<3L AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE VOL. 24, NO. 3 JOURNAL MARCH, 1947

Temporary Headquarters of the United Nations, Lake Suceess, L. I. &i)r/yver /iffy yeaiv

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CRESTA BLANCA WINE COMPANY, INC. • Livermore and Los Angeles, California, U.S.A. CONTENTS

MARCH 1947

Cover: The Sperry Gyroscope Plant at Lake Suc¬ cess, L. I., seat of the UN Secretariat, the Security Council and Economic and Social Council as well as Committees of the Gen¬ eral Assembly.

Our Retired Officers 3

The First Meeting of the United Nations Gen¬ eral Assembly in the U. S 7 By Elizabeth H. Armstrbng

Psychological Tensions in the Foreign Service— 10 By Frank Snowden Hopkins

The Philadelphia Schoolmaster Who “Con¬ quered” Peru 12 By Edward G. Trueblood STEEL lor the world

The Foreign Service Act of 1946 15 of tomorrow By Willard F. Barber Large-scale commercial kitchens, The John Day Foreign Service Rook Contest.... 17 dairies, canneries, meat-packing plants, sugar refineries—food pro¬ Editors’ Column 18 cessing plants of all kinds—maintain Foreign Service in the United Nations highest standards of sanitation with The Journal’s Guest Editor 19 equipment made of U'SS Stainless Steel. A product of the world's New's from the Department 20 largest steelmaker, U'S’S Stainless By Jane Wilson Steel serves many industries where

Marriages 21 unexcelled resistance to rust and corrosion is required. It is available Births 21 through the worldwide facilities of United States Steel Export Company. News from the Field 22

The Bookshelf 24 Francis C. de Wolf, Review Editor

Service Glimpses 27

In Memoriam 46 UNITED STATES STEEL EXPORT CO. 30 CHURCH STREET, NEW YORK 8, U. S. A. Issued monthly by the American Foreign Service Associa¬ WE SERVE THE WORLD tion, Department of State, Washington, D. C. Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office in Washington, D. C., under the act of March 3, 1879.

MARCH,1947 1

OUR RETIRED OFFICERS FROM ALEXANDER V. DYE Boxwood Terrace, Tryon, N. C. January 14, 1947 Probably the greatest change which the foreign service officer experiences, when he retires is free¬ dom from change. Life in the foreign service of the United States is a long trail and only those who can rise continually to the thrill of new horizons should enter it. I have often thought that part of the examination for entry into the service should be to determine whether the applicant for entry has gypsy feet, and, if he is married, the examina¬ tion should include his wife’s feet. Of course, if he is unmarried the Department need not worry. He will probably get that kind of a wife anyway. The FEDERAL STORAGE younger men in the service are moved about so much that only a gypsy-footed female with a globe¬ girdling urge could keep up with one of them long COMPANY enough to have a good look at him with an eye Every Modern Facility for the Safe Handling to matrimony. and Care of Household Treasures Fortunately both my wife* and mvsslf have loved the trail and we have had a grand life in the serv¬ ice. But even gypsy feet grow tired toward the Private Rooms for Furniture end, so when I retired we decided to lead a quiet Certified Cold Storage Vaults for Furs Rug Cleaning and Storage life and settled in Tyron, North Carolina. Porto-Iockers and Chests for Woolens One who wrote a book about the “Carolina Vaults for Silverware Mountains” many years ago, called Tryon by the Piano and Art Sections name of “Traumfest,” which might he translated Fumigation Chambers as “The Citadel of Dreams.” It lies on the tiny Pac- Home Inspection and Insurance Service olet river just on the edge of the Blue Ridge Moun¬ Packing and Forwarding Nation-wide Long Distance Moving tains where they come down to meet the broad Pied¬ (Allied Van Lines) mont Plateau which sweeps across the Carolinas. Lift Vans for Foreign Shipments Some fifty years ago a well known actor disturbed (Bonding Green) its peaceful dreams—but not much. The actor, Motor Vans for Local Moving William Gillette, was detained in Tryon a few hours on his way to Florida and took a walk in the hills. The result of that walk was that some seven hundred 1701 Florida Ave. ADams5600 acres were acquired, landscaped, divided into build¬ Washington 9, D. C. ing sites of from one to five acres and the call went forth to those souls who had been sufficiently tossed Officers Directors about by the tempests of life that here was a haven E. K. MORRIS BRUCE BAIRD President II. RANDOLPH BARBEE to which they could retire. Weatherbeaten folk HAROLD N. MARSH DANIEL L. BORDEN who are of sound timber are nice to live with and Vice-Pres. and Counsel M. F. CALNAN JAMES M. JOHNSTON HENRY P. ERWIN when they heeded the call and settled in Gillette Vice-Pres. and Treasurer D. P. GAILLARD H. RANDOLPH BARBEE Woods as the place is called, it became a most Secretary JAMES M. JOHNSTON companionable place for those who have “done PAUL E. TOLSON HAROLD N. MARSH Asst. Vice-Pres. ALLISON N. MILLER something” in life but don’t want to do any more. S. WEBSTER ADAMS CARROLL MORGAN Tryon boasts that it has more names in Who’s Who Asst. Vice-Pres. E. K. MORRIS A. RUSSELL BARBEE DONALD F. ROBERTS in proportion to the population than any other Asst. Secretary FREDERIC N. TOWERS place in the United States. RAYMOND O. BABB GRIFFITH WARFIELD Asst. Secretary ROBERT W. WILSON But not all who retired came to Gillette Woods. On the other side of the village lies “The Hunt

♦News has just been received of Mrs. Dye’s death on Febru¬ ary 12th.

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THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Country.” Here live landed gentry who breed gaited horses and hunters, have horse shows and ride to the hounds. There are still some badly scared but real foxes in this area (there is a rumor, unconfirmed, that one was seen on the golf course), but usually the deluded hounds follow the syn¬ thetic scent of a hypothetical fox over a predeter¬ mined course carefully laid out so as not to damage the crops. The hounds seem to enjoy it as much, however, as the hard-riding hunters who follow. It all adds up to a good way of life. What describes itself as “The World’s Smallest Daily Newspaper” is printed in Tryon, five days a week. It treats world news very briefly in a few pithy sentences but gives us in sympathetic human detail the news of this American small town. For some years my wife has been drawing plans of the house we would build when I retired. So we acquired one of the lots in Gillette Woods, cut down enough trees to get a grand view of a beautiful mountain with the lyric name of “Hogback” and then—ran into the shortage of building material, priorities, etc. which made it impossible to build. Therefore we bought a small cottage close to one of the good inns (of which there are several in SINCLAIR Distributors Tryon) intending to live in it until we could build. As we could not get possession of the cottage im¬ throughout the world make mediately we hied us away to Florida to wait and the next day after we arrived in Florida we received available a line of highly the news that the cottage had burned completely. But out of seeming evil sometimes cometh good. Because it had burned we could get priorities and SPECIALIZED LUBRICANTS for material to rebuild the cottage. So my wife whit¬ tled down her plans of the dream house to fit the all Industrial and Automo¬ realities and we rebuilt it. We soon discovered that a “Priority” is just a tive needs. NEW SINCLAIR hunting license, but by scurrying over the Carolinas, wherever there was a promising scent of building OPALINE MOTOR OIL devel- material we did get it rebuilt—at least enough to live in. Because we could not get a furnace we oped through wartime arranged to come to Florida before the coldest weather comes to Tryon and unexpectedly just the experience, is a PREMIUM day before we left the furnace was installed. How¬ ever we came on to Florida and the furnace will GRADE LUBRICANT that keep now until next winter. In February when the springtime comes to the cleans as it lubricates. “Thermal Belt” of Tryon we shall go back to the “Citadel of Dreams,” foregather with other retired cronies, watch the great panorama of the world and the good struggle of our former comrades in the service, who are always welcome to “Boxwood Terrace” as we call our place and where we expect to live just to enjoy life while the shadows grow NEW YORK . CHICAGO • ATLANTA long on the hills. FORT WORTH • KANSAS CITY ALEXANDER V. DYE

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FOREIGN IE JOURNAL rO PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION VOL. 24, NO. 3 WASHINGTON, D. C. MARCH, 1947 The First Meeting of the United Nations General Assembly in the U. S. By ELIZABETH H. ARMSTRONG, Division of Dependent Area Affairs.

The second part of the First Session of the Gen¬ expedient but as a permanent partnership. . . .” eral Assembly of the United Nations and the first With this end in view the United Nations Delega¬ to be held in New York was opened by the President tion, delegates and advisers alike, worked long and of the United States in the New York City building faithfully, often well into the night, seven days a at Flushing Meadows on October 23, 1946. The week, with extraordinary harmony and teamwork. final meeting of the momentous session closed in the A number of advisers from the Department of small hours of December 16. The long weeks that State assisted in the work of the Delegation. They lay between its opening and its close were full of were drawn from the various geographic and func¬ hard work, of early disappointments, and of grad¬ tional offices and divisions, especially from the ually rising hope as the meetings brought a practical Office of Special Political Affairs, and the Division demonstration of a growing understanding among of International Organization Affairs, which latter nations. is primarily charged with the responsibility for The Uniied States Delegation was headed by the preparing the work of the U. S. Delegation to the permanent representative to the United Nations, for¬ General Assembly. Mr. Benjamin Cohen, Coun¬ mer Senator Warren A. Austin of Vermont. The selor of the Department; Mr. Charles Fahy, Legal other principal representatives were Senator Tom Adviser, and Mr. John C. Ross, Deputy Director Connally, Senator Arthur Vandenberg, Mrs. Frank¬ of the Office of Special Political Affairs acted as lin D. Roosevelt, and Representative Sol Bloom. Al¬ Senior Advisers and Mr. D. V. Sandifer, Chief of ternate representatives were Representative Charles the Division of International Organization Affairs, A. Eaton, Representative Helen Gahagan Douglas, was Principal Adviser. Mr. Leroy Stinebower, Mr. John Foster Dulles, and Mr. Adlai Stevenson. Deputy United States Representative on the Eco¬ The United States Delegation to the New York nomic and Social Council and Mr. Benjamin Gerig, Session of the General Assembly, like its prede¬ Chief of the Division of Dependent Area Affairs, cessors at San Francisco and at the first session of were advisers to the delegation on economic and the General Assembly in London in February 1946, trusteeship matters respectively. Ambassador Wil¬ had been appointed on a strongly bi-partisan basis liam Dawson, assisted by FSO’s Carlos Hall and and was broadly representative of the country as a Bartlett Wells, as well as Mr. Ward Allen of the De¬ whole. Its primary purpose was to carry out the partment, were Political Advisers to the Delegation basic policy of the United States as stated by Presi¬ for Latin American Affairs; while Ambassador dent Truman in his opening address to the General George Wadsworth and Mr. Henry S. Villard. Dep¬ Assembly: uty Director of the Office of Near Eastern and Afri¬ “We will support the United Nations with all can Affairs, advised the Delegation with respect to the resources we possess. The American people those areas. In maintaining contact with the Euro¬ look upon the United Nations not as a temporary pean Delegations the Political Advisers were Mr.

