Why Hard Disk Drives and Flash Belong Together
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Chapter 3 Semiconductor Memories
Chapter 3 Semiconductor Memories Jin-Fu Li Department of Electrical Engineering National Central University Jungli, Taiwan Outline Introduction Random Access Memories Content Addressable Memories Read Only Memories Flash Memories Advanced Reliable Systems (ARES) Lab. Jin-Fu Li, EE, NCU 2 Overview of Memory Types Semiconductor Memories Read/Write Memory or Random Access Memory (RAM) Read Only Memory (ROM) Random Access Non-Random Access Memory (RAM) Memory (RAM) •Mask (Fuse) ROM •Programmable ROM (PROM) •Erasable PROM (EPROM) •Static RAM (SRAM) •FIFO/LIFO •Electrically EPROM (EEPROM) •Dynamic RAM (DRAM) •Shift Register •Flash Memory •Register File •Content Addressable •Ferroelectric RAM (FRAM) Memory (CAM) •Magnetic RAM (MRAM) Advanced Reliable Systems (ARES) Lab. Jin-Fu Li, EE, NCU 3 Memory Elements – Memory Architecture Memory elements may be divided into the following categories Random access memory Serial access memory Content addressable memory Memory architecture 2m+k bits row decoder row decoder 2n-k words row decoder row decoder column decoder k column mux, n-bit address sense amp, 2m-bit data I/Os write buffers Advanced Reliable Systems (ARES) Lab. Jin-Fu Li, EE, NCU 4 1-D Memory Architecture S0 S0 Word0 Word0 S1 S1 Word1 Word1 S2 S2 Word2 Word2 A0 S3 S3 A1 Decoder Ak-1 Sn-2 Storage Sn-2 Wordn-2 element Wordn-2 Sn-1 Sn-1 Wordn-1 Wordn-1 m-bit m-bit Input/Output Input/Output n select signals are reduced n select signals: S0-Sn-1 to k address signals: A0-Ak-1 Advanced Reliable Systems (ARES) Lab. Jin-Fu Li, EE, NCU 5 Memory Architecture S0 Word0 Wordi-1 S1 A0 A1 Ak-1 Row Decoder Sn-1 Wordni-1 A 0 Column Decoder Aj-1 Sense Amplifier Read/Write Circuit m-bit Input/Output Advanced Reliable Systems (ARES) Lab. -
Section 10 Flash Technology
10 FLASH TECHNOLOGY Overview Flash memory technology is a mix of EPROM and EEPROM technologies. The term “flash” was chosen because a large chunk of memory could be erased at one time. The name, therefore, distinguishes flash devices from EEPROMs, where each byte is erased individually. Flash memory technology is today a mature technology. Flash memory is a strong com- petitor to other memories such as EPROMs, EEPROMs, and to some DRAM applications. Figure 10-1 shows the density comparison of a flash versus other memories. 64M 16M 4M DRAM/EPROM 1M SRAM/EEPROM Density 256K Flash 64K 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 Year Source: Intel/ICE, "Memory 1996" 18613A Figure 10-1. Flash Density Versus Other Memory How the Device Works The elementary flash cell consists of one transistor with a floating gate, similar to an EPROM cell. However, technology and geometry differences between flash devices and EPROMs exist. In particular, the gate oxide between the silicon and the floating gate is thinner for flash technology. It is similar to the tunnel oxide of an EEPROM. Source and INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ENGINEERING CORPORATION 10-1 Flash Technology drain diffusions are also different. Figure 10-2 shows a comparison between a flash cell and an EPROM cell with the same technology complexity. Due to thinner gate oxide, the flash device will be more difficult to process. CMOS Flash Cell CMOS EPROM Cell Mag. 10,000x Mag. 10,000x Flash Memory Cell – Larger transistor – Thinner floating gate – Thinner oxide (100-200Å) Photos by ICE 17561A Figure 10-2. -
Storage Systems and Technologies - Jai Menon and Clodoaldo Barrera
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND COMMUNICATIONS RESOURCES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT - Storage Systems and Technologies - Jai Menon and Clodoaldo Barrera STORAGE SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES Jai Menon IBM Academy of Technology, San Jose, CA, USA Clodoaldo Barrera IBM Systems Group, San Jose, CA, USA Keywords: Storage Systems, Hard disk drives, Tape Drives, Optical Drives, RAID, Storage Area Networks, Backup, Archive, Network Attached Storage, Copy Services, Disk Caching, Fiber Channel, Storage Switch, Storage Controllers, Disk subsystems, Information