed with Prof. Frühling that high levels of evolve their organization to be flexible, innovative and not currently available internally to source externally legitimacy resulted in lower crimes rates, but says the and hire to the needs of the agency. Furthermore, the reverse did not hold true. He said it is therefore essential IALG recommended obtaining new and non-traditional for police to create safer communities by enhancing partners. To align and re-align in order to stay relevant public trust and police legitimacy. and attract a diverse workforce and posed the question; don’t ask why they are not attracted to us, ask why we “Levels of trust and legitimacy are based on the way the are not attractive to them? police monopoly is used,” he said. “Using too much force Janice Armstrong, Royal Canadian Mounted Police Grant Stevens, South Australian Police

30 pearls in policing 2010 navigating the way ahead 31 Hong Kong 22° 16’ 44” North 114° 10’ 5” East Luxembourg 49° 37’ 29” North 6° 7’ 14” East

will reduce levels of public trust, but police will need it into the future, although there were varying views as to whether the term ‘customer’ should be used. for enforcement. A fine balance is required.” Prof. Tops pointed out current police legitimacy levels expectations between different communities. Challenges identified include the likelihood of conflicting were relatively high compared to numerous other Delegates expressed agreement on the notion there was sectors but warned it was crucial police agencies act now both an expectation and a need for policing to become to preserve public trust. He said a disenchanted public increasingly preventative rather than reactive, although could potentially result in the creation of alternative, the need for enforcement strongly remained. maligned authorities. It was recognised that by engaging with key community “It is important to maintain the legitimacy because leaders this would likely lead to higher levels of police in Western society, people are legitimacy and public trust as continuously in search of new opposed to using rules and an authority,” he said. “Police need “The nature of policing enforcement model. Delegates to become more accountable and communicate in an open and fair refers to the ‘inner and challenges in using new also identified both opportunities way.” stories’ or subconscious technologies and social media as perspectives of a communications means. Prof. Christopher Stone considered the future relevancy of police to individuals. It creates a Highlighted was the need to have be a matter of professionalism, of series of assumptions, more dialogue and enhanced which legitimacy was an element. information sharing between “Legitimacy is not from law,” which dictates behaviour he said. “Legitimacy is earned of officers, and ultimately and police organizations and managers and frontline officers, through interaction with the determines the way they citizens. It was recognised police public. Legitimacy is about trust organizations also needed to interact with citizens.” interact more with each other at the public.” local, national and international and confidence that comes from levels. Accountability, innovation and national and international coherence were also essential elements of Delegates strongly agreed training and recruitment professionalism. “Accountability is a part of legitimacy practices would play an increasingly important role in in a democratic society,” he said. “It relates to conduct, renewing and improving organization culture by way costs, levels of crime and levels of safety of both of individual inner stories. individuals and organizations.” It was also recognised that a diverse workforce would Discussion need to be recruited into the future to improve police culture and communications. There was a general consensus amongst delegates that policing would need to become more service-oriented Building Legitimacy

32 pearls in policing 2010 navigating the way ahead 33 International Pearl Fishers Action Learning Group 2009/10

Leading up to the 2010 Pearls in Policing conference, members of the 2009/10 IALG were encouraged to share on the challenges they may face as future leaders of their their thoughts on the future of law enforcement and reflect police jurisdictions.

well as an overview of the IALG seminar cycle and futures This booklet contains the IALG participant’s reflections as learning as presented to the participants by the IALG Academic Advisor, Prof. Sohail Inayatullah.

The 15 short interviews are positioned in a seperate section of the conference report emphasizing their valuable role in future Peace, Police and Justice. International Pearl Fishers Action Learning Group 2009-2010

Overview in discussions, which followed the theme of integrated policing, with

Participants were also introduced to futures learning and methodology reference to Canada’s preparations for the 2010 Winter Olympics. presented by Professor Inayatullah. Pearls in Policing The 2009/10 IALG members participated in a 12-month leadership development programme in the lead up to the 2010 Seminar 2 planning in recognition that the future of law enforcement is inherently conference. The programme focused on forward-thinking and strategic uncertain. The second seminar was held in The Hague, The Netherlands from 28 In participating in the studies programme, the IALG systematically February to 5 March 2010. The IALG participants used the seminar to explored, created and tested possible and desirable futures. The group share research findings gathered since the Vancouver event. Participants themselves. As part of the seminar programme, Prof. Inayatullah led was also tasked with a major assignment on the topic of public trust and identified the next steps of their assignment and divided tasks amongst an ‘open space ’meeting with colleagues of Dutch law enforcement en police legitimacy. previous IALG participants. Participants also visited and engaged in discussions with national and international law enforcement colleagues, renowned academics and well respected private sector executives and opportunities and conduct research on their assignment topic. Academic The 15 IALG members met three times to participate in action learning advisors, Professor Willy Bruggeman and Professor Sohail Inayatullah guided the group through their learning journey and provided feedback were welcomed for in depth exchange by both the Commissioner General Amsterdam in his residence. throughout the year. of the Belgian Federal Police during a visit to Antwerp and the Mayor of

Seminar 3 Seminar 1 The third seminar of the IALG was conducted in Sydney, Australia from

The first of the IALG seminars was held in Vancouver, Canada from 1 where participants networked and founded their working relationships. 6 to 14 June 2010. The seminar predominantly consisted of collecting the to 6 November 2009. The seminar featured a getting-to-know session Pearls in Policing conference. Participants demonstrated Participants shared information on the risk and threat environments of final research findings and producing a collaborative presentation for their futures understanding by incorporating important elements of their countries in order to provide their colleagues with a global context use at the 2010 futures studies into their presentation. The event also included several of safety and security.

Police who conducted a demonstration on Sydney Harbour. The second learning opportunities, the first provided by New South Wales Water was a visit to a police station in a marginalised Sydney suburb, where the During the Vancouver seminar, the IALG was tasked by Toronto Police station manager had succeeded in reducing crime through community Pearls in Policing conference and spent time working to scope Commissioner Bill Blair with its major assignment for presentation at engagement. their project. Participants listened to presentations and participated the 2010 ‘Questioning the Future: the six pillars of futures studies’

Article by Prof. Sohail Inayatullah

The IALG under the guidance and leadership of the futurist Professor Sohail Inayatullah explored futures thinking and its practical applications in a policing context.

Futures studies is the systematic study of possible, probable and preferable futures, and of the world views and myths that underpins each future.

Futures studies research is concerned not only with forecasting the future, interpreting the future and critiquing the future, but also with using anticipatory action learning, and with creating the possibility of alternative worlds, authentic futures. Asian cities have unconsciously followed this pattern. They have forgotten their own traditions where village life and community were Foundational futures concepts There are six basic concepts of futures thinking: the used future; the ways to create new futures, or continue to go along with the future being central, where living with nature was important. Now they must find disowned future; alternative futures; alignment; models of social change; discarded elsewhere. This used future is leading to a global crisis of fresh and uses of the future. water depletion, climate change, not to mention human dignity.

Used future Disowned future future? Is your image of the future, your desired future, yours or is it The first is the concept of the used future. Have you purchased a used The second concept is the disowned future (see Stone and Stone, 1989; unconsciously borrowed from someone else? Homer. What we excel at becomes our downfall. And we do not see Inayatullah, 2007). Our excellence is our fatal flaw, said the Greek writer this because we are busy focusing on our strategic plans. It is the self When we look at Asian cities, we see that they tend to follow the same disowned, the future pushed away, that comes back to haunt us. The pattern of urban development that western cities did generations busy executive, focused on achievements, only in later life remembers his now believe that they were mistaken. Instead of spending billions on about his inner life. The organization focused on a strategic goal denies ago (Inayatullah, 2004a). And yet many, if not most, western mayors children. It is later in life that he begins to think about work-life balance, unplanned growth, development without vision, they should have the exact resources it may need to truly succeed. focused on creating liveable communities. They should have kept green public spaces separating developed regions. They now understand that In the story of the tortoise and the hare; we often focus on the hare – their image of the future – of unbridled growth without concern for wanting to be the quickest and the smartest – but it is the tortoise, our nature or liveability – led to the gigantic megacities where while many had jobs, they suffered in almost every other way. reflective self that may have the answer to the future. Plans go astray not because of a lack of effective strategy but because Often we envision a particular future, and yet how we measure this the act of creating a particular direction ignores other personal and future, our organizational indicators, have no relationship to that vision. organizational selves. The challenge is to integrate our disowned selves: Thus the vision fails, because everyone knows the vision is there for for the school principal to remember what it was like to be a child, to use show so as to appear to look modern. While enabling and ennobling us, her child self to create curriculum; for the army general to discover the part of him that can negotiate, that can learn from others. This means the vision must link to the day-to-day realities; our day-to-day measures must reflect the vision. softer and more paradoxical Taoist approach. There is also inner alignment. Often an organization or individual has a moving futures closer: from a goal oriented neo-Darwinian approach to a particular strategy of the future – to achieve a certain goal, but its inner

contradiction to this external reality. Thus there is a disconnect between map does not reflect that strategy. The inner map may even be in direct what the leader may say or do or wish others to do and the inner map

how the organization sees itself. Is it youthful or mature? How does the of the organization. The challenge is first to discern the inner map – organization imagine the future? Does your organization believe the

versa. future is random? The inner map needs to reflect the outer map, and visa

Social change

future is positive and you can do something about it? Or is the future The fifth concept is your model of social change. Do you believe that the bleak and there is nothing you can do about it? Or is the future already given, created by prophecy? Or do you believe the future is not given, Alternative futures Seminar 1: Vancouver but created by our daily actions, and thus we must take the ‘‘bull by the The third concept is alternative futures. We often believe that there is horns’’. Or perhaps you believe that the future is cyclical, everyone has a only one future. We cannot see the alternatives, and thus we make the turn and the most effective strategy is to be patient. same mistakes over and over. But by looking for alternatives, we may see something new. We are not caught in the straitjacket of one future. If our Use of the future particular future does not occur, we do not die from emotional shock, The sixth concept is the use of the future. Futures thinking can simply be rather, we learn how to adapt to changing conditions. about foresight training, helping individuals and organizations with new competencies and new skills. Alternative futures thinking reminds us that while we cannot predict a particular future always accurately, by focusing on a range of At a deeper level, futures thinking can help create more effective alternatives, we can better prepare for uncertainty, indeed, to some strategy. By understanding the alternative, used and disowned futures, extent embrace uncertainty. organizations can become far more innovative.

Alignment Futures thinking can create capacity. It is not so much predicting correctly or getting the right strategy, that is, using the right tools, but

The fourth concept is alignment. We need to align our day-to-day with the broader bigger picture, and the bigger picture with our vision problem-based approach with strategy and we need to align strategy about enhancing our confidence to create futures that we desire. and the vision with our day-to-day. Futures methods thus decolonize the world we think we may want – they 6. challenge our basic concepts. Enhancing capacity empowers individuals move toward your preferred future? And finally, how might you get there? What steps can you take to – this liberates and is threatening for many as the safety of having others make decisions for one is taken away. Futures questions are summarized thus: will; fear; hidden assumptions; alternative futures; preferred future; and next steps.

Pillars Along with these basic concepts, futures studies has six pillars. They are:

1. Mapping – begins the process of understanding the future. Past, present and future are scanned and the basic landscape of the future is outlined. In the mapping process, understanding history is crucial. As important is discerning critical drivers, dominant and recessive images and barriers to change.

Where have we been? Where are we today? Where

Mapping asks: data base for the other pillars. are we going? Mapping provides the quantitative and qualitative

Questions Seminar 2: The Hague The tools used include shared history, the futures triangle and the One way to create the future you may desire is to respond to these six futures landscape. basic futures questions: 2. Anticipation – is generally focused on emerging issues and trend 1. What do you think the future will be like? What is your prediction? analysis. This pillar focuses on forecasting but not in a precise sense. Rather, the goal is to search for the seeds of change, to identify them revolution? Environmental catastrophe? Why? before they sprout. More and more progress and wealth? A dramatic technological

2. Which future are you afraid of? Random acts of violence? Do you think you can transform this future to a desired future? Why or why not?

3. What are the hidden assumptions of your predicted future? Are

there some taken-for-granted assumptions (about gender, or nature or technology or culture etc)? 4. What are some alternatives to your predicted or feared future? If you change some of your assumptions, what alternatives emerge?

5. What is your preferred future? Which future do you wish to become reality for yourself or your organization? The tools used include emerging issues analysis as this method 6. Transforming the future – visioning desired futures, action disturbs conventional categories of the future but also has a learning. Focused on creating the desired future. This creation predictive dimension. occurs through visioning the desired future, backcasting from the future to the present and articulating action learning strategies to achieve the desired.

The future thus has six foundational concepts, six questions and six pillars.

As the world becomes increasingly heterogeneous, as events from far away places dramatically impact how, where, when, why and with whom we live and work, futures studies can help us recover our agency. By mapping the past, present and future; by anticipating future issues and their consequences; by being sensitive to the grand patterns of change; by deepening our analysis to include worldviews and myths and metaphors; by creating alternative futures; and by choosing a preferred and backcasting ways to realize the preferred, we can create the world

3. Timing Seminar 3: Sydney we wish to live in. change. This is not an exercise in forecasting but in understanding the future or Macrohistory – the study of grand patterns of the contours of change. To search for deeper patterns of change, to Futures thinking does not wish to condemn us to hope alone. understand the stages of history and the shape of the future and to ask questions that give insight into the structure of the future. *Excerpt drawn from Professor Sohail Inayatullah’s book on Questioning the Future: Methods and Tools for Organizational and Societal The tools used include the theories of macrohistorians such as Ibn Transformation. Khaldun, P.R. Sarkar, Pitrim Sorokin, Johan Galtung, Arnold Toynbee and Riance Eisler to help understand what might be in the future.

4. Deepening the future or understanding ways of knowing – often the future is given to us unquestioned but by entering ways of knowing one can begin to explore the different ways of knowing which helps to unpack the future and to entertain and enter alternative cultures and perspectives. This involves a move from what we know, to what we don’t know, to what we don’t know we don’t know.

The tools used include causal layered analysis to deepen the future.

5. Creating alternatives – scenarios and social design. Alternatives can be expressed in scenarios, but scenarios not necessarily designed to produce strategy. Alternatives can be deeper; about different ways of timing the world for example about creating new dimensions of the future including social innovation. Janice Armstrong Jürgen Ebner

Officer and Assistant Commander Head Lower Mainland District Strategic Planning and Early Detection Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) Bundeskriminalamt (BKA) Canada Germany

Develop a workforce succession plan Understand different views

“There is not one single challenge, there is a series of challenges for

Complex crime and complex public safety are two major challenges Armstrong says police will need to be ready for in the future. Jürgen Ebner said. Lower Mainland District Officer and Assistant District Commander Janice future police leaders,” Criminal Police Office Head of Section Federal

“Complex crimes which will feature most heavily in serious budget cuts and this is immediately linked to priorities.” policing include technology crime, cyber crime, genetics “The first one will be related to resources. In Germany, we will have and bio terrorism.” One of the priorities that will need to stay at the top of the list, according “These are the emerging trends, but ultimately the sky’s the limit,” she said. “If you can think of it, it is probably already out there happening.” to Mr Ebner, is addressing internet-related crime. “We have to think about what is acceptable,” he said. We need to look at it with the perspective of people of the next generation who know how essential step in ensuring the organization is prepared. use it.” She believes developing strong and influential leaders will be an

“We need to do a better job at succession planning because leaders come revolution is also causing massive shifts in social environments around and go very quickly,” she said. “We also need to look at internal structures Apart from triggering new kinds of crime, Mr Ebner says the internet and ask; Are we training properly? Should we be leading differently?” the world.

