T E R R I T O R Y L A N D U S E P L A N

HUPACASATH FIRST NATION JUNE 2003

Hupacasath First Nation TERRITORY LAND USE PLAN

PART A: BACKGROUND 1.0 INTRODUCTION...... 1 1.1 Purpose of the Hupacasath Land Use Plan...... 1 1.2 Qualification of Hupacasath Land Use Plan ……………………………………………….4 2.0 HUPACASATH LANDS AND RESOURCES ...... 5 2.1 Location ...... 5 2.2 Land and Resources ...... 5 2.3 Salmon Resources...... 6 2.4 Forest Resources...... 8 2.5 Plants and Wildlife Resources...... 13 2.6 Tourism + Recreation Resources ...... 16 2.7 Water and Mineral Resources...... 17 3.0 STATEMENT OF LAND AND RESOURCE OWNERSHIP...... 17 3.1 Statement of Aboriginal Rights and Title ...... 17 3.2 Muuhulthaht, Klehkoot and Ahahswinis Tribes ...... 18 3.3 Present Hupacasath People ...... 19

PART B: THE PLAN

4.0 VISION FOR HUPACASATH LANDS AND RESOURCES ...... 23 4.1 Sustainable Resource Management ...... 23 5.0 HUPACASATH USE AREAS ...... 25 5.1 Hupacasath Use Areas...... 25 5.2 Land and Resource Values ...... 25 5.3 Management Objectives ...... 26 5.4 Hupacasath Use Area Designations ...... 26 5.5 Details of Each Hupacasath Use Area ...... 26 1. Arbutus Summit ...... 26 2. Ash ...... 27 3. Beaufort ...... 29 4. Cameron...... 31 5. China ...... 32 6. Chuchakacook ...... 33 7. Coleman...... 34 8. Corrigan Creek ...... 35 9. Cous Creek ...... 36

Hupacasath First Nation TERRITORY LAND USE PLAN

10. Doran...... 37 11. Drinkwater/Della ...... 38 12. Grassy Mountain ...... 39 13. Great Central Lake ...... 40 14. Handy Creek ...... 41 15. Hywatches ...... 42 16. Lowry...... 43 17. McCoy/Devil’s Den ...... 44 18. Maber/McBride ...... 45 19. Mactush Creek ...... 46 20. Museum ...... 47 21. Nahmint ...... 48 22. Oshinow...... 50 23. Pocahontas Point ...... 51 24. Roger Creek ...... 52 25. Shoemaker...... 54 26. Sproat Lake...... 55 27. Taylor ...... 57 28. Thunder Mountain ...... 58 29. Barkley Sound and Offshore Rights ……………………………………………………59

PART C: IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY

6.0 PLAN IMPLEMENTATION...... 61 6.1 With Governments ...... 61 6.2 With Resource Users ...... 61 6.3 Consultation Protocols...... 62 7.0 PLAN REVISION ...... 63

PART D: PLAN ADOPTION

PART A: BACKGROUND

Hupacasath First Nation TERRITORY LAND USE PLAN

1.0 INTRODUCTION The Hupacasath stated during a Treaty Main Table session on May 1, 1998; “We as a First Nation in our territory, know the balance of all life cycles, how they affect one another, and how to keep harmony and balance. We know how the environment used to be and we can recover and restore our territory’s natural resources to what they once were. Our interest in the natural resources is not driven by economics, but by resource sustainability for all people of the lands. To be First Nations is to be part of the land, water, air and to respect it.”

“We will give back to mother earth the respect and sanctity she rightfully deserves. We will make our lands, waters and air inviolable. We will spiritually cleanse the lands that have already been violated. We will take back our place as the rightful caretakers of our territory and far exceed the provincial and federal standards, for they are lax and inefficient.”

Chief Judith Sayers stated in 2003, “This statement is as true today as it was five years ago. This Hupacasath Land Use Plan is our statement of how we will implement what was so wisely stated in May of 1998 and by our elders in years past.”

1.1 Purpose of the Hupacasath Land Use Plan The Hupacasath Land Use Plan is a strategic higher level plan that defines the Hupacasath First Nation’s land and forest values and management objectives at the territorial level. The plan defines Hupacasath cultural and resource values for 29 Hupacasath Use Areas (28 land based areas and 1 m arine based area), which are defined by one of the following three designations, which are shown on the map at the end of the Plan: 1. Protection from industrial development such as timber harvesting, mining, large scale tourism, hydro development or urbanization 2. Resource Development, which means timber harvesting, mining, tourism and other development can take place while respecting Hupacasath rights and title 3. Special Management, which means resource development can occur but there are special cultural or environmental features that take precedent over development

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Figure 1: Hupacasath Territory

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The Hupacasath Land Use Plan will give guidance to “lower” level plans including, but not limited to: Forest Development Plans, Timber Supply Reviews, mine, water use, tourism development plans and potential Non-Timber Forest Products plans. It will also provide important information for land claims and treaty negotiations.

The overall purpose of the Hupacasath Land Use Plan (the Plan) is to enable the Hupacasath people to exert their rightful ownership and control over the lands and resources within their territory. The Plan will inform the federal, provincial and local governments, forest companies, other resource users including tourist operators and third parties as to how the Hupacasath will manage their lands and resources. Implementation of the Plan is not seen as a unilateral process. The Hupacasath will implement the Plan with others

who are willing to share their vision and enter into agreements as to how lands and resources will be planned, managed and used. The Plan is organized in the following sections to inform others as to how the Hupacasath will manage their lands and resources.

PART A BACKGROUND Provides background material to show where the Hupacasath people live and how they own and use their land and natural resources.

PART B THE PLAN Provides a Vision for how the Hupacasath people will manage their land and resources , defines the resource values, and zones the territory into Hupacasath Use Areas designated as “Protected”, “Special Management” or “Resource Development”. A list of the Hupacasath Use Areas and designations is found in Figure 2 on page 4.

PART C IMPLEMENTING THE PLAN States how the Plan will be implemented with governments and other resource users through Co-Management Agreements and states how the Plan will be revised in the future.

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PART D ADOPTING THE PLAN The Plan will be adopted by the Hupacasath including community members, Council and elders. It will be signed by the elected Council.

Figure 2: Hupacasath Use Areas and Designations Hupacasath Use Area Designation Arbutus Summit Special Management Ash Special Management Beaufort Special Management Cameron Resource Development China Resource Development Chuchakacook Resource Development Coleman Resource Development Corrigan Creek Resource Development Cous Creek Resource Development Doran Protected Area Drinkwater/Della Protected Area Grassy Protected Area Great Central Lake Special Management Handy Creek Resource Development Hywatches Special Management Lowry Resource Development McCoy/Devils Den Special Management Maber/McBride Protected Area Mactush Creek Resource Development Museum Resource Development Nahmint Special Management Oshinow Special Management Pocahontas Point Resource Development Roger Creek Resource Development Shoemaker Special Management Sproat Lake Special Management Taylor Special Management Thunder Protected Area Barkley Sound and Offshore Special Management

1.2 Qualification of Hupacasath Land Use Plan The Hupacasath Land Use Plan is not intended to be a comprehensive statement or definition of Hupacasath aboriginal rights and title. This Land Use Plan is without prejudice to the positions that may be taken by the Hupacasath with regard to their rights and title in future negotiations, land claims or other claims.

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2.0 HUPACASATH LANDS AND RESOURCES 2.1 Location The Hupacasath First Nation have exclusively owned, used and occupied the land, waters and resources as outlined on the map in Figure 1 of this plan since time immemorial. Their traditional territory is on central Vancouver Island and includes the town of Port Alberni. The land encompasses the headwaters of the Ash and Elsie River systems in the northwest, east to the height of land on the Beaufort Range and then southeast to Mount Arrowsmith to Labour Day Lake and the Cameron river system. The southeast boundary includes the China Creek, Franklin River, Corrigan Creek Areas and the north part of the Coleman Creek Area. The southern boundary follows Alberni Inlet to Handy creek then northwest to follow the height of land between Henderson Lake and Nahmint Lake. The west boundary includes the headwaters of the Sproat Lake and Great Central lake Areas. This territory also includes major physical features such as Great Central and Sproat Lakes, Mount Arrowsmith, Thunder Mountain and Mount Klitsa. The Hupacasath First Nation have a claim to all the sea resources with the Alberni Inlet, Barkley Sound and offshore as exercised traditionally through to today.. The Hupacasath were sea-going people and utilized all sea resources down the inlet and through Barkley Sound and beyon d. The Hupacasath recognize that other First Nations utilized these waters to exercise their rights and title and the Hupacasath are not claiming exclusive rights to this offshore area. The Hupacasath further recognize that other First Nations have exclusive rights to parts of these areas and will use protocol in asking permission before any harvesting of resources is done when it is another First Nation’s territory.

2.2 Land and Resources The area of the Hupacasath territory is approximately 232,000 hectares plus their interest in the Barkley Sound and offshore. This territory, on the wetter west side of Vancouver Island contains some of the most valuable forest, fish and marine resources in the world. The predominantly on-land winds created by the warm offshore currents from the Pacific Ocean create a warm maritime climate with a summer dry period. This creates vast

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stands of Douglas fir, western red cedar, hemlock and balsam at lower elevations and yellow cedar and mountain hemlock along the mountain ridges.

The lakes and rivers contain all five species of Pacific salmon as well as steelhead and trout. Estuaries, forests and fields contain a wide variety of berries, shrubs, tubers, and grasses that are used by the Hupacasath as foods, medicines and traditionally for clothing, utensils and a wide variety of other uses. Wildlife abounds ; there are deer, elk, bear, cougar, wolves and many other species that rely on the forests and water habitat. Ducks, geese, swans, grouse and numerous other bird species live and migrate through the Hupacasath territory.