Lifecycle Management, NFS, CIFS, Storage Class Memories, Phase Change Memory, Flash Memory, SCSI, Caching, Non-Volatile Memory, Remote Copy, Storage Virtualization, Data De-duplication, File Systems, Archival Storage, Storage Software, Holographic Storage, Storage Class Memory, Long-Term data preservation Contents 1. Introduction 2. Storage devices 2.1. Storage Device Industry Overview 2.2. Hard Disk Drives 2.3. Digital Tape Drives 2.4. Optical Storage 2.5. Emerging Storage Technologies 2.5.1. Holographic Storage 2.5.2. Flash Storage 2.5.3. Storage Class Memories 3. Block Storage Systems 3.1. Storage System Functions – Current 3.2. Storage System Functions - Emerging 4. File and Archive Storage Systems 4.1. Network Attached Storage 4.2. Archive Storage Systems 5. Storage Networks 5.1. SAN Fabrics 5.2. IP FabricsUNESCO – EOLSS 5.3. Converged Networking 6. Storage SoftwareSAMPLE CHAPTERS 6.1. Data Backup 6.2. Data Archive 6.3. Information Lifecycle Management 6.4. Disaster Protection 7. Concluding Remarks Acknowledgements Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketches ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND COMMUNICATIONS RESOURCES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT - Storage Systems and Technologies - Jai Menon and Clodoaldo Barrera Summary Our world is increasingly becoming a data-centric world. -
Nanotechnology ? Nram (Nano Random Access
International Journal Of Engineering Research and Technology (IJERT) IFET-2014 Conference Proceedings INTERFACE ECE T14 INTRACT – INNOVATE - INSPIRE NANOTECHNOLOGY – NRAM (NANO RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY) RANJITHA. T, SANDHYA. R GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, COIMBATORE 13. containing elements, nanotubes, are so small, NRAM technology will Abstract— NRAM (Nano Random Access Memory), is one of achieve very high memory densities: at least 10-100 times our current the important applications of nanotechnology. This paper has best. NRAM will operate electromechanically rather than just been prepared to cull out answers for the following crucial electrically, setting it apart from other memory technologies as a questions: nonvolatile form of memory, meaning data will be retained even What is NRAM? when the power is turned off. The creators of the technology claim it What is the need of it? has the advantages of all the best memory technologies with none of How can it be made possible? the disadvantages, setting it up to be the universal medium for What is the principle and technology involved in NRAM? memory in the future. What are the advantages and features of NRAM? The world is longing for all the things it can use within its TECHNOLOGY palm. As a result nanotechnology is taking its head in the world. Nantero's technology is based on a well-known effect in carbon Much of the electronic gadgets are reduced in size and increased nanotubes where crossed nanotubes on a flat surface can either be in efficiency by the nanotechnology. The memory storage devices touching or slightly separated in the vertical direction (normal to the are somewhat large in size due to the materials used for their substrate) due to Van der Waal's interactions. -
AXP Internal 2-Apr-20 1
2-Apr-20 AXP Internal 1 2-Apr-20 AXP Internal 2 2-Apr-20 AXP Internal 3 2-Apr-20 AXP Internal 4 2-Apr-20 AXP Internal 5 2-Apr-20 AXP Internal 6 Class 6 Subject: Computer Science Title of the Book: IT Planet Petabyte Chapter 2: Computer Memory GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS: • Exercises to be written in the book. • Assignment questions to be done in ruled sheets. • You Tube link is for the explanation of Primary and Secondary Memory. YouTube Link: ➢ https://youtu.be/aOgvgHiazQA INTRODUCTION: ➢ Computer can store a large amount of data safely in their memory for future use. ➢ A computer’s memory is measured either in Bits or Bytes. ➢ The memory of a computer is divided into two categories: Primary Memory, Secondary Memory. ➢ There are two types of Primary Memory: ROM and RAM. ➢ Cache Memory is used to store program and instructions that are frequently used. EXPLANATION: Computer Memory: Memory plays a very important role in a computer. It is the basic unit where data and instructions are stored temporarily. Memory usually consists of one or more chips on the mother board, or you can say it consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed by the processor, data needed by those instructions, and the results of processing the data. Memory Units: Computer memory is measured in bits and bytes. A bit is the smallest unit of information that a computer can process and store. A group of 4 bits is known as nibble, and a group of 8 bits is called byte. -