This includes the development of online communities and fragmentation increasingly important to share knowledge and resources between of traditional society. To address matters of public safely, Ms Armstrong says it will become police agencies on a local, national and international scale.

said. “Several elements they will need are good communication skills and “Leaders in the future will have to manoeuvre in a difficult world,” he traditional partners and engage the community. an ability to address the right people in the right way.” It will also be essential to build working relationships with non-

“In regards to public safety, it is everyone’s responsibility,” she said. “A future police leader will need both academic and professional experience, and to understand the different “There will be a lot of times when the police will be the quarterback, but views of the police, politician and the public.” we need lots of players on our team.” “To a certain extent if leaders earn trust and legitimacy, one would expect them to have the right amount of authority,” he said. They won’t need to an organization that has its integrity intact and is capable of adapting, order people but will lead them the right way.” At the end of her policing career Ms Armstrong hopes to leave behind manoeuvring and shifting to meet whatever lies on the horizon.

“It all comes back to the character, competence, integrity and capability of our organizations,” she said. Mari Kalliala Steve Lancaster

Head National Manager Analysis and Planning Counter Terrorism Frontex Australian Federal Police Europe Australia

Focus on border security Be proactive instead of reactive

Leaders must work towards a policing model where emerging trends leaders need to agree on what the key law enforcement challenges are Frontex’s Head of Analysis and Planning Mari Kalliala says future police and create strategies to deal with them. are identified and potential crimes prevented, according to Australian Federal Police National Manager Counter Terrorism Steven Lancaster. One problem she expects police leaders will agree needs tackling is the ongoing issue of border security. This kind of proactive focus, Mr Lancaster believes, will best ensure catastrophic events like the September 11 terrorist attacks are avoided. “Border security is a tool to counter other kinds of threats, such as illegal “Terrorism has been around for centuries,” he said. “But when we had immigration,” she said. “It is not about building up a fortress. Everything

9/11 there was no preventative legislation.” “We can’t wait for big ticket events like this to occur. We need to be that is legal should just flow, but there needs to be a sense of security.” identifying and predicting rather than reacting.” to tackle transnational matters, adding there is also value to liaising with Ms Kalliala recognises the importance for police agencies to cooperate

dialogue with law enforcement partners and external agencies. non-law enforcement agencies. In order to be proactive and aware, Mr Lancaster says police need to have “Our thing is we are dealing with very complex issues where other authorities have a role to play,” she said. “We need to recognise when it is “People need time out from day to day pressures to our role to come in and when it is the role of others.” think about the present and future.”

“We don’t need to do everything but we need to find the “We need to engage with international partners and get an right partners and develop those relationships.” understanding of what opportunities and risks are out there for policing,” he said. enable police to conduct a more thorough analysis of a situation and Future leaders will also need to work hard to ensure the organization Improved interagency cooperation, Ms Kalliala adds, would also appropriately allocate resources.

remains cohesive and productive, Mr Lancaster adds. “One big thing for us now is to get the situational picture right,” she said. “We will really have to be in touch if we’re going to be an inspiration to “We might be putting resources into something that doesn’t make sense.” our troops,” he said. “We’ve got to understand what’s going to inspire them. It is going to be a challenge – there are different perspectives from Generation X and Y.” Edwina Lau Dr. Hans Leijtens

District Commander District Commander Lantau District Netherlands South Hong Kong Police Royal Netherlands Marechaussee Hong Kong The Netherlands

Use different types of lenses Bridge the gap between managers and frontline staff

Hong Kong and China have experienced dramatic social and economic after a century of political separation. The challenge General Leijtens has set himself as a future police leader is changes since 1997 when the two regions started the transition into unity to bridge the gap between managers and frontline staff. brought about by the merge include greater population diversity and He believes this will result in a more collaborative and inspired police Hong Kong Police District Commander Edwina Lau says social changes increased transience of people. force, which is better equipped to serve the public.

“We really have to create the space to let people really contribute, not family reunions,” she said. just to the operational activities, but to our vision,” he said. “If we win “More and more people are travelling between Hong Kong and China for

“We are seeing a greater variety of people, family over our officers’ hearts and minds, we can win over criminality.” groups and crime. Domestic violence is the key issue result in theoretical knowledge being turned into action. stemming from family unions – there are gaps in He also believes increased dialogue between leaders and officers will expectations.” “It is a very strong message to connect yourself with their work and their

world,” he said. I believe it will lead to doing things, not because it is my choice, but because it is our choice.” Ms Lau says the challenge as a future police leader in this environment will be creating policing strategies that adequately reflect the emergent crime trends. convergence of Hong Kong’s and China’s cultures and address the police organization is reviewing recruitment practices. Another step to ensuring he develops a proactive and forward-thinking “We need to be planning how the force can cater for these changes,” she “We need a critical mass of people who won’t rest, who are ambitious, who are always looking for better ways within themselves, their cooperative policing and sharing resources and training.” said. “I think we are already merging closer with China in increasing colleagues and their environment,” he said.

“We need people who are creative, flexible and smart.” consideration when creating strategies due to its potential to impact on Ms Lau anticipates new media will have to be given increasing public trust and police legitimacy.

diverse work force, with a good representation of different genders and “Policing uses a conventional media lens but now there are different Mr Leijtens would also like to see the organization evolve to have a more ethnicities. types of lenses,” she said. “Now every citizen can be a journalist – they are even using mobile phones to film police.” Zoltán Nagy Ans Rietstra

Head Chief Constable Serious Crime Coordination Unit Noord-Holland-Noord Europol Regional Police Service Europe The Netherlands

Improve resource sharing and Enhance community engagement cooperation Declining levels of public trust is a problem police will need to address in

Regional Police Service Ans Rietstra. anticipates future police leaders will need to enhance international the coming years, according to Chief Constable of Noord-Holland-Noord Europol’s Head of Serious Crime Coordination Unit Zoltán Nagy cooperation in order to combat the emerging trend of organized crime.

In particular, he believes, the increased sharing of technological and She believes facilitating engagement between her officers and the community will be the first step in improving relations. human resources will be critical in addressing transnational offences “The most important thing to do in my jurisdiction is to set up my people such as facilitated migration and the exploitation of energy supplies. like they really want to communicate with the community,” she said. “I want my staff to be really interested in the public’s needs, their wants “This is a shrinking world and internationally police should be relying more and more on each other,” he said. “We need to be better coordinated and make better use of resources. We need to coexist, accept and their expectations so we can really fit that in with our policing.” each other’s views and make compromises.” The biggest hurdle Ms Rietstra expects to face in achieving this goal is methods. getting her officers to expand their views and be accepting of policing cooperation would result in police leaders having a greater Mr Nagy says beyond resource sharing, improved international “We need to become adaptive people, curious people,” she said. understanding of the global context of a situation. “We are already curious in a crime way, but we also “We need to be scanning the environment beyond our have to be curious in a people way.” own jurisdictions.”

management team will be instrumental in evolving the culture of her helicopter view,” he said. She says developing an open-minded, visionary and influential “No national police force is able to see the full picture. We need to take a organization.

“We need modest leaders who know what they’re talking about and gains for transformation as vital ingredients for policing in the future. Mr Nagy lists maintaining the capacity to learn and using knowledge know what they want,” she said. “They need to lead a culture change.

“We must learn from each other and be constantly looking out for the things we don’t yet know,” he said. Until then we can’t really enhance public trust.” leadership style in instigating organizational change. As Chief Constable, Ms Rietstra recognises the importance of her

“The biggest obstacle is being a leader that wants to be followed,” she said. “I must be inspirational.” Phillippe Schrantz Helen Skelton

Director Deputy Director Human Resources Intelligence Grand-Ducal Police Serious and Organized Crime Agency Luxembourg United Kingdom

Be transparent and accountable Create a learning organization

Phillippe Schrantz has the goal of repositioning his organization as a Skelton believes a traditional style of policing will only achieve status As a future police leader Police Grand-Ducale Human Resources Director Serious and Organized Crime Agency Deputy Director Intelligence Helen partner in policing. quo results in a rapidly evolving external world.

He says the organization currently has too many focus areas and needs to organization will have to embrace new ways of thinking and doing things To achieve excellent results, she says both leaders and officers within her in the future. recognise the role of other agencies and authorities in fighting crime. “I think we need to focus on the core reason for having national police,” “The communities we police have changed so much,” she said. “There in any of these police issues.” are virtual communities now and traditional neighbourhoods and he said. “Not trying as we do now to do everything and not be really good families vary greatly in culture. Our challenge is to become a learning “Identifying the roles of key partners will ensure the organization that learns at both an intellectual and emotional level.” most efficient allocation of police staff and resources.”

“The economic crisis will be quite a challenge,” he said. “We are used to Believing the whole organization needs to become more open-minded, solving problems by new means and with new human resources but in Ms Skelton says influential leaders have to instigate the culture change. the future it won’t be so easy to get money.” “We need leaders who will set the direction, who people will look up to and seek inspiration from.” scrutiny in the future and leaders will need to be transparent and “Leaders don’t need to know everything but they need to Mr Schrantz also expects police will come under increased public accountable in order to gain trust. listen and respond.”

“I think leaders should not hide behind a spokesperson, but stand in She says in the future leaders will also need to be willing to partner with front of their police in good times and bad,” he said. “That will make them other agencies and share information, ideas and resources. more credible and trustworthy.”

years we thought we’d been building relationships. But, looking back, it “The key point is the nature of the relationship,” she said. “In the last 20 future police leaders should have. has been quite transactional.” Mr Schrantz counts modesty and professionalism as other key traits It is also important to recognise the role of other authorities in

combating crime, Ms Skelton adds. “We’re not the only show in town,” she said. “We can’t do everything, nor should we do everything.” Peter Sloly Eric Snouck

Deputy Chief Deputy Director Toronto Police Service Judicial Directorate of Liege Canada Belgium

Develop a broader service delivery Improve trust levels between police model and the public

Future police leaders will need to cultivate a culture of trust within their leaders will face a multitude of challenges, both internal and external to the organization, according to Judicial Directorate of Liege Deputy Director Toronto Police Service Deputy Chief Peter Sloly recognises future police organization. Eric Snouck.

He says increased trust will lead to improved collaboration between both human resources as new generation recruits join the organization. colleagues and law enforcement agencies. The biggest internal challenge he identifies in the next 10 years is the change in

“The Millennium Generation will be a diverse group police?” he said. “Do I trust international agencies? Do I trust Europol?” culturally and linguistically.” “We need to ask questions such as, do I as a police officer trust my fellow

“They’ll come with different expectations. They won’t want to work in the “It is not natural for a police officer to trust someone else but it is an example of an inner story that we need he said. to change.” same career for 20 or 30 years and they’ll want fast professional development,” expectations in terms of service delivery. there is room to improve the way law enforcement leaders interact with Externally, he identifies a major challenge to be meeting the public’s To improve trust levels between police and the public, Mr Snouck says the media. “I think our business has to be less about law enforcement and more about development,” he said. “If that’s the case we don’t have the right skills. scene,” he said. There is a trend in politics and justice authorities to “In Belgium, the police have difficulty finding a position on the media “We need to recruit and train to realign to a broader service delivery model.” speak through spokespersons. I think our leaders need to be more present.” The challenge of meeting increasingly high expectations of both staff and situation. enforcement leaders and street cops to turn strategies into practices. citizens, Mr Sloly says, is the lack of funding due to the global financial Mr Snouck would also like to see increased dialogue between law “While we’re going to be expected to do more we’re not going to get any more money,” he said. “So evaluation will be of higher importance. We will need to no use unless we can bring them into action at a base police level.” “We need to find a way to make good ideas concrete,” he said. “They have manner.” make sure we are doing the right thing in the most efficient and economical to implement the required changes. Mr Sloly’s personal challenge as a future police leader is being capable enough like, and moving as fast as I like,” he said. “I need to make sure I don’t change “I need to find the balance between having the patience my mentors would things so fast that the organization refuses to come.” Grant Stevens Tan Hung Hooi

Assistant Commissioner Commander South Australia Police VIP Protection Australia Singapore Police Force Singapore

Build a diverse workforce Invest in stakeholder relationships will face an ongoing challenge to meet public expectations in the years to hopes to develop an organization that is prepared to meet challenges South Australia Assistant Commissioner Grant Stevens recognises police As a future police leader Commander of VIP Protection Tan Hung Hooi come. that are still evolving.

As a future leader, he plans to confront this challenge by focussing on the “Obviously technology is a big component,” he said. “We still have recruitment practices of his organization. traditional crime, but we are seeing a gradual shift towards cyber

“We will need to recruit and develop the right type of people that will technology. crime, high-tech crime and other crimes committed through the use of increase or enhance our capacity to deliver professional services to the community,” he said. This will include ensuring diversity, not just in “Another dimension is social crime as the result of cultural fusion. This ethnicity, religion or gender, but also experience, skills and perspective.” is the result of a lot of foreigners coming into Singapore including those who come to work and those who come illegally.”

He expects these changes will require a renewed organizational A diverse workforce, Mr Stevens says, will also ensure his organization is operating model. Enhanced international collaboration by way of flexible, dynamic and responsive to changes in the social environment. improving current partnerships and forming new alliances will also be changing priorities and trends in relation to crime and criminality. required. Changes he anticipates include the way society functions, its structure,

“Issues which impact on safety and the trend towards “There is certainly more scope for us to work with our partners. There environmental protection and resources may see our are many different tiers of partners but we particularly need to work focus shifting toward crimes in that arena.” with our fellow law enforcement agencies because crime isn’t just localised.” “Other trends we may need to respond to lie within emerging technologies and social networking,” he said. “Increasing police interaction with the community is crucial to the evolution of a flexible and forward- thinking force.” law enforcement agencies by putting a renewed emphasis on police Mr Stevens sees an opportunity to improve community confidence in professionalism. “Police are leaders of the community,” he said. “We need to reach out more. If we are able to establish mutual trust between us and our stakeholders, it will certainly help us a lot to achieve our mission.”

He says that includes changing the attitudes of officers to become more service-delivery focused. Generation Y citizens. Mr Tan says he is particularly keen for police to improve relations with

“By engaging them we can learn about how they may be different,” he said. “We can then consider ways to motivate these people that are different to what we have done in the past.” Pang Teck Ann

Head Research and Development, Head of Security Agencies IALG programme Royal Brunei Police Force Brunei Darussalam management

Introduce interfaith education to committee and police training advisors

Head of Research and Development and Head of Security Agencies at Australian Federal Police for interfaith education for police in the future. Royal Brunei Police Force Mr Pang Teck Ann can see increasing relevance

• Eva Becos-Cole, Senior Policy Advisor, Australian Federal Police equipped to operate in environments which are becoming increasingly • Roman Quaedvlieg, Chief Police Officer, Australian Capital Territory He believes officers who participate in such training would be better Pearls in Policing Secretariat multicultural due to globalisation.

