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Temperature and Photoperiod Influence Flowering And HORTSCIENCE 45(3):365–368. 2010. native to temperate and subtropical South America. Wild relative species may hold po- tential for improvement of the cultivated Temperature and Photoperiod petunia (P. ·hybrida). Petunia ·hybrida is derived from a cross between P. axillaris and Influence Flowering and Morphology P. integrifolia (Stehmann et al., 2009), and Petunia spp. are generally cross-compatible of Four Petunia spp. (Ando et al., 2001; Watanabe et al., 1996, 2001), although fertility varies widely between Ryan M. Warner1 parental species combinations. Little informa- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, A234 Plant and Soil tion is available concerning the influence of Science, East Lansing, MI 48824 light and temperature on floral timing and crop quality characteristics of wild Petunia spp. Additional index words. development rate, photoperiodism, Petunia axillaris, Petunia exserta, Therefore, the objectives of work presented Petunia ·hybrida, Petunia integrifolia here were to: 1) determine the photoperiodic response group for P. ·hybrida ‘Mitchell’ and Abstract. Flowering and morphology of four Petunia Juss. spp. [P. axillaris (Lam.) Britton three wild relative species; and 2) evaluate the et al., P. exserta Stehmann, P. integrifolia (Hook.) Schinz & Thell., and P. ·hybrida Vilm.] influence of photoperiod and temperature on were evaluated in response to photoperiod and temperature. Photoperiod responses were crop timing and quality parameters. evaluated under 9-h short days (SD), 9-h photoperiod plus 4-h night-interruption lighting (NI), or a 16-h photoperiod supplemented with high-pressure sodium lamps (16-h HPS). Materials and Methods All species flowered earlier under NI than SD and were classified as facultative (quantitative) long-day plants. Increasing the daily light integral within long-day Expt. 1: Photoperiod treatments. Petunia treatments increased flower bud number for P. axillaris only. In a second experiment, axillaris (PI 28546; obtained from the USDA crop timing and quality were evaluated in the temperature range of 14 to 26 8C under Ornamental Plant Germplasm Center, 16-h HPS. The rate of progress toward flowering for each species increased as Columbus, OH), P. exserta (provided by temperature increased from 14 to 26 8C, suggesting the optimal temperature for Dr. Robert Griesbach, USDA-ARS), P. development is at least 26 8C. The calculated base temperature for progress to flowering ·hybrida ‘Mitchell’ (provided by Dr. David varied from 0.1 8C for P. exserta to 5.3 8C for P. integrifolia. Flowering of P. axillaris and Clark, Univ. of Florida), and P. integrifolia P. integrifolia was delayed developmentally (i.e., increased node number below the first (Diane’s Flower Seeds, Ogden, UT) seeds flower) at 14 8C and 17 8C or less, respectively, compared with higher temperatures. were sown in 128-cell (10 mL cell volume; Petunia axillaris and P. integrifolia flower bud numbers decreased as temperature one seed per cell) trays on 3 Feb. 2008 and increased, whereas P. ·hybrida flower bud number was similar at all temperatures. The placed in a greenhouse at 23 ± 1.0 °C (24-h differences in crop timing and quality traits observed for these species suggest that they mean ± SD) under intermittent mist. When may be useful sources of variability for petunia breeding programs. two true leaves had unfolded, seedlings were transplanted into 10-cm diameter round pots Petunia (Petunia ·hybrida) has long been number below the first flower (Armitage (450 mL) containing (v/v) 70% peatmoss, a popular bedding plant with a wholesale and Tsujita, 1979; Erwin and Warner, 2002; 21% vermiculite, and 9% perlite (Sure-Mix; value of $110 million in 2008 (U.S. De- Warner and Erwin, 2003), referred to as Michigan Grower Products, Galesburg, MI) partment of Agriculture–National Agricul- a facultative irradiance response (Mattson and placed into one of three treatments. tural Statistics Service, 2009). Petunia is and Erwin, 2005). A survey of 40 herbaceous Treatments were: short days (SD; a truncated a facultative long-day plant for flowering ornamental species identified 10 species with 9-h photoperiod obtained by covering plants (Adams et al., 1998; Piringer and Cathey, a facultative irradiance response, 28 species with opaque cloth from 1700 to 0800 HR 1960), although Petunia ‘Wave Purple’ has that were irradiance indifferent, and two spe- daily), long days provided as night interrup- been described as an obligate long-day plant cies in which node number below the first tion lighting (NI; 9-h photoperiod obtained (Erwin, 2006). Petunias are often produced flower increased with increasing DLI (Mattson by covering plants with opaque cloth from in northern climates during the late winter and