The Hupacasath people have lived sustainably with these forests, fish and marine, wildlife and birds for many thousands of years. Since contact with Europeans, Hupacasath’s control over their lands and resources has diminished as has the volume and value of the fish, marine and forest resources within the territory. This Land Use Plan is one way the Hupacasath will regain control over their land and resources based on sustainable resource management principles. The following is a list of the maps that can be accessed at the Hupacasath administration offices (some may not be available for viewing based on confidential information.

Figure 3: List of Land and Resource Maps Map 1 – Base Map Map 10 – Wind Sites Map 2 – Biogeoclimatic Zones Map 11 – Red Cedar Map 3 – Salmon, Shellfish, Other Fish & Water Supply Map 12 – Yellow Cedar Map 4 – Forestry, Gathering & Quarry Sites Map 13 – Age Class Map 5 – Hunting & Trapping Map 14 – Dominant Species Map 6 – Hupacasath History Map 15 – Site Index Map 7 – Sacred & Spiritual Map 16 – Archaeology Map 8 – Wildlife Areas Map 17 – Recreation & Tourism Map 9 – Rare & Sensitive Species Map 18 – Land Ownership Map 19 – Management Objectives

2.3 Salmon Resources Salmon continue to be one of the most important food sources for the Hupacasath people. While salmon are obviously a fisheries resource they rely on spawning rivers and creeks, lakes for juvenile sockeye and riparian areas and estuaries for the juveniles. The

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Hupacasath lands contain spawning and rearing areas for all five species of salmon as well as steelhead and trout. Table 1 shows that while sockeye and Chinook escapements have generally improved since the 1950s, chum have remained steady and coho and pinks have declined. One of the main objectives of the Hupacasath Land Use Plan is to protect and enhance fish habitat and rebuild salmon runs to historic levels.

Table 1: Salmon Escapement in Hupacasath Rivers Nahmint River Sockeye Coho Pink Chum Chinook 1990's 719 188 6 42,895 319 1980's 326 167 8 23,528 209 1970's 65 385 150 24,600 645 1960's unknown 228 100 25,000 725 1950's unknown 379 400 36,571 1,936

Somass River Sockeye Coho Pink Chum Chinook 1990's 340,767 24,484 5 2,400 72,720 1980's 337,642 29,828 1 1,150 30,567 1970's 171,866 66,320 283 2,540 11,400 1960's 57,400 43,500 1,043 2,125 10,050 1950's 47,500 32,143 238 5,500 9,643

Franklin River Sockeye Coho Pink Chum Chinook 1990's 174 59 unknown 216 29 1980's 40 45 0 28 3 1970's unknown 115 43 109 46 1960's unknown 148 25 383 25 1950's unknown 114 unknown 139 25

China Creek Sockeye Coho Pink Chum Chinook 1990's 300 100 unknown 15 50 1980's 0 90 10 unknown 10 1970's unknown 95 unknown 49 16 1960's unknown 238 unknown 65 42 1950's unknown 50 unknown 96 unknown

Cous Creek Sockeye Coho Pink Chum Chinook 1990's 315 260 unknown 5,473 2 1980's 50 65 0 445 13 1970's unknown 100 unknown 510 23 1960's unknown 245 unknown 528 25 1950's unknown 58 unknown 383 unknown

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Coleman Creek Sockeye Coho Pink Chum Chinook 1990's 70 81 unknown 135 unknown 1980's 0 36 0 10 0 1970's unknown 91 unknown 301 unknown 1960's unknown 53 unknown 110 25 1950's unknown 25 unknown 25 unknown

Coleman Creek Sockeye Coho Pink Chum Chinook 1990's 1,800 unknown 1980's unknown unknown 1970's unknown unknown 1960's unknown unknown 1950's unknown unknown

Coleman Creek Sockeye Coho Pink Chum Chinook 1990's 50 28 unknown 32 2 1980's 0 unknown 0 unknown 0 1970's unknown 56 unknown 25 unknown 1960's unknown 65 unknown 86 25 1950's unknown 25 unknown 154 unknown

2.4 Forest Resources Table 2 shows the area, volume and value of timber harvested in Hupacasath traditional territory by decade. The value of timber harvested is based on a per cubic meter value of $215.00 to the Canadian economy in the early 1990s. More recent data indicates a value of $381.00 per cubic meter (from Domestic and Foreign – Statistics Canada). This includes all taxes, employment generated, costs of production, profits, etc. The Hupacasath territory has supplied approximately 62 million cubic meters of timber, which is close to one year harvest from the entire province. This was worth approximately $13.3 billion to the Canadian economy in 1990 and $24.6 billion in 2002. However, the Hupacasath received very little if any benefit from this wealth. The major forest tenure holders in the Hupacasath territory are Weyerhaeuser and Timber West.

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Table 2: Total Areas Logged and Approximate Volume and Value Years Area (ha) Volume (m3) Value (2002 $) 1980’s 13,407 9,331,272 $3.5 billion 1970’s 14,386 10,012,656 $3.8 billion 1960’s 11,208 7,800,768 $2.9 billion 1950’s 11,434 7,958,064 $3.1 billion 1940’s and prior 38,701 26,935,896 $10.3 billion Total 89,136 62,038,656 $23.6 billion *note: The reason the area logged is so high for the 1940s is because these figures include all the areas logged up to 1950.

Table 3 shows that over 50% of the Hupacasath forests in Tree Farm License 44 and the Timber Supply Area are in good and medium sites for growing trees. This is why the area is one of the earliest logged in the province and why the timber has such a high value. This area grows very large trees in a relatively short period of time.

Table 3: Forest Site Growing Quality Growing Quality Area (ha) % Good 178,582.2 9.6 Medium 75,081.2 40.8 Poor 43,299.5 23.5 Low 10,070.4 5.5 Non forest 32,538.3 17.7 No data 5,481.5 3.0 Total 184,053.1 100.0

Table 4 shows that almost one half (46%) of the forests are young forests under 80 years of age and 32% is over 141 years or mature forest. While there appears to be a large volume of mature forest much of this is in protected areas, is on unstable slopes, or is inaccessible for timber harvest.

Table 4: Age Class Age (years) Area (ha) % 0 to 20 21,905.4 11.9 21 to 40 24,310.2 13.2 41 to 60 33,194.8 18.0 61 to 80 5,394.8 2.9 81 to 100 2,010.9 1.1 101 to 120 406.5 0.2 121 to 140 141.1 0.1 141 to 250 13,503.2 7.3 > 251 45,673.2 24.8 Non Forest 32,538.3 17.7 No data 5,036.0 2.7

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Table 5 shows that almost 40% of Hupacasath are primarily Douglas fir forests , which is considered one of the most valuable species in the province for commercial timber harvest. The fact that there are relatively few forests that are predominantly red and yellow cedar indicates the need to protect these species for Hupacasath use.

Table 5: Leading Species Species Area (ha) % Balsam 19,269.5 10.4 Douglas Fir 73,614.8 39.8 Hemlock 44,349.0 24.0 Pine 435.7 0.2 Spruce 45.4 0.0 Western red cedar 3,645.2 2.0 Yellow cedar 2,207.3 1.2 Deciduous 3,000.0 1.6 Non forest 32,538.3 17.6 No data 6,008.1 3.2 Total 185,113.3 100.0 Area within TFL 44 and TSA

Red and Yellow Cedar Red and yellow cedar are of particular importance to the Hupacasath as red cedar was widely used for house construction, canoes, welcome figures, furniture, clothing, utensils and a wide variety of ceremonial masks, etc. Yellow cedar is used for a variety of ceremonial masks, utensils, etc. These species are identified as needing special protection and management as the Hupacasath need very old trees for canoes and other uses, but old growth cedar is valuable in the modern market place and is targeted for harvest.

Tables 6 and 7 show where red and yellow cedar occurs as either a major or minor species in the forest inventories. Note that these areas are substantially different than the numbers in table 5 because there are many forests where red and yellow cedar are not the main stand component but are present as minor species.