MARCH, 1947 7 The New York City BuilHing at Flushing Meadows where Plenary Sessions of the General Assembly were held October-December 1946.

Hayden Raynor, Special Assistant to the Director were reported to the plenary meetings of the As¬ of the Office of European Affairs, seconded by sembly for final action. FSO’s Charles Yost, Randolph Harrison and Gor¬ One of the most important subjects taken up in don Knox. Far Eastern political work was handled Committee 1 was that of disarmament. Mr. Molotov by John M. Allison. Foreign Service Officer Rob¬ introduced the Soviet resolution calling for the ert McClintock, Special Assistant to the Director of general reduction of armaments, especially prohibi¬ the Office of Special Political Affairs, served as Po¬ tion of the production and use of atomic energy for litical Adviser on the staff of Senator Austin. FSO military purposes. Subsequently the United States William Fowler was Executive Officer on Committee proposed (1) that the Security Council should give 2 for the American Delegation. prompt consideration to the working out of prac¬ The political officers attached to the Delegation, tical measures in regard to disarmament; (2) that largely recruited from the Foreign Service, were the Security Council should give first consideration a very able team who acted as liaison agents be¬ to the report of the Atomic Energy Commission; tween the United States and other delegations. They and (3) that the provision of practical effective were also frequently called upon for advice on the safeguards by way of inspection, etc., should be problems of the various regions with which their considered essential to the regulation and reduc¬ work abroad had made them familiar. The degree tion of armaments^ The United States approach to of teamwork within the Delegation as a whole was the implementation of the disarmament resolution noteworthy but the amount of cooperation between and its understanding of the priority of action in the political officers and their colleagues from the this field was eloquently stated by Secretary Byrnes various functional divisions was especially good. It on December 13 when he said: is to be hoped that other Foreign Service Officers “We must see to it that disarmament starts with can be assigned to future meetings of the Assembly. the major weapons of mass destruction. . . . that The first nine days of the General Assembly were [it] is general and not unilateral. . . y [and that devoted to plenary sessions in which the various it] is accompanied by effective safeguards by way delegations made policy speeches along general of inspection and other means under interna¬ lines and introduced resolutions for consideration tional control . . . and action by the Assembly. These resolutions were “We must see to it that these safeguards are allocated by the General (or steering) Committee so clear and explicit that there will be no question to the six committees of the Assembly, i.e., Com¬ of the right of complying states, veto or no veto, mittee 1, Political and Security Questions; Com¬ to take immediate action in defense of the rule mittee 2, Economic and Financial Questions; Com¬ of law. . . . mittee 3, Social, Humanitarian and Cultural Ques¬ “In meeting the problems of disarmament first tions; Committee 4, Trusteeship; Committee 5, Ad¬ things should come first. The first task which ministrative and Budgetary Questions; and Com¬ must be undertaken is the control of atomic en¬ mittee 6, Legal Questions. After the resolutions had ergy to insure that it will be used only for human been debated and adopted in the committees they welfare and not for deadly warfare.”

8 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL The question of voting in the Security Council Africa but was nevertheless rejected. A resolution was warmly debated during many sessions of Com¬ was finally adopted, however, stating that friendly mittee 1. A resolution passed by this Committee relations between the two countries had been im¬ and later adopted by the General Assembly noted paired, that the treatment of the Indians in South the divergencies regarding the application of Article Africa should be in conformity with the inter¬ 27 and requested the permanent members of the national obligations assumed under the agreements Security Council to make every effort to insure that of 1927 and 1932 between the two governments as their special voting privileges should not impede well as those under the Charter and requesting the the Security Council in reaching prompt decisions. two governments of India and South Africa to re¬ port on remedial measures to the next session of In the Spanish question the Assembly resolution the General Assembly. recommended (1) the non-admission of Spain to The United States supported the election of four any international organizations established by or new members, Afghanistan, Iceland, Sweden and brought into relationship with the United Nations Siam to the United Nations as well as the proposal or to United Nations conferences until the forma¬ that the Security Council should re-examine the tion of an acceptable Spanish Government; (2) the applications it had earlier rejected from Albania, consideration by the Security Council of remedial Eire, Mongolian Peoples Republic, Portugal and measures in case of Spanish failure to establish a Trans-Jordan. democratic government within a reasonable time; The work of Committee 2 (Economic and and (3) the withdrawal by members of the United Financial ) was largely concerned with (1) the food Nations of their ambassadors and ministers pleni¬ shortage; (2) post-UNRRA relief; (3) the eco¬ potentiary accredited to Spain. While the United nomic reconstruction of devastated areas. Joint States voted for the resolution as a whole, it op¬ Committee 2 and 3 dealt with the troublesome posed that part of it which proposed eventual question of the status of the World Federation remedial measures. of Trade Unions (WFTU) and the agreements with The United States, supported by the United King¬ the specialized agencies. dom and a number of other delegations, strongly In view of the danger of a renewed world food recommended that an advisory opinion should be crisis in 1947, the Second Committee and, subse¬ sought from the International Court of Justice in quently, the Assembly unanimously adopted a reso¬ the question of India’s resolution alleging discrimi¬ lution encouraging food production and conserva¬ natory treatment by the Union of South Africa of tion as well as the equitable allocation and prompt its long-established Indian population in that coun¬ distribution, free from any political considerations, try. This general approach was acceptable to South (Continued on page 28)

British Foreign Minis¬ ter Bevin addresses the Political Committee of the General Assembly. From left to right: For¬ eign Minister Molotov is flanked by Deputy Foreign Minister Gro¬ myko and his inter¬ preter, Pavlov. Ambas- s a d o r Roberto Mac- Eaehen represents Uru¬ guay, Senator Connally is hacked by two grave FSO’s John Allison and Robert McClintock, while to the left of Mr. Bevin sits Sir Alexander Cadogan, British Repre¬ sentative to the Secur¬ ity Council.

MARCH,1947 9 Psychological Tensions in the Foreign Service

By FRANK SNOWDEN HOPKINS, Assistant Chief, Division of Training Services

Perhaps the logical starting point for this article the normal human lot in life, it still appears to this is a personal confession. When I started out some amateur observer that in the Foreign Service the two years ago to get acquainted with the Foreign pressures on the individual are exceptionally great. Service and its problems, and was sent on a tour It is also true, of course, that the incentives, the of representative posts that took me to several differ¬ satisfactions and the rewards are great. But when ent areas of the world, I had certain preconceptions an officer says that to him the satisfactions of the about the job of the Service and the kind of people life far outweigh all its difficulties, that is not to say in it which were somewhat unrealistic in nature. that the process of overcoming the difficulties in Studying the work of the Service and meeting its order to enjoy the satisfactions does not involve people has resulted in my continually modifying my strain. And in actual fact, in my talks with hun¬ ideas, until I now approach the whole problem of dreds of Foreign Service people who were com¬ improving the effectiveness of the Service from an pletely devoted to the Service and who considered entirely different set of premises. themselves very privileged people to be members of I still think, as I thought from the beginning, that it, I was simultaneously aware of many sensitivities, while the basic problem of the Department is or¬ anxieties, strains of adjustment and feelings of un¬ ganizational, the basic problem of the Foreign Serv¬ rest or discouragement which I believe it would not ice is one of personnel development. I still think be incorrect to consider occupational in nature. that much needs to be done in selection and train¬ If one looks at the Service from the premise ing to enable the Service to fulfill its potentialities. that the life is one of extreme difficulty and makes But whereas my early tendency was to think in extraordinary demands on the individual, one not perfectionist terms of what the Service should be only acquires tolerance and understanding, but like, and therefore to be critical of its shortcomings, develops also warm feelings of admiration for the I am now deeply concerned about the difficulties men and women who maintain their morale un¬ and hazards of Foreign Service life and the psy¬ der conditions which strike an outsider as very chological pressures to which all employees, and trying. But is it necessary that the strains be as the career officers in particular, are subjected. great as they are? Are we doing all that we could Although many officers have spoken to me of do to minimize them? Do we approach the prob¬ their personal difficulties, I doubt if most of them lems of the individual officer or employee from the are as aware as an outside observer like myself of premise that he is a human being working under the psychological tensions under which they must pressure, and take into consideration in our deal¬ operate. I may perhaps shock some of my good ings with him w'hat his inner needs and difficulties Service friends by asserting my conviction that of are? Do we do all that we could to fortify him and all the occupations I have known—and I have to make him accept some of the more difficult as¬ known several—it seems to me that the Foreign pects of his job as necessary and proper responsi¬ Service is the most difficult and makes the most bilities? Do we give him full recognition when he exacting demands on the human psyche. This fact does accept the tough parts of the job—when he of psychological tension is, I believe, one of our accepts the challenges of the Service instead of es¬ foremost problems, and one whose importance in caping from them? the administration of the Service has not yet been I believe that most of us would agree that the fully recognized. Foreign Service has more than its share of sudden When one speaks of tensions, it should of course changes, of difficult adjustments, of disappointments be understood that human beings are rarely if ever and frustrations, and of situations in which it is free from strain in any respect of adult living. To only an individual’s character and courage that put it very simply, just to grow up and maintain keep him facing up to his responsibilities and avoid¬ one’s balance as a well-adjusted adult is a task in ing temptations to follow paths of least resistance. itself, as both our own psychologists and the anthro¬ I believe that most would also agree that not all pologists who have studied other cultures have fre¬ officers are successful in their response to these quently pointed out. challenges. We have had a few spectacular exam¬ But granted that a certain amount of tension is ples of personal tragedy; we have also had instances