“Police around the world should be able to work across cultural • Eline Van Duren, Policy Advisor, International Police Leadership of boundaries, and appreciate people for who they are,” he said. the School of Police Leadership, Police Academy of The Netherlands ership of the School of Police Leadership, Police Academy of The • Anita Hazenberg, Programme Director International Police Lead- “It is important we understand who the stakeholders are and to not be dictated by gender, race or social Netherlands background.” Royal Canadian Mounted Police

“Everyone should have access to a fair and just policing service.” • Nicole Coallier, Manager, Executive Development in Policing, Police Executive Centre Canadian Police College levels of international cooperation between national and international • Cal Corley, Director General, Canadian Police College Mr Pang added interfaith education would be likely to lead to increased police due to a greater cultural understanding between agencies. • Doug E. Smith, Director, Canadian Police College West • Alison Whelan, Senior Advisor Royal Strategic Policy & Planning Directorate, Royal Canadian Mounted Police and able to cope with emerging transnational crime trends. He also expected it would make his force more flexible and adaptable,

“In Brunei the policing focus is localised as there is very little international trade and low rates of immigration,” he said. “But cyber and economic crime is emerging. This means that in the future we will accommodate these changes and redistribute people and resources.”

Legitimacy Building Legitimacy and Public and Trust in Trust: Police Academic Prof. Willy Bruggeman The police in democracies help to sustain the values of democracy and are themselves imbued with Perspective the self-same values. In general, the public consents to and indeed, welcomes the exercise of legitimate The four academics who participated authority by the police so long as the police are seen to carry out in the 2010 academic conference as their tasks towards worthwhile, well as the Pearls in Policing democratic ends in an ethically acceptable manner. In turn, when the police. Attention for ethical these workplaces, the mistrust is conference provide their perspective issues is important within police understandable. If leaders have on the essential conditions required police have every right to expect forces generally, and professional they fulfil these conditions, the improvement is the starting point. living the values daily, visibly they to enhance legitimacy and public that the public will trust them in identified and shared their values, their activities. The broadening of Police forces are generally strongly will create trust. trust within a law enforcement the powers and functions of the inspired by police laws, values and context. police to other partners and also norms. Trust in the police and in Police are not immune to the fact that there is a multilateral policing is mainly based on the corruption, misuse of power and cooperation makes it mandatory for legitimacy of policing. Non ethical cynicism. The police have dark the police (who still is and should behaviour is leading to mistrust and sides, such as corruption, misuse remain the one that has monopoly weakening of legitimacy. tendency to gloss over mistakes. on the use of violence) to excel of power, cynicism and/or the Leadership is a key success Therefore if the police want to be integrity and trust, all intrinsically factor in order to enhance police seen as trustworthy, they must in the field of legitimacy, ethics, interconnected. legitimacy. Leaders recognise more recognise their own dark side and and more the importance of trust and ethical behaviour. If leaders means making the dark side visible A lack of trust is a problem in find ways of dealing with it. This many workplaces and also within and managing it. Regular review of never identified their values in

34 pearls in policing 2010 navigating the way ahead 35 Madrid, Spain 40° 26’ 38” North 3° 41’ 59” West

dirty business is needed. As well it does on external controls and within the police service have philosophy such as quality of simply a matter of the integrity In looking at options to promote the individual misbehaviour, the threatened punishment. changed with greater emphasis service, or best value. Instead of the individual. The integrity of integrity and combat ethic- culture and the structure of the being placed on formal educational a number of governmental a profession is partly a matter of professional failures it is very easy organization, and the large political The best leaders exhibit both rationalities co-exist in the the structure, function and culture to leap to a particular single “magic and economic framework in which their values and their ethics in and the skills of the individual practices of police governance. of the organizations in which bullet” solution, such as increasing qualification, life long learning the organization functions need to their leadership style and actions. leader, perhaps the most obvious professional practitioners are penalties or giving more intrusive be subject of this review procedure. Leaders that exhibit ethical illustration of increasing (new) value-priorities and are based, housed. powers to investigative agencies, These rationalities reflect different If the police want to retain their police professionalism. even in the case of a post-modern and doing so without considering credibility, they must publicly rationality, on enduring themes the full array of implications, behaviour powerfully influence the acknowledge these dark sides, experience inconsistent conduct by Police leadership succeeds in drawn from the history of ideas. “‘Magic bullet’ solutions including the demonstrable (as actions of others. If police officers because only then will they be able their supervisors, they will sooner merging both the absolutist logic The proliferation of governmental are often offered in to handle them appropriately. or later become cynical regarding of value-rational conduct with rationalities in policing hints at the and the costs in terms of resources, opposed to hoped for) benefits, the value and appropriateness the strategic and calculating possibility that police leaders have relative ignorance of damage to ethic-professional of ethical conduct in their logic of instrumental rationality. developed multiple and competing both the actual nature ethos, and so on. Moreover, “magic “But there is a growing organization. Research shows the “Moral panic” rationality moves axioms in relation to the rationales bullet” solutions are often offered in and causes of the belief that the answer importance of moral climate in into the foreground when it is no underpinning why things are relative ignorance of both the actual organizations for the behaviour of longer possible to rely upon police done the way they are in police problems that they are nature and causes of the problems lies in approaches based individual members . competence in a technical sense organizations. supposed to address. that they are supposed to address. on ethics, where 1 or when it is no longer possible The truth is often in the detail. But police leaders are under threat to sustain the image of the police Integrity systems for police need to The truth is often accountability rests nowadays and some of them are as fair and just. Miscarriages of go beyond the requirements of the in the detail.” Organizational integrity systems, more on individual even in trouble. As a result there justice, abuses of power and the law or of narrow professional or including integrity systems for responsibility than it is a special demand for renewed perceived failure of police to live police organizations, rely heavily scrutiny of police leadership up to the demands of human need to address the requirement In an organization possessed on the members of organizations technical practice. Specifically, they does on external controls and effective management. A rights provisions all occasion the of integrity the organizational reporting the ethical misconduct of and threatened useful distinction can be made subsequent expression of “moral goals actually being pursued their colleagues and, in the case of that the police officers in question between leadership in terms of panic” rationality. of their profession. Moreover, would align closely with the criminal offences, being prepared punishment.” are realizing their defining ends organizational processes involving they will also need to ensure that morally legitimate functions of to provide sworn evidence against more management assignments, The role of the media is especially professional rights are protected, the profession of policing, such as tasks and responsibilities and professional duties discharged and justice and the protection of human have been very reluctant to ‘rat’ on them. Historically, police officers Police corruption and the operational leadership. Several The striking advances of an professional virtues exercised. rights, including the rights to life their corrupt colleagues, and this significant in this respect. police chiefs excel in management economic rationality and a new The individuals who comprise and liberty. In an organization reluctance has been explained in tackle will remain a focal point for skills but do not always show the managerialism in policing have professions, including police possessed of integrity, the pervasive large part in terms of police culture, identification of key measures to police leaders. Mostly the efforts required leadership. Recruitment, tended to obscure the fact that organizations, are role occupants, ethos or spirit, i.e., the culture, the so-called, ‘blue wall of silence’. to enhance police accountability training and career development police leaders and managers and the responsibilities and virtues would be one that was, for example, Police culture consists in part in reveal that police relied on rules manifest and sustain other required of them are somewhat conducive to high performance, and punishment. But there is a rationalities in their leadership different from, and in some respects both technically and ethically, and in relation to public, an ‘us versus solidarity among police officers and, growing belief that the answer 1 Sims, R. and Brinckman, J., Leaders as moral practices. In consequence it is greater than, those required of supportive in times of need, but them’ mentality. policerole models, organizations: Journal of reducing business corruption, ethics, 2002, lies in approaches based on ethics, promoting35 (4), 327-339; integrity, Miller, in: S., den Integrity Boer m. systems and in neither possible nor accurate to ordinary individual persons not intolerant of serious incompetence where accountability rests more Kolthoff, E. (eds.), Ethics and security, Den reduce police strategic thinking occupying such roles. But the and misconduct. This solidarity can be a virtue. On on individual responsibility than and policy formation to any single integrity of a profession is not the other hand it can be a vice. Haag, Eleven international publishing, 2010, 209 p., 111-120 (116).

36 pearls in policing 2010 navigating the way ahead 37 Santiago de Chile 33° 21’ 55” South 70° 45’ 0” West

on a person’s level of satisfaction Based on intuition or knowledge, Trust, with police. The study also policy makers and police chiefs suggested that direct experience or around the globe have been searching for new models and Legitimacy an important factor of satisfaction. strategies to improve police encounters with police officers was Police executives can start by relations with the public and and analyzing what problems citizens strengthen public support for consider to be more important and the police as well as creating a Satisfaction where they believe the police is less positive cycle that will ultimately effective. Police executives should lead to higher police effectiveness. also identify the most common This explains the multiplication with Police. types of police-public encounters of efforts aimed at implementing community policing, the more What improved. recent move towards reassurance where officers´ behavior could be policing including support for matters? Police executives the implementation of new and stronger accountability should also identify mechanisms. Prof. Hugo Frühling the most common types of police-public Research has shown that these There is an important body of efforts have been partially research that focuses on the encounters where successful, and there is evidence concept of trust, legitimacy. That officers´ behavior that they have increased support service delivered by that institution. Aspects of police work that are research supports the view that for the police, even when they have These concepts therefore are appreciated by the public vary with trust and legitimacy are two could be improved. not reduced crime. But in many related, and yet distinctly different. context. For example, a sample different and interrelated concepts. cases they have not been sustained For example, someone could be of Chilean citizens living in three Trust in a particular institution Research by Sunshine and Tyler, over the long run, because police major cities in Chile expressed the is a positive attitude based on priorities have changed. However, our expectation that members of provided by police, and yet accept highest regard for the actions of highly dissatisfied with the service demonstrate that perceptions it is unfair to deem these efforts its legitimacy. However, when police during periods of natural 2003, and by Tyler and Huo (2002) that particular institution will act of legitimacy have an important as a failure, and they stand as dissatisfaction becomes chronic, catastrophes. The same sample in a proper manner. Legitimacy, practical value for the police. Those experiences that should be it will most probably affect that however was more critical of police on the other hand, is a quality or who accept the legitimacy of the replicated, improved and constantly institution’s legitimacy. Therefore, performance with regards to crime characteristic attached to a certain police show a higher inclination evaluated by researchers, because common sense tells us that control. institution which brings about the to obey the law. Moreover, police legitimacy, trust and satisfaction satisfaction with the police will obedience and deference of the forces considered to be legitimate require an ever present effort in contribute to trust and legitimacy, Research has also examined which public. Legitimacy and authority are able to get more cooperation democratic societies. and that given police functions will always come together. from the citizenry. Thus, a police and powers, there will always be satisfaction with police. A study factors influence an individual’s force that is trusted by its citizens segments of the public who might carried out by Reisig and Parks Satisfaction with an institution, will most likely be more effective found that perceived quality of on the other hand, is based on a than others. perception about the quality of be dissatisfied. life exerted the greatest influence

38 pearls in policing 2010 navigating the way ahead 39 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 3° 8’ 52” North 101° 41’ 17” East

of public legitimacy: the numbers of But there are better ways to racial, ethnic, and age groups A New complaints made against the police measure (and therefore to manage) that professional police agencies by members of the public. As every public legitimacy. Research can most effectively build their conducted by New York University legitimacy. Professional formal civilian complaints produces Prof. Tom Tyler and others over the police officer understands, counting highly problematic statistics. last two decades demonstrates that In the United States, the Police legitimacy can be reliably measured importance of public legitimacy those who are pleased with police through rigorous surveys, and that was underscored by then-Senator First, it fails to reflect the views of Culture work. And even among those who doing so allows police departments Barak Obama when he promised feel aggrieved in their encounters to identify practices that can that, as President, he would work with the police, relatively few increase their legitimacy among for a criminal justice system that Prof. Christopher Stone actually go to the trouble of those most disaffected: young making a formal complaint, so the people and members of ethnic and citizens of every race, ethnicity, and enjoyed the trust and confidence of Every government authority complaints received are unlikely racial minority groups. age. Public surveys that capture makes some claim to legitimacy, to be representative of wider the satisfaction2 of people in these but for police the acquisition of patterns. Moreover, the people discrete groups in their encounters legitimacy is especially complex. The new professional with police and in their broader In a democracy, legitimacy is most least two categories of civilians who do file complaints include at police culture readily found in electoral success, whose complaints are discounted us toward that goal. confidence in the police can move but modern police deliberately keep by the police themselves: persistent embraces at least 3 some distance from elected leaders, offenders who use the complaint four sources of lest the police themselves become process to deter police from an instrument of electoral politics. stopping them, and persistent legitimacy: the law, So if the police do not derive police legitimacy in community operational expertise, political its own operational approval and engagement. Police accountability, and public trust. their legitimacy from democratic dozens of complaints annually. agencies involved in community Among these, however, public trust complainers who file literally expertise, political Police Legitimacy” The ANNALS of the elections, where do they get it? These particular complainants 1. American See, for example, Academy Tom of RPolitical Tyler “Enhancing and Social policing claimed legitimacy by or public legitimacy is the one that may be relatively few, but stories accountability, and also: Tom R. Tyler, Anthony Braga, Jeffrey Over the last several decades, pointing to the active participation police agencies most easily win or about their complaints circulate so public trust. Pagan,Science, Tracey Vol. 593, Meares, No. 1, 84-99Robert (2004). Sampson, See and various police reformers have of ordinary citizens in choosing the lose every day through their own Chris Winship, Legitimacy and Criminal problems on which the police would efforts. It is an extension of a long Justice: International Perspectives proposed different answer to that the stories undermine the ability work, and then in co-producing established principle of democratic widely among police officers that question. Fifty years ago, the most of police commanders or outside Tyler’s work demonstrates that (2007) safety with the police. policing as well as a tenet of 2. See Barack Obama, Remarks at Howard popular answer was: the law. Police oversight bodies to use the numbers even forceful police tactics, such as University Convocation, September 28, 2007 community policing: policing by Criminal Justice Statistics annually reports in Europe and North American most of civilian complaints as a credible stop-and-search, can be employed 3. At a national level, the Sourcebook of notably claimed legitimacy from Today, I see a “new professionalism” consent of the governed. institution by age, income, racial and ethnic in ways that leave the people levels of “confidence” in the police as an in policing worldwide, with a the fact that they merely enforced or dissatisfaction. Finally, the subject to these tactics feeling broader claim to legitimacy, For police agencies to acquire the measure of public confidence group, and political affiliation. The results in the law, and that they did so in adjudication of civilian complaints that the police acted fairly and had “a great deal” or “quite a lot” of building on both of these twentieth- public legitimacy they need, it helps 2009 showed that 63 percent of white adults ways that were properly entrusted appropriately. Indeed, it is through percent of black adults. If individual century precedents. The new to their professional expertise. formally unsubstantiated, further the active pursuit1 of public trust, departmentsconfidence in trackthe police, the exact in contrast language to of38 professional police culture often, academics and advocates is so difficult that most remain these national surveys, they can compare By contrast, the reformers of to measure its ebb and flow. Too undermining the entire process. guided by repeated surveys that embraces at least four sources have focused on a relatively crude themselves with these national benchmarks. twenty years ago who championed of legitimacy: the law, its own measure for assessing the erosion community policing grounded See: Table 2.21.2009, available at disaggregate results for specific www.albany.edu/sourcebook.