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Table 6: Hupacasath Use Areas with Red Cedar Occurrence Hupacasath Use Area Hectares of Red Cedar as % of total Red Cedar Red Cedar in territory Arbutus 197.8 0.57 Ash 4,033.2 11.53 Beaufort 1,071.7 3.06 Cameron 1,070.9 3.06 China 956.4 2.73 Chuchakacook 693.1 1.98 Coleman 1,595.5 4.56 Corrigan 952.1 2.72 Cous 2,198.7 6.28 Doran 197.2 0.56 Drinkwater/Della -- 0.00 Grassy 95.96 0.27 Great Central Lake 3,262.3 9.32 Handy Creek 17.5 0.05 Hywatches 324.9 0.93 Lowry 263.6 0.75 McCoy/Devils Den 176 0.50 Maber/McBride 810.8 2.32 Mactush 2107 6.02 Museum 915.3 2.62 Nahmint 7,405.9 21.16 Oshinow 150.6 0.43 Pocahontas Point 23.1 0.07 Roger Creek 699.5 2.00 Shoemaker 16.7 0.05 Sproat Lake 4,151.5 11.86 Taylor 1,594.4 4.56 Thunder 12.1 0.03 Total 34,993.76 100.00

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Table 7: Hupacasath Use Areas with Yellow Cedar Occurrence Hupacasath Use Area Hectares of Yellow Cedar as % of Yellow Cedar Yellow Cedar in territory Arbutus -- 0.0 Ash 602.7 2.9 Beaufort 368.7 1.8 Cameron 1,431.4 6.9 China 494.5 2.4 Chuchakacook 1,528.9 7.4 Coleman 164.1 0.8 Cordon 316.0 1.5 Cous 999.1 4.8 Doran 829.3 4.0 Drinkwater/Della 3.1 0.0 Grassy 69.6 0.3 Great Central Lake 1,725.0 8.3 Handy Creek 1,106.0 5.3 Hywatches -- 0.0 Lowry 95.0 0.5 McCoy/Devils Den -- 0.0 Maber/McBride 1,287.3 6.2 Mactush 824.4 4.0 Museum 635.4 3.1 Nahmint 3,996.8 19.2 Oshinow 245.6 1.2 Pocahontas Point 159.4 0.8 Roger Creek 154.1 0.7 Shoemaker -- 0.0 Sproat Lake 1,739.5 8.4 Taylor 1,980.1 9.5 Thunder 31.2 0.2 Total 2,0787.2 100.0

Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) The Hupacasath have used the NTFPs from their territory for thousands of years. They use berries, mushrooms, roots and a variety of plants for food, many plants for medicines, grasses, roots, etc. for arts, crafts, tools and utensils. The report “Hupacasath Plants” by Catherine Jacobsen states, “The use and stewardship of plant resources was an important component of the traditional Hupacasath livelihood. Plants and plant products contributed in numerous ways to Hupacasath nutrition, medicine and material technology.” Salal and mushrooms have been picked commercially in the past and there

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has been an increasing use and value of many other plant products as natural foods and medicines, floral materials, and other products. The Hupacasath are concerned with this unregulated use of their traditional plants and are in the process of developing governance structures to regulate NTFP use in a sustainable way.

2.5 Plants and Wildlife Resources As stated in section 2.2 the Hupacasath territory contains a wide abundance of wildlife and plan resources. The following species will require management for their protection and enhancement:

Red and Blue listed Plants Scientific Name Common Name Location Status

Allium amplectens Slimleaf Onion Sproat Bridge Blue - G4 S3 Meconella Bluff, Peitler's Allium acuminatum Hooker's Onion Bluff Blue - G5 S3 Allium crenulatum Olympic Onion Mt. Arrowsmith, Mina Ridge Red - G4 S2

Allium geyeri var. tenerum Geyer's Onion Somass Estuary Red - G4G5T?, S2 Anemone drummondii var drummondie Alpine anemone Mt. Arrowsmith Blue - G4T4 S2S3 Aster curtis White-top Aster Kitsucksis (extripated) Red, G3, S2 Olympic Mountain Mt. Arrowsmith, Clayquot Aster paucicapitatus Aster limestone area Blue - G3 S2S3 Botrychium simplex Least Moonwort Meconella Bluff Blue - G5, S2S3 Cuscuta pentagona Field Dodder Somass estuary Blue - G5, S2S3 Three-flowered Elatine rubella Waterwort Somass estuary Blue - G5, S2S3 Eleocharis parvula Small Spike-rush Somass estuary Blue - G5, S2S3

Eleocharis rostellata Beaked Spike-rush Somass estuary Blue - G5, S1 Erysimum arenicola var Sand-dwelling Blue - G4G5T?, torulosum Wallflower Mt. Arrowsmith, Mt. Klitsa S2S3 Somass Estuary, Fraxinus latifolia Oregon Ash MackTush Red, G5, S1 Githopsis specularoides Common Bluecup Meconella Bluff Blue - G5, S2S3 Sweetvetch, Western Clayquot Limestone, Pogo Hedysarum occidentale Hedysarum Mt. Blue - G5, S2S3 Lilaeaa scilloides Flowering Quilwort Somass Estuary Blue - G5, S2S3 Juncus oxymeris Pointed Rush Somass estuary Blue - G5, S2S3 Small-headed Madia minima Tarweed S100 Red, G4, S1

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Meconella Bluff, Peitler's Meconella oregana White Meconella Bluff Red, G2, S2 Mitella caulescens Leafy Mitrewort King Solmon's Basin Blue - G5, S2S3 Montia chamissoi Chamisso's Montia Sproat River Blue, G5, S2S3 Only known from Port Montia diffusa Branching Montia Alberni Red Waterwort Water - Myrioplhyllum quitense milfoil Blue - G4, S2S3 Woodland Mt. Arrowsmith, Mt. Nothochelone nemorosa Penstemon Moriarity Blue - G5, S2S3 Northern adder's- Sutton Pass ecological Ophioglossum pusillum tongue reserve Red, G5, S1 Poygonum Sproat River near hydropiperoides Water-pepper hatchery? Blue - G4G5, S2S3 Prosartes smithii Smith's fairybells Cherry Creek, Cottam Road Blue - G5, S2S3 Pyrola elliptica White Wintergreen Mt. Arrowsmith Blue - G5, S2S3 Meconella bluff, Kitsuksis Rupertia physodes California-tea bluffs blue - G4, S3 Sanguisorb menziesii Menzies' burnet Mt. Arrowsmith Blue - G3G4, S2S3 Henderson's Sidalacea hendersonii Checker-mallow Somass Estuary Blue - G3, S3 Viola howellii Howell's violet Sproat Bluffs?? blue - G4, S2S3

Other Plants of Concern Kitsuksis Bluffs, Somass Quercus garryana Garry Oak Estuary only 2 sites Ceanothus sanguineus Redstem Ceanothus Sproat Bluff only 1 known site

Butterflies of Concern Icaria icarioides ssp S3 (Special blackmorei Boisduval's Blue Mt. Arrowsmith Concern) Speyeria zerene ssp S3 (Special bremnerii Zerene Fritillary Mt. Arrowsmith Concern) Cercyonis pegala ssp Common S3 (Special incana Woodnymph Alberni Valley Concern) Loranthomitoura South eastern Vancouver johnsoni?? Johnson's Hairstreak Island S1S2

Others Rana aurora Red-legged frog Painted turtle Local lakes White Sturgeon Alberni Inlet (in the fall) Blue Dasher not sure if this is Pachydiplax longipennis Dragonfly Alberni Valley red or blue listed.

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Red and Blue Listed Animals Currently Managed For by Weyerhaeuser Red-legged Frog Great Blue Heron, fannini subspecies Northern Goshawk, laingi subspecies Marble Murrelet Vancouver Island Marmot Roosevelt Elk

Red and Blue Listed Animals with No Active Management Plan (Note: given the migratory nature of birds, all birds that have the potential for being in the territory are listed, some may be rare visitors) Painted Turtle Sharp-tailed Snake Double -crested Cormorant Brandt’s Cormorant Green Heron Canada Goose, occidentalis subspecies Surf Scooter Peregrine Falcon , anatum subspecies Peregrine Falcon, pealei subspecies Cassin’s Auklet Common Murre Tufted Puffin Barn Owl Short-eared Owl Western Screech Owl Northern Pygmy-owl, swarthy subspecies Purple Martin Vesper Sparrow, offinis subspecies Common Water Shrew, brooksi subspecies Keen’s Long -Eared Myotis Townsend’s Big-eared Bat Ermine, anguinae subspecies Wolverine, vancouverensis subspecies Band-tailed Pigeon

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Western Bluebird (Georgia dep pop) Western Meadowlark (Georgia dep pop) Cutthroat Trout, clarki subspecies Lewis Woodpecker Sea Otter

2.6 Tourism + Recreation Resources

There is an abundance of tourism and recreation activities that occur within the Hupacasath territory. The main activities tend to be land based such as, hiking, mountain biking, hunting, fishing and camping. Additionally, the main transportation route to the Pacific Rim (Highway 4) brings

thousands of tourists each year through Hupacasath territory. Table 8 rates the level of tourism and recreation activity in each Hupacasath Use Area. The Area is rated as high if it has three or more types of recreation/tourism activity and/or a high intensity of activities. It is rated as medium if there are at least two types of recreation/tourist activities. It is low if there is just one type of recreation/tourism activity and/or low intensity of activity. None means that there are no recreation/tourism activities identified. Section 5.5 details the types of recreation/tourism activities in each Hupacasath Use Area. Table 8: Level of Tourism/Recreation Activity Hupacasath Use Area Level of Activity Arbutus Low Ash High Beaufort High Cameron High China High Chuchakacook Medium Coleman Medium Corrigan Medium Cous Medium Doran Low Drinkwater/Della High Grassy High Great Central Lake High Handy Creek Low Hywatches Low

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Lowry Medium McCoy/Devils Den Medium Maber/McBride High Mactush Medium Museum High Nahmint High Oshinow High Pocahontas Point Low Roger Creek High Shoemaker Low Sproat Lake High Taylor Medium Thunder None Barkley Sound and Offshore High

2.7 Water and Mineral Resources Fresh and salt waters are some of the most valuable resources within the Hupacasath territory because of their critical value for fish. The impact of dams, logging, urbanization, roads and other developments over the last one hundred years has had a detrimental effect on water quality and fish habitat. One of the main objectives of this plan is to protect and enhance water quality.

While there has been some mineral mining in the past, present use is primarily for quarrying for rock, sand and gravel for road and other construction.

3.0 STATEMENT OF LAND AND RESOURCE OWNERSHIP 3.1 Statement of Aboriginal Rights and Title The Hupacasath have inhabited their territory, which encompasses what is now known as the Alberni Valley and beyond, since time immemorial or ?iiqh -muut. Thus, Hupacasath have title within their territory. The Hupacasath have never extinguished title to their territory in any manner, and will not do so in a modern treaty.