10 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL of partial defeat; and we always have with us those Can such a role be played conscientiously over cases in which tension shows itself ifi an abnormal a period of time without real psychological strain? degree of emotional distress of one kind or an¬ I doubt it. It strikes me as being like a tight-rope other. Is it not time to take stock of the situation, walking act; the first few steps are taken firmly to see if we are doing all that we could to conserve and courageously, but then one loses his balance our human material and to use it wisely and effec¬ and teeters wildly trying to recover it, perhaps to tively? plunge off in one direction or the other. On the Some Cultural Causes of Strain. one hand, there is the temptation to take refuge in In making the statement that the role of the For¬ one’s Americanism and not make the strenuous eign Service is a difficult one, I am thinking in effort necessary to penetrate the cultural barrier terms of that role as it is played by the officer who and understand the foreigner. And there is the op¬ strives to live up fully to his responsibilities. Ob¬ posite temptation to “go native,” absorbing more viously an officer can ease the pressure upon him¬ and more of the other country’s ideas and values self to the extent that he is cautious, unenterprising and point of view until one’s Americanism is toned or escapist; my sympathy is reserved for that great down to meaninglessness. Or both processes may majority who meet fully the challenges of the Ser¬ take place simultaneously as one acculturates to vice. European ruling groups at an Asian or African Causes of strain, it would seem, fall into general post, and fails to achieve any real rapport with the categories: strains which are basically cultural in native population. Finally, if all other temptations nature, deriving from the fact that the officer must are avoided, one may still, in the course of time, adjust repeatedly to strange environments and to live more and more in the world of official and people whose cultural conditioning is different from ceremonial relations, and make progressively less his own, and strains which are more strictly psycho¬ effort to know and understand the body of the logical. deriving from the officer’s efforts to achieve population. the goals which he has set himself within the pattern To avoid these paths of escape is an effort and of the Foreign Service. a strain; to accept one of them eases the immediate In regard to the first, it would appear indis¬ pressures somewhat, but at a price the Service can¬ putable that a Foreign Service Officer has a pecul¬ not afford. But now comes another complication. iarly exacting role to play in occupying an inter¬ In the course of a four-year assignment the officer mediate position between his own country and the may have reached quite a satisfactory modus vivendi country in which he is stationed. To describe his in his role of intermediary, only to find himself re¬ predicament in the language of the cultural an¬ assigned to a new country, or even to an entirely thropologist, he is caught in a conflict of cultures new region of the world, where he must begin all and is subjected to the confusion of the spirit which over again to seek that precise balance between two that experience inescapably involves. cultures at which he is most effective and useful to On the one hand, he is conditioned by his up¬ the Service. And if success is again achieved, the bringing in American life to think and feel like an effort still must be made again and again in the American; on the other, he finds himself living course of a career. Granted that such adjustments geographically in another culture, in which he can¬ are easier in some countries than in others, and not be a participating member and yet is more than granted also that they are accepted by most officers an observer. He cannot be merely a go-between be¬ as part of the fun of a Foreign Service career, they tween two officialdoms; he must represent the do require exertion—and as the years go on that American cultural complex as well as the United exertion may become more of a strain on the offi¬ States Government. In this representative role, he cer’s vitality and will power. must not shed his Americanism; and yet he must be objective enough about American life, American Psychological Tensions. ideas and American motivations to interpret his All this time the officer is living under conditions country to those who do not understand her. At the which give him an increasing feeling of comrade¬ same time, he must emerge from his Americanism ship with goldfish. He may never completely relax enough to acquire an imaginative insight into and with foreigners, because he may never divest him¬ understanding of the people among whom he lives self of his representative character, in which he is and works. He must be able to interpret these fated always to be watched and judged as the local people’s attitudes and motivations accurately to his edition of America. Even in the American com¬ government, and at the same time deal with them munity at his post he must be circumspect; and al- effectively himself without becoming one of them. (Continued on page 40)

MARCH, 1947 11 The Philadelphia Schoolmaster Who ‘‘Conquered” Peru

By EDWARD G. TRUEBLOOD, Deputy Director, Office of American Republics Affairs

A few months ago, Dr. Albert A. Giesecke fin¬ to go to Peru as a member of a four-man educa¬ ished 15 years’ service with the American Embassy tional mission to reorganize certain features of the in Lima. While this period is not in itself extra¬ Peruvian education system. ordinary, the man himself is one of the most un¬ After only a few months in Lima, Dr. Giesecke usual personalities in the entire Foreign Service found himself in the midst of a tense political con¬ (and those of us who know the Service realize troversy. President Leguia, then serving his first that we have in fact no dearth of unusual person¬ term as chief executive, summoned Giesecke to the alities!). Prior to joining the staff in Lima, Dr. presidential office. “I have heard good things about Giesecke (who pronounces his name Ghee-seck-ee) you, Dr. Giesecke,” (the President addressed his had spent nearly a quarter of a century in Peru, visitor in flawless English I “and 1 believe you have much of that time as Rector of the University in much to give to my country. You are young but the ancient Inca capital of Cuzco. With this un¬ you have the energy and the integrity we expect paralleled knowledge of Peru and things and people from citizens of the United States. I have there¬ Peruvian, it is no wonder that a long series of fore determined to appoint you Rector of the Uni¬ American Ambassadors and subordinate officers versity of Cuzco.” during the past 15 years have been accustomed to Giesecke had not been long in Peru but he knew rely heavily on his knowledge and counsel. “Ask that the situation in Cuzco was charged with politi¬ Dr. Giesecke” is an often-heard phrase in the Em¬ cal dynamite. The university there had been closed bassy offices. for a whole year due to a student strike demanding It is rare that a prominent American starts off modern methods of education and better teachers. on a South American trip without being provided Congress passed a law authorizing President Leguia with a letter of introduction to Dr. Giesecke. to reopen the university and it was for that reason Through the years, Dr. Giesecke has helped a he offered the presidency to the young Philadelphia stream of people to become acquainted with the schoolteacher. It was a tough decision for Gie¬ fascinating history and archaeology of Peru: Lord secke, but he has never run away from difficulties, Bryce, General Pershing, William Jennings Bryan, and he told President Leguia he would take the to mention a few of the best known. job. At once there was an outcry from some of It was nearly 40 years ago, in 1909 to be exact, Leguia’s political enemies in the Congress, criticiz¬ when Albert Giesecke, then a young Philadelphia ing the appointment to the Cuzco post of a “for¬ schoolmaster, received a call from a distinguished eigner” who did not even know Spanish (Dr. Gie¬ Peruvian diplomat, Dr. Francis¬ secke says this was a libel). For co Garcia Calderon, then en route a time, it looked as though the to his post in Paris. Giesecke Giesecke “incident” would force had had an excellent educational the resignation of the Minister background, completing his stud¬ of Education and even bring ies at the University of Pennsyl¬ about the fall of the Cabinet. vania and Cornell with distinc¬ The situation was saved provi¬ tion, and thereafter taking grad¬ dentially. Just when it looked as uate work in Europe. One of though Giesecke’s career in Peru Giesecke’s teachers at the Uni¬ would be over before it had real¬ versity of Pennsylvania was a ly begun, word came that the Bo¬ kindly little man, Dr. Leo S. livian Government had refused Rowe, whose name was destined to accept the arbitral award to become revered throughout handed down by the President the Americas as the Director of Argentina settling the Peru- General of the Pan American vian-Bolivian frontier dispute. A Union. long secret session of the Peru¬ Dr. Garcia Calderon made vian cabinet was held at once, young Giesecke a flattering offer Dr. Albert A. Giesecke followed by its resignation. The

12 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL case of Albert Giesecke was forgotten in the press of events and on March 23, 1910, he saw for the first time the ancient capi¬ tal of the Incas. The University reopened the day after Easter, with eager students flocking back to classes following their long "vacation.” There was naturally intense curiosity about the new Rector, who was rumored to be not only young, but also an American. Dr. Giesecki plunged wholeheartedly into his new task. He endeavored to make instruction as practical as possible by encouraging inde¬ pendent research. In 1912, only two years after taking over the University, Dr. Gie¬ secke launched a quarterly publication, the Revista Universitaria, in which the out¬ standing student theses were regularly pub¬ lished. Cuzco being the center of a high¬ land culture of great historical importance, Dr. Giesecke organized systematic expedi¬ tions to points of interest for the students. He encouraged them to interest themselves in Indian problems, regional economics, social conditions and archaeology. Fur¬ thermore, he broke sharply with the old Spanish tradition whereby the professor and the student see each other only in class. He accompanied students on their hikes and rambles about the country-side; his office was always open to them and after Dr. Giesecke married, a charming Cuzquena, students were always welcome in their home for evenings of music and conversation. (Continued on page 33)

Top: The National University of Cuzco, founded in 1692.

Center: General John J. Pershing and a group before the ruins of the fortress of Ollantaitanibo, near Machupioehu. Dr. Giesecke is at General Pershing’s right.

Below: In the drawing room of the first American Ambassador of the U. S. to Peru, the Honorable William Gonzalez. Dr. Giesecke is the guest of the Ambassa¬ dor and Mrs. Gonzalez, who were* there in 1919-23.

