Generativně Množené Odrůdy Petunia Hybrida S Převislým Typem Růstu

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Generativně Množené Odrůdy Petunia Hybrida S Převislým Typem Růstu Mendelova univerzita v Brně Zahradnická fakulta Generativně množené odrůdy Petunia hybrida s převislým typem růstu. Bakalářská práce Vedoucí bakalářské práce Vypracoval Ing. Běla Svitáčková, CSc. Jakub Černý Lednice 2015 Čestné prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem bakalářskou práci na téma „Generativně množené odrůdy Petunia hybrida s převislým typem růstu.“ vypracoval samostatně a veškeré použité prameny a informace uvádím v seznamu použité literatury. Souhlasím, aby moje práce byla zveřejněna v souladu s § 47b zákona č. 111/1998 Sb., o vysokých školách ve znění pozdějších předpisů a v souladu s platnou Směrnicí o zveřejňování vysokoškolských závěrečných prací. Jsem si vědom, že se na moji práci vztahuje zákon č. 121/2000 Sb., autorský zákon, a že Mendelova univerzita v Brně má právo na uzavření licenční smlouvy a užití této práce jako školního díla podle § 60 odst. 1 autorského zákona. Dále se zavazuji, že před sepsáním licenční smlouvy o využití díla jinou osobou (subjektem) si vyžádám písemné stanovisko univerzity o tom, že předmětná licenční smlouva není v rozporu s oprávněnými zájmy univerzity a zavazuji se uhradit případný příspěvek na úhradu nákladů spojených se vznikem díla, a to až do jejich skutečné výše. V Lednici, dne: 20. 4. 2015 ……………………….......... Podpis Poděkování Rád bych tímto poděkoval paní Ing. Běle Svitáčkové, CSc. za její odbornou pomoc, rady a ochotu při zpracování bakalářské práce. Dále bych pak chtěl poděkovat všem, kteří mě během studia podporovali. Obsah 1 Úvod ................................................................................................................ 8 2 Cíl práce ........................................................................................................ 10 3 Současný stav řešené problematiky .............................................................. 11 3.1 Původ petúnie, její rozšíření a taxonomie ............................................... 11 3.2 Botanické zařazení a morfologický popis ................................................ 12 3.3 Skupinové rozčlenění druhu Petunia hybrida ......................................... 13 3.3.1 Skupinové rozčlenění: ...................................................................... 13 3.4 Technologický postup od výsevu petúnií až po kvetoucí rostliny ............ 16 3.5 Choroby a škůdci u Petúnií ..................................................................... 20 3.5.1 Škůdci .............................................................................................. 20 3.5.2 Houby ............................................................................................... 21 3.5.3 Virové choroby ................................................................................. 21 3.6 Petúnie s převislým charakterem růstu – historie, přehled skupin .......... 22 4 Experimentální část ....................................................................................... 24 4.1 Materiál ................................................................................................... 24 4.2 Metodika ................................................................................................. 25 4.2.1 Klasifikátor – vybrané znaky pro hodnocení ..................................... 25 4.2.2 Založení a průběh pokusu ................................................................ 29 4.2.3 Metodika statistického hodnocení .................................................... 32 4.3 Výsledky a popisy odrůd ......................................................................... 34 4.3.1 Skupina odrůd Opera ....................................................................... 34 4.3.2 Skupina odrůd Explorer .................................................................... 42 4.3.3 Skupina odrůd Wave ........................................................................ 47 4.3.4 Skupina odrůd Ramblin .................................................................... 58 4.3.5 Skupina odrůd Samba ...................................................................... 66 4.3.6 Skupina odrůd Velvet ....................................................................... 71 4.3.7 Skupina odrůd Diamond ................................................................... 78 4.4 Zhodnocení výsledků .............................................................................. 82 6 5 Diskuze ......................................................................................................... 83 6 Závěr ............................................................................................................. 84 7 Souhrn, Resume, klíčová slova ..................................................................... 