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In order to have given up title, Hupacasath would have had to do so in one of the following ways: 1. Ceded their territory: a treaty or other legal agreement has never been signed by Hupacasath which extinguished their title and rights; 2. By conquest: neither the Canadian government nor any First Nation has ever conquered the Hupacasath in war; 3. By discovery: since Hupacasath have been here since time immemorial, they have never been discovered by any government. The concept of terra nullius has been discredited by the International Court of Justice in the Western Sahara case. In this case the government tried to say they gained title because the indigenous inhabitants that were there were uncivilized and therefore could not be considered to inhabit the land.

Therefore, through law, Hupacasath have never ceded, surrendered or released any part of their territory to any government and retain all of their rights and title which is now protected by s. 35 of the Constitution Act.

3.2 Muuhulthaht, Klehkoot and Ahahswinis Tribes The Hupacasath First Nation is an amalgamation of original tribes, including the Muuhulthaht, Klehkoot and Ahahswinis peoples. These people got together to defend their territory from the encroachment by other First Nations prior to the arrival of Europeans. They traveled extensively throughout the entire territory and had permanent village sites at strategic locations. The term, “seasonal round” refers to the cycle of resource use of the Hupacasath people as they moved and lived throughout the territory during the seasons of the year. Seasonal food gathering camps were located on all important fishing sites and where foods, medicines, forest products, marine resources and other resources were plentiful and easily accessible. There are a number of petroglyphs on Great Central and Sproat Lakes that prove Hupacasath use and ownership. The main villages were at Stamp Falls and at the end of Great Central Lake and at yaaquis or Prairie Farm on the east side of Somass River as well as other locations.

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3.3 Present Hupacasath People Reserve Locations The Hupacasath First Nation has 5 Reserves, three of which are unoccupied. Table 9 lists each of the Reserves.

Table 9: HFN Reserves

Ahahswinis IR 1 37 ha Klehkoot IR 2 116 ha Cous IR 3 53 ha Chuchakacook IR 4 2 ha Nettle Island IR 5 10 ha

Hupacasath First Nation’s two occupied Reserves include Ahahswinis IR 1 and Klehkoot IR 2. Ahahswinis is the First Nation’s main residential reserve and is located on River Rd. within the City of Port Alberni’s municipal boundaries. The Reserve’s boundaries include the Somass River to the south, Josephine Street to the west, Compton Road to the north, and Indian Avenue to the east.

Klehkoot IR 2 is located just north of the Sproat River Bridge on Highway 4 at the confluence of the Sproat and Stamp Rivers approximately 2.2 km west of Port Alberni. The occupied portion of this Reserve is accessed by Highway 4, about 6km west of IR 1.

Figure 4 on the following page shows the approximate locations of each Hupacasath Reserve. As shown, the three unoccupied Reserves are located south of Port Alberni, along the Alberni Inlet. Cous is located about 20 km and Chuchakacook is located about 30 km south of Hupacasath’s occupied Reserves at Ahahswinis and Klehkoot. Nettle Island is in the Broken Group portion of Pacific Rim National Park Reserve.

Population Currently, there are about 230 Hupacasath First Nation members, approximately half living on-reserve. Membership growth over the past 20 years has been inconsistent. From 1980 to 1985 membership grew at a rate of 3.2% per year. From 1985 to 1990, membership grew rapidly at 9% per year, due to changes in the Indian Act. Growth in membership has since leveled

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off. Over the past 10 years, the average annual growth rate was 2.0%.

The Fall 2001 Community Profile shows that the Hupacasath First Nation has an on - Reserve population of 127 people (113 people at Ahahswinis and 14 at Klehkoot) comprised of Hupacasath members, members of other First Nations and non-status individuals by Indian Act definition.

Given the youthfulness of the Hupacasath on -Reserve population (36% is under the age of 20) and the anticipated levels of in-migration, the on-Reserve population is expected to grow rapidly over the next 20 years. It could grow at rates of 2.5% per year from 2001 to 2006 and 2.0% per year from 2006 to 2021. The growth in total membership is expected to occur at a rate of 2.0% per year

The 20-year population projections Figure 5: Total Membership + On -Reserve Population Projections

are presented in Figure 5. As 350 300 shown the on -Reserve population 250 200 is expected to grow to 277 people, 150 while the total membership could 100 50 0 grow to 330. 2001 2006 2011 2016 2021 Community Population 127 184 219 251 277 Projections Total Membership 224 247 273 301 333 The 50-year population projections Projections

have been estimated based on the assumption that both the on-Reserve and total membership population will continue to increase at a rate of 2% per year from 2021 to 2051. It is estimated that, based on these assumptions, the total on-Reserve population could reach about 500 people and the total membership population could reach 600 by 2051.

Land Development Needs

The Hupacasath First Nation does not have enough Reserve land to meet its current and future community development needs. Past studies, including the Physical Development Plan and Residential Options Assessment, show that the First Nation will be unable to meet even its 10-year housing needs. Over the next 10 years there will be a deficit of 16 houses. This will compound to 41 over 20 years and 141 units over a 50-year period, if the First Nation is unable to expand its land base.

This lack of developable Reserve land also constrains the ability of the First Nation to meet its economic development goals. In 2001, Hupacasath completed its 5-year economic development strategy. The main opportunities for economic development

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identified in this plan include eco-tourism and value-added wood. The First Nation requires a sufficient land base to pursue activities in these areas and the current lack of available land will limit the First Nation’s economic development activities.

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PART B: THE PLAN

Hupacasath First Nation TERRITORY LAND USE PLAN

4.0 VISION FOR HUPACASATH LANDS AND RESOURCES 4.1 Sustainable Resource Management The Hupacasath have, since time immemorial, managed their lands and resources sustainably. If they had not there would not have been as many fish and wildlife and as much forest and other resources at contact as there had been 8,000 years previously.

The concept of sustainable resource management is based on the following basic principles: 1. Healthy People Families and community come first. Healthy people means a growing population of well educated individuals who have successful jobs and raise healthy families, no different from other Canadians. This means Hupacasath people now and in the future who will have access to: · Adequate health care · High levels of education and training · Access to housing for the people in the community but also so people can move back to Port Alberni · Community services including information, communications, hydro, roads, etc · Lands sufficient for residential, commercial, recreation, industrial and most importantly for continuing the Hupacasath way of life in using the lands and resources 2. Strong Culture Hupacasath speak a dialect of the Wakashan language, which they share with other Nuu-chah-nulth people. Their traditions are based strongly on the land of their ancestors and their governance system is based on the oral history passed down from preceding generations. While jobs and an economy are important, sustaining the distinct lifestyle of the Hupacasath is also vitally important. This will involve: · Hupacasath exerting governance over their entire traditional territory and the values that are important for their way of life. This governance will include a management system which is holistic in its approach and not

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just area by area thereby ensuring all Hupacasath values and resources are protected in a sustainable manner. · Ensure that the Hupacasath have access to the fish, animals, birds and plants for food, medicines and other cultural uses from throughout their traditional territory · Protection of spiritual areas where the Hupacasath can practice and pass on their culture to the next generation · Protection of trails, cabins and other areas that are still used and are links to traditional practices · Repatriation of areas for trapping and angling which are part of the traditional way of life · Protection of fish, wildlife and their habitat as well as forests that are central to Hupacasath culture as well a healthy environment 3. Healthy Environment This means that there must be healthy populations of all the animals, birds, fish, plants and the eco-systems that these species depend on for their survival and health including: · Protecting water and riparian zones that are important for fish and wildlife · Protecting areas identified by the Hupacasath as “Protected Areas” · Ensuring all fish and wildlife and their habitat are protected from industrial development and urban growth · Enhancing and reclaiming forests, lakes, rivers and creeks that have been damaged by development and reclaiming fish and wildlife habitat 4. Successful Economy The Hupacasath people need jobs and economic development opportunities to support themselves, their families and community as documented in the Hupacasath Economic Development Strategy. While the Hupacasath are willing to share the wealth within their territory they will be involved and gain a fair share of the resources and revenues that come from their land and resources. · Be fully employed with jobs paying at least to the average within the Port Alberni area · Have access to resource tenures and economic development opportunities to build an economic base within the community · Share in the revenues from the wealth of resources within the traditional territory

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5. Strong Governance System A strong governance system is one that, through community input and concisely written policy, creates an environment in which consistent and high quality decisions are made. Internally, a strong governance system creates trust between the leadership and community, prevents and resolves conflict, increases community participation, and ensures accountability. Strong governance and the pursuit of economic and social development go hand in hand. Therefore, externally, the strength of a governance system will determine the pace and success of management and development endeavors pursued by the First Nation. Hupacasath have committed to the development of a strong governance system and are actively working on a new policy governance manual.

5.0 HUPACASATH USE AREAS 5.1 Hupacasath Use Areas The Hupacasath have divided their territory into 29 Hupacasath Use Areas (28 land based areas and 1 marine based area) as identified in section 5.5 for planning purposes. This list and the designations are not meant to imply that one Area is more or less valuable to the Hupacasath. All of the land and resources within their territory are important to sustain the Hupacasath way of life.

Also, the list of cultural and resource values is only an indication of some of the values in the Area. Very few of the Hupacasath cultural values have been identified on maps and more are discovered as studies are completed. Also, wildlife, wildlife habitat, riparian areas and non-timber forest values have not been adequately inventoried and mapped.