MARCH, 1947 13 The Foreign Service Act of 1946

WILLARD F. BARBER, Chief, Division of Caribbean Affairs

There is an unusual opportunity, in administering Detailed to other agencies, the Foreign Service Act of 1946, to accomplish two inc. National War College 7 17 objectives at once: A. To diversify the experience of Foreign Service Total2 131 124 officers by their assignment to the various political, economic, administrative, cultural, informational, The size of the non-political divisions, and the and international organization divisions of the importance of their work should serve to empha¬ Department. size the need for a revised apportionment of FSO’s, B. To improve the efficiency and broaden the as between non-political and political divisions, in outlook of Departmental personnel through in¬ order to evolve a strengthened and well-rounded creased direct association with experienced field service. FSO’s would receive the benefit of con¬ officers and by assignment abroad as Reserve tacts and of learning the procedure of reaching and officers. implementing policy decisions in all parts of the The writer is acutely conscious of his amateur Department. This bas been done in the past quite standing in commenting on problems of administra¬ successfully in the political offices. tion of the Foreign Service. Statistical realities, The new Act has specific objectives in assigning however, and the results of many individual’s FSO’s to the Department in addition to the general experiences illustrate a need for interchangeability purpose of again placing them in touch with the and flexibility in Departmental and Foreign Service American scene: one is to provide further training. assignments which, if met, should improve the This purpose cannot be fully achieved merely by handling of our country’s foreign affairs. transferring a political reporting officer from an The Foreign Service Act of 1946 should go far Embassy to a political division in the Department. to bridge the gap that exists between the Depart¬ Such a shift makes use chiefly of the experience mental Service and the Foreign Service. Officers which he had already acquired; it would not add working in the political divisions of the Department to his ability to cope with problems and procedures have been aware of that gap for some time. But arising in other than the political realm. it is even more marked in the case of the non¬ FSO’s are occasionally designated for postgrad¬ political divisions. uate training at leading universities. But the De¬ The Foreign Service Officer At Home partment itself offers even more fruitful and prac¬ Of the 108 Foreign Service officers in the De¬ tical courses of education. Where else could one partment on July 31, 1946 and of the 103 on No¬ learn more about, and work with, officials deter¬ vember 30, 1946 analysis of data in the monthly mining the loan policy of the Export-Import Bank, list prepared by Foreign Service Personnel shows monetary stabilization agreements entered into by the following distribution: the Treasury Department, aviation’s five freedoms, mass-media publicity techniques, or the workings Divisions Number of FSO’s of the International Bank or of the International July 31 Nov. 30 Monetary Fund? 1946 1946 World diplomacy is embarking upon a new era Political, (i.e. of frequent multilateral conferences both within and geographic) 62 59 without the numerous United Nations organizations. Economic 6 6 Additional FSO’s should benefit by assignment to Cultural and Informational 4 4 1 the Office of Special Political Affairs and to the Office of Foreign Service 30 22 Division of International Conferences. Again, (including all component where else could a professional diplomatist better divisions and inspectors) learn council table methodology; where else could Visa, passport, special projects, and foreign one so quickly meet and become acquainted with activity 9 10 representatives of half a hundred Foreign Offices? International organizations 2 2 There are only two FSO’s in these divisions. How¬ Assigned to Dept, but ever, seven present or former FSO’s in addition to not yet on duty 11 6 those listed in the distribution chart above served implementing the new Act required an unusually large i'his does not include FSO’s on leave without pay or those staff in OFS. awaiting field assignment.

14 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL as political advisers to the American Delegation at The tour of duty in the Department, moreover, the last meeting of the U. N. General Assembly in need not necessarily be of three or four years’ dura¬ New York City.* tion. Shorter assignments would allow many more “The Economic Officer in the Foreign Service” in FSO’s to gain a helpful insight into the Depart¬ the November 1946 issue of this journal proves ment’s workings and to obtain training in newer beyond cavil the need for more officers experi¬ techniques in those activities which will play an enced and trained in economic matters. The thesis increasingly larger role in inter-governmental advanced there is that the divisions of Financial relations. Affairs. International Resources, Investment and Furthermore, it must be borne in mind that what Economic Development, Commercial Policy, Inter¬ is recommended is a modification in the distribu¬ national Labor, Social and Health Affairs, and tion of FSO assignments. Every one would agree those dealing with aviation, shipping, telecommuni¬ that 1,500 Foreign Service officers could do a bigger cations, and German and Japanese economic affairs, and better job than the present 1,000. But if we should have a liberal sprinkling of FSO’s. For all must be limited in the number of officer personnel, of these there are only six. let us not be restricted in experience, training and An illuminating article in the September 1946 versatility. Journal, “The Foreign Service and the Information With respect to objection (2), that only a few' Program.” underscores the importance of informa¬ FSO’s should be specialists, it is believed by many tional activities. The next ten years will witness the that the problems of our times call for specialists. prosecution of publicity or propaganda campaigns The question is debatable. But even accepting the on an international scale. Policies may be deter¬ contrary view that FSO’s should be jacks-of-all- mined largely by the extent and intensity of the trades, there would still be justification for empha¬ popular support they evoke. Decisive will be the sizing the location of FSO’s in other than the po¬ play of the press, radio or cinema upon the millions, litical divisions. Would that not give them the very rather than traditionally polite conversations con¬ diversified training which a jack-of-all-trades should fined within the limits of Whitehall, Quai d’Orsay, have? Specialization is not advocated, but rather or the Itamaraty Palace. There is and will be world an opportunity for broader development in the wide competition in the techniques of mass appeal diplomatic career. and of cultural penetration. But only four out of The Departmental Officer At Home and Abroad, our thousand FSO’s are now serving in the bureaus The advantages to Departmental personnel in concerned with these functions. rubbing shoulders with colleagues having practical Amongst the high echelons of Departmental com¬ field experience cannot be over-emphasized. The mand. only within the offices of the Secretary, nuclei of FSO’s in the non-political divisions are Under Secretary Acheson, and the Assistant Secre¬ of inestimable benefit as a leavening influence. Evi¬ taries in charge of Latin American Affairs and of dence of this stimulating influence was observed European Affairs are FSO’s to be found. during 1944 and 1945 by the writer and his erst- Two Invalid Objections while colleagues in the Division of Financial and Monetary Affairs. The reasons most frequently advanced for not In addition to these associations in Washington, assigning FSO’s in increasing numbers to other the new Act makes it possible to assign Depart¬ than political divisions are: (1) the shortage of mental officers to diplomatic and consular missions officers; and (2) the view that only limited num¬ abroad as members of the Foreign Service Reserve. bers of FSO’s should become specialists. Departmental officers thus assigned would gain the With regard to fl) it may be pointed out that many benefits to be derived from field experience. the Foreign Service is now expanding rapidly, re¬ They would increase their understanding of the cruiting from the successful candidates taking the points of view both of our Foreign Service and of veteran examinations, and by the Manpower Act. foreign officialdom. It can be said fairly that many Besides, the new Act authorizes the assignment of officers serving in the non-political divisions of the Departmental officers to the field as Reservists. Department but rarely come into personal relation¬ Thus additional FSO’s could be assigned to the ship with the representatives of the foreign govern¬ Department on an even exchange basis without de¬ ments stationed at Washington. The reason for this creasing the total number of officers (both Depart¬ is obvious in that such representatives normally mental and Foreign Service) assigned to the field. conduct their business with the political divisions. *Former Ambassador William Dawson, Ambassador George While abroad as Reservists, technical officers Wadsworth. John M. Allison, Randolph Harrison, Robert Mc- Clintock, Bartlett Wells, Harry Yillard, Carlos Hall, Charles would be able to explain departmental procedure Yost. I Continued on page 47)

MARCH, 1947 15

FSO Charles Knox Wins the John Day Foreign Service Hook Contest

Charles F. Knox, Jr., a to the embassies in Habana, career officer now attached to Buenos Aires, and Santiago the Embassy of the United de Chile, went on special duty States in Caracas, Venezuela, at the Department of State, has won the $1,000 Foreign and ultimately in 1945 to his Service Book Contest spon¬ present position as Commer¬ sored by The John Day Com¬ cial Attache in Caracas. pany with his novel manuscript Mr. Knox writes his novel entitled Thirst, it is announced under a pseudonym which will by the publisher. Honorable be announced later. mentions were awarded to Honorable mentions in the three other authors. Foreign Service Book Contest Pleased with the quality of were given to: submissions, John Day has at The New Borderland, by 0. once announced a second con¬ Edmund Clubb, Consul Gen¬ test on the same terms and eral in Harbin, Manchuria. conditions, with a closing date Self-Portrait of an Andean of March 1, 1949. Village, by Juan Leese Gorrell, Mr. Knox, whose novel will Vice Consul in Windsor, On¬ be published later this year tario. by John Day, is a Foreign Odyssey for Two, by Hugh Service Officer of Career, Class S. Miller, Consul, retired III, with seventeen combined (July, 1941), of Rochester, years of record in the Service. Indiana. He lias written a number of The judges were Pearl S. short stories and had some of Buck, President of the East them published, including one and West Association; Henry in This Week, but Thirst is”"~ FSO CHARLES F. KNOX S. Villard. Chairman of the his first novel. It concerns wrote prize winning manuscript Editorial Board of THE AMER¬ peasants and land-owners on ICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOUR¬ a large ranch in a South Amer¬ NAL; and Vincent Sheean, au¬ ican country, and he writes to his publisher: thor and foreign correspondent. Donald Dunham, a for¬ “The story is purely fictional, but based on my own mer vice-consul and author of Envoy Unextraordinary, observations and interpretations of the ‘great’ and published by John Day, was the contest editor. ‘little’ people for whom I have the greatest admiration. Seeking to encourage writing among a group of un¬ . . . The people are vivid and courageous, and the usual ability and experience and with unusual oppor¬ country beautiful almost beyond description. There tunities to collect book material, John Day announced are wonderful stories to write about in each of the its Foreign Service Book Contest late in 1944. The other American Republics. If I can, I plan to write deadline for receipt of manuscripts was set as a year several books about Latin America.” He adds that he and a half later, May 31, 1946, so that Service writ¬ is already outlining a second novel. ers in distant places could enter, but even so it became The author was born in Maplewood, New Jersey, in necessary to postpone the deadline further. Entries 1906, and attended school there. At the age of 16, already “the seasoned and weary traveler” after a were finally closed September 30, 1946, and time there¬ summer vacation as an assistant purser in a ship run¬ after was allowed for the arrival of manuscripts posted ning to Buenos Aires, he determined that he wanted before that date. The judges considered all manu¬ a career in the Foreign Service. Having heard a talk scripts submitted, and reached their decision in Feb¬ ruary. by Hugh Gibson, then United States Minister to Po¬ land, he sat down and wrote a letter to “Dear Mr. The award is $1,000, of which one-half is an outright Honorable Gibson” which, to his astonished delight, prize and one-half is an advance against book royalties. resulted in real encouragement from the minister a The same award will apply in the second contest, now few months later. Mr. Knox studied briefly at La¬ announced. The names of the judges will be disclosed fayette School of Foreign Service. Concentrating on later. Every effort will be made to bring the new com¬ Latin American studies, he was graduated in 1929 petition to the attention of all members of the Service. with the degree of Bachelor of Foreign Service. Both active, resigned, and retired—personnel -of His first government position was in the Department any grade, from clerk to ambassador, are eligible, of Commerce, after which he was succesively attached as are their wives and husbands.