86 8 Seznam použité literatury .............................................................................. 87 9 Přílohy ........................................................................................................... 90 7 1 Úvod Petúnie se řadí do čeledi Solanaceae. Její zástupci se pěstují pro jedlou část, okrasu nebo pro obsah alkaloidu nikotin. Dále pak jsou někteří zástupci této čeledi používáni k vědeckým pokusům jako modelové rostliny. Práce je zaměřena na petúnii, která je tržně nejvýznamnějším zástupcem používaným k okrasným účelům z čeledi Solanaceae. Svou oblibou u zahradníků a milovníků květin se může pyšnit už po celá desetiletí. Je to především díky značné škále barev, tvarů a velikostí květů, růstových typů, které nám tento druh nabízí. Samozřejmě i použití mají petúnie široké, ať už jako záhonová květina, v truhlících či nejrůznějších nádobách. Vděčí za to intenzivní šlechtitelské práci, která včas reaguje na stále se měnící trendy. Petúnie se řadí do tří základních typů. Petunia Grandiflora – vyznačuje se především větším květem a na pohled „těžkopádnější“ stavbou rostlin. Květy tohoto typu jsou citlivější k dešti a samotné rostliny jsou celkově více náchylné na polámání a poškození. Petunia Multiflora – má menší květ, je odolnější k poškození, vůči klimatickým podmínkám, má celkovou lepší vitalitu a tvoří zpravidla více květů, než je tomu u Grandiflora typu. Petunia Miliflora – je třetím typem a tvoří poměrně novou skupinu, která se vyznačuje drobnými květy, není tak bujně rostoucí, jako je tomu u předešlých typů. Má velice kompaktní a košatý vzrůst. Odrůdy tohoto typu vypadají efektně, jelikož tvoří „záplavu“ květů. Všechny zmíněné typy, mohou být ještě zařazeny do podtypů, dle jejich růstových vlastností. Například jako převislé petúnie, neboli „surfinie“, kterým se bude věnovat praktická část této práce. Dále pak geneticky kompaktní petúnie, které vynikají nízkým vzrůstem, bez použití morforegulátorů a jsou aktuálně velmi žádaným artiklem. Ve všech zde zmíněných typech i podtypech můžeme nalézt plnokvěté zástupce, kteří jsou ovšem většinou velmi náchylní na poškození převážně deštěm. 8 Petúnie je původem z Jižní Ameriky, kde se přirozeně vyskytuje jako buď jednoletá, nebo vytrvalá rostlina. Díky svému původu je petúnie značně tolerantní k suchu. Hybridy, které se pěstují po celém světě, mohou být rovněž vytrvalé rostliny, ovšem kvůli jejích původu nejsou mrazuvzdorné. To je také důvodem, proč je petúnie pěstována jako jednoletá rostlina. Moderní odrůdy petúnií jsou množeny buď vegetativně, pomocí řízků, nebo generativně semeny. Oba způsoby mají své klady a zápory. Vegetativně množené petúnie nabízejí širší spektrum barev a možností. Jejich vyšlechtění je méně náročné, nežli je tomu u moderních F1 hybridů ze semen a obměna sortimentu je tak velice rychlá. Úskalí spočívá v udržení zdravotního stavu rostlin a neustálé péči o matečné rostliny. Moderní generativně množené F1 hybridy petúnií nabízejí ovšem také široké uplatnění a barevnou škálu. Jejich velkou předností je vysoká uniformita a téměř odpadá riziko napadení viroidy, jelikož generativně přenosných virů je malé množství. Tato bakalářská práce je zaměřena na převislé petúnie typu „sufinia“, množených generativně semeny. Je rozčleněna na dva celky a to na literární rešerši a experiment. V první části autor krátce pojedná o původu rodu Petunia, jejím rozšíření, taxonomii a morfologii rodu. Dále pak o typovém rozčlenění, pěstování od výsevu po kvetoucí rostliny a nároky v jednotlivých růstových fázích. Jena kapitola bude rovněž věnována vzniku převislých petúnií. Druhá část práce je věnována experimentu, který spočíval v porovnání 7 ucelených skupin odrůd. Dohromady práce porovnává 29 F1 hybridních odrůd množených semeny v mnoha parametrech, které budou popsány níže. Do hodnoceného sortimentu byly zařazeny i původní F1 hybridní odrůdy tuzemské firmy Černý, která se šlechtění petúnií věnuje již od třicátých let 20. století. 9 2 Cíl práce Cílem práce bylo porovnat 29 F1 hybridních odrůd převislých petúnií typu „surfinia“, množených generativně ze semen v jednotlivých parametrech. Z naměřených hodnot byly vyvozeny objektivní závěry, která skupina odrůd, či jednotlivé odrůdy, v tomto poměrně rozsáhlém sortimentu, nejlépe splňují představu převislé petúnie. Zjištěné výsledky byly porovnány s popisy odrůd, které jednotlivé firmy uvádí. Celý experiment probíhal v úzké spolupráci s firmou Černý v Jaroměři. 10 3 Současný stav řešené problematiky 3.1 Původ petúnie, její rozšíření a taxonomie Geograficky petúnie pochází z některých oblastí Jižní Ameriky, především Argentiny, Brazílie, Bolívie, Paraguaye a Uruguaye. Díky morfologickým podobnostem jako: jednoletá rostlina, pět tyčinek v květu, plod tobolka, drobná semena, byla petúnie po dlouhou dobu mylně řazena do rodu Nicotiana. Není proto divu, že i název Petunia je odvozen
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