5.2 Land and Resource Values The following values are described for each of the Hupacasath Use Areas: · Cultural Values including; village and other sites, burial grounds, sacred areas, hunting and fishing areas, food and medicine gathering areas, cedar and other forest use areas, etc · Natural Resource Values including: fish spawn habitat, wildlife areas, forests, minerals, water, areas of particular biodiversity, etc

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· Present Use Areas for the territory including: towns, roads, private and Crown lands, forest and other tenures, legal land status

5.3 Management Objectives Based on the values of the Hupacasath, management objectives are described for each Hupacasath Use Area. Management objectives state how Hupacasath wants to manage land and resources within the Hupacasath Use Areas. For example; protect old growth cedar, protect important fish habitat, protect food gathering or spiritual areas, timber harvest to create jobs, manage for wildlife, etc.,

5.4 Hupacasath Use Area Designations Each Hupacasath Use Area or part of a Hupacasath Use Area is designated as one of the following: 1. Protected Area: protection from industrial development (such as timber harvesting, mining, large scale tourism, hydro development or urbanization), with sensitive tourism and road development permitted so as to protect fish, wildlife, old growth trees or cultural values 2. Resource Development: resource development, such as timber harvesting, mining, tourism and other development can take place while respecting Hupacasath rights and title, and being sensitive fish, wildlife, culture and other environmental values 3. Special Management: resource development can occur but where there are special cultural or environmental features, they must take precedent over development

5.5 Details of Each Hupacasath Use Area

1. Arbutus Summit Area and Location: · Northeast central area of the territory, to the west of the head of Alberni Inlet · Total Area: 978 hectares · % territory: 0.42 Land Tenure: · Hupacasath rights and title, · Provincial Tree Farm License 44 Cultural Values:

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· 2 sacred sites · 1 burial ground · 1 spiritual site · 2 meeting places · 1 camp · 5 hunting sites · 5 named places · 4 archaeological sites: 2 CMT, 1 midden, 1 fire cracked rock · Directly south of the log dump and west of the inlet, running from the shoreline to 1 km west is a proposed cut block known as 2601. In this area there are 121+ CMTs ranging from about 20 years to approximately 200 years. Aboriginal logged stumps, taper strips. · About ¾ km south of Block 2601, running from shoreline up the mountain approximat ely 2 km is a cut block known as Block 16- 24. 30 younger CMTs as well all cedar in the block are protected in a Wildlife Tree Patch. Resource Values: Forest: · 35 incidences of cedar · Heavily logged, but small areas of old growth at top of 2601. Some of the last old growth at the lower elevations of the west side of the inlet. Tourism / Recreation: · Low – off-roading Other: · Telus and Rogers communication towers Management Objectives: · protect foreshore near canal and cultural heritage sites, which includes Block 2601

Land Use Designation: Special Management

2. Ash Area and Location: · northern border of Hupacasath territory just west of Beaufort Range including Elsie lake · Total Area: 16,821 hectares · % of Territory: 7.23 Land Tenure: · Hupacasath rights and title · Provincial Tree Farm Licences · Private forest lands held by Timber West · Provincial land reserves Cultural Values:

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· Traditional Use Assessment conducted on upper Ash · See park trade agreement signed with Weyerhaeuser · High cultural values – refer to the Elsie lake report · Terrain allows for good community access to cedar gathering · 3 camps · 8 gathering areas · 20 hunting sites · 2 legend sites · 1 meeting area · 7 named places · 3 sacred sites · 2 spiritual sites · 3 trapping sites · 28 archaeological sites: 19 CMT, 9 artifact Resource Values: Forest: · extensively logged in the past · Highest incidence of red and some yellow cedar in the territory Tourism / Recreation: · High values for: mountain biking, camping, fishing, hiking, hunting Other: · hydro dam Management Objectives: · resource development while protecting the archaeological and cultural heritage sites, · protect values related to recreation, · Develop red and yellow cedar management strategy to include Hupacasath exclusive use

Land Use Designation: Special Management

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3. Beaufort Area and Location: · eastern boundary of territory, including numerous mountain peaks · Total Area: 21,410 hectares · % of Territory: 9.21

Land Tenure: · Hupacasath rights and title, · Provincial Tree Farm License 44 and Woodlot License, · Provincial Timber Supply Area 46 · Private lands largely held by Timberwest · Class A Provincial Park

Cultural Values: · high cultural value – area used after Grassy Mountain in the seasonal round · 3 burial sites · 19 camping sites · 17 gathering areas · 20 hunting sites · 6 legend sites · 4 medicinal sites · 9 meeting areas · 4 quarry sites · 14 sacred sites · 5 spiritual sites · 6 trapping areas · 39 named places, demonstrating high use · location of several battles with Comox tribes on Red Face so possibility of additional burial sites · along Wolf Creek, fishing area and several aboriginal logged stumps. Canoe made here · Stamp River – highly important cultural area and use with archaeological sites · 56 archaeological sites: 8 CMT, 3 midden, 25 lithic, 13 artifact, 1 fish trap, 6 fire cracked rock

Resource Values: Fish: · Stamp River – high fishery values for spring, coho and chum salmon and steelhead. Forest: · heavily logged with non-selective, non-variable retention methods Wildlife:

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· high wildlife values but little known data which is held by Timberwest · known deer, elk sightings, wolf, grouse, cougar

Tourism / Recreation: · part of Log Train Trail, · MacLean’s Mill · High values for: mountain biking, camping, caving, fishing, hiking, horseback riding, hunting, off-roading, skiing

Management Objectives: · develop relationship with Timberwest and access resource data · do survey work with Timberwest to increase data base · work with stewardship groups regarding their concerns about slides, over-harvest, water quality · Protect values associated with recreation · Access basic forestry information (species distribution, etc.)

Land Use Designation: Special Management

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4. Cameron Area and Location: · eastern most boundary of territory · Total Area: 10,750 hectares · % of Territory: 4.62 Land Tenure: · Hupacasath rights and title · Provincial Tree Farm License 44 · Provincial Timber Supply Area 46 · Provincial Park · Private lands · Provincial land reserves Cultural Values: · Block known as 2527 which is located just off of the Cameron Main Line – older CMTs preserved, newer CMTs recently logged with permission of Hupacasath · yellow cedar gathered here for cultural purposes · 2 gathering areas · 9 hunting sites · 2 legend sites · 2 named places · 2 sacred sites · 1 spiritual site · 1 trapping area · 2 archaeological sites: CMTs Resource Values: Fish: · Possible fish in Cameron river, · Trout in Labour Day lake Forest: · high non-timber forest products values including Pines, chanterelles and morels · Yellow cedar Wildlife: · deer, herd of elk, Tourism / Recreation: · high tourism values for campsites and recreation at Labour Day Lake · contains Arrowsmith Regional Park · Trout fishing and camping at Labour Day Lake · Hiking, hunting, off roading and skiing Management Objectives: · Maintenance of Recreation quality and recreation values at Labour Day · Recommend some road deacti vation

Land Use Designation: Resource Development

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5. China Area and Location: · east side of the inlet, south of Port Alberni · Total Area: 12,463 hectares · % of Territory: 5.96 Land Tenure: · Hupacasath rights and title and Indian Reserves held by Tseshaht First Nation · Provincial Tree Farm Licences 44 · Private lands Cultural Values: · Copper Mountain – historical cabin with water collection · Numerous CMTs · 5 camping sites · 11 gathering areas · 8 hunting sites · 1 legend site · 6 meeting sites · 16 name places · 1 quarry sites · 1 sacred site · 3 trapping areas · 3 archaeological sites: 1 CMT, 1 midden, 1 lithic Resource Values: Fish: · fish bearing on China – coho, chum, steelhead Forest: · Some old growth at higher elevations · NTFPs - mushroom picking – pines, chanterelles Wildlife: · high count for marbled murrelet and rare species · elk run – part of migration route Tourism / Recreation: · trails along China Creek · recreational trail along front of Copper Mountain · China Creek Regional Park · High values for; caving, climbing, off-roading, mountain biking Other: · micro-hydro potential · includes the southern part of the City of Port Alberni · Franklin Division office, gravel pits, dumps · King Solomon mine · supplies water to the City of Port Alberni

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Management Objectives: · Protect water quality · Protect fish bearing creek · Resource development limited by wildlife and fisheries values.