M'RCH. 1947 17 THE ruary 28, 1946, President Truman in his address to the General Assembly on October 23, 1946, and Secretary Marshall in his first press conference after assuming direction of the Department of State, have FOREIGN JOURNAL all affirmed the determination of the American Gov¬ ernment not only to live up to the principles of the MARCH, 1947 •EH Vol. 24 United Nations Charter but to do everything possi¬ ble to see that the Charter becomes a vital instru¬ PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY AMERICAN FOREIGN ment in saving the world, to use the language of the SERVICE ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. Preamble, from the “scourge of war, which twice Copyright, 1947, by the American Foreign Service Association in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to man¬ The reprinting of any article or portion of an article from this publication is strictly forbidden without permission from the kind.” editors. There thus devolves upon the Foreign Service, The American Foreign Service Journal is open to subscription in the United States and abroad at the rate of $2.50 a. year, or charged as it is with carrying out American foreign 25 cents a, copy. This publication is not official and material ap¬ policy in the field, a new responsibility and a new pearing herein represents only personal opinions. duty toward the United Nations. To fulfill this re¬ sponsibility it is necessary that Foreign Service JOURNAL STAFF Officers have more tangible personal contact with HENRY S. VILLARD, Chairman the United Nations. Such contact can be had in EDMUND A. GULLION the field in dealing with Foreign Offices or in par¬ ROBERT M. MCCLINTOCK Editorial ticipating in international conferences. It can be JAMES K. PENFIELD... Board had increasingly in the Department if a proposed ROBERT H. MCBRIDE JANE WILSON, Managing Editor scheme for Foreign Service training in United Na¬ CARL W. STROM Business Manager tions activities is placed into effect. In its simplest ADRIAN B. COLQUITT— — Treasurer form this plan would be to invite selected Foreign Service Officers who happened to be in the United The American Foreign Service Association States on home leave or on consultation in the De¬ The American Foreign Servce Association is an unofficial and partment to take a quick three-months’ training voluntary association of the members of The Foreign Service of the United States. It was formed for the purpose of fostering course in the Office of Special Political Affairs, esprit de corps among the members of the Foreign Service and which is charged with general responsibility in the to establish a center around which might be grouped the united efforts of its members for the improvement of the Service. Department for the relations between the American Government and the United Nations. Such a train¬ ing course would give officers brief but adequate FOREIGN SERVICE IN THE background as to how the United Nations works UNITED NATIONS and how the United States works with the United An article appearing elsewhere in this issue re¬ Nations. With the increasing complexity of UN veals that ten present or former Foreign Service affairs, with the Security Council in continuous ses¬ Officers saw recent experience at New York City sion and the other two Councils convening a num¬ during the last Session of the United Nations Gen¬ ber of times a year; with the General Assembly eral Assembly. As a matter of fact the American forming the “town meeting of the world” for six or Delegation to the Assembly drew generously upon seven weeks each autumn, the role which the Ameri¬ the political experience and diplomatic skills of this can Government will play and the degree of partici¬ group of officers, and the FSO’s in question gained pation of Foreign Service Officers in the United valuable experience at first hand of international Nations activities will be on an ever-increasing organization. scale. However, there is increasing need for more active It would seem useful to utter a word of caution participation by Foreign Service Officers in the both to Officers of the Service and to officers of the work of the United Nations. While it is true that Department’s home staff as to their respective roles there has been a considerable number of FSO’s— in United Nations affairs. It is quite understand¬ fifty-two, to be exact—who have, in one way or an¬ able that certain of the technical personnel who other, been associated in United Nations activities have worked with devotion and effect on American either at the San Francisco Conference or at the Delegations to the United Nations should feel with subsequent meetings of the United Nations in Lon¬ pardonable pride that the Charter is in part their don and New York City, the fact remains that to own creation. However, this feeling should not be¬ the great majority of Foreign Service Officers the come a proprietary one. The Charter is too grand United Nations is a relatively unknown organ. a diagram, it spreads with too vast implications Secretary of State Byrnes in his speech of Feb¬ (Continued on page 26)

18 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL The Jonmal’s Guest Editor

Ernest K. Lindley is Chief of the Washington Bureau of Newsweek and author of a syndicated column on national and international affairs which appears four times weekly in The Washington Post, and in about thirty other cities. He was born July 14, 1899, Richmond, Indiana, and edu¬ cated at Indiana University, University of Idaho, and Oxford University (Rhodes Scholar). While in college, he edited a small-town daily for a time, and on returning from England in 1924, went to work for Henry J. Allen of the Wichita (Kansas) Beacon. In December 1924, he joined the staff of the New York World. In 1931, he became a political writer for the New York Herald Tribune, and traveled with Franklin D. Roosevelt for the New York Herald Tribune in 1932. In 1933 Mr. Lindley became a roving correspondent attached to the Washington Bureau of the New York Herald Tribune. In 1936, he traveled with Alf Landon for the New York Herald Tribune. In 1937, he left the Herald Tribune to become Chief of Washington Bureau of Newsweek, a position which he still holds. Also, he writes a signed column, “Washington Tides,” for Newsweek. During 1942 and 1943, he was commentator for the Blue Network; also in 1942-43 he was American com¬ mentator for the British Broadcasting Company. Mr. Lindley is the author of magazine articles and several books on public affairs, most recently “How War Came” in collaboration with Forrest Davis. Mr. Lindley

PROPAGANDA—NEGLECTED ARM OF voking sanctions against their source. In these in¬ POLICY struments, we have no over-all superiority. On the PROPAGANDA has always been a powerful tool. contrary, we are at a disadvantage in several re¬ It is especially powerful in a period such as this spects. when so many millions of people have been For example, Communist parties throughout the wrenched loose from their old moorings and are world which faithfully seek to further Soviet in¬ confused and distressed. Furthermore, the relative terests constitute a potent and unique machinery importance of propaganda seems to me to be likely for spreading propaganda and creating political to increase during the years just ahead. counter-pressures. At the same time, the Soviet No nation or likely combination will knowingly Union has very tight defenses against retaliation in risk war against the United States for some years kind within its own borders. —probably not so long as we have a monopoly on We must recognize also that what might be called atomic weapons and decided superiority in air pow¬ the basic Communist propaganda line has strong er. No nation, or likely combination, will be able appeal, especially to frustrated people—and at the to match us in financial and economic strength for present time a very large percentage of the world’s a long time to come. We may not use our military, population m.ust feel frustrated. This basic Com¬ economic, and financial strength wisely and firmly munist propaganda line has an advantage over to get and keep the kind of peace we want. But our Nazi propaganda and even the milder forms of superiority in these instruments is tremendous. national propaganda in that it is supranational, is So long as we retain military and economic supe¬ pointed toward highly idealistic objectives, and has riority, nations opposed to our policies and pur¬ shown itself capable of generating zeal of religious poses may be expected to rely very heavily on local intensity. political counter-pressures supported by intense and Soviet propaganda has certain weaknesses. The persistent propaganda. These are relatively inex¬ most important probably is that some of it is de¬ pensive tools, and up to a point they are safe in monstrably false. It cannot be overemphasized, the sense that they do not involve the risk of pro¬ (Continued on page 26)

MARCH,1947 19 By JANE WILSON

General Marshall’s Pay “The Foreign Service in Transition” A Cabinet officer cannot collect two salaries. This is the title of a comprehensive article on the General Marshall collects $15,751 as retirement Foreign Service in the January issue of Foreign pay for a General of the Army. Consequently he Affairs by DR. WILLIAM P. MADDOX, Chief of the cannot collect anything as Secretary of State. Division of Training Services. In his description of the present day Service Dr. Maddox quotes Personals some interesting statistics. Of the 2,000 officers HOWARD DONOVAN, until recently Consul General (including reserve officers and top staff personnel) in Bombay, signed in at the Department on Feb¬ presently in the Service, some 18 per cent are em¬ ruary 3, and assumed charge of the Division of ployed in political work, 13 per cent in commercial Foreign Service Administration replacing E. PAUL work. 24 per cent on consular duties, 22 per cent TENNEY who planned to leave Washington in March in economic work, 12 per cent under the informa¬ for Santiago where he will be First Secretary. tion and cultural program, and last, but not least, JOHN P. HOOVER, Assistant Commercial Attache 11 per cent in administration. at Caracas since July 1942, visited the Department Dr. Maddox gives credit to the JOURNAL’S part the first part of February on home leave and then in the transition: returned to his post. “The spirit of the Foreign Service in 1947 is Miss MARY E. VOLZ, formerly in charge of the one of change to meet a new situation and new leave section of the Division of Foreign Service obligations in a changed world. A certain com¬ Personnel, recently passed the written and oral placency and stodginess of which some in the Serv¬ exams for the Foreign Service. In February she ice were not entirely devoid were given a rude proceeded to New Delhi where she will be Adminis¬ shock two years ago when, on an open invitation trative Assistant of the Embassy until she is con¬ from the editors, the FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL firmed as a Foreign Service Officer. began to receive, and to print, letters of searching The New York Herald Tribune, Paris Edition, self-criticism from Service officers. Out of this published a poem, “Italy,” by J. STANFORD EDWARDS healthy ferment eventually developed some of the Consul at Milan. most constructive provisions of the 1946 Act.” Miss SHIRLEY M. TEWELL, daughter of FSO Home, Sweet Home . . . HAROLD TEWELL who is Assistant Chief of the Di¬ vision of F’oreign Service Personnel, left Washing¬ There has always been a great deal of discussion ton on January 27 to become a member of the among members of the Service as to the best spot Staff of the Embassy at Mexico City. on earth to select for retirement. This proves a spirited game for the simple reason that most of JUDGE GREEN H. HACKWORTH, formerly Legal the players have seen most of the spots and each Adviser, of the State Department, now a member enjoys extoling the attractions of his particular of the International Court of Justice, sailed on choice. Sometimes an FSO will listen to his col¬ January 29 for The Hague to continue his duties league’s description of what he believes to be the with the Court, whose second session began Feb¬ garden spot of the world—but most often he is ruary 10. Judge Hackworth attended last year’s talking about his. Or, his ideas might change with meeting of the International Court. changes in assignment, and the man who has just THE HONORABLE LITHGOW OSBORNE, first Ameri¬ about decided to bask forever on the Isle of Capri can Ambassador to Norway after the war, is now the will, the next year, favor the Chilean lake district new President of the Scandinavian-American Foun¬ for the edification of his elderly years. Just what dation. they actually do—where the majority of them settle, DONALD C. DUNHAM, former FSO, has been ap¬ has never been calculated so far as we know. To pointed Public Affairs Officer at Bucharest. He settle the controversy as to the preference of these planned to leave for his post sometime in April. retired officers—or to start another—we decided to