40 pearls in policing 2010 navigating the way ahead 41 Statement Three: the police as a about sanctioning and not Three unique institution communication. It has a legal In our societies, at least in western monopoly on the use of violence societies, we are searching for a and this makes the police statements new authority. For the police this is different form all the other public an important development, which institutions. about has consequences for its identity. Trust and legitimacy of the police trust and Never use the are to a large extent based on the way this monopoly is used. It is word customer in legitimacy about using force and refraining a police context. from the use of force. Using Ottawa, Canada force too soon or too much can 45° 26’ 17” North Prof. Pieter W. Tops Institutions are required that are undermine trust and legitimacy. But 75° 41’ 50” West capable of doing two things at the using force too little and too late can Trust and legitimacy are big same time; being able to help on undermine trust and legitimacy as concepts, essentially contested. the one hand and being able to well. Every organization is struggling discipline on the other hand. with them. So what can be said There are signs that we have about them from a police point of Police have been good in terms become too reluctant in using view? I would like to make three of giving a helping hand but tend force and violence. That we tend short statements: to underestimate the importance to see the police as just one of of marking boundaries and the organizations that constitute and at it’s worst a decline and legitimacy, in comparison with Statement One: a strong positive disciplining. Police play or at the government. The public doesn’t see in trust in the police. other public institutions, especially relationship between trust and very least have the potential to play the police that way considering the More contact with more in government and politics. performance does not exist an important role in this search for rather high level of trust it has in citizens doesn’t seem like There is strong evidence for the • new authority. police. the right strategy. EU Police Govern- Political following: countries ment Parties Trust in the police is Average Of course, the police need to have A new and careful balance is better improved by grand The police can reduce • an open and fair relationship with needed. Marking boundaries, in the narratives and symbolic 6.1 4.6 3.9 levels of citizen trust in (out of 10) name of and on behalf of society, is • gestures that reassure Figure 1 police by treating them the competence to communicate the unique role of the police. The the unique function of the citizens. Police officers must have badly but police cannot with citizens in an open and fair police need to mark boundaries police. Citizens have an interest in trusting improve citizen trust by way. But in essence the relationship to be communicative and Never use the word the police; it is like a basic condition treating citizens well. between the police and citizens is a sanctioning and to contribute to the customer in a police for social life. The question is what Reform of police • symmetrical and hierarchical one. development of a new authority in context. to do with this reservoir or surplus management with a focus The police can and may act against society. • on trust? How can it be used? on effective delivery to the will of those involved. It has a Statement Two: a ‘trust surplus’ citizens is likely to have at non-negotiable coercive force. Credibility in accomplishing for the police it’s best marginal results Figure 1 this task is the most important Police have a high level of trust The role of the police is primarily determinant. http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/ pubdocs/2009/110/en/1/EF09110EN.pdf

42 pearls in policing 2010 navigating the way ahead 43 Prof. Hugo Frühling Director Centre for Studies on Public Safety Antwerpen, Belgium Professor 51° 14’ 13” North Institute of Public Affairs 4° 23’ 45” East University of Chile Chile

Value in cooperation between police of crime in the mandate and employed at least four permanent leaders and academics members. Some non-government organizations and private partners that were deemed of considerable importance were also Centre for Studies on Public Safety Director and University of Chile Institute of Public Affairs Prof. Hugo Frühling believes Working Group: incorporated into the mapping. there is value in cooperation between police leaders and academics. The group found it impossible to identify the gaps and overlapping of International cooperation solely by the means of mapping. They therefore divided “There is this relationship between academics the maps into cluster regions, namely Africa, the Americas, Asia and practitioners that could be rewarding and Cooperation and Oceania, Europe as well as worldwide. Within each region, law far reaching for policing.” the exchange of operational data and strategic information, support “It could be valuable in terms of providing feedback and putting enforcement agencies were identified according to key areas of focus; forward critical questions to be discussed,” he said. Presentation by Prof. Jürgen Stock, Prof. Frühling recognises the role interagency cooperation has Vice President of the Bundeskriminalamt (BKA), of operational work, technical/forensic cooperation, training/ leadership techniques, innovation/research/future thinking, police to explore enhanced international cooperation in an Germany enhancing police effectiveness and self reflection. in achieving results. He says it would be highly beneficial for Network analysis operational sense and answering questions such as how do we The working group recognised that the cooperative agencies and enhance international cooperation? What do we need do to make it work better? organizations on the list vary in terms of the quality of cooperation. result of evolving global climate. They mapped the Listed agencies and organizations were therefore separated into the for international cooperation; from mapping to organizing majority of multi-national cooperative networks and Legal, political and cultural obstacles will always present The first working group was asked to consider possibilities layers contained within each cluster: challenges for cooperation, but Prof. Frühling says it is a matter international collaboration worldwide and investigating the provided supporting data on the objectives and focus of working with the frameworks. gap between international offer and operational demand. areas of the implicated organizations. Basic needs “I think that police forces around the world are very cautious Cooperation definition When the research of this Basic cooperation is when information is exchanged between police in terms of cooperating,” he said. “Some police forces are not working group was presented agencies upon request. This layer is the foundation of collaborative used to sharing information and some police forces are not “There is a need for agencies to be homogeneous.” police cooperation as two or Pearls in Policing relationships. The working group identified more police agencies interacting flexible in how they might work conference delegates agreed at the 2009 to achieve goals that cannot be together to fight crime. Agencies there was value in extending Enhanced needs reached independently. This may the mapping of police need to be open to ‘adaptation’ include the pooling of finances, networks into the broader agencies support the operational needs and requirements of This layer refers to enhanced collaboration, where identified resources, knowledge, intelligence in the future.” public safety and security and experience. realm. collaborations involving the exchange of technical and forensic partners. Agencies deemed to fit this category may participate in intelligence and resources, and the sharing of leadership and training History Mapping techniques. Pearls in Policing conference a This year’s working group continued the mapping working group was tasked with researching the topic of international cooperation, revising and updating Comfort needs During the 2008 of international cooperation. This working group The comfort needs layer refers to an enhancement of police focused on mapping existing multi-national linkages and the working group’s previous year’s findings. A networks in policing. They also explored the potential cooperative organization if it was institutionalised, of practice. Categorisation into this layer indicates the agency is self law enforcement agency qualified to be listed as a effectiveness by a unified advancement towards common standards international cooperation gaps that may arise as the had strategic direction, had at least two different types

reflective and has evaluation measures in place.

44 pearls in policing 2010 navigating the way ahead 45 Tony Negus Kevin L. Perkins Commissioner Assistant Director Australian Federal Police Criminal Investigative Division Australia Federal Bureau of Investigations United States of America

Bangkok, Thailand 13° 46’ 27” North 100° 29’ 11” East Adapt policing to work within new media Essential to take time out to think and environments plan Regional considerations Australia Federal Police Commissioner Tony Negus believes it is After mapping cooperative police according to focus area and quality languages, cultures and other prejudices served as obstacles to The Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) Criminal Investigative However, it was identified that different laws, political agendas, critical police leaders look over the horizon and prepare for a range of cooperation, the working group examined cluster regions. international cooperation. The group also found a distrusting police Division Assistant Director Kevin L. Perkins says with so many of possible futures. He says his organization already examines competing priorities it is important the FBI is calculated in its culture, a lack of a best practice model and the time consuming social, demographic, technological, economical and environmental planning. trends to identify potential crime opportunities. nature of information sharing impeded cooperation. Police asked the following questions: “There’s so much to do every day in my job, it can be overwhelming A lack of preparedness by law enforcement agencies will likely Why do we need international cooperation (in this region)? Adaptation at times,” he said. “Sometimes I ask myself, ‘Where do I start? What result in public safety and security disasters. “It is still impossible Do the existing forms of cooperation work? The working group acknowledged the ever-changing nature of do I do? I have to step back and be strategic in my thinking.” • to predict an exact future,” he said. “But by forecasting a range of Is there a need for adaptation? the world as a permanent challenge facing law enforcement. • Mr Perkins says it is not easy to set the operational work aside, but What factors bring about positive or negative results Globalisation has permitted criminals to become increasingly • he knows it is essential in his role as a leader to take time out to possibilities I can train and prepare my officers.” transient and the crossing of international borders has traditionally An aspect of the future Mr Negus guarantees police will have to • think and plan. prepare for is the ongoing development of new media technologies. cooperation? allowed them to evade pursuing, jurisdictionally-bound police. and ramification for the various forms of international “There is absolutely no doubt our future will be characterised by The emergence of new technologies and cyber crime facilitates “I’m not a case agent anymore,” he said. “I’m not the person communication technologies,” he said. borderless crimes, which often require international cooperation to working the investigation. I’m the person who has to build the organization and support the individuals that are working the The answers varied depending on the current economical, social, pool resources and intelligence. “Portable multidimensional devices are already prevalent in cases. I have to be able to point them in the right direction.” society. In the future they will inevitably be faster, smarter, and environmental and technological situations of each region but a more affordable and accessible for a global population.” Mr Perkins adds it is also the responsibility of a police leader to Mr Negus says police can utilise emerging technology to engage develop working relationships with external agencies.Coordinated number of commonalities were identified. It was identified there was a need for agencies to be flexible in how with stakeholders, disseminate information and seek feedback The need for cooperation agencies need to be open to ‘adaptation’ in the future. action response plans must then be articulated between police and they might work together to fight crime. The group determined that from the community. The challenge will be in adapting policing to The group determined interagency police cooperation was becoming partner organizations. work within new media environments. increasingly essential in all clusters to combat transnational Ramifications of international cooperation

“New technology enables citizens to be journalists,” he said. crimes such as public theft, terrorism, organized crime, illicit drug It was noted that the economic situation of a country may have an impact on the willingness of an agency to cooperate on an “I like to use the analogy of the fire service when the building is on fire,” he said. “When all the fire services show up they do not need “This facilitates greater police transparency, but it can be money laundering, high tech crime and corruption. they just have to be able to act. “Anyone can film and upload police incidents to the internet. trafficking, human trafficking, people smuggling, weapons smuggling, to be arguing at the scene or debating which fire hydrant to use, problematic in preserving the integrity of witnesses. Wide funding to pursue an international matter over a domestic issue. It dissemination of a police incident also creates the potential for international level. It was identified agencies may be reluctant to use “It is the same thing in law enforcement. We have to have Beyond combating crime, the group also recognised enhanced was also acknowledged international collaboration may result in an trial by media.” agreements, understandings and co-operations in place, so when cooperation could potentially lead to saving time, money and offender receiving a much harsher penalty if arrested and charged Besides challenging the way police deal with traditional crime, resources by preventing double handling of investigations and by a partnering country. In some cases, this could be as serious as the the fire does occur our response is seamless.” emerging media technologies present huge scope for the operations occurring across multiple jurisdictions. Cooperation could death penalty. Tackling internet crime is one example where a coordinated, perpetration of new kinds of cyber crime such as internet banking also potentially allow for the sharing of training techniques, technical multiagency approach will be required. fraud, scams and identity theft. support, ideas, knowledge and experiences. Conclusion “It is absolutely vital to have international As these crimes are often borderless in nature, Mr Negus says it is cooperation on a multitude of issues, but essential for agencies to cooperate by sharing information, pooling Existing cooperation cooperation, particularly exchanging operational and strategic The working group recognised the benefits of international especially those involving the internet where resources, loaning staff and collaborating on future strategies. It was recognised many of the mapped organizations were data to combat transnational crime. It was acknowledged external “World crime follows opportunity,” he said. “Without effective successfully engaging in international information exchange and partners, including non-government agencies, play an important role posting can go up, be acted upon and taken down in supplementing the knowledge of police agencies and will need to before law enforcement can even see it.” crime.” international cooperation we will lose the fight against organized that Interpol was functioning particularly well in facilitating data be increasingly utilised in the future. cooperation. In terms of worldwide cooperation it was identified In tackling cyber crime Mr Perkins does not see value in the use of Mr Negus recognises it is not in the nature of police to be exchange between two jurisdictions. Moreover, the number of national internet controls or censorship mechanisms. forthcoming with information, but he says that culture needs to The group recommended intensifying cooperative efforts with both change. “Police tend to ask the question ‘What should I share?’” country in the world. new and existing partners in the future, but recognised the need to “I believe what it would cost to place controls over it are far he said. “The question we should ask instead is ‘What shouldn’t I Interpol Member States has steadily increased to 188 – nearly every outweighed by the positives that come out of allowing free share?’ internet,” he said. “That being said, I need to have access to a cheques and balances system within the law of the United States to “We are programmed to be distrusting and track criminal activity. 46 pearls in policing 2010 navigating the way ahead 47 secretive but in order to solve the crimes we “And have that opportunity now with access to grand jury need to share our pieces of the puzzle.” subpoenas, warrants and the like.” Prof. Jürgen Stock Vice President Singapore Bundeskriminalamt (BKA) 1° 17’ 14” North Germany 103° 51’ 14” East

Promote a police culture of information take into account the varying needs and capabilities of sharing networked regions. While the notion of a best practice Bundeskriminalamt Vice President Prof. Jürgen Stock believes the mapping of cooperative partners offers police regionally different general conditions rendered it enormous potential in terms of information, intelligence, idea model was discussed, research findings indicated and resource sharing. However, he recognises police can be model. It was recommended further studies be resistant to enhancing cooperation due to a lack of mutual difficult, if not impossible, to develop a standardised trust. conducted in the field of international cooperation. “I think there is a willingness of police to share information Discussion on the one hand, but there is still also a tendency to protect information,” he said. There was consensus amongst delegates that international cooperation was an area of policing that “Maybe there is a certain fear at the requires further improvement. It was agreed current operational level that there could be communication opportunities were being underutilised misuse of the information that you are and formal communication processes were often slow providing. I think this is still an issue and cumbersome. This is problematic at an operation we need to work on.” level more than at the strategic level due to frontline Prof. Stock believes the reluctance for police to engage in work requiring faster information turnaround times to international cooperation could be addressed by taking a be relevant and effective. systematic approach.