Use External Storage Devices Like Pen Drives, Cds, and Dvds
External Intel® Learn Easy Steps Activity Card Storage Devices Using external storage devices like Pen Drives, CDs, and DVDs loading Videos Since the advent of computers, there has been a need to transfer data between devices and/or store them permanently. You may want to look at a file that you have created or an image that you have taken today one year later. For this it has to be stored somewhere securely. Similarly, you may want to give a document you have created or a digital picture you have taken to someone you know. There are many ways of doing this – online and offline. While online data transfer or storage requires the use of Internet, offline storage can be managed with minimum resources. The only requirement in this case would be a storage device. Earlier data storage devices used to mainly be Floppy drives which had a small storage space. However, with the development of computer technology, we today have pen drives, CD/DVD devices and other removable media to store and transfer data. With these, you store/save/copy files and folders containing data, pictures, videos, audio, etc. from your computer and even transfer them to another computer. They are called secondary storage devices. To access the data stored in these devices, you have to attach them to a computer and access the stored data. Some of the examples of external storage devices are- Pen drives, CDs, and DVDs. Introduction to Pen Drive/CD/DVD A pen drive is a small self-powered drive that connects to a computer directly through a USB port. -
Desktop Computer – Dell Optiplex
Desktop – Dell Optiplex 9030 AIO CTO $1,123.81 • Intel® Core™ i5-4590S Processor (Qual Core, 6MB, 3.00GHz w/HD4600 Graphics) • Windows 7 Professional, No Media, 64-bit, English (includes 8.1 License) • OptiPlex 9030 All-in-One Desktop • 8GB, NON-ECC, 1600MHZ DDR3L Memory • C2G HDMI to DVI-D Digital Video Cable • 128GB 2.5" Solid State Drive • 23-inch WLED Full-HD All-in-One Non-Touch Display • Dell MS111 USB Optical Mouse • 8X Slimline DVD+/-RW Drive • 4 Year Basic Hardware Service with 4 Year NBD Limited Onsite Service After Remote Diagnosis Laptop Computer – Dell E6440 $1253.92 • Windows 7 Professional, No Media, 64-bit, English (includes 8.1 License) • 4th gen Intel® Core™ i5-4300M (Dual Core 2.7GHz, 3M cache) • 14.0" HD(1660X900) Anti-Glare LED backlit • 8.0GB,(2x8gb) DDR3L-1600 MHz Memory • Intel HD Graphics 4600 • 500GB Solid State Hybrid Drive • 8X DVD+/-RW • Intel® Advanced-N6235 801.11 AGN Dual Bank Wi-Fi + BT 4.0 LE Half Mini Card • 6 Cell Primary Lithium Ion Battery • 90W A/C Adapter • Dell Professional 15.6” Business Case • 4 Year Basic Limited Warranty and 4 Year NBD Onsite Service Desktop Computer – Apple iMac $1899.00 • iMac, 27 inch with Retina 5K display • 3.2GHz Quad-core Intel Core i5, Turbo Boost up to 3.6GHz • 8GB 1867MHz LPDDR3 SDRAM - 2x4GB • 1TB Fusion Drive • Graphics: AMD Radeon R9 M390 with 2GB GDDR5 • Mouse and Trackpad – Apple Magic Mouse 2 • Apple Keyboard with numeric keypad (English) / User's Guide (English) • AppleCare Protection Plan for iMac - Auto-enroll Laptop Computer – Apple MacBookPro $1,399.00 • MacBook Pro, 13-inch with Retina Display • 2.7GHz Dual-core Intel Core i5 Turbo Boost up to 3.1 GHz • 8GB 1866MHZ LPDDR3 SDRAM • 256GB PCIe-based Flash Storage • Graphics Intel Iris Graphics 6100 • Superdrive 8x (DVD±RDL/DVD±RW/CD-RW) • Mouse and Trackpad – Force Touch trackpad • Keyboard and Documentation – Backlit • Keyboard / User’s Guide English • AppleCare Protection Plan for MacBook/MacBook Air/13" MacBook Pro Prices are subject to change. -
MSP430 Flash Memory Characteristics (Rev. B)