20 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL cull the facts, and what better substantiations than Wyoming which haven’t been selected by a single JOURNAL statistics? one of these men. Of the 178 retired FSOs listed* the greatest num¬ Now for the most interesting fact revealed by ber, 34 have chosen Washington, D. C. as their these figures:—After roaming all over the world home. From those officers questioned we learn the for the most part of their lives, the majority of prime reason for this selection is loss of contact these men come home “to roost” and only 11 of with their childhood homes, a desire to be located the 178 retired officers have elected to live the re¬ in the Capital where they most readily can keep up mainder of their lives in foreign countries. Coun¬ with national events and international news, and tries selected by 1 and 2 each are Mexico, Monaco, last, but by no means least, where they will come Sweden, England, Isle of Man, Cuba, France, in contact with their retired colleagues here, and Canada, Union of S. Africa and Siam (the officer FSOs stationed in Washington, as well as those living there is employed by the Siamese Govern¬ visiting the Department. ment). Most of the 11 who have selected foreign Next in number (27) have selected New York countries, are married to foreign-born wives and State as their residences. Not too much credit must in nearly every instance a check of the wife’s for¬ be given to this State, however, as 10 of these are mer nationality, reveals her husband has selected bank addresses in New York City, which might as their “Dunrovin” his wife’s country of origin. mean that these officers are still roaming. Also several of these give clubs and the U. S. Despatch Agent as mailing headquarters. MARRIAGES Now comes the pay-off between the California DAWSON-MYERS. Mrs. Jane Dodge Myers and boosters and those all out for Florida. California FSO Allan Dawson were married on January 4, claims 20 as against 14 for Florida. Don’t accuse 1947 at Kingston, Jamaica. Mr. Dawson is Chief this column—the figures speak for themselves. Vir¬ of the Division of Brazilian Affairs. ginia comes next to Florida with 13. This, the retired gentlemen say, can be attributed to the beautiful countryside in addition to its proximity BIRTHS to Washington, D. C. Massachusetts, Michigan, North Carolina and HORSEY. A daughter, Mary Lee, was born on Pennsylvania each claim 4 of these FSOs. The January 21, 1947 in Washington, D. C. to FSO rest follow with several each with the exception of and Mrs. Outerbridge Horsey. Mr. Horsey is as¬ Arkansas, Colorado, Delaware, Iowa, Minnesota, signed to the Division of Western European Affairs. Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Rhode Island, S. Dakota, WELLMAN;. A daughter, Karen Louise, was Utah, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin and born on January 22, 1947 to FSO and Mrs. Harvey *See Retired Foreign Service Officers as of November 13, R. Wellman, in Habana where Mr. Wellman is 1946 in the January issue of the JOURNAL. Third Secretary and Vice Consul.

Dr. Carlton Hodge giving a Span¬ ish lesson at the Division of Train¬ ing Services to Foreign Service Offi¬ cers and administrative personnel. Dr. Hodges is an expert in many languages (including Swahili). News From the Field

.v.w.v.w.v.v.v, FIELD CORRESPONDENTS Austria—Martin F. Herz Mexico—Dixon Donnelly Bolivia—Merlin E. Smith Morocco—Charles W. Lewis, Jr. Brazil—Walter P. McConaughy Nassau—John H. E. McAndrews Canada—(Western)—Ralph A. Boernstein Canada (Eastern)—Terry B. Sanders, Jr. Nicaragua—Raymond Phelan Colombia—John W. Campbell Panama—Henry L. Pitts, Jr. Costa Rica—J. Ramon Solana Peru—Maurice J. Broderick Dominican Republic—Hector C. Adam Portugal—William Barnes Dutch West Indies—Lynn W. Franklin Southampton—William H. Beck Ecuador—George P. Shaw Spain—John N. Hamlin El Salvador—Robert E. Wilson France—George Abbott Syria—Robert E. Cashin French West Indies—William H. Christensen Tangier—Paul H. Ailing Greece—William Witman, 2d Union of South Africa—John C. Fuess Ireland—Thomas McEnelly U.S.S.R.—Foy D. Kohler V.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.’.V.V.V

STOCKHOLM

Minister Louis G. Dreyfus presented his credentials to His Majesty the King of Sweden on January 3, 1947. Left to right: L. Randolph Higgs, First Secretary; Capt. William D. Wright, Naval Attache and Naval Attache for Air; Christian M. Ravndal, Counselor; Minister Dreyfus, Willard Quincy Stanton, First Secretary; General Alfred A. Kessler, Military Attache and Military Attache for Air; and Donald W. Smith, Commercial Attache.

22 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL MADRID functions of the Library of Congress, in which he December 23, 1946 elaborated on a film on the same subject exhibited In continuation of the practice of Ambassador by the Consulate’s mobile motion picture unit. Carlton J. H. Hayes and Ambassador Norman JOHN HAMLIN Armour, Charge d’Affaires Philip W. Bonsai called a meeting in November in Madrid of the officers NUEVO LAREDO in charge of consulates in continental Spain and January 20, 1947 the Canary Islands for the fourth annual Consular Conference. All the consular officers present, except On the afternoon of Tuesday, J anuary 14th there those from Valencia, Tenerife, and Seville, at¬ arrived at the airport of Cia. Mexicana de Avia- tended for the first time. Consul Nelson R. Park, cion in Nuevo Laredo Dr. Manuel Mendez, Assist¬ Barcelona, was there in place of Consul General ant Secretary of State of Panama accompanied by Richard Ford, who was on home leave; Vice Con¬ Senor Jenaro Lince, Chief of the Panamanian Con¬ sul John F. Fitzgerald represented Bilbao in place sular Service. They were met at the plane by Fred¬ of Consul General Harry F. Hawley, who was pre¬ erick D. Hunt, American Consul and were intro¬ paring to depart for Washington preliminary to duced to leading Mexican officials whom Mr. Hunt his retirement; Consul Reginald S. Castleman en had asked to be present at the airport. That eve¬ route to his new assignment at Malaga attended in ning Mr. William P. Blocker, Counselor of Em¬ place of Consul General Harold B. Quarton, who bassy at Panama arrived with Mrs. Blocker and was under transfer orders; and Vice Consul L. M. accompanied by Mr. V. Harwood Blocker and his Gerrity, a new officer, represented Vigo. wife. V. H. Blocker is a brother of “Bill” Blocker and is to succeed Mr. Hunt as Consul at this post. SEVILLE That same night Mr. Hunt entertained the group at dinner. During the next two days the Director The visit in the late summer of Dr. Lewis Hanke, of U. S. Immigration from San Antonio took the Director of the Hispanic Foundation of the Library visiting dignitaries on a tour of Laredo and showed of Congress, Washington, D. C., to Seville—the them all of the mechanics of border-crossing and center for teaching and research in Hispanic-Ameri- of the work of the Immigration Service along the can studies in Spain—enabled him to renew friend¬ border;. They were also taken through the Mexican ships of his student days when he was engaged in Immigration Service building on the south side of research work in the Archivo General de Indias, as the International Bridge and also through the well as to be of real service in the furtherance of Mexican Customs House. Dr. Mendez and Sr. the American cultural program, both by direct con¬ Lince are making this trip for the purpose of study¬ tact with leaders in Spanish intellectual circles and ing the means of handling immigration matters by suggestions to the Consulate in many phases of by the United States and by Central American this work. Countries in preparation for writing new Immigra¬ He came to Spain on invitation of the Escuela tion regulations for their country. de Estudios Hispano-Americanos de Sevilla and the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas at The visit was culminated in a banquet offered by Madrid to lecture at the fourth annual Summer William Blocker in honor of the visitors to which University at La Rabida, Province of Huelva, Spain. were invited the leading officials etc. of the two He was in residence during his lecture period with Laredos. At this banquet, Dr. Mendez made a leading professors from Spain and other countries very fine speech in which he thanked the Laredans and students of various nationalities in the atmos¬ for their hospitality such as the Rotary Club Lunch¬ phere of this historical point from which Christo¬ eon etc. and he expressed great satisfaction over the pher Columbus sailed to America. Afterwards he way in which Spanish and Anglo-Saxon cultures came to Seville for two weeks where he received had been blended together as they were here and many attentions, including a luncheon at the Ameri¬ that apparently the two Laredos had practiced the can Consulate, the former American Pavilion at “Good Neighbor” before that phrase had become the Ibero-American Exposition, attended by the known as a policy. Rector of the LJniversity of Seville, the Director Dr. Mendez speaks very good English, having of the Archivo General de Indias, Director of La graduated with the degree of Doctor of Laws at Rabida Summer University, Director of the Escuela George Washington University in the City of Wash¬ de Estudios Hispano-Americanos de Sevilla, and ington. He is a young, quiet and unassuming man others. Just before he left Seville he also gave an and very interesting. interesting talk at the University of Seville on the (Continued on page 26)