Delegates agreed a best practice model would be useful, “We need to consider the legal environment of sharing but most acknowledged the challenge in identifying information and think about how to improve it,” he said. “We could talk about having data protection standards. We need a singular model due to political, cultural and legal to have a strategic picture of how to organize information differences between international law enforcement exchange.” agencies. It was therefore suggested the onus should be on individual organizations to develop information Prof. Stock also believes it is a matter of instilling a culture of sharing guidelines and incorporate these into their own information sharing within individual agencies. business models. “It is a leadership task to convince your staff the philosophies and the needs are there to share and not protect information There was recognition amongst the delegates that from your partners,” he said. “We need to show this is an attitudes about information sharing within law enforcement agencies needed to change because chance to get a network of criminals who would otherwise go efficient way to get the bigger picture and not miss the traditionally police culture meant protecting undetected by police.” information. Many delegates expressed the belief that Prof. Stock reiterates international cooperation is a principle police agencies should be building relationships with of successful police work and says coming to a common non-traditional partners, including non-government understanding of standards is essential. organizations. There was also acknowledgement highly productive working relationships will often be based “We have to work on this understanding and of course we on solid personal relationships between interagency have to take into consideration that we have different cultures, different opinions on freedom of speech and so on,” he said. representatives. “There is a long way to go.”

48 pearls in policing 2010 navigating the way ahead 49 Eddy Baelemans Chief Constable Antwerp Police Belgium

Beek en Donk, Netherlands 51° 32’ 31” North 5° 37’ 50” East

Multi-agency approach required to address online vulnerabilities day. Video hosting site YouTube has proven to be yet another online Antwerp Police Chief Constable Eddy Baelemans says public to the video hosting site every hour. The boom in online social social phenomenon, with more than 24 hours of footage uploaded Working Group: networking has not detracted from the popularity of text messaging, information sharing sites offer a range of benefits. “The information, even on an individual basis,” he said. “People are benefits of the internet are people have access to a lot of using it to advance their knowledge.” with more than 4 trillion SMS messages sent each year. New Media Commonly acclaimed for enabling democracy and citizen Challenges Modern communication technologies facilitate the perpetration of journalism, the internet also has its drawbacks. “I think the old crimes in new ways. A terrorist leader can recruit, radicalise, biggest problem, and people don’t always realise it, is the lack of privacy,” Mr Baelemans said. “Every individual puts on the direct and observe online; murderers and sex offenders can groom Presentation by New South Wales Police internet whatever they want and it may jeopardise them in the Force Commissioner Andrew Scipione their victims on social networking sites; and chat sites can facilitate future.” exchanges between criminals. The internet is not restricted by geographical boundaries and interactions can take place rapidly, To address these vulnerabilities, he suggests police need to undetected and across multiple jurisdictions. The challenge for police concentrate on preventative measures. “I think it is getting people to know what is going on and how vulnerable they are is identifying and capturing criminals in this ever-changing, complex once they cross that line,” he said. “It is a case of education, and largely anonymous environment. New media technologies communication and repetition.” also have the capacity to impact on the integrity of evidence and witnesses. Mobile phones users can upload images or footage of an Mr Baelemans recognises the internet also presents a Media management event to the internet and expose a crime scene to millions of viewers challenge for police in protecting their own information. He The second working group was tasked with investigating the internet. says complacency in security may lead to criminals accessing enables users to phone, text, photograph, film and access around the world. Furthermore, with new media technologies the impact of modern communications on safety and internal systems. granting the public greater access to police operations than ever security, and identifying the positive and negative Growth of new media strategic implications on police responsibilities. New media technologies are becoming increasingly “The fact that we are legally bound to be restrictive in new pressures to act with honesty and integrity at all times, to not communications is challenging,” he said. affordable and accessible to people around the world. before, officers are more accountable for their actions. They have have a negative impact on public trust and police legitimacy levels. The emergence of portable internet Modern technologies “The internet may well open some doors Rapid advances in technology devices, including internet-enabled “With new media Opportunities to get into your organization’s internal over the past two decades has mobile phones, means citizens communication. That would not be a good resulted in significant shifts in technologies granting can connect anytime, anywhere. with policing. For example, social media sites are a free and effective evolution. We have to keep the doors closed.” the way the world produces and The ease and speed at which users The working group identified that new media technologies can assist the public greater access way of rapidly disseminating information to a mass audience. consumes media. The World Wide can connect to the internet has To address issues of privacy and internet security in the future, Police can also use social media sites to appeal for information on Web in particular has granted the to police operations than facilitated a boom online activity and Mr Baelemans says a collaborative, multiagency approach is cases, which may not be considered newsworthy for mainstream public access to large amounts of required. ever before, officers are media. Information also has the ability to go viral and reach a global information and enabled citizens in social networking. Leading social more accountable for significantly enhanced participation audience. Modern communication technologies may be harnessed to “We are very much unsure about what is coming our way,” he to become producers of their networking site Facebook has improve public trust levels. For example police agencies can publicise said. “We don’t know what the next Facebook or YouTube will own knowledge. New technology their actions.” experienced exponential growth since arrests and crime statistics and engage with citizens online. be. It will take a worldwide effort to be prepared for the next has facilitated the phenomenon generation of these communication means because there are of social networking sites such as YouTube, Facebook no boundaries in these initiatives.” launching in February 2004. There are Conclusion and Twitter, enabling people from around the world to now more than 400 million active users of the site, who The working group concluded that new media technologies offer connect and interact and form new online communities. collectively log more 500 billion minutes of usage each both opportunities and challenges for policing. In order to overcome Mobile phones are now commonplace and in the past also experienced rapid global uptake and now facilitates month. Microblogging site Twitter, launched in 2006, has the challenges, the group determined that police agencies must decade have evolved to be multiplatform devices, which

the transmission of more than 35 million ‘Tweets’ each

50 pearls in policing 2010 navigating the way ahead 51 Prof. Willy Bruggeman Ilan Franco Abdulrahman Kaniki Benelux University Deputy Commissioner Senior Assistant Commissioner President Israeli Police Force Tanzania Police Force Belgian Federal Police Board Israel Tanzania Belgium

Police leaders need to learn about New media is an opportunity Police are legally and morally bound to prepare new media for the future Israeli Police Force Deputy Commissioner Ilan Franco is keen to enhance experts will need to continually update their skills in order to keep transparency and accountability in his organization and is particularly For Belgian Federal Police Board President Willy Bruggeman employ experts in the fields of computer science and forensics. These Modern communication systems are of particular interest to Tanzania Police pace with technology developments and stay abreast of emergent interested in public trust and police legitimacy. taking a collaborative approach to policing is going to be Force Senior Assistant Commissioner Abdulrahman Kaniki. He says he sees increasingly necessary in the future. He says police will have to cyber and high technology crime trends. The group recognised both the positives and negatives of new media technologies. pool skills, intelligence, technology and personnel in order to that cooperation between law enforcement agencies will become Changes Mr Franco would most like implemented relate to the greater utilisation of new technologies and social media. He says not only could it navigate the obstacles arising from new media. increasingly important for the collection of evidence, and capturing “The development of ICT communication systems is very interesting potentially help with investigations, it is a way to seek feedback from the to me,” he said. “Everyday new ideas are coming out of these modern “It will be very challenging to enhance trust in new public about the services offered by police. consider new means of preserving evidence for court, particularly if communities, for example the communities of social media,” and prosecution of criminals. It was identified that police needed to problems.” he said. “To deal with this I think police need to be highly communications. These ideas can be beneficial but they also present about police activities,” he said. “It is a good channel of open intelligence for transparent.” offender, being released on the internet. Police may also need to put “New media is an opportunity because it reflects the opinion of the public He says he is concerned about his country’s capacity to tackle cyber and there is a likelihood of information, such as the identification of an us as well.” greater emphasis on having a generationally diverse workforce in high technology crime, but is reassured that the Tanzania Police Force is not Prof. Bruggeman recommends police have a presence in new order to stay aware of technological trends. social communities and communicating with citizens to create Franco says his organization must also prepare for increasing emergence of fighting the battle alone. mutual understanding and respect. He says: Although he recognises the benefits of new communication technologies, Mr “Dealing with modern communications is challenging for developing internet and high technology crime. Discussion countries like Tanzania,” he said. “But I have come to realise it is a challenge to

It will be the role of police leaders to ensure even the most developed countries. their staff are using the mediums to enhance Delegates agreed the ongoing technological revolutions were “Social media creates a new responsibility for police.” legitimacy. inevitable and this was likely to present both challenges and “That’s why meeting with international counterparts is of great importance; “It is a new threat and there is no way to ignore it. We must adapt our policing because we can share some ideas on how we should address these problems.” opportunities for policing. It was recognised world crime followed practices to deal with it,” he said. “I think police leaders will have to learn about this new media opportunity and that vulnerabilities were best addressed by a Recognising that tackling technology based crimes needs to be an ongoing and understand it,” he said. “They will need to train their collective force through international policing cooperation. Israeli Police already have an investigation unit dedicated to tackling internet focus for police forces around the world Mr Kaniki says there are no short crime and penetrating social media communities, but Mr Franco believes the cuts. ways. personnel and give them the flexibility to handle it in different There was discussion and varying opinion between delegates unit will have to develop and evolve as new media does. “At the same time leaders might need to impose some from different countries as to whether new media should be freely “I have a legal and moral responsibility in considering limitations because too much freedom could lead to a chaotic what may be our future,” he said. “But we cannot get an available to citizens. Popular opinion was that countries with strict implement. He considers police cooperation very important and says “We situation.” Mr Franco recognises however that continual change can be difficult to controls over internet access usually suffered from declining national should all seek ways to improve international collaboration. everlasting solution.” wealth and prosperity. Situations police need to avoid is exposing the organization and “I have concluded that despite being from different countries, we have mutual releasing potentially sensitive information. The theme of being proactive and preventative featured heavily in problems, mutual challenges. We are dealing almost with the same subject in every place.” “We need to keep enough control on our participation in discussions, with suggestions made about the implementation of

internet safety campaign in schools. Mr Franco is comforted by knowing he has the support of his international media but nevertheless leave enough room for flexibility and colleagues in evolving policing. innovation,” he said. “It will be a difficult balance.” Concerns were shared about how social media may impact on the integrity of witnesses in court cases and the possibility of images used on social media sites resulting in trial by media.

It was recognised policing is experiencing a quantum shift in the forensic discipline, with the need for traditional analysts declining and the need for computer forensics experts increasing.

52 pearls in policing 2010 navigating the way ahead 53 Khoo Boon Hui Leon Kuijs Andrew Scipione Prasarnrajkit Watcharapol President President Commissioner Deputy Commissioner General Interpol Board of Chief Constables New South Wales Police Force Royal Thai Police The Netherlands Australia Thailand

Viral rumours could cause great alarm Web 3.0 The elephant in the room The need for young people

New technologies and new devices continually emerge in the market New South Wales Police Commissioner Andrew Scipione says the recent Royal Thai Police Deputy Commissioner General Prasarnrajkit Watcharapol place, with an insatiable public embracing greater convenience, access and rapid advances in technology and the evolution of online social networking recognises there are both positives and negatives to allowing unregulated When the World Wide Web first became available to the public in the early connectivity each succession offers. Interpol President Khoo Boon Hui says pages. Consumer hype over the technology led to hundreds of companies presents challenges for police. He says protecting case information and internet in Thailand. 1990s, internet users could search for existing information on static web the topic of multimedia instigates dynamic and exciting dialogue in the law advertising and trading online and the web largely became a platform which preserving evidence for court are two of his major concerns. enforcement sphere as colleagues speculate about the kinds of technologies facilitated client to server relationships. Internet grants people the opportunity to connect and interact on a global that could possibly emerge in the years to come. “Technology is exploding,” he said. “What you used to need a television studio scale. It provides a platform where creativity can be expressed, information to do in terms of production can now be done on an iPhone. “Many of us don’t know enough about what is going to happen in the future, crash saw the collapse of hundreds of internet companies. Those that internet is an enabler of communication, education, democracy and wealth. Business was booming until the late 1990s when the dot com stock market shared and business conducted. A convenient and efficient medium, the and the future is evolving so fast,” he said. survived were given new credibility by the public, who saw them as being “A witness can edit video of an incident in a train going home from work. They robust, enduring and genuine. can package it, upload it and have it going viral around the world before they “For all these benefits there is a darker side to the “The new technologies that are emerging affect get off the train.” technology. It facilitates crime such as fraud, theft, money Board of Chief Constables President Leon Kuijs compares police organizations behaviour.” laundering, hacking, pirating, dissemination of child to the web, saying they must establish credibility by proving they are robust Unable to stop members of the public uploading sensitive police information, and legitimate in turbulent times. This includes networking and engaging in Mr Scipione says it is going to be a matter of adjusting the way it is policed. pornography and organized crime.” He says emergent behaviour police should be concerned about includes dialogue with key partners and citizens, and trusting in order to be trusted. dissemination of false information and perpetration of scams. “It is going to be about how we cope as professionals,” he said. “We have got to “I think it is very good for people to use the internet and modern technology “We must face our problems, talk about them and be transparent,” he said. adapt to be able to operate within that environment otherwise we will be left for communications,” he said. “For police the internet can help the solving of “We need to share information with the public and see citizens as our behind. We are not going to be able to stop it happening.” a crime. society because of freedom of speech,” he said. “But it is being exploited “I can see that 99.99 per cent of people using new media are benefiting the partners, not as children and not as the enemy.” by criminals and people who want to create mischief. For example, if Mr Scipione is certain rapid developments in social media technology will “I do have some reservations though, that it is misused by people in my information that is based on rumours goes viral it could cause great alarm Mr Kuijs believes police organizations also need to enhance services continue and says police agencies need to face the presented challenges country, that it introduces new kinds of criminology. As police we will have to and uncertainty.” offered to the public by facilitating greater stakeholder engagement. Law heads on. keep track of that.” enforcement agencies also need to become future oriented by identifying and Despite its drawbacks, Mr Khoo recognises new technologies offer an array of addressing emergent trends in order to prevent crime. “In the past I think law enforcement has traditionally looked at social media According to Mr Watcharapol the best way to combat the problems the opportunities for police to engage with the community and combat crime. as either being the elephant in the room - that thing we don’t want to talk internet poses is by collaborating with international policing partners. about - or as too hard to deal with,” he said. “But we really need to take stock “New media allows the police and law enforcement agencies to use the same of it now.” “International cooperation is very strong in my country,” he said. “We means as the criminals to disseminate information,” he said. “Web 2.0 and Web 3.0 is a metaphor for what we must be doing as police support the concept. Without international cooperation it would be very officers,” he said. “That is, we must be doing Web 3.0.” Mr Scipione says police need to keep looking as far over the horizon as “We can reach out to hundreds and even thousands of people to provide an possible in planning for the future. immediate response to calm the population. Web 2.0 is the second phase of the web evolution characterised by difficult to control organized crime.” interactive and collaborative, it includes the evolution of blogs, web services, significantly improved peer to peer networking functions. User-focused, online forums and social networking sites such as Facebook, MySpace, Mr Watcharapol is inspired to take new measures to combat internet crime. We can also use new media to pass on crime prevention messages and to ask YouTube and Twitter. senior leaders start to think about this? How do we capitalise on a younger for assistance on police cases where life is threatened and speed is essential.” “We have to ask, ‘Where will Web 3.0 take us?’” he said. “How do we as “The internet is global, it is easy to use and could be very good if we have Considered to be a facilitator of participation, it indirectly promotes legislation to control it,” he said. “Some countries like Singapore have workforce? How do we measure and prepare for the financial implications? accountability and democracy. introduced legislation. We must learn from Singapore and how they do it.” How do we fit this into the political environments that we find ourselves?” “The upside of new types of technologies and being ready Web 3.0 is emerging as the next phase of the web and well-positioned well you can use them to shape A future challenge Mr Watcharapol identifies in policing the internet is in development, promising to further enrich user experiences influence. You can get them to have communities draw be useful to seek help from young people who understand emerging online training his officers to have up-to-date technological skills. He says it may by being intuitive and predictive. perceptions based on reality and not what is propagated trends. through some websites.”