Application Report SLAA334B–September 2006–Revised August 2018 MSP430 Flash Memory Characteristics ........................................................................................................................ MSP430 Applications ABSTRACT Flash memory is a widely used, reliable, and flexible nonvolatile memory to store software code and data in a microcontroller. Failing to handle the flash according to data-sheet specifications can result in unreliable operation of the application. This application report explains the physics behind these specifications and also gives recommendations for the correct management of flash memory on MSP430™ microcontrollers (MCUs). All examples are based on the flash memory used in the MSP430F1xx, MSP430F2xx, and MSP430F4xx microcontroller families. Contents 1 Flash Memory ................................................................................................................ 2 2 Simplified Flash Memory Cell .............................................................................................. 2 3 Flash Memory Parameters ................................................................................................. 3 3.1 Data Retention ...................................................................................................... 3 3.2 Flash Endurance.................................................................................................... 5 3.3 Cumulative Program Time......................................................................................... 5 4 -
Control Design and Implementation of Hard Disk Drive Servos by Jianbin
Control Design and Implementation of Hard Disk Drive Servos by Jianbin Nie A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering-Mechanical Engineering in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Roberto Horowitz, Chair Professor Masayoshi Tomizuka Professor David Brillinger Spring 2011 Control Design and Implementation of Hard Disk Drive Servos ⃝c 2011 by Jianbin Nie 1 Abstract Control Design and Implementation of Hard Disk Drive Servos by Jianbin Nie Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering-Mechanical Engineering University of California, Berkeley Professor Roberto Horowitz, Chair In this dissertation, the design of servo control algorithms is investigated to produce high-density and cost-effective hard disk drives (HDDs). In order to sustain the continuing increase of HDD data storage density, dual-stage actuator servo systems using a secondary micro-actuator have been developed to improve the precision of read/write head positioning control by increasing their servo bandwidth. In this dissertation, the modeling and control design of dual-stage track-following servos are considered. Specifically, two track-following control algorithms for dual-stage HDDs are developed. The designed controllers were implemented and evaluated on a disk drive with a PZT-actuated suspension-based dual-stage servo system. Usually, the feedback position error signal (PES) in HDDs is sampled on some spec- ified servo sectors with an equidistant sampling interval, which implies that HDD servo systems with a regular sampling rate can be modeled as linear time-invariant (LTI) systems. However, sampling intervals for HDD servo systems are not always equidistant and, sometimes, an irregular sampling rate due to missing PES sampling data is unavoidable. -
The Rise of the Flash Memory Market: Its Impact on Firm
The Rise of the Flash Web version: Memory Market: Its Impact July 2007 on Firm Behavior and Author: Global Semiconductor Falan Yinug1 Trade Patterns Abstract This article addresses three questions about the flash memory market. First, will the growth of the flash memory market be a short- or long-term phenomenon? Second, will the growth of the flash memory market prompt changes in firm behavior and industry structure? Third, what are the implications for global semiconductor trade patterns of flash memory market growth? The analysis concludes that flash memory market growth is a long-term phenomenon to which producers have responded in four distinct ways. It also concludes that the rise in flash memory demand has intensified current semiconductor trade patterns but has not shifted them fundamentally. 