Land Use Designation: Resource Development

6. Chuchakacook Area and Location: · northwest of Nahmint bay, between Nahmint and Mactush · Hupacasath reserve at mouth of Cook creek · Total Area: 4,637 hectares · % of Territory: 1.99

Land Tenure: · Hupacasath rights and title and Indian Reserve #4 , · Provincial Tree Farm Licence 44

Cultural Values: · Fishing station at Chuchakacook · 4 archaeological sites: 3 CMT, 1 rock art · 50 recent CMTs · 2 camping sites · 2 gathering areas · 4 hunting sites · 1 legend site · 2 meeting sites · 3 name places · 1 sacred site · 3 trapping areas

Resource Values: Fish: · Cook Creek is a well-known spawning stream for chum salmon

Tourism / Recreation: · Low values for off-roading · Medium value for hunting

Other: · Eagle Rock Quarry · Potential for small micro-hydro

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Management Objectives: · Continue work on proposed Eagle Rock quarry · Allow resource development

Land Use Designation: Resource Development

7. Coleman Area and Location: · Southernmost part of the territory on the east side of the inlet · Total Area: 6,169 hectares · % of Territory: 2.65 Land Tenure: · Hupacasath rights and title, · Provincial Tree Farm License 44 Cultural Values: · boundary line with Huu-ay -aht First Nation – possible boundary markers · many fairly recent CMTs · 1 gathering area · 2 hunting sites · 1 archaeological site: CMT Resource Values: Fish: · fish bearing on Coleman – chum Forest: · high value red cedar · some old growth but on steep slopes Wildlife: · deer, cougar Tourism / Recreation: · Medium values for; mountain biking, hiking, hunting and off- roading Other: · many areas with terrain instability · pristine creek in upper reaches – no roads Management Objectives: · preserve remaining old growth · manage for steep unstable slopes · allocate and protect old growth cedar for Hupacasath use

Land Use Designation: Resource Development

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8. Corrigan Creek Area and Location: · above Coleman, eastern boundary · Total Area: 6,897 hectares · % of Territory: 2.97 Land Tenure: · Hupacasath rights and title, · Provincial Tree Farm License 44 Cultural Values: · recently found historic hut · 1 archaeological site: CMTs – bark stripped remnant stumps · 2 camping sites · 3 gathering areas · 3 hunting sites · 3 name places · 1 trapping area Resource Values: Fish: · Franklin is fish bearing: carries almost all of the species · part of Corrigan is fish bearing, but Bamfield mainline runs along it Forest: · Heavily logged except for upper reaches Tourism / recreation: · Lizard Pond – unofficial campsites, trout · Medium values for; mountain biking, hiking, hunting and off- roading

Management Objectives: · Protection fish values along Corrigan and Franklin

Land Use Designation: Resource Development

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9. Cous Creek Area and Location: · Westside of Inlet between Nahmint and Arbutus including Hupacasath Reserve 3, · Total Area: 9,008 hectares · % of Territory: 3.87 Land Tenure: · Hupacasath rights and title and Hupacasath Indian Reserve #3, · Provincial Tree Farm License 44 Cultural Values: · High cultural values · Used to be a number of houses along beach when Hupacasath was logging on the Reserve · Houses stripped · Big picnic area used by Hupacasath people · Stopping point for people traveling to Nettle Island · Big tree – heritage tree · 3 camping sites · 7 gathering areas · 9 hunting sites · 3 meeting sites · 5 name places · 1 sacred site · 2 trapping areas · 1 legend site Resource Values: Fish: · Major fisheries values – chum, coho, sockeye, steelhead Forest: · Hupacasath Reserve #3 is included in Woodlot 1902 · High red cedar values, but only because of fairly recent plantings. Will be good for bark stripping in approx. 40 year · Some yellow cedar · Non-timber forest values Wildlife: · Bear and deer habitat Tourism / Recreation: · Medium values for; caving, hiking and hunting Management Objectives: · Protect fisheries values · Develop red and yellow cedar management strategy to include Hupacasath exclusive use · Protect beach values · Recommend some permanent road deactivation · Reserve to be managed according to Woodlot 1902

Land Use Designation: Resource Development

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10. Doran Area and Location: · between Taylor area and Great Central Lake · Total Area: 1,778 hectares · % of Territory: 0.76 Land Tenure: · Hupacasath rights and title, · Provincial Tree Farm License 44 Cultural Values: · Porter Mountain – arch site – bark stripped remnant stump · 2 gathering sites · 4 hunting sites · 2 name places · 1 trapping area · 1 archaeological site: CMT Resource Values: Fish: · Large areas of fisheries restoration work done in past years · lake stocked with trout · river good spawning for coho and chum Forest: · Base of Doran Creek by Great Central Lake, huge yew trees (5) · Around Doran Lake, heavily logged · NTFP - lots of berries Wildlife: · Porter Mountain – marmot sighting · good deer and grouse hunting Tourism / Recreation: · Low values but good camping sites Other: · dam location Management Objectives · marmot protection area · restoration around Lake and marshy areas · very high fisheries values being restored

Land Use Designation: Protected

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11. Drinkwater/Della Area and Location: · east end of Great Central Lake · Total Area: 6,675 hectares · % of Territory: 2.87 Land Tenure: · Hupacasath rights and title, · Class A Provincial Park Cultural Values: · Limited cultural values left due to high use · Unrecorded CMTs · 2 camping sites · 2 gathering areas · 5 hunting sites · 2 medicinal sites · 3 meeting sites · 3 name places · 1 quarry site · 4 sacred sites · 2 spiritual sites · 2 trapping areas Resource Values: Fish: · Coho, trout, sockeye, steelhead Wildlife: · Deer, bear and cougars Tourism / Recreation: · high recreation – trail from the shore up to Della Falls and trail to Love Lake and into Stretching Park and into high alpine · several campsites · part of Stretching Park Other: · used to be mining development · mining hut on trail on Della falls to Love Lake · remnants of mining activity Management Objectives: · preservation and/or development of tourism value · protect visual quality Land Use Designation: Protected

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12. Grassy Mountain Area and Location: · Also known as Mount Douglas · Eastern portion of the territory · Grassy area at the peak of the mountain unlike any other mountain the territory · Total Area: 1,985 hectares · % of Territory: 0.85 Land Tenure: · Hupacasath rights and title, · Provincial Tree Farm License 44 Cultural Values: · High cultural values · Start of the seasonal round for hunting, gathering, and trapping · Archaeological site – cave with processed marmot bones indicating traditional use · 2 camping sites · 3 gathering areas · 3 hunting sites · 1 meeting · 2 name places · 3 trapping sites Wildlife Values: · Evidence of elk Tourism / Recreation: · High recreational value Father and Son Lake is a popular recreational area · Mountain biking, hiking · Camping and fishing site Management Objectives: · No resource development · Maintain recreation values

Land Use Designation: Protected

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13. Great Central Lake Area and Location: · Middle section of the territory, between Sproat Lake and Ash · Total Area: 23,772 hectares · % of Territory: 10.22 Land Tenure: · Hupacasath rights and title, · Provincial Tree Farm License 44 Cultural Values: · high value for hunting for deer and grouse, used to be elk hunting area – 25 sites · 10 camping sites (some temporary, some permanent) · 13 gathering areas (including eagle feathers) · 1 legend site · 3 medicinal sites · 4 meeting sites · 25 name places · 8 sacred sites · 6 spiritual sites · 7 trapping areas · 16 archaeological sites: 10 CMT, 1 lithic, 2 artifact, 3 rock art · 3 historical logging camps · old rail grades Resource Values: Fish: · 2 hatcheries that need to be monitored for environmental purposes · successful Robertson Creek hatchery Forest: · heavily logged · High incidence of red and yellow cedar Wildlife: · eagle nesting areas Tourism / Recreation: · camp sites around lake · High values for fishing, boating, hiking and hunting Management Objectives: · no underwater salvage due to potential damage to underwater archaeological values and fisheries habitat · Develop red and yellow cedar management strategy to include Hupacasath exclusive use · monitor hatcheries · protect foreshore for fisheries and tourism values

Land Use Designation: Special Management

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14. Handy Creek Area and Location: · located at southern end of the territory – boundary with Uchucklesaht, west boundary follows Handy Creek up to Hannah Mountain · Total Area: 2,164 hectares · % of Territory: 0.93

Land Tenure: · Hupacasath rights and title, · Provincial Timber Supply Area 46

Cultural Values: · few cultural site related to boundary such as boundary marker · caves, burials – through first part of logging in 1940s – bodies and regalia taken – currently in museum in Oregon

Resource Values: Wildlife: · marbled murrelet habitat

Tourism / Recreation: · Low values for caving and fishing

Management Objectives: · Resource development while protecting wildlife values

Land Use Designation: Resource Development

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15. Hywatches Area and Location: · directly east of Nahmint Bay across the inlet · Total Area: 2,289 hectares · % of Territory: 0.98 Land Tenure: · Hupacasath rights and title, · Provincial Tree Farm License 44 · Private lands Cultural Values: · high cultural values · stories of settlement site here · 2 cabins; 1 posts; 1 may be historic – has some deceased members initials · 2 archaeological sites: 1 midden, 1 fish trap · fish weirs along the head of the Franklin river only suitable at extremely low tides · 1 gathering site · canoe run · 1 legend site · 9 name places · 2 meeting places, including 1 where 4 tribes met every year to talk about how to enter Nahmint (Ucluelet, Uchucklesaht, Huu- ay-aht, Hupacasath) · 2 camping sites · 4 hunting sites · 2 sacred sites · 1 spiritual site · 1 trapping area Resource Values: Forest: · logging still takes place at Hywatches · 25 hectares cut blocks only take 12 hectares – rest left in wildlife tree patches – variable retention areas Wildlife: · marbled murrelet habitat Tourism / Recreation: · Visual quality along the Alberni canal Management Objectives: · limited timber harvesting, use of high variable retention silviculture system · protect high tourism values including canoe run, midden, rock fish weir, etc. · protect visual quality and marbled murrelet nesting areas

Land Use Designation: Special Management

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16. Lowry Area and Location: · north of Great Central Lake, south of Ash · Total Area: 2,013 hectares · % of Territory: 0.87 Land Tenure: · Hupacasath rights and title, · Provincial Tree Farm License 44 · Private lands Cultural Values: · trail from Lowry Creek to Great Central lake, to west side of Lowry Lake, then to Elsie Lake · 1 archaeological sites (lithic) and CMTs throughout area · 1 camping site · 2 gathering areas · 8 hunting sites · 1 legend site · 1 meeting site · 2 name places · 1 sacred site · 1 spiritual site · 1 trapping area Resource Values: Fish: · Lowry Lake – steelhead, trout Forest: · High non-timber forest product values including chanterelles Wildlife: · Deer, wolf, cougar, grouse Tourism / Recreation: · Provincial camp site on Lake, fishing Other: · hydro line through area north to south · power station at sout h part of area by Great Central Lake · little old growth left Management Objectives: · camp site and arch sites already protected · protect wildlife and non-timber forest values