engaging in interagency dialogue and working together. Mr Kuijs believes that the goal of achieving the police version of Web 3.0 is by

“Countries are different, situations are different, but the profession of police

country,” he said. work and what police officers have in their hearts is nearly the same in every

54 pearls in policing 2010 navigating the way ahead 55 Adelaide, Australia 34° 53’ 0” South 138° 38’ 0” East

implemented. These elements include management The working group also highlighted the need for taking the time to consider the change strategy, long managers to allow time for the change to be adopted. Working Group: term challenges being recognised and addressed, the It was recognised that in cases of major changes being implemented it may take an entire generation for the planned for, and achievable milestones were set and new practices to be imbedded. amount of resources required were identified and progress monitored with metrics determined prior to Organizational the change process. Discussion Change Conclusion During discussions delegates acknowledged there are The working group acknowledged there were many variants degrees of organizational change which vary from minor in change situations and leaders needed to be aware of tweaks to organizational overhauls. Several delegates circumstances and adapt accordingly. They stated that in suggested implementing minor tweaks could be Presentation by Mr. Kevin L. Perkins, Assistant Director, any discussion of navigating achieved without meeting Criminal Investigative Division, Federal Bureau of operational changes, it was “Organizational change is easiest to all the essential criteria for impossible to conclude that Investigations, United States of America implement when a major incident occurs. successful change listed there is one ‘right’ approach by the working group. every agency should follow. A crisis mentality could be instigated It was also noted during The third working group was tasked with the subject of within an organization given the Each organization has a set discussions that ‘change navigating strategic and operational change. They were Leader commitment (a core team is driven to of attributes – leadership right leadership.” for the sake of change’ was asked to determine past methods and approaches which implement the change) • style, structure, size, culture, may inform the change process in law enforcement Communication (effectively sharing the vision identity, budget and legal restrictions – the nature of which to staff being unmotivated by lack of necessity. Delegates organizations. within the organization) difficult to implement due • accumulatively determine the best course of action for Removal of obstacles (the need to address achieving change. thinking within specialist divisions of law enforcement The need to change resistors or regulations) indicated that it was most difficult to change the way of • agencies due to their culture of ‘we know better’. The working group determined police agencies must Enshrinement (the reinforcement of the It was concluded however, that successful change continually change into the future in order to respond change) • management was consistently inclusive of three major Delegates were unanimous to the notion it was easiest to evolving threats. Drivers of change can be internal to activities. to implement change in an organization when it was the organization such as budget or resource constraints, the result of a major incident or event. It was agreed or external to the organization such as developments in The group recognised organizational change was easiest alternative leverages could be used to instigate a crisis technology, social trends and crime trends. to implement when a major incident occurred such as Successful change management is consistently mentality amongst staff in order to motivate change, inclusive of the following activities: but the challenge would be in identifying those levers. Elements of change evoking motivation and a strong sense for the need to the 9/11 terrorist attacks. This is due to the situation Management set aside time for strategic Implementing large scale changes may be better In order to effectively implement change the group cooperate. However, it was suggested, a crisis mentality achieved in stages and each milestone celebrated. could be instigated within an organization given the • challenge right leadership. reflection and discussion of the identified determined five critical elements. The required techniques and resources were determined and allocated Five critical elements to implement change are: Successful change • The implementation for the change was Crisis mentality (the mass recognition that an Following a review of a number of case studies on tracked, adhering to the maxim ‘what gets organization needs to change) organizational change, several elements were common • • measured, gets done’. where organizational change was successfully

56 pearls in policing 2010 navigating the way ahead 57 Tan Sri Hj Ismail bin Hj Omar Prof. Christopher Stone Romain Nettgen Michel de Smedt Deputy Inspector General of Police John F Kennedy School of Government Director General Head of Investigations Royal Malaysia Police Harvard University Grand Ducale Police International Criminal Court Malaysia United States of America Luxembourg

Service-oriented police force New business model for policing Generation Y Lead by example

To meet the future demands of policing, law enforcement agencies will need The International Criminal Court Head of Investigations, Michel de Smedt, Hj Omar was appointed Deputy Inspector General of the Royal Malaysia Police believes cooperation between partner agencies is essential in investigating Public confidence in police was at an all time low when Tan Sri Hj Ismail bin Recent research indicates 70 percent of the citizens of Luxembourg are need to understand crime in a global context and be aware of emerging social enforcement well against other institutions and administrations, but it is a serious and violent crimes. Achieving a high level of cooperation, he says, to be staffed with adaptable, personable, highly skilled personnel. Officers will satisfied with the performance of their police force. This places law trends. relies on building rapport and establishing legitimacy as an organization. in 2007. In the three years since his appointment, Mr Ismail has worked towards improved. figure Grand Ducale Police Director General Romain Nettgen would like to see improving the public’s perception of police and thereby legitimacy of his A way to achieve expertise within police ranks Harvard University Practice “You get legitimacy if you can build credibility,” he said. “For me it boils down organization. of Criminal Justice Prof. Christopher Stone says is with interagency work Mr Nettgen believes increased focus on transparency and accountability of to being professional and making certain the actions your people are taking placements. his organization will help achieve higher levels of public trust and improve are within a legal framework.” He has been particularly focused on creating a more service-oriented force satisfaction levels. Increased openness and accountability includes making He adds that legitimacy is also a case of sharing a vision and having common with policies that are determined by the needs and wants of the citizens. “Policing needs to become more of a profession, with greater mobility among better use of the media to disseminate information and engage with interests. police agencies at early moments in police careers,” he said. community members. “People wanted us to change the way we worked,” he said. “The government “If the people you need to support you, the people who give you mandates wanted us to change the way we worked. “This will be possible with more common protocols and practices across “We need to be more proactive in communications,” he said. “We have a lot of jurisdictional boundaries, with greater accountability up and down the internal communication but we need more contact with external media.” not succeed,” he said. don’t perceive you in the right way or have a conflicting interest then you will “I am still in the process of transforming the organization. I am making our organization as well as independent bodies throughout society and government. Cooperation also relies on the portrayal of professional standards by policies about the community and striving to meet objectives set by the Appreciating the evolution of new media raises some concerns over the government.” “Local knowledge will always be valuable in policing, but so too will professional privacy of police operations, Mr Nettgen wants to use the opportunity to individual officers. Mr de Smedt says police leaders can instil values into their skills and wide experience in role.” prove the integrity and legitimacy of his organization. officers by leading by example. result of his force’s efforts. However he believes there is room for further “Some people see media as the enemy,” he said. “But, for me, media is about ‘this is the way we operate’.” Mr Ismail is already starting to see improved public confidence as a “The way you operate as a senior official in the organization sends out a signal improvement. becoming an ally in certain circumstances.” A challenge Prof. Stone identifies for police leaders in running a highly-skilled organization is meeting the increased financial costs. Leaders need to also be aware of internal culture and Mr Ismail is inspired to participate more fully in international cooperation to “Policing may be pricing itself out of business, just as it Mr Nettgen recognises it may be challenging to get his staff to embrace the changing it if it doesn’t align with the organization’s achieve this. “We share the same goals and face the same obstacles,” he said. “I use of media to interact with the public. He hopes training from recruitment is looking for police officers with more education and values. Change can be instigated by leaders understanding believe my international colleagues can offer me advice and ideas. through to management level will facilitate the culture change of being analytical skills.” engaged, aware and responsive. why people behave a certain way and identifying and enforcing a new future. “It is becoming an increasingly expensive government function, with declining more about change management. Mr Ismail is confident that by engaging with other police forces he can learn - though still reasonably high - public support. We may need a new business community,” he said. “Training needs to be up-to-date and in line with the “It is an issue of having compliance and compliance control mechanisms,” model for policing,” he said. “I see that training is essential to get our people, our officers, nearer to the “I think it is a very special and unique opportunity to sit needs the public has expressed. he said. “If something goes wrong the organization needs to show a strong reaction towards this intolerable behaviour.” down and make the world a better place” he said. To address the matter of public support, Prof. Stone believes police need Mr Nettgen says the training also needs to account for Generation Y to concentrate on the legitimacy of their organizations. He says there are (Millenials) recruits, who will have different ideas and perspectives on Mr de Smedt says sometimes people will have to be replaced because they four pillars of legitimacy for police agencies; the law, the state, the trust and policing. Despite being commonly criticised for their impatience, Generation Y are renowned for being socially aware, tolerant, adaptable and tech savvy. can’t, or don’t want to fit into an evolved organization. He admits managing confidence of the people they police, and their own professionalism. that process is a very difficult one because it is very personal. “There will be an organizational change with new recruits,” he said. says trust and professionalism are manageable. Believing the first two are largely outside of the control of the police, Prof. Stone any more’,” he said. “It could be seen as very critical and it is really an issue “You may basically have to confront people with ‘you do not fit into the logic of individual management.” He said relocating staff to another position is an increased global migration and growing fragmentation of national cultures,” he “It is a new generation, it is a new way of life and it is a new “Building public legitimacy is the hard one, and it will get more difficult with option but issues of non-compliance need to be treated on a case-by-case said. “It is vital that police attend to it.” approach entering the police force. It is going to change basis. the mentality inside the police organization.” He suggests providing opportunities for positive interaction, building relationships with key stakeholders and being accountable are the best ways to In evolving the organization Mr Nettgen adds it is important to retain the he said. “The bottom line is you cannot have people losing face in the process improve legitimacy. traditional professional standards. “My staff must conform to the values of the “If there is no right place for them then you need to find a nice exit strategy,” of change.” organization while we have contact with our citizens,” he said. “Police managers must minimize the number of disrespectful encounters with the public, and forceful need not be disrespectful,” he said. “Police must also build relationships, formal and especially informal, with leaders in the communities they police.

“They need to be accountable to the public, and speak frankly when things are 58 pearls in policing 2010 navigating the way ahead 59

difficult.” Tang King-shing Prof. Pieter Tops Juan Andrés Villalgordo García Pehin Zainuddin Police Commissioner Tilburg University Deputy Director Commissioner Hong Kong Police Member Governing Board International Police Cooperation Royal Brunei Police Force Hong Kong Police Academy of The Netherlands Ministry of Interior Brunei Darussalam The Netherlands Spain

Two-way engagement between police and the Balance between being traditional and Put citizens at the centre of our policies No change for the sake of change public future-focused The legitimacy of a police force depends on the degree to which the public A commitment by leadership is vital for instigating organizational change, according to Royal Brunei Police Force Commissioner Pehin Zainuddin. It Police Commissioner Tang King-shing of the Hong Kong Police says his police Police agencies around the world are facing a dilemma; how to evolve to meet acknowledgement of police as an authority and a willingness to comply. then becomes essential for leaders to identify a core team of persuasive force is actively working towards achieving and maintaining high levels of future demands while maintaining founding policing principles. accepts officers as being legally empowered to enforce law. It refers to a public legitimacy and trust. Ministry of Interior International Police Cooperation Director Juan Andrés With no easy answers available, Tilburg University Public Administration communicators to filter the new practices through the organization. Villalgordo García says legitimacy is the foundation of all police work. “Police “If you have a few good managers, they will have a multiplying effect,” he said. “It “Legitimacy and trust are two fundamental principles of policing that every Professor and Police Academy of The Netherlands Governing Board Member will be easier to cascade the changes down the organization.” police agency must pursue,” he said. “We need it to carry out our jobs in an Pieter Tops suggested police leaders need to give these questions ongoing acceptance,” he said. effective way.” thought in the future. need training, police need resources, but first of all they need legality and Mr Zainuddin believes change is most effectively implemented when leadership The level of public acceptance relies on how trustworthy citizens perceive sets a clear organizational objective and the change instigators personally enact “In recent years in Hong Kong we have been introducing a strategic action “Sometimes when we are discussing what developments the transformation. plan to engage the community,” he said. “We emphasise this is a two-way we need, we don’t have respect for what makes the police performing their duties with diligence and integrity. their police force to be, and the extent to which they believe officers are the police.” “Firstly you must have the vision,” he said. “Secondly, and most importantly, you to go out into the community.” engagement. It is not a matter of bringing people to us, but getting our officers Mr Villalgordo García believes the perception of police can only be enhanced must be involved in the change. I think that is paramount. You cannot delegate “I would like to stress to leaders, the importance of understanding what with greater community engagement. that to another person.” makes a police organization and what constitutes the nature of policing. I public while not in uniform. Mr Tang says Hong Kong police officers are encouraged to interact with the think policing has to do with law enforcement, the use of force, the sense of “Beyond just interacting community engagement needs to Mr Zainuddin believes the most productive and progressive changes occur when what is familiar in the ranks,” he said. leaders listen to critical feedback about the organization. Although it can be hard “I remind my officers they have a responsibility to be a concerted effort to listen and adapt to people’s needs to hear, he says it will result in well-informed decision-making. participate in voluntary work and work with Non- By articulating the essence of policing, Prof. Tops says police leaders will be and wants.” Government Organizations (NGOs) to help the community,” best positioned to achieve a balance between being traditional and future- “People are so agreeable in my organization,” he said. “In my daily administration “I think the important thing is to put citizens at the centre of our policies,” he he said. “Their volunteer roles don’t have to have anything focused. of management people come to me and tell me all the good things they think I said. “Listening to citizens and understanding their opinions should guide the want to hear. to do with law and order. Maybe purely just helping way police have to work.” “There is a tension between being timeless and evolving,” he said. “We have people.” to deal with that tension and search for an ever imperfect balance. There’s In order to achieve a more citizen-oriented policing model, Mr Villalgordo “It is a case of people wanting to survive the organization’s no theoretical solution for it I’m afraid. The balance will only be developed in In implementing community engagement strategies, Mr Tang believes he García recognises his organization will have to focus on the character traits politics. But we have to have people who come to you and say practice.” ‘Look sir, there are certain things I don’t like’.” personable and tolerant. must be careful not to detract from the core duties of his officers. He says his Prof. Tops says police need to take action to remain relevant, forceful and to of officers recruited. He says they should be people who are adaptable, maintain high public trust levels. Should internal staff be reluctant to provide feedback, Mr Zainuddin suggests officers must continue to provide fast response times to incidents in order to will require police leaders to develop their organizations in a way that is “When the public wants assistance, they want it immediately,” he said. “Police be an influential authority to the inevitably changing external world. That considered and deliberate. “First of all the process of recruitment of police officers is very important,” police leaders may find value in engaging external consultants. must be able to respond quickly. It is the core of our business.” he said. “We need to look for character profiles that could fit in this kind of to each moment. We are also talking about people who are honest and can be be made with internal advice but there are times when you can engage external “Police have to change permanently in order to deal with the challenges that policing model. We need officers who are flexible and have the ability to adapt “Police are the experts on policing,” he said. “The most significant changes should A highly visible policing presence also contributes to keeping public trust trusted.” consultants. surround us,” he said. “It will be a matter of respecting the past that you come levels high in Hong Kong. Mr Villalgordo García adds police leaders have the responsibility of instilling “It can be good to listen to different opinions. Perhaps we can also take some to being connected to the future and finding a balance.” the organization’s core values on the new recruits, which they must then points from our citizens.”