MARCH, 1947 23 The Bookshelf

FRANCIS C. DE WOLF, Review Editor

Britain: Partner for Peace. By Percy E. Cor¬ From past experience with the transfers of na¬ bett. Harcourt, Brace and Company, New York, tional minorities, Dr. Janowsky considers it too 1946. 161 pages. $2.00. tremendous and expensive a task, not to mention The reader will find this book a lucid analysis of the injustices incurred, to attempt transfers in the the assets and liabilities of Great Britain in the Balkans. To create complete homogeneous national postwar world. Whether you are one of those who states in the Balkans is an utter impossibility. He would like to see Britannia reduced to the status of rejects forcible assimilation as “producing of hatred a third-rate power or one of those who hope—or and strife, not unity.” fear—that John Bull will continue to hold its pre¬ To substantiate a federation of multi-national eminent position in world affairs, this book is ad¬ states, Dr. Janowsky describes in some detail the dressed to each of you. evolution of multi-nationalism in Switzerland, the Mr. Corbett presents a clear picture of the eco¬ Union of South Africa, and in the Soviet Union, nomic decline that is bound to lessen the weight of and considers in some detail the manner in which Great Britain’s influence in the postwar world and the League handled minorities. The U.S.S.R. he poses the question: “Is Great Britain to resign her¬ takes as the prime example of multi-nationalism as self to a role in world politics admittedly secondary all minorities receive language, religious and cul¬ to those of the US and the USSR, or shall she rally tural consideration. Although there are certain the Commonwealth, and possibly certain other de¬ similarities, I do not think the situation in those mocracies, more closely around herself to form a states parallel to that in the Balkans. They are unity that will keep her on an even plane with her individual states who have reached a solution of greatest allies?” He examines the factors which their minority problems to varying degrees, where¬ enter into Britain’s position as one of the three as in this case it is a group of states which are greatest powers, and the circumstances which ex¬ expected to resolve their sovereignty for federal¬ plain her decline from first to third place. He ism, however, the Balkan states offer economic unity, which Dr. Janowsky considers essential with shows the importance of the loyalties and cleavages which to build the success of “multi-national fed¬ among the Commonwealth members with particu¬ eralism.” lar emphasis on the special position of Canada. He describes the vital position of India in the imperial In his plan for the multi-national state he main¬ structure, and indicates how its withdrawal would tains that the rights of the minorities must be affect Great Britain’s future. He also tells us that guaranteed on an equal basis with those of the the nature of the UN organization and the limita¬ majority, which he felt was a discrepancy in the tions on its authority have an important bearing on minorities treaties resulting from World War I. the future of Britain and the Commonwealth. The bitterness, jealousy and rivalry of these east¬ The reader will find himself convinced after read¬ ern European states are a constant threat to the ing this analysis, that, while Great Britain is no peace, Dr. Janowsky firmly believes, and this re¬ longer chief broker in international affairs, she viewer concurs, and that federalization is the only will remain a necessary partner for peace. solution to the Balkan minorities problem. But I feel that he puts the solution a little too blandly MARY B. AGNEW. upon the lap of the United Nations, and without sufficient consideration of the fact that there must Nationalities ami National Minorities. Oscar be the desire and cooperation among the peoples I. Janowsky, Macmillan Co., New York, 1945, themselves, which at present appears to be lacking. 232 pages, $2.75. However, it is a sincere and well thought-out The main object of Dr. Janowsky’s book is the plan, written by a man who is experienced in this federalization of the states of East-Central Europe subject, and lacking a better proposition it is the so that, thereby, one of the major areas of friction best one put forward so far, and is recommended as in the world may be removed. His proposition is giving light upon one of the major problems con¬ one, whereby these states would be multi-national fronting the United Nations and the “peace¬ states in a federal union, under the aegis of the makers.” United Nations. ELEANOR WEST

24 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Foundations of National Power. Edited by problems be to the ordinary person then! The edi¬ Harold and Margaret Sprout. Princeton Univer¬ tors have been wise to present the writings of ex¬ sity Press, 1945, 774 pages, $4.25. perts on various aspects of the problems involved With the question still undecided whether or not rather than attempt themselves to analyze them. It the world will revert to power politics to solve its is relatively much easier to understand the issues problems, it is more important than ever that those when one follows the explanation of one intimately who have a hand in solving these problems under¬ familiar with them than it is to attempt to dig out stand the background of national power develop¬ the explanation oneself. There is the danger, of ment in the different areas of the world. Harold course, that in so doing one will accept without and Margaret Sprout have fitted together the work criticism statements which he otherwise would in¬ in many specialized fields to form an anthology of vestigate more thoroughly. The editors have met current thinking on how the power of nations has this problem also, however, by not limiting the dis¬ developed, why and how it is maintained, and cussion to the presentation of one authority but by finally what are some of the conditions which must presenting several. This does not relieve one from be met in order to have a sound and lasting peace. the necessity of being critical but rather points up the fact that there is more than one way to solve a The book is divided into five sections, the first problem, particularly a political problem, and all discussing the bases of international politics, the reasonable alternatives should be considered before second—the European realm of the great powers. one is accepted. In the third section the Afro-Asian realm of rival imperialisms is investigated. The fourth is con¬ The book is very long and, except for the editors’ cerned with the American realm, between Europe preface to each section, is in small print. Admit¬ and Asia. Finally, the last section develops several tedly, because the field to be covered is extremely statements about the foundations of peace and the complex, space is required to present different new world order. points of view adequately. It would have been well, however, to have provided a more extensive and Each section of the book is further subdivided well organized subject index. Only slightly more and each subdivision is made up of essays by prom¬ than two pages (in very fine print) at the end of inent persons, almost without exception persons out¬ the volume make up this index. A more complete standing in the fields in which they write. The edi¬ one organized with key words tabulated (rather tors preface each subdivision with a short discus¬ than in running text) and liberally supplied with sion which relates the essays one to another and to cross references might, it would seem, make the the rest of the book. book much more useful to the average reader. It is It is evident when one reads the book that Pro¬ evident, as the editors mention in their introduc¬ fessor Sprout has made good use of his experience tion, that “the order of treatment, indeed the whole as professor of politics at Princeton University and book, is the product of experience gained with a his work during the war in public service with the course on world affairs developed in the Navy’s State, War and Navy Departments and the Office college training program. ... It was given experi¬ of War Information. mentally for several terms in the Navy V-12 Pro¬ As indicated on the book jacket “Foundations of gram at six universities.” Its arrangement is there¬ National Power is designed to help Americans to fore ideal as a textbook in a course where one starts visualize our changing relations with other coun¬ at the beginning and in regular classes proceeds to tries and to frame a strategy of peace that meets the end. For the average reader with limited time, the requirements of national security. ... It rests however, it would have been helpful to be able to squarely upon the proposition that comprehensive, start with a particular problem and follow the vari¬ up-to-date knowledge of the strength, the aims, and ous factors bearing on that problem wherever they the policies of our own and other nations is basic might appear in the book. to any understanding of the related problems of One may say, however, that the editors have pro¬ peace and security in our dynamic world.” duced an admirable piece of work that should be of One has only to pick up the morning paper to great use to those who need an understanding of realize something of the complexity and difficulty the ways in which nations have used and may use which exists when greatly experienced government their national power to affect the course of world representatives attempt to settle their differences. affairs. How much more complex and difficult must the DONALD R. MACQUIVEY.

MARCH, 1947 25 EDITORS’ COLUMN as we honestly see it. By being scrupulously truth¬ (Continued from page 18) ful we can best exploit the serious potential weak¬ ness in so much of the propaganda directed against across the world, to be the exclusive perquisite of us. Truthful propaganda, moreover, is the only any one official group. Conversely, Officers of the kind of open propaganda which a democratic gov¬ Foreign Service should not regard the United Na¬ ernment, exposed constantly to examination and tions as a revamped League of Nations, a mere face- criticism at home, can use effectively. Finally, and saving mechanism for governments, a parliament of most important, it will, in the long run, help to platitudes, but as a living organization whose Char¬ build up confidence in us. ter, like our Constitution, provides the framework American publications and other private agencies for growth in the development of civilized interna¬ tional relations. If there is room within the Charter can help, but they cannot do the whole job. A big for fifty-five nations to cooperate in harmony, there part of it must be done by machinery operated or is room in the Department and the Service for ef¬ organized by the government. The overseas infor¬ fective teamwork to realize a noble purpose. mation program of the Department of State seems to me to be a good start. But its resources will need to be expanded and elaborated. We have tended to underrate propaganda. We LINDLEY—GUEST EDITOR need to give it much more thought and attention than we have in the past—both to disseminating (Continued from page 19) our own and to breaking up propaganda attacks on however, that this is only a potential weakness. It us. We should give the planning and execution of does not become a real weakness except as the peo¬ our propaganda policies as much care as we give ple to whom the propaganda is directed realize that military policy and international trade and finan¬ it is false. Even on some patriotic and generally cial policies. well informed citizens of the United States the prop¬ We do not need to take a licking in propagation. aganda directed against us makes its impress. In But we will unless we realize its potency and ex¬ other countries, we cannot expect either the worthi¬ ploit it—our kind of propaganda based on truth— ness of our purposes or the falsity of propaganda with something approaching the vigor and skill of directed against us to be self-evident. the vast propaganda machines being employed We have an attractive line of goods to advertise: against us. our way of life, including our standard of living, and the kind of world we favor. Our declared ob¬ jectives seem to be in tune with the aspirations of most of the people of the world. One might say, NEWS FROM THE FIELD therefore, that at the top level of planning our propaganda has been sound, and that on the whole (Continued from page 23) it has been well expressed in our major official ut¬ Leaving Laredo the party proceeded to Browns¬ terances and actions. Even at this level, however, ville, stopping at small ports of entry along the we have tended to neglect and waste some of our way and also to see the orange festival at Mis¬ assets: for example, the anti-imperialistic reputation sion, Texas. At Brownsville, they examined the which made so many of the colonial peoples look to handling of Immigration and Customs at the In¬ us with confidence. Reduction in armaments might ternational Airport. From there they proceeded on also be cited as a problem in which through lack the 19th to San Antonio where they could study of alertness or of foresight, we permitted the Rus¬ sians to score some strokes of propaganda at our an Immigration Central Office. On Tuesday the expense. 21st, they were among the guests of honor at the inaugural of Beauford Jester as Governor of Texas. In the main, however, our weaknesses in the From Austin they proceeded to Chicago and from realm of propaganda are in the follow-up, in seeing there they will go to Washington. They expect to that the facts about our way of life and our pur¬ poses get down to the grass-roots and sidewalks of return to Panama via Miami and Havana. Seiior the world, in countering the propaganda directed Lince was able to accompany Dr. Mendez, thanks against us. To do this requires machinery and mon¬ to a grant from the Department of State. ey—not much compared to our military establish¬ This is only one example of the constant stream ment—but more than we are using now. of dignitaries and “visiting firemen” who pass Our propaganda should he based on the truth, through Laredo. It is truly “The Gateway.”