Land Use Designation: Resource Development

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17. McCoy/Devil’s Den Area and Location: · East of Sproat Lake between the Inlet and Sproat Lake · Contains McCoy, Devils Den Lake and Heath Creek · Total Area: 1,596 hectares · % of Territory: 0.69 Land Tenure: · Hupacasath rights and title and Indian Reserve held by Tseshaht First Nation, · Provincial Tree Farm License 44 · Private lands Cultural Values: · High cultural values · Major sacred site for bathing and prayer (4 sacred sites, 2 spiritual sites) · Hill covered in mosses and special plants unlike other areas · 1 burial site · 3 camping sites · 11 gathering areas · 7 hunting sites · 2 legend sites · 2 medicinal sites · 1 meeting site · 4 name places · 1 quarry site · 1 trapping site Resource Values: Wildlife: · High wildlife, plant values · Wildlife sanctuary in Devils Den for animals, birds, waterfowl Tourism / Recreation: · Trail that links Devil’s Den to Arbutus Summit · Medium values for mountain biking, off-roading Other: · Industrial uses such as dump site, and Woodwards Pit · Regional district has identified light industrial site · Water pipeline Management Objectives: · No resource development or tourism development within the boundary shown in Appendix 1

Land Use Designation: Special Management

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Hupacasath First Nation TERRITORY LAND USE PLAN

18. Maber/McBride Area and Location: · Located at the southwest end of Great Central Lake · Total Area: 10,995 hectares · % of Territory: 4.73 Land Tenure: · Hupacasath rights and title, · Provincial Tree Farm License 44 · Class A Provincial Park Cultural Values: · Traditional Use Assessment conducted · Very high cultural value due to number of archaeological sites recorded which confirmed oral history that the original village site of Muuhulaht is located here. · 9 archaeological sites: 8 CMT, 1 rock art · Other potential sites inundated · Likely the village is in the flooded area · High traditional site for hunting · Sacred significance to Area; bark stripping Resource Values: Fish: · Coho, sockeye, steelhead, trout Forest: · Considerable old growth forest Wildlife: · Deer, bear and cougar Tourism / Recreation: · Part of Stretching Park · High Recreation quality Other: · The most undeveloped Area in the territory

Management Objectives: · No resource development · Potential for small ecologically-based tourism development · No salvage or harvest of inundated trees · If draw down of lake takes place, survey inundated area

Land Use Designation: Protected Area

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19. Mactush Creek Area and Location: · West side of inlet, south of Cous, north of Chuchakacook · Total Area: 4,637 hectares · % of Territory: 1.99 Land Tenure: · Hupacasath rights and title, · Provincial Tree Farm License 44 Cultural Values: · CMTs, mostly recent, throughout · 7 Name places · 2 camping sites · 2 gathering areas · 5 hunting sites · 2 legend sites · 1 meeting place · 2 sacred sites · 4 trapping areas Resource Values: Fish: · Fish bearing – steelhead, coho, chum · Valuable area for large spring salmon Forest: · heavily logged · High incidence of red and yellow cedar Tourism / Recreation: · 2 campsites – Mactush and Arden · Medium values for hunting and off-roading and camping Other: · old mines Management Objectives: · Resource development while protecting fisheries values. · Develop red an d yellow cedar management strategy to include Hupacasath exclusive use

Land Use Designation: Resource Development

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20. Museum Area and Location: · east side of inlet, part of east boundary, south of China, north of Corrigan · Total Area: 7,112 hectares · % of Territory: 3.06

Land Tenure: · Hupacasath rights and title, · Provincial Tree Farm License 44

Cultural Values: · 1 archaeological site along Museum Creek: CMT · 2 camping sites · 4 gathering areas · 3 hunting sites · 1 legend site · 1 meeting site · 3 name places · 1 sacred site · 1 trapping area

Resource Values: Forest: · high non-timber forest product values · heavily logged in past and again currently

Wildlife: · elk in upper reaches · deer, grouse

Tourism / Recreation: · High values for mountain biking, camping, caving, hiking, hunting and off-roading

Management Objectives: · Protect Museum Creek because it is a tributary that flows into Franklin river which has high fisheries values

Land Use Designation: Resource Development

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21. Nahmint Area and Location: · west side of inlet between Cous and Handy Creek · Total Area: 18,982 hectares · % of Territory: 8.16

Land Tenure: · Hupacasath rights and title and Indian reserve held by Ucluelet First Nation · Provincial Tree Farm License 44

Cultural Values: · high traditional use in Nahmint Bay, meeting place and stop over for people traveling down to the Broken Group. Also used as a quarantine area for people with small pox (shallow graves) · 1 burial · 5 arch sites: all CMT · remnant trail on N. side of river from bay to lake · historical planking done with newer type of adze · important hunting area (deer) – 14 sites · 4 gathering sites {important cedar gathering area (both bark and round logs)} · 1 legend site · 4 meeting sites · 6 name places · 2 sacred sites · 3 trapping areas

Resource Values: Fish: · High fisheries values in Nahmint river and lake · Gracie Lake stocked with trout Forest: · old growth cedar – highest incidence of red and yellow cedar in traditional territory · non-timber forest products area with pine mushrooms Wildlife: · 11 elk with lots of deer, grouse, bear · known goshawks Tourism / Recreation: · 1 official campsite with lots of recent CMTs · 8 unofficial campsites on upper and lower river and on lake · Gracie Lake – campsite, overgrown trail · Proposed trail on north side of lake

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· High values for cavi ng, climbing, lake and river fishing, hunting and off-roading

Management Objectives: · Develop red and yellow cedar management strategy to include Hupacasath exclusive use · protect wildlife, fisheries habitat · protect of archaeological sites · Protect Recreation quality

Land Use Designation: Special Management

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22. Oshinow Area and Location: · most northern boundary · Total Area: 14,975 hectares · % of Territory: 6.44

Land Tenure: · Hupacasath rights and title, · Class A Provincial Park · Provincial land reserves

Cultural Values: · important hunting area for deer and elk – 13 sites · 7 sacred sites · 3 spiritual sites · 4 archaeological sites: all CMT · 1 camping site · 10 gathering sites · 4 medicinal sites · 3 name places · 1 trapping area · high traditional use area

Resource Values: Tourism / Recreation: · high recreational value – hiking, boating, camping, caving and fishing · partly in Stretching Park, remainder privately owned by Weyerhaeuser

Management Objectives: · management agreement with Weyerhaeuser · protect recreation values

Land Use Designation: Special Management

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23. Pocahontas Point Area and Location: · west side of inlet, adjacent on east to Handy · Total Area: 1,683 hectares · % of Territory: 0.72

Land Tenure: · Hupacasath rights and title, · Provincial Timber Supply Area 46

Cultural Values: · inlet portion known as Hell’s gate – TUS stories · midden site, microblade site · 3 name places · historic hut · logging A-frames · 3 camping sites · 1 gathering area · 3 hunting sites · 1 legend site · 3 meeting sites · 1 sacred site · 3 archaeological sites: 1 CMT, 1 midden, 1 fire cracked rock

Resource Values: Forest: · High value older second growth

Wildlife: · high wildlife - deer, marbled murrelet, eagles nests · sealions at beach

Tourism / Recreation: · Low tourism values

Management Objectives: · Resource development while protecting the foreshore of Nahmint Bay

Land Use Designation: Resource Development

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24. Roger Creek Area and Location: · east side of Somass River, south of Beaufort range, west of Cameron, including most of South Port and some of North Port · Total Area: 5,010 hectares · % of Territory: 2.15

Land Tenure: · Hupacasath rights and title, · Provincial Tree Farm 44 and Woodlot License 1902 · Provincial Timber Supply Area 46 · Private lands · Provincial land reserves

Cultural Values: · 7 name places · 4 sacred sites · 2 spiritual sites · 3 trapping areas · recent CMTs particularly at Loon Lake · 5 camping sites · 7 gathering areas · 10 hunting sites · 2 legend sites · 4 meeting sites · 1 archaeological site: CMT · Archaeological Impact Assessment conducted at end of Tebo Rd. – see report

Resource Values: Fish: · fish bearing creek somewhat polluted Forest: · NTFP for pine mushrooms Wildlife: · Black bears in woodlot · Deer, grouse Tourism / Recreation: · Part of Log Train Trail · Look Out · Mountain biking trails · High values for caving, hunting and off-roading Other: · Area contains Pulp mill

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Management Objectives: · Loon lake needs some protection · Creek restoration to remove garbage dumped and old dump site

Land Use Designation: Resource Development

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25. Shoemaker Area and Location: · located at the head of the Alberni Inlet · Total Area: 712 hectares · % of Territory: 0.31 Land Tenure: · Hupacasath rights and title and Indian Reserve held by Tseshaht First Nation · Provincial Tree Farm License 44 · Provincial Timber Supply Area 46 · Private lands Cultural Values: · High cultural value · 9 archaeological sites (see Shoemaker Dig report): 2 midden, 3 lithic, 3 artifact, 1 rock art · 5 burials · 11 camping areas · 14 gathering areas · 13 hunting areas · 3 legend sites · 4 meeting sites · 15 name places · 11 sacred sites · 4 spiritual sites · Johnston Island which was a major route/collection area that people don’t use anymore because of the location Resource Values: Wildlife: · Estuary and bird sanctuary owned by Ducks Unlimited Tourism / Recreation: · Low values for off-roading Other: · Use for industrial development · Sewage lagoon · Intensive industrial use Management Objectives: · Reclaim the area for cultural use · Protect archeological sites (i.e. midden) · Protect estuary and riparian zone around the estuary · Limit new development · Undertake intensive survey