Looking into the future, Mr Zainuddin says it is going to become essential for live by on and off duty. In order to be influential to their recruits, leaders and responsive. police to be organizational change experts. He says maintaining legitimacy is themselves must be exemplary police officers who are intuitive, perceptive dependant on police adapting and evolving inline with shifts in the external environment.

“The police service must always be transformable,” he said. “If you can’t enact change then you are not going to be able to meet the public’s expectations.”

Mr Zainuddin warns against police leaders implementing change for the sake of change. He anticipates it would create scepticism about future transformations. “If there are good systems and good practices around you should continue these practices.”

60 pearls in policing 2010 navigating the way ahead 61 Rod Knecht Mal Hyde Senior Deputy Commissioner Commissioner Royal Canadian Mounted Police South Australia Police Canada Australia

Mentorship is essential No change without good leadership

Royal Canadian Mounted Police Senior Deputy Commissioner Rod Knecht South Australia Police Commissioner Mal Hyde says the inner story is what

establish their own maligned alternatives. Satisfaction of the public, he says, perception of police and determines levels of trust and legitimacy. believes citizens who are satisfied with the police will be less likely to deciphers organizational culture. In turn, culture influences the public Feedback and can be achieved by police and citizens engaging in dialogue and information sharing. The inner story of a law enforcement agency refers to the shared belief amongst staff as to what constitutes reality. It refers to the common “We’ve got to do a better job of letting people know understandings, attitudes and opinions they have, which cause them to Reflections behave a certain way. “We need to focus on improving public trust and police what we do, how we do it and why we do it,” he said. “I legitimacy,” he said. “The challenge is how to do it.” think historically we’ve been a very insular and closed

profession, but I think we have to get beyond that. We need Evolving his organization to have a customer service-focused culture is one Conference Delegates The common view amongst delegates was to become better communicators.” way Mr Hyde is working to improve public trust levels. “If we think about the that there is a disconnect between police fact that we are there to serve the needs of the community we will be better Beyond opening up communication channels, Mr Knecht says it is important Four conference delegates were invited and members of the public. Mr Knecht said focused on what we should be doing,” he said. “Not what we think we ought to for police to prove accountability and integrity to the public. That includes the action and approach taken by police be doing.” to provide feedback on issues discussed being forthcoming with errors and mishaps rather than hoping they go determines policy legitimacy. This view was during the conference. undiscovered. He says the construction of a new inner story will be required to instigate a supported by Mr Ng who believes a strong culture of being more engaged with community. On the second day of the conference, the emphasis on police integrity has resulted Knecht said. “What we’ve got to do in policing is immediately ‘fess up’. We Commissioner of the Singapore Police Force, in low crime rates in Singapore. Mr Ng said “We’re human, we all have flaws and we’re all going to make mistakes,” Mr “I think the big issue is the inner story because it directly need to say, ‘Yes, we made an error, this is the error we made, this is how or Peter Ng, and Senior Deputy Commissioner there was a direct link between the values of relates to organizational culture,” he said. “I don’t think we why we made it, and this is how we are going to ensure this particular type of Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Rod Knecht situation never happens again’.” pay enough attention to how culture can impede change, presented their views on the topic of police or how culture can actually assist with change.” his police officers and public trust. legitimacy and public trust. This topic was Mr Knecht recognised there is a need to Mr Knecht believes the public generally tolerates blunders, but will lose trust Leaders play a big role in rescripting the inner story and overseeing culture discussed by the Pearls in Policing delegates navigate as opposed to react to an event. in police when mistakes reoccur. change. at the Discussion Dinner on the opening Previously police thought the community “I think when we admit our mistakes the public is generally very forgiving,” wanted higher arrest rates, greater force night of the conference and included input he said. “It is when we try and hide it, or pretend like it didn’t happen, or we “Organizational change is about changing the way people think,” he said. from the IALG and Academics. and faster response but that is not true. continuously make the same mistake over and over that there’s no level of “That’s what leadership is all about. If you don’t have good leadership you forgiveness - particularly when the mistakes happen at a very senior level.” won’t change anything.”

Once an evolved service-oriented culture is implemented internally, Mr Hyde community and participate in information sharing, Mr Knecht hopes to believes enhancing trust and legitimacy could be a matter of promoting police Recognising it will be a culture change for his officers to engage with the evolve his organization from management level down. Ensuring he has service to the public. That includes utilising new media to create awareness good managers is a matter of having an aggressive succession plan, which and engage with the public.

“When we get the service delivery right, that should sell itself,” he said. “But recognises and develops staff identified as having leadership qualities. “I think mentorship into the future is absolutely essential,” he said. “It in the notion of selling and being in the public arena, we need to use modern is incumbent on us as senior leaders to develop that middle level of communication techniques. That’s one of the things that everyone is really management to get to the next level. grappling with and trying to achieve.”

“Do we have to change their ways of thinking if they’re disengaged? I think Mr Hyde recognises the value in collaborating with policing partners to share we do. I think it is our responsibility to make sure everybody is reaching their information and ideas about increasing trust in a digital era. maximum potential within the organization.” “Exchanging information at meetings is really important,” he said.

Peter Ng, Singapore Police Force Rod Knecht, Royal Canadian Mounted Police

navigating the way ahead 63 Brussels, Belgium 50° 51’ 17” North 4° 21’ 8” East

Mr Hyde focused his presentation on encouraging police into a trustworthy and legitimate organization in the A key challenge Mr Hyde identifies in evolving policing their objectives. He said they all needed to consider future is leadership. leaders to revisit their mission statements and redefine whether a complete state of trust and legitimacy was their ultimate destination. “If you don’t know where you “We need to keep looking for ways to change or improve are going, any road will get you there,” he said. leadership in our organizations,” he said. “It is important we all take opportunities that allow us to continue to Mr Hyde also spoke about the concept of treating learn. Otherwise we get stuck in a time warp and are left citizen’s like they are customers of the force in order behind.” to enhance public trust. While in favour of a service- delivery model, he said a balance between needs and Observers wants of the public must be struck. Australian Commission for Law Enforcement Integrity “We must address both needs and wants, but primarily (ACLEI) Integrity Commissioner Philip Moss and deal with needs,” he said. “For example, enforcing road political scientist and futurist Prof. Sohail Inayatullah safety measures such as speed limits is a need – not acted as inaugural Pearls in Policing necessarily something the public wants.” conference. As non-policing representatives, their Michel de Smedt, International Criminal Court Mal Hyde, South Australian Police observers at 2010 roles included participating in the proceedings before Mr Hyde believes levels of trust and legitimacy can be providing impartial feedback at the conclusion of the According to Mr Knecht the community wants greater further improved through the utilisation of new media event. In presenting to his fellow delegates, Mr Moss interaction and prevention. we using the wrong measurements?” our vision is and the inner stories of police officers? Are technologies. “New media has a big impact on public focused on the issue of legitimacy and trust as explored perceptions,” he said. “We can’t control all of it, but we by the Pearls in Policing academics and the IALG. At the conclusion of the two-and-a-half day Sydney Recognising communities are becoming increasingly must control what we can.” event, law enforcement delegates Head of Investigations, diverse, Mr de Smedt said it was reasonable to question International Criminal Court, Michel de Smedt, and Commissioner of the South Australia Police, Mal could even be addressed under a single policing model. whether the interests of multiple, conflicting groups presentation to their colleagues. Mr de Smedt began by In regards to international cooperation, Mr de Smedt Hyde, summarised the findings of the conference in a revisiting the topic of trust and legitimacy. He believed found there was a good conceptual model for data the conference had instilled law enforcement leaders sharing in place. However, he believed this model could with a good understanding on how to approach the issue, but several key questions would need revisiting. by improving strategic information. “We require new be developed in terms of efficiency and effectiveness cooperation practices,” he said. “Information sharing is “We understand the necessity of engaging the currently on a need-to-know basis. community,” he said. “We know we must ensure the “Perhaps this can be developed into a responsibility- managing bad performance. to-share model. It will go a long way to helping the good performance of our officers and preventing and weakest links in the system.” Mr de Smedt also touched “But we need to ask, why does there seem to be a decline on the impacts of new media on policing as discussed in public trust levels? Is there a general shift in society, during the conference. He recognised a need to embrace unrelated to our actions? Is there a gap between what developing technologies to enhance third party Philip Moss, Australian Commission for Law Prof. Sohail Inayatullah, University of the Sunshine Coast, engagement. Enforcement Integrity Australia

64 pearls in policing 2010 navigating the way ahead 65 Prof. Sohail Inayatullah Philip Moss Tamkang University Taiwan Integrity Commissioner University of the Sunshine Coast Australian Commission for Law Enforcement Integrity Australia Australia

Future-focused policing Strong link between legitimacy and accountability

“I speak as someone who has been working with federal of one master, to having a world of many masters. “The Law enforcement agencies have become increasingly future-focused in recent The role of the Australian Commission for Law Enforcement Integrity (ACLEI) is to and state law enforcement in an external capacity from public has changing expectations and a whole range of years. Futurist and Tamkang University Graduate Institute of Futures Studies deter and detect corruption in national law enforcement agencies. Essentially an a number of different perspectives,” he said. “There is people say what can you do for me?” and University of the Sunshine Coast Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences Prof. independent quality assurance body, the ACLEI investigates serious and systemic Sohail Inayatullah said it is astounding how visionary police leaders have the central concern that legitimacy of the institution of corruption as a priority but also provides an intelligence collection and analysis become. function. policing, while not in crisis, is in decline. Prof. Inayatullah says the only chance law enforcement has at maintaining relevance is by moving out of “The world has shifted so much,” he said. “Police are now embracing the ACLEI Integrity Commissioner Philip Moss says his organization’s role as being a “This proposition was put forward as the impetus for operational autism. concepts of having foresight, being proactive and being preventative. the need for senior police managers to consider whether watchdog helps to increase public confidence and police legitimacy levels. fundamental change in the nature of policing is called for. “There’s this attitude that police are Superman, but there “My perspective is there is a strong link between legitimacy and accountability,” he wasn’t this visionary leader who spoke multiple languages.” said. “Part of the Commission’s work with the Australia Federal Police is making I heard no arguments throughout the discussion against is kryptonite everywhere,” he said. “We need to give our “I am stunned at the change. My image of a police chief in the 70s and 80s sure there are robust arrangements in place for accountability. that proposition, yet I wonder whether the proposition citizens more strength.” was placed in proper context?” He said it was inevitable believes police need to look even further over the horizon. He says notions “In my experience that goes a long way to ensuring the government and the public While recognising significant progress has been made, Prof. Inayatullah that legitimacy levels waxed and waned, because Empowerment of citizens, he said, could be achieved deemed as unfathomable need to be considered as potential realities. One such notion is that of world police; can we actually have a global police? with the utilisation of new communication technologies. have high confidence in law enforcement agencies.” changing. This greater engagement also aligned with the global Besides accountability, Mr Moss says technology, society, economics, the uncontrollable external influencers were constantly Prof. Inayatullah encourages police leaders to think out-of-the-box. He says evolution of preventative policing. far fetching thoughts today could result in new organizational practices environment, demographics and crime trends are influencers of legitimacy levels. “Fluctuations in legitimacy can be characterised as a tomorrow. achieve high levels of public trust in law enforcement in the future. ‘wicked problem’; a problem or set of problems,” he said. “The new world view promotes prevention,” he said. “But Largely uncontrollable, these external factors will make it increasingly difficult to “Police could look at organized crime and terrorist groups,” he said. “They “Technology, society, economics, the environment, “There is no one sustainable solution, other than It sometimes is going to mean throwing spaghetti on the could see how they’re doing their strategic planning and use them as learning demographics and crime trends are influencers of legitimacy it is going to be a challenge to find preventative metrics. tools. constant attention and management. wall and seeing what sticks.” levels. Largely uncontrollable, these external factors will make it increasingly difficult to achieve high levels of public trust in “Police could also look at the issue of police monopoly. “In short, it is proper to place police legitimacy among law enforcement in the future.” Imagine a future with no police as a good future. What the wider management and leadership challenges of does that look like?” today, but it is important to understand that tomorrow’s “There is increasing focus on security issues and threats of terrorism which unsettle the community generally,” he said. “There will be uncertainty amongst the challenge may well be a different one. With endless possibilities Prof. Inayatullah believes planning for a multiple public until we can come to terms with these challenges.” future will best ensure preparedness.

He said the role of police leaders is to prepare their Mr Moss points out it is not going to be just law enforcement authorities who will be facing the challenge of maintaining legitimacy into the future. All public service agencies will be affected by evolving new media and the sceptical and distrusting organizations as best is able, and train officers to be police leaders shouldered the responsibility of evolving attitudes of the Generational Y population. flexible and adaptable. Prof. Inayatullah agreed that law enforcement to meet new and changing external “There is a general unease in the community about a whole range of public challenges. institutions,” he said. “It is not just those who provide services to the community in terms of law enforcement, but other kinds of services. Politicians even get caught But, he recognised adapting law enforcement strategies up in these situations. to be aligned with an evolving outside world was like “I suggest the broader view is that it is not just a policing thing, it is a question for planning when the sand keeps moving. “There has all those who provide services to the community.” been a peer to peer revolution where citizens have gone from being consumers of knowledge to producers of Mr Moss suggests public service agencies will need to start working now and knowledge,” he said. “We’ve moved from having a world balance dealing with issues of the day and creating legitimacy strategies for the future.