Erwin, 2005). Adams et al. (1999) de- 1700 to 0800 HR daily plus 3 mmolÁm–2Ás–1 and early spring months, when light levels are termined that increasing DLI reduced the night-interruption lighting from incandescent low and ambient photoperiods are short, length of the juvenile phase of petunia lamps from 2200 to 0200 HR), or a 16-h necessitating the use of supplemental lighting ‘Express Blush Pink’. photoperiod (16-h HPS; ambient light plus to promote flowering. Breeding efforts have The time required for developmental pro- 90 mmolÁm–2Ás–1 from high-pressure sodium been successful in reducing the strength of cesses to occur in plants is primarily a function lamps from 0600 to 2200 HR)at20±1°C(24-h the photoperiodic response (i.e., reducing the of accumulated thermal time, often quantified mean ± SD) until flowering. Photosynthetic delay in flowering for plants grown under as degree-days (Bonhomme, 2000). The rate of photon flux at the top of the plant canopy was short days compared with night-interruption progress toward a developmental event (such measured in each treatment every 10 s with long days) of some cultivars (Pemberton and as appearance of a new node, or flowering) a 10-photodiode line quantum sensor (Apo- Roberson, 2006), although no day-neutral increases linearly between a species-specific gee Instruments, Logan, UT) connected to cultivars are known. In addition to photope- base temperature (Tbase), in which develop- a data logger (CR10; Campbell Scientific, riod, daily light integral (DLI) can influence ment rate is nil, and an optimum temperature Logan, UT). Hourly averages were stored and earliness of flowering by reducing node (Adams et al., 1997). At temperatures above used to calculate DLI. The mean DLI for the the optimum, development rate declines. SD, NI, and HPS treatments was 11.4, 11.5, Growing plants at the optimum temperature and 16.5 molÁm–2Ád–1, respectively. for development rate, resulting in minimum Expt. 2: Temperature effects on crop Received for publication 9 Oct. 2009. Accepted for production time, may be undesirable because timing and quality. Seeds of the same species publication 19 Jan. 2010. it often results in reductions in crop quality. were sown and transplanted as described I acknowledge the assistance of greenhouse tech- For example, increasing temperature from 14 previously and then were placed into one of nician Mike Olrich and undergraduate students Jim Moylan and Erica Helewski, and financial support to 26 °C decreased Campanula carpatica Jacq. five greenhouse compartments set to a con- from the USDA Floriculture and Nursery Research time to flower, but also decreased flower stant temperature of 14, 17, 20, 23, or 26 °C Initiative and from growers supporting Michigan number and flower size (Niu et al., 2001). under a 16-h photoperiod supplemented with State University floriculture research. The genus Petunia consists of 14 currently HPS lamps as described for Expt. 1. Air 1Assistant Professor. e-mail [email protected]. recognized species (Stehmann et al., 2009) temperature in each treatment was measured HORTSCIENCE VOL. 45(3) MARCH 2010 365 by a Type E thermocouple (TT-E-40; Omega Table 1. Influence of short days (SD; 9-h photoperiod), long days provided as a 4-h night interruption (NI), Engineering, Stamford, CT) placed in an or long days provided by 16-h lighting with high-pressure sodium lamps (16-h HPS) on time to flower aspirated tube. Thermocouples were con- (in days), number of nodes below the first flower (nodes), number of visible flower buds at first flowering (buds), and the number of lateral branches at first flowering (branches; greater than 5 cm in nected to a data logger (CR10) and data were z recorded every 10 s. Hourly averages were length) for four Petunia spp. stored. Actual mean temperatures ± SD during Species Photoperiod Time to flower (d) Nodes (no.) Buds (no.) Branches (no.) the experimental period were 14.0 ± 0.75, 17.0 P. axillaris SD 70 b 37.6 b 36.7 b 10.0 b ± 0.50, 20.0 ± 1.1, 22.6 ± 0.64, and 25.7 ± NI 49 a 17.7 a 14.2 a 8.4 a 0.60 °C. Vapor pressure deficit was main- 16-h HPS 45 a 20.0 a 33.7 b 7.7 a tained between 0.7 and 1.0 kPa at each P. exserta SD 64 b 25.8 b 24.9 b 8.8 b NI 52 a 12.3 a 13.4 a 7.2 b temperature by steam injection. 16-h HPS 53 a 13.0 a 14.9 a 4.9 a Plant culture. Plants were irrigated as P. ·hybrida SD 71 b 36.5 b 39.3 b 16.4 a needed with reverse osmosis-treated well NI 63 a 22.3 a 23.1 a 15.1 a water supplemented with (mgÁL–1): 125 nitro- 16-h HPS 59 a 24.1 a 28.4 a 12.0 a gen, 13 phosphorus, 125 potassium, 15 cal- P. integrifolia SD 70 b 40.3 b 30.9 a 13.2 b cium, 1 iron, 0.1 boron and molybdenum, and NI 49 a 18.3 a 25.7 a 6.8 a 0.5 manganese, zinc, and copper (MSU Spe- 16-h HPS 48 a 19.1 a 31.7 a 8.4 a cial; GreenCare Fertilizers, Kankakee, IL).
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