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Emergence and Fate of Siloxanes in Waste Streams: Release Mechanisms, Partitioning and Persistence in Three Environmental Compartments Sharon C

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Emergence and Fate of Siloxanes in Waste Streams: Release Mechanisms, Partitioning and Persistence in Three Environmental Compartments Sharon C Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 3-23-2015 Emergence and Fate of Siloxanes in Waste Streams: Release Mechanisms, Partitioning and Persistence in Three Environmental Compartments Sharon C. Surita Florida International University, [email protected] DOI: 10.25148/etd.FI15032134 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the Environmental Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Surita, Sharon C., "Emergence and Fate of Siloxanes in Waste Streams: Release Mechanisms, Partitioning and Persistence in Three Environmental Compartments" (2015). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1899. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1899 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida EMERGENCE AND FATE OF SILOXANES IN WASTE STREAMS: RELEASE MECHANISMS, PARTITIONING AND PERSISTENCE IN THREE ENVIRONMENTAL COMPARTMENTS A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSPHY in CIVIL ENGINEERING by Sharon Czarina Surita 2015 To: Dean Amir Mirmiran College of Engineering & Computing This dissertation, written by Sharon Czarina Surita, and entitled Emergence and Fate of Siloxanes in Waste Streams: Release Mechanisms, Partitioning and Persistence in Three Environmental Compartments, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this dissertation and recommend that it be approved. _______________________________________ Omar I Abdul-Aziz _______________________________________ Shonali Laha _______________________________________ Walter Tang _______________________________________ Krishnaswamy Jayachandran ______________________________________ Berrin Tansel, Major Professor Date of Defense: March 23, 2015 The dissertation of Sharon Czarina Surita is approved. _______________________________________ Dean Amir Mirmiran College of Engineering & Computing _______________________________________ Dean Lakshmi N. Reddi University Graduate School Florida International University, 2014 ii © Copyright 2015 by Sharon Czarina Surita All rights reserved. iii DEDICATION I dedicate this dissertation to my husband, son and mother. Without their patience, understanding, support, and love the completion of this work would not have been possible. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation would not have been completed without the support of numerous people. I wish to thank the members of my committee, Dr. Shonali Laha, Dr. Krishnaswamy Jayachandran, Dr. Omar Abdul-Aziz, Dr. Walter Tang and Dr. Berrin Tansel, as well as Dr. Fuentes, the Associate Chair of the Department for their support, patience, and insight. Their gentle, but firm direction has been most appreciated. Dr. Berrin Tansel, as my academic advisor, was particularly helpful in guiding me toward a comprehensive understanding of research methodologies. I would also like to thank Dr. Tansel for having confidence in my abilities to excel in my studies and propel me towards publication of several papers in high-impact journals and providing me with the opportunity to participate in significant research endeavors such as evaluating fate and transport mechanisms of siloxanes in the environment. I would like to thank the Hinkley Center for Solid and Hazardous Waste Management of University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida for providing funding for research, sampling and analytical procedures. I also would like to acknowledge and thank Florida International University for financial support provided by the FIU Graduate School Dissertation Year Fellowship and allowing me the opportunity to focus exclusively on my research. I thankfully acknowledge the contribution of many individuals involved in field sampling and analysis. Mr. Myers and staff at the South Florida Water Management District, Rodney Sasina, Collin Douglas and Jorge Fernandez provided immeasurable help in sample collection. Dr. Yusuf Emirov’s help with micro-analysis was very instrumental in my research. Technical Advisory Group (TAG) members including, v Manny Moncholi, Tarek Abichou, and Wieland Uchdorf offered intellectual guidance to continue the flow of research efforts. My coursework throughout the Curriculum and Instruction program equipped me with the tools to explore and decipher present issues and predict future trends in my subject area. Finally, I would like to thank my husband, Kenneth for his support and encouragement and my ever-cheerful son, Xavier who gives me happiness and has been a blessing in my life. vi ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION EMERGENCE AND FATE OF SILOXANES IN WASTE STREAMS: RELEASE MECHANISMS, PARTITIONING AND PERSISTENCE IN THREE ENVIRONMENTAL COMPARTMENTS by Sharon Czarina Surita Florida International University, 2015 Miami, Florida Professor Berrin Tansel, Major Professor Siloxanes are widely used in personal care and industrial products due to their low surface tension, thermal stability, antimicrobial and hydrophobic properties, among other characteristics. Volatile methyl siloxanes (VMS) have been detected both in landfill gas and biogas from anaerobic digesters at wastewater treatment plants. As a result, they are released to gas phase during waste decomposition and wastewater treatment. During transformation processes of digester or landfill gas to energy, siloxanes are converted to silicon oxides, leaving abrasive deposits on engine components. These deposits cause increased maintenance costs and in some cases complete engine overhauls become necessary. The objectives of this study were to compare the VMS types and levels present in biogas generated in the anaerobic digesters and landfills and evaluate the energetics of siloxane transformations under anaerobic conditions. Siloxane emissions, resulting from disposal of silicone-based materials, are expected to increase by 29% within the next 10 years. Estimated concentrations and the risk factors of exposure to siloxanes were vii evaluated based on the initial concentrations, partitioning characteristics and persistence. It was determined that D4 has the highest risk factor associated to bioaccumulation in liquid and solid phase, whereas D5 was highest in gas phase. Additionally, as siloxanes are combusted, the particle size range causes them to be potentially hazardous to human health. When inhaled, they may affix onto the alveoli of the lungs and may lead to development of silicosis. Siloxane-based COD-loading was evaluated and determined to be an insignificant factor concerning COD limits in wastewater. Removal of siloxane compounds is recommended prior to land application of biosolids or combustion of biogas. A comparison of estimated costs was made between maintenance practices for removal of siloxane deposits and installation/operation of fixed-bed carbon absorption systems. In the majority of cases, the installation of fixed- bed adsorption systems would not be a feasible option for the sole purpose of siloxane removal. However they may be utilized to remove additional compounds simultaneously. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 References ...................................................................................................................... 5 2. Siloxanes in MSW: Historical and projected trends in waste fractions with increasing siloxane use .................................................................................................... 7 2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Methodology ................................................................................................... 13 2.2.1 Silicone trend analysis ................................................................................ 13 2.2.2 Justification of sector alignment ................................................................. 15 2.2.3 Municipal waste degradation ...................................................................... 20 2.2.4 Silicone-containing waste projections ........................................................ 21 2.3 Results ................................................................................................................ 23 2.4 Conclusions ........................................................................................................ 27 References ..................................................................................................................... 28 3. Oxidation of siloxanes during biogas combustion and nanotoxicity of Si-based particles released to the atmosphere (published in Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology) .................................................................................................................. 31 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 31 3.2 Siloxane levels in biogas .................................................................................... 35 3.2.1 Quantities of silicon dioxide deposited and released to the atmosphere
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