66 pearls in policing 2010 navigating the way ahead 67 Charting the Course of Change Working Group Topics Working Group 2: Improve police services At this year’s conference delegates also agreed on two through contemporary professionalism The Way Forward This working group will identify and explore the explore the following research topics and each working features of this approach, including but not limited research topics for 2010/11. The two working groups will Pearls in to: Coherence Each Pearls in Policing conference builds on Policing conference: group will present its findings at next year’s Leadership the results and experience of the previous The assignment topic is to examine • Engaging communities (new and traditional) one. For four years now, the Pearls in the evolving nature of social media • Diversity Policing initiative has explored meaningful and associated new technologies; Working Group 1: Explore opportunities for • Professional competence learning lines with each conference bringing the implications on crime and public cooperation in a globalised world • Performance management (tools and us one step closer to shaping future national safety and security and the associated This working group will identify good practices and • techniques) and global policing strategies. challenges and opportunities for pitfalls to avoid in the complex world of international • police to respond strategically; and law enforcement collaboration. Conference outcomes make recommendations for the Driver: future. During deliberations the IALG It will be required to: Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) participants and academics may Map the best approaches used in connecting Co-Drivers: produced a number of outcomes that will consider the following: local, national, regional and international law • The Sydney conference in June 2010 • South Australia Police, Danish National Police, shape the next months of the Pearls in Global cooperation enforcement efforts Singapore Police Force Policing Implications for new Assess major non-police players which have • • Charting professionalism high potential for future cooperation such as initiative, and which have defined • • Charting the Course of Change the Course of Change”. The conference Implications on public perception the World Customs Organization, International the theme of the 2011 conference “ delegates agreed on two research topics for and police legitimacy Organization for Migration, World Health • ‘Glocal’ implications of new media Organization and security companies, military and relevant NGOs. Netherlands. Once more, the objective of the conference Generational tensions In 2011 the conference is back in The Hague, The 2010/11 and one topic for the 2010/11 IALG • will be to search for and identify ‘pearls in policing’ to use academic conference. Financial implications and academics participating in the 2011 • Citizen journalism • Driver: requirements for the future. Political implications as a basis to develop a strategy in order to define policing IALG Assignment • Interpol • Co-drivers: The conference delegates agreed on • International Criminal Court (ICC), Tanzania Delegates Police Force, Ministry of Interior (Spain), Royal IALG participants and the academics • an assignment topic for the 2010/11 three times (Canada, Australia and The Malaysia Police, The Israel National Police. The 2010/11 IALG participants will meet conference. The IALG and the academics participating in the 2011 academic conference and will be tasked by the Canberra, Australia Pearls Netherlands) leading up to the 2011 35° 16’ 57” South Assignment Giver, Vice President Professor in Policing conference in The Hague. 149° 7’ 37” East will present their findings at the 2011 Jürgen Stock (German Bundeskriminalamt)

at their first meeting.

70 pearls in policing 2010 navigating the way ahead 71 Toronto, Canada 43° 39’ 54” North 79° 22’ 57” West Closing Remarks

community approval and engagement? Is there not a Public Private Partnership new professionalism emerging that embraces at least Closely linked to the discussion on international Pearls: up front on four sources of legitimacy: the law, its own operational cooperation, is the focus on the alleged sole right to expertise, political accountability and public trust?” In provide security. It is evident that part of the cooperation developments in law my opinion it was very good that we were warned that goes beyond the bilateral, national or intergovernmental. we must not go as far as seeing the citizen as a customer. enforcement private partners. A call for cooperation was clearly heard I noticed that delegates identified several interesting the unique character of the police organization. I noticed during the conference but, this also raised questions: On Legitimacy is in actual fact magnified by the emphasis on that this input resulted in much discussion among the which terrain and in what form can we achieve effective Mr. Ruud Bik, Chief Constable of the the Netherlands delegates. international cooperation? What will new cooperation Police Agency (KLPD) and President of the Curatorium practices look like? What about data sharing and privacy? In my opinion, we have an enforced monopoly International Police Leadership Social Media During the conference it appeared that thanks to our established position in society. If we share this position “I believe Pearls police function is perhaps the most with others, make ourselves less the influence of social media on the dominant issue of our time. I recall that provides the visible, will this result in undesirable foundation we consequences? And if it does, what will Fundamental media was named as a working group the consequences be? even during the 2009 conference, social to sincerely thank the Australian Federal Police for their need to lead our Looking back on the June 2010 Sydney conference, I first want efforts and tremendous hospitality. The conference excelled evident how legitimacy and trust are fundamentally group highlighted once more the many organizations Strategic and Operational During the 2010 Pearls conference it was once more theme. The findings of this working as a result of the perfect organization which ensured a rich important for law enforcement. In the presentation dimensions and enormous complexity of into the future.” Organizational Change and in-depth discourse amongst the international delegates. of the IALG I found it particularly noticeable that they this issue. The police are way behind in What I also found quite remarkable I was very impressed with found the nature of is that all delegates come from police the work of Commissioner policing to be the most direction, keep their knowledge and skills up to date whilst organizations in the midst of rapid change. It was clear this area and need to urgently define their Tony Negus, Conference Co- critical element of police searching for more (international) cooperation. One of the that within Pearls there was a great need for mutual “It appeared that the influence of social Director Roman Quaedvlieg legitimacy and trust. They new issues that struck me for instance was: How can citizen learning on how to deal with change. One of the working and their organizing AFP media on the police function is perhaps pointed out the negative empowerment be realised by using the new communication groups examined the elements of a success formula for team. They did an amazing the most dominant issue of our time.” technologies? I noticed that not everyone could picture what job! Thanks to them we did police cultures and how this meant straight away. No wonder this topic was chosen inner stories that influence change within participating organizations. No ‘one fit’ not go home empty-handed. they are strikingly similar included: ‘strategic management set aside time for solution was identified but a number of success factors around the world. I learned that the inner stories are reflection’, ‘determining the strategic direction’, ‘allocation to be the next assignment for the 2010/11 IALG. I realise that after three conferences in the The a key factor to change if police organizations want to International Cooperation of resources and techniques’ and ‘tracking the change’.” Netherlands the decision to have the fourth conference focus on strengthening their legitimacy and trust. To I also found it essential that the theme ‘International in the Australian continent could not have been greater achieve this change, the IALG rightly recommended that Cooperation’ remains a recurring item on the Pearls Peace keeping but I consider this move very symbolic. The Pearls in we need to move to a ‘Preferred Future Model: a flexible, agenda. Everyone is motivated, but it was established Another challenge we should consider adding to the Policing think tank wants to look, think and interpret adaptable, innovative, strategic organization’. that international cooperation takes place at differing Pearls agenda was raised in the keynote address of the globally. It would therefore be rather strange to use degrees and is often fragmented. I noted the need for The Honourable Brendan O’Connor MP, Minister for year in, year out The Hague as the only location. I am New Professionalism more structured cooperation; especially in times of Home Affairs. The Minister mentioned that at present The academic feedback led to another eye-opener. economic crisis whereby the funds available must be held in Singapore and hosted by the Singapore police. used more effectively. work in many peace keeping missions. They operate at therefore very pleased that in 2012 the conference will be thousands of police officers from around the world the legitimacy of the police. Is it the interplay of the crossroads of development and enforcement. He The question arose as to which factors actually define

72 pearls in policing 2010 navigating the way ahead 73 mentioned that an essential ingredient needed to uphold What do we see in the area of security actually the rule of law in every democratic state is the presence happening around us? How do we indicate precisely of an effective civilian police force. I appreciate his some of the fundamental trends? How can we stretch our question and wonder, what is an effective civilian police enforcement organizations in order to be imagination in order to be prepared for the unlikely so • Organising sufficient diversity within law force? able to cope successfully with diversity that we are able to advise our authorities? in the working environment. Or in other Charting the Course of Change words: Could the interests of multiple, Pearls encourages ‘out of the box’ thinking and During my closing speech I was honoured to announce conflicting groups be addressed under a the theme of the Pearls in Policing single policing model? joint international solutions. I believe Pearls is the only identifies issues and challenges which may require believe that ‘Charting the Course of Change’ will be a meeting of its kind in the world where one can gain 2010 Conference. I logical sequel to ‘Navigating the Way Ahead’. I am of Preventing law enforcement organizations insight into what is on the mind of top level executive the opinion that if we see where our future lies, we also from assuming ‘exclusivity’ in providing leaders in law enforcement: What do they see? What do • have the responsibility to identify how to get there. safety in society and instead being more they fear? What solutions are there? I also noticed that some of the issues, mentioned at open to cooperation with other security Maybe the result is not directly visible, but I am fully previous Pearls conferences, arose once again during the and public partners convinced that Pearls in Policing provides a long-term conference in Australia. contribution to world peace and an effective approach Ensuring law enforcement organizations in tackling terrorism and organized crime. I believe are well-equipped to move with the times Pearls provides the foundation we need to lead our • when higher expectations and demands organizations into the future.

Topics that deserve continuing attention in my

opinion on the Pearls agenda include: are made by international standards/ organizations/watchdogs Encouraging fruitful cooperation between Using the single function of our police and law enforcement services with a organization and through professional • • civil and military signature in times when advice, determining how senior police the division between internal and external security is becoming increasingly diffused political and governing authority of their leaders can effectively influence the law enforcement organization in order to make the right decisions

Pearls in Policing: a unique platform Maintaining a balance between local safety issues and dealing with matters • better ways of policing. This may appear to some as not with a border-crossing dimension (‘glocal’ We come together to think, reflect and discover new and being as important as dealing with operational matters policing) and indeed you will not see a direct link between solving crimes and Pearls. You will however see that Pearls Remaining focused on factors such as provides the platform for police leaders to go beyond the • here and now. To focus on issues that will play a part in trust of our law enforcement organizations. corruption influencing the legitimacy and the future of policing. We come together to think about what kind of fundamental changes are called for in the nature of policing.

74 pearls in policing 2010 navigating the way ahead 75 Delegates and Contributors

76 pearls in policing 2010 navigating the way ahead 77 Berlin, Germany 52° 32’ 32” North 13° 24’ 56” East

Commissioner of the New South Wales Police Conference Co-Directors Ad van Baal, President of the Governing Board Force, Australia Andrew Scipione of the Police Academy of The Netherlands Delegates and • • Vice President of the Bundeskriminalamt Anita Hazenberg, Programme Director Ruud Bik, Chief Constable of the the (BKA), Germany, Prof. Jürgen Stock International Police Leadership of the School Netherlands Police Agency (KLPD) and Contributors • • • Commissioner of the Hong Kong Police, Hong for Police Leadership, Police Academy of The President of the Curatorium International Kong Tang King-shing Police Leadership Pearls in Policing Conference Delegates • Netherlands Deputy Director for International Police Sandor Gaastra, Director of Police, Ministry of Cooperation, Secretariat of State for Security the Interior and Kingdom Relations • Australian Capital Territory, Australia • Law enforcement delegates: of the Ministry of Interior, Spain Juan Andrés • Roman Quaedvlieg, Chief Police Officer, Arie IJzerman, Deputy Director General of the Villalgordo García Law Enforcement Department, Ministry of Chief Constable of the Antwerp Police Belgium Conference Organization • Eddy Baelemans Deputy Commissioner General of the Royal Thai Security and Justice • Police, Thailand Prasarnrajkit Watcharapol Marc van Nimwegen, Member of the Governing President of the Curatorium, Chief Constable of • Eva Becos-Cole, Senior Policy Advisor, Commissioner of the Royal Brunei Police Force, the Netherlands Police Agency Ruud Bik Australian Federal Police • • Brunei Darussalam Pehin Zainuddin • Lieutenant General Dick van Putten, Head of Investigations, International Criminal • Eline van Duren, Policy Advisor, School of Police Board of the Public Prosecution Office Court Michel de Smedt Leadership, Police Academy of The Netherlands Commander of the Royal Netherlands • • • Deputy General of the National Police, Israel Academic delegates: Marechaussee Bert Wijbenga, Chief Constable of the Regional Ilan Franco Professor Police Science at the Benelux Conference Facilitators • Police Flevoland Deputy Inspector General of Police, Royal University and Chair of the Belgian Federal • • Malaysia Police Tan Sri Hj Ismail bin Hj Omar Police Board, Belgium Willy Bruggeman Plenary facilitator • National Commissioner, Denmark Jens Henrik Director of the Centre for Studies on Public Board of International Advisors Jenny Brockie Højbjerg Safety and Professor at the University of Chile’s • • Prof. dr. Willy Bruggeman, Chairman of the Commissioner of the South Australian Police, Institute of Public Affairs, Chile Hugo Frühling • Small group facilitators Belgian Federal Police Board, Belgium Australia Mal Hyde Professor of the Practice of Criminal Justice at • • William Elliott, Commissioner of the Royal Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police of the Harvard University, United States of America, Cal Corley, Director General, Canadian Police • Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), Canada Tanzania Police Force, Tanzania Abdulrahman Christopher Stone College • • • Khoo Boon Hui, President of Interpol Kaniki Professor of Public Administration, Law, Anita Hazenberg, Programme Director Luis Moreno-Ocampo, Prosecutor of the President of Interpol Khoo Boon Hui Tilburg University and Member of the International Police Leadership of the School • • • International Criminal Court (ICC) Senior Deputy Commissioner of the Royal Governing Board of the Police Academy of The for Police Leadership, Police Academy of The • • Saidi Mwema, Inspector General of the National Canadian Mounted Police, Canada Rod Knecht Netherlands, Pieter Tops Netherlands • Police, Tanzania President of the Board of Chief Constables, The Warwick Jones, Director Academic Programs, • Tony Negus, Commissioner of the Australian Netherlands Leon Kuijs Observing delegates: Australian Institute of Police Management • • Commissioner of the Australian Federal Police, Federal Police (AFP), Australia Professor, Graduate Institute of Futures Studies, • Australia Tony Negus Members of the Curatorium Peter Ng , Commissioner of the Singapore • Tamkang University, Taiwan and Faculty of Arts Police Force, Singapore Director General of the Grand Ducal Police, • and Social Sciences, University of the Sunshine International Police Leadership • Luxembourg Romain Nettgen Prof. dr. Jürgen Stock, Vice President of the • Coast, Australia Sohail Inayatullah (The Netherlands) Commissioner of the Singapore Police Force, Bundeskriminalamt (BKA), Germany Integrity Commissioner, Australian Commission • Singapore Peter Ng Rob Wainwright, Director of Europol • for Law Enforcement Integrity, Australia Philip Jozias van Aartsen, Mayor of The Hague, Assistant Director for the Criminal Investigative • Moss Representative of the Dutch Police Force • Division of the Federal Bureau of Investigations • • Managers Consultation (Board of Regional (FBI), United States of America Kevin Perkins Police Force Managers) (Kbb)

78 pearls in policing 2010 navigating the way ahead 79 Pearls in Policing Secretariat Nassauplein 33 2585 ED The Hague The Netherlands Tel. + 31 (0)70 311 8686 Fax + 31 (0)70 311 8687 [email protected] www.pearlsinpolicing.com

978-90-814974-2-8 isbn Authors Amanda Russell, Conference Reporter, Australian Federal Police Eva Becos-Cole, Senior Policy Advisor, Australian Federal Police

Editors Eva Becos-Cole, Senior Policy Advisor, Australian Federal Police Anita Hazenberg, Programme Director International Police Leadership, School of Police Leadership, Police Academy of The Netherlands

Contributors Eline van Duren, Policy Advisor School of Police Leadership, Police Academy of The Netherlands Roman Quaedvlieg,

Chief Police Officer, Australian Capital Territory Photography Chris van Houts (Amsterdam, The Netherlands) Melanie Hill (Australian Federal Police)

Graphic Design Barlock (The Hague, The Netherlands)

Printing De Swart (The Hague, The Netherlands)

© Copyright School of Police Leadership (SPL), Police Academy of The Netherlands, 2010

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the prior written permission of the publisher.

The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the participants and do not necessarily reflect those of the Australian Federal Police nor the School of Police Leadership of the Police Academy of the Netherlands.

80 pearls in policing 2010 Pearls in Policing Pearls in Policing 2010 Secretariat Nassauplein 33 2585 ED The Hague The Netherlands Tel. + 31 (0)70 311 8686 Fax + 31 (0)70 311 8687 Navigating [email protected] www.pearlsinpolicing.com

978-90-814974-2-8 isbn The Way Ahead