Land Use Designation: Special Management Area

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Hupacasath First Nation TERRITORY LAND USE PLAN

26. Sproat Lake Area and Location: · Middle section of the territory, south of Great Central Lake · Total Area: 23,405 hectares · % of Territory: 10.06

Land Tenure: · Hupacasath rights and title, · Provincial Tree Farm and Licence 44 · Provincial Timber Supply Area 46 · Private lands

Cultural Values: · high cultural value · important hunting area, - 23 sites · 9 gathering sites · 10 temporary camps · 3 legend sites · 6 meeting sites · 33 named places · petroglyphs · Klehkoot reserve · High fishery value · Deer run · 16 archaeological sites: 2 CMT, 6 lithic, 6 artifact, 1 rock art · Lots of non-recorded CMTs · 7 Sacred sites · 3 spiritual sites · 4 trapping areas · Hupacasath community picnic area

Resource Values: Fish: · High salmon values · Important fish rearing area for trout, sockeye, coho

Forest: · high incidence of red and yellow cedar

Wildlife: · Marbled murrelet habitat · Deer

Tourism / Recreation:

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Very high values for: · Lots of campsites, 4 provincial sites on north side and 2 on south side plus 20 or more unofficial sites · Boating, fishing, swimming, high recreation in summer · Hunting, off-roading

Other: · Mars bombers

Management Objectives: · Protect visual quality and recreation values · Protect archaeological and cultural values · Develop red and yellow cedar management strategy to include Hupacasath exclusive use · Timber harvesting and resource development after protecting other values.

Land Use Designation: Special Management

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27. Taylor Area and Location: · west end of Sproat Lake · Total Area: 12,044 hectares · % of Territory: 5.18

Land Tenure: · Hupacasath rights and title, · Provincial Tree Farm and Licence 44

Cultural Values: · 3 name places · 4 gathering sites · 1 sacred site · 1 trapping site · some CMTs · 7 hunting sites · 1 medicinal site · 1 meeting site

Resource Values: Fish: · Major salmon spawning area

Forest: · reasonable amount of old growth · Tay fire

Tourism / Recreation: · Medium value for camping, hiking and mountain biking

Management Objectives: · Protect salmon spawning areas along Taylor River · Allocate old growth to Hupacasath

Land Use Designation: Special Management

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28. Thunder Mountain Area and Location: · Located on the northeast shore of Great Central Lake · Total Area: 1,614 hectare · % of Territory: 0.69

Land Tenure: · Hupacasath rights and title, · Provincial Tree Farm and Licence 44 · Private lands

Cultural Values: · Very high cultural value for the Thunderbird nest – 1 legend site · Contains a cave thought to have a coiled rope and upside down canoe made of stone · 2 wolves that protect the entrance of the cave · High traditional use hunting area for deer and elk – 6 sites · 2 camping sites · 2 gathering sites · 1 meeting site · 4 name places · 2 sacred sites · 2 spiritual sites · 2 trapping areas · 2 archaeological sites: 1 CMT, 1 rock art

Resource Values: Forest: · Few small strips of old growth left · Heavily logged – whole top of mountain logged · Christmas Tree Farm under hydro lines (exempt from Protection)

Wildlife: · Deer and elk · High winter range values

Management Objectives: · No non-Hupacasath consumptive activities · Hupacasath hunting only · No resource development · No tourism development · Forestry restoration

Land Use Designation: Protected Area

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29. Barkley Sound and Offshore Rights Area and Location: · The entire Alberni Inlet, Barkley Sound and beyond, including Nettle Island Reserve · The water area has not been included in the area of our land base, but is the region within which Hupacasath used for the harvesting of sea resources as used by the Hupacasath (see Section 2 for acknowledgement of shared and exclusive areas of other First Nations within this area).

Water Tenure: · Hupacasath rights

Cultural Values: · Traditional Hupacasath village and burial ground · Archaeological and protected sites · Intertidal aquatic resources such as clams, oysters, seaweeds, other marine plants, octopus, etc. · Marine mammals such as whales, seals, sea otters, etc. · Bottom fish such as halibut, ling, black and red cod, snapper, etc. · Shellfish such as crab, prawns, shrimp, etc. · Herring, salmon, etc.

Resource Values: · All of the aquatic resources listed above · All other aquatic resources

Management Objectives: · Habitat restoration · Comprehensive integrated resource management plan · Reduce environmental threats to fish, shellfish, aquatic plants and marine mammals · Protect archaeological and cultural values · Development with strict management controls to maintain integrity of the resources · Protect visual quality and recreation values · Hupacasath access to the resources for the exercising of aboriginal rights

Marine Use Designation: Special Management

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PART C: IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY

Hupacasath First Nation TERRITORY LAND USE PLAN

6.0 PLAN IMPLEMENTATION As stated in section 4.1, the Plan will inform the federal, provincial and local governments, forest companies, other resource users including tourist operators and third parties as to how the Hupacasath will manage their lands and resources. Implementation of the Plan is seen as a collaborative process. The Hupacasath will implement the Plan with others who are willing to share their vision and enter into agreements as to how lands and resources will be planned, managed and used. The following describes how the Hupacasath will implement the plan with those who share their vision for land and resource management.

6.1 With Governments While the Hupacasath hold aboriginal rights and title to the lands and resources within their territory the federal and provincial government asserts Crown title over the same land and resources. The Hupacasath will recognize this asserted Crown title through a government to government land use planning process that respects their rights and title and land use governance systems. A government to government protocol will contain the following components: · Recognition of Hupacasath rights and title · Recognition of Hupacasath governance system over land and resources that empowers chief, elders and the community · Recognizes the Hupacasath Land Use Plan · Defines a process of implementing the HLUP with government Land Use Plans · Defines a Land and Resource Management Board that that will identify senior government representatives from ministries who are responsible for land and resource management · Defines a meeting schedule to implement the above · Identifies a commitment to funding to implement the above

6.2 With Resource Users Prior to any resource development within Hupacasath territory the developer will sign an agreement with the Hupacasath that: · Acknowledges Hupacasath rights and title · Recognizes the Hupacasath Land Use Plan · Outlines how the parties will implement the plan cooperatively

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· Describes benefits that will accrue to the Hupacasath in terms of jobs and economic opportunities · Describes the revenues that the Hupacasath will receive

6.3 Consultation Protocols The Hupacasath intend to have Consultation Protocols in place with all land and resource planners and users including companies, governments, etc. The following defines the Hupacasath Consultation Protocol policy.

Purpose of a Protocol A jointly designed and signed protocol is a demonstration of the parties’ commitment to the process of consultation. The purpose of a protocol is to have a clear, transparent, consistent, good faith based process that will: · Guide the parties’ conduct through the appropriate stages, with the appropriate people, at the appropriate time · Make efficient use of the resources available (time, people, money, material); · Assist the parties towards mutually supported and beneficial solutions related to operations and development within the Hupacasath’s territory · Be flexible and adaptable as circumstances require · Focus on pragmatic, effective and efficient actions

The end goal of the protocol is to ensure: · Hupacasath’s interests are properly addressed · Third parties have certainty that Hupacasath’s interests are being managed · The relationship between the parties is strengthened on a long term basis

Protocol Content The protocol addresses the following key areas: · Why Consult · What is Needed for Consultation (Information, capacity, time, separate process, financial resources) · When to Consult · How to Consult

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Hupacasath First Nation TERRITORY LAND USE PLAN

· Degree of Consultation · Closing Consultation · Conflict Resolution · Process Evaluation (performance indicators)

Degree of Consultation The Land Use Plan will assist the Hupacasath Natural Resource Manager in identifying which areas get which degree of consultation. This will be done by aligning values, zones or management objectives with different degrees of consultation. The degrees of consultation yield different results and address land and resource concerns, accommodation, consent and compensation.

7.0 PLAN REVISION The Hupacasath Land Use Plan is not static; it will be revised on an on-going basis as new information becomes available.

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PART D: PLAN ADOPTION

Hupacasath First Nation TERRITORY LAND USE PLAN

8.0 The Plan has been adopted by the Hupacasath people by a resolution of the First Nation elected Council.

Signed:

______Chief Judith Sayers

______Councilor Peter Tatoosh

______Councilor Warren Lauder

Date:______

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Appendix

1. Map of Protected Area within McCoy / Devil’s Den Area

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2. Map of Hupacasath Land Use Designations

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Hupacasath First Nation TERRITORY LAND USE PLAN

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Hupacasath First Nation Chief and Council want to thank and acknowledge the following people for their assistance in preparing this Land Use Plan.

Sincere thanks must be given to the members of the Hupacasath First Nation who gave their time, knowledge and experience regarding the lands and resources of our people.

Thank you also to Brandy Lauder who, as a Hupacasath member, guided the team in the preparation of the Plan.

We would like to acknowledge the technical land use planners, Grant Scott, Tawney Lem and Rhonda Eager who helped us gather the information and write the Plan, and Steven DeRoy for the mapping and cartographic work.

The success of the Plan is also due to all the people and organizations that provided information in the preparation of our Plan. We offer our thanks to you for your assistance.

And, last but not least, special thanks to Trevor Jones, our Executive Director, who assisted in arranging funding to complete the Plan.

This Plan was made possible with funding from the B.C. Capacity Initiative Program of the Department of Indian Affairs.

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