1 Falan Yinug ([email protected]) is a International Trade Analyst from the Office of Industries. His words are strictly his own and do not represent the opinions of the US International Trade Commission or of any of its Commissioners. 1 Introduction The past few years have witnessed rapid growth in a particular segment of the 2 semiconductor market known as flash memory. In each of the past five years, for example, flash memory market growth has either outpaced or equaled that 3 of the total integrated circuit (IC) market (McClean et al 2004-2007, section 5). One observer expects flash memory to have the third-strongest market growth rate over the next six years among all IC product categories (McClean et al 2007, 5-6). As a result, the flash memory share of the total IC market has increased from 5.5 percent in 2002, to 8.1 percent in 2005. -
Computer Service Technician- CST Competency Requirements
Computer Service Technician- CST Competency Requirements This Competency listing serves to identify the major knowledge, skills, and training areas which the Computer Service Technician needs in order to perform the job of servicing the hardware and the systems software for personal computers (PCs). The present CST COMPETENCIES only address operating systems for Windows current version, plus three older. Included also are general common Linux and Apple competency information, as proprietary service contracts still keep most details specific to in-house service. The Competency is written so that it can be used as a course syllabus, or the study directed towards the education of individuals, who are expected to have basic computer hardware electronics knowledge and skills. Computer Service Technicians must be knowledgeable in the following technical areas: 1.0 SAFETY PROCEDURES / HANDLING / ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS 1.1 Explain the need for physical safety: 1.1.1 Lifting hardware 1.1.2 Electrical shock hazard 1.1.3 Fire hazard 1.1.4 Chemical hazard 1.2 Explain the purpose for Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) 1.3 Summarize work area safety and efficiency 1.4 Define first aid procedures 1.5 Describe potential hazards in both in-shop and in-home environments 1.6 Describe proper recycling and disposal procedures 2.0 COMPUTER ASSEMBLY AND DISASSEMBLY 2.1 List the tools required for removal and installation of all computer system components 2.2 Describe the proper removal and installation of a CPU 2.2.1 Describe proper use of Electrostatic Discharge -
Parallel Computer Architecture and Programming CMU / 清华 大学
Lecture 20: Addressing the Memory Wall Parallel Computer Architecture and Programming CMU / 清华⼤学, Summer 2017 CMU / 清华⼤学, Summer 2017 Today’s topic: moving data is costly! Data movement limits performance Data movement has high energy cost Many processors in a parallel computer means… ~ 0.9 pJ for a 32-bit foating-point math op * - higher overall rate of memory requests ~ 5 pJ for a local SRAM (on chip) data access - need for more memory bandwidth to avoid ~ 640 pJ to load 32 bits from LPDDR memory being bandwidth bound Core Core Memory bus Memory Core Core CPU * Source: [Han, ICLR 2016], 45 nm CMOS assumption CMU / 清华⼤学, Summer 2017 Well written programs exploit locality to avoid redundant data transfers between CPU and memory (Key idea: place frequently accessed data in caches/buffers near processor) Core L1 Core L1 L2 Memory Core L1 Core L1 ▪ Modern processors have high-bandwidth (and low latency) access to on-chip local storage - Computations featuring data access locality can reuse data in this storage ▪ Common software optimization technique: reorder computation so that cached data is accessed many times before it is evicted (“blocking”, “loop fusion”, etc.) ▪ Performance-aware programmers go to great effort to improve the cache locality of programs - What are good examples from this class? CMU / 清华⼤学, Summer 2017 Example 1: restructuring loops for locality Program 1 void add(int n, float* A, float* B, float* C) { for (int i=0; i<n; i++) Two loads, one store per math op C[i] = A[i] + B[i]; } (arithmetic intensity = 1/3) void mul(int