26 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Date: January 12th. Place: Near Ambassador Paul V. McNutt of the Cienfuegos, Cuba. The man holding Philippines (left), Ambassador Rob¬ the ducks (11 of them) is Col. B. ert Butler (right) in front of C. Batterton, USMC, Naval Attache the new American Embassy in Can¬ at Habana. The man holding the berra. Ambassador McNutt visited bag is Counselor Robert F. Wood¬ Ambassador Butler at Canberra on ward. (Courtesy William B. Cobb, January 17th during a tour of east¬ Ji.) ern A ustralian cities. Miss Edna Violet Wood and FSO Robert P. Chalker shown just after their marriage at St. George’s Church, London, on November 8lh. Mr. Chalker is Second Secretary at the London Embassy.

Ceremony held at the Embassy in Rome on January 17 when FSO Walter W. Orebaugh, Consul at Florence, was presented with the Medal of Freedom “for exceptionally meritorious and courageous service in gathering military and political information behind the German lines during the Italian campaign of 1943.” Left to right, David McK. Key, Charge d’Affaires, a.i.; Consul Orebaugh; General Raffaele Cadorna, Chief of Staff of Italian Army and former Commander of Italian forces in Northern Italy; Mrs. Iona I. Orebaugh; Mrs. W. W. Orebaugh; Lt. General John C. H. Lee, Commander U. S. forces in the Mediterranean. THE FIRST MEETING OF UN insertion in its provisional agenda, and (2) the (Continued from page 9) right to make written and verbal statements in the of available cereals and other foodstuffs. The United Economic and Social Council on all questions of States supported this resolution. concern to the World Federation of Trade Unions. The question of post-UNRRA relief was high¬ The Franco-Soviet resolution was strongly op¬ lighted by the dramatic appeals of UNRRA posed by the United States, the United Kingdom Director-General LaGuardia for the creation of an and various other delegations, on the grounds that emergency food fund which should be entrusted the privileges already accorded the World Federa¬ with the allocation of relief without regard to poli¬ tion of Trade Unions and other agencies in category tical factors. In spite of considerable pressure, the “A” of non-governmental organizations were en¬ United States argued that the need for direct relief tirely adequate. The suggested changes, it was felt had been greatly reduced by the recovery in the by the United States, would not only raise serious liberated countries and the availability of credit constitutional considerations but would give to one facilities. Furthermore, the United States Delega¬ non-governmental organization rights equal or tion felt that a new international agency would be superior to those of the specialized agencies or of much more time-consuming and that direct, in¬ Members of the United Nations not on the Eco¬ formal consultations between the governments con¬ nomic and Social Council and would jeopardize the cerned would be more efficacious. The United Council’s control over its own agenda. States was insistent that it did not intend, in The General Assembly finally adopted two resolu¬ any way, to use food as a political weapon. The tions on the subject of the World Federation of resolution, as passed by Committee 2 and adopted Trade Unions. The first adopted by a narrow ma¬ by the General Assembly on December 11, recog¬ jority of 25 to 22 recommended that the Economic nized the need for relief on a reduced scale after the and Social Council should grant to the World Fed¬ termination of UNRRA, established a Special Tech¬ eration of Trade Unions the right to place items nical Committee of Experts to report on necessary on the Economic and Social Council’s provisional financial assistance early in 1947, and directed the agenda. The second resolution, proposed by the Secretary-General to facilitate the exchange of in¬ United States, reaffirmed the principle that all non¬ formation among governments as to relief needs and governmental organizations in category “A” should plans. be accorded equal privileges in regard to consulta¬ The Committee also adopted a Norwegian pro¬ tion with the Economic and Social Council. It posal requesting the Secretary-General and the should be pointed out that the Assembly action has Economic and Social Council to consider a system not completely settled this question and that it will under which the people of each nation would volun¬ come up for further discussion at subsequent meet¬ tarily contribute one day’s pay for relief purposes. ings of the Economic and Social Council. Another resolution recognizing the need for in¬ Joint Committee 2 and 3 also considered and ternational cooperation in the reconstruction of recommended to the General Assembly for adop¬ devastated areas received unanimous approval. It tion the agreements negotiated between the Eco¬ was also recommended that the Economic and nomic and Social Council and four specialized agen¬ Social Council consider favorably the establishment cies; the Food and Agriculture Organization of an Economic Commission for Europe as well as (FAO) ; the International Labor Organization an Economic Commission for Asia and the Far ILO) ; the United Nations Educational, Scientific East. and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) ; and the Joint Committee 2 and 3 was faced with the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) question of the relationship of the World Federation provided the last named Organization complies of Trade Unions to the Economic and Social Coun¬ with the Assembly’s resolution on Spain. These cil (WFTU). Although the President and Secretary- agreements were subsequently approved by the General of the World Federation of Trade Unions General Assembly. had previously expressed satisfaction with the ar¬ The Third Committee dealt with Social, Humani¬ rangements for consultation with the Economic and tarian and Cultural problems. It considered the Social Council, one of its own Vice Presidents, Mr. draft constitution of the International Refugee Or¬ Leon Jouhaux, a Delegate of France, together with ganization (IRO). After considerable discussion of the Delegate of the Soviet Union, formally requested this document and of the 79 amendments to it which the General Assembly to recommend that the Eco¬ had been submitted the Committee approved the nomic and Social Council grant to the World Fed¬ constitution which was subsequently adopted by the eration of Trade Unions (1) the right to submit General Assembly. A resolution for the establish¬ to the Economic and Social Council questions for ment of a Children’s Fund to provide assistance

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MARCH, 1947 29 for children in devastated countries, in other coun¬ which criticized the lack of definition for the phrase tries receiving UNRRA assistance, and for child in Article 79 of the Charter “states directly con¬ health purposes generally was approved by the Com¬ cerned,” argued that the power of the administering mittee. Acceptance of the constitution of the World authority to administer the trust territory “as an Health Organization (WHO) was also recom¬ integral part” of its own territory prepared the mended as was a protocol transferring the narcotics ground for possible annexation, and protested control activities of the now defunct League of Na¬ against the establishment of military bases in trust tions to the United Nations. Committee 3 also territories without the approval of the Security discussed arrangements for a conference on free¬ Council. dom of information to be convoked by the Eco¬ An attempt made to find a compromise solution nomic and Social Council in the course of 1947 as for the controversy raised by the expression “states well as a resolution granting to women the same directly concerned” in informal discussions be¬ political rights as men. The Committee recom¬ tween the Soviet Union and the United States failed mended that a draft declaration on fundamental to succeed. As a result Soviet opposition continued human rights and freedoms should be referred to to the end. The trusteeship agreements as finally the Commission on Human Rights which would adopted by the General Assembly by a two-thirds itself be charged with the preparation of an interna¬ majority were passed over the opposition of the tional bill of rights. Soviet Union and four or five other Eastern Euro¬ The Fourth Committee dealt with the two ques¬ pean states. The chief result of the adoption of tions of trusteeship and of other non-self-governing the trusteeship agreements by the General Assembly territories. After considerable discussion in the was the subsequent establishment of the Trustee¬ Fourth Committee and in the General Assembly, ship Council, the last major organ of the United resolutions were adopted concerning (1) the handl¬ Nations to be set up. The first meeting of the ing of information from non-self-governing terri¬ Trusteeship Council will be held in New York on tories called for under Chapter XI of the Charter; March 26, 1947. (2) a Philippine proposal calling for representative The main accomplishments of the Fifth Commit¬ conferences of non-self-governing peoples; and (3) tee (Administrative and Budgetary) were the rec¬ a joint Danish, Indian and United States proposal ommendations for approval by the General As¬ rejecting the proposal of the LJnion of South Africa sembly of the 1946 budget of $19,390,000 and the for annexation of the former mandated territory 1947 budget of $27,740,000. The scale of contribu¬ of South West Africa and inviting the Union to tions for the 1946 and 1947 budgets was also set¬ submit a draft trusteeship agreement for the terri¬ tled. As a result of skillful negotiation in which tory for the approval of the General Assembly. Senator Vandenberg played an outstanding role, the The major accomplishment of the Fourth Com¬ United States Delegation succeeded in having the mittee was the consideration and ultimate adoption United States contribution reduced from the of eight trusteeship agreements for the formerly 49.89% of the total originally proposed to 39.89%. mandated territories of Tanganyika, Togoland and This reduction recognizes that the United States the Cameroons (British), Togoiand and the Came- quota includes a large temporary assessment be¬ roons (French), Ruanda-Urundi (Belgium), New cause of direct war damage suffered by a number of Guinea (Australia), and Western Samoa (New other members. The United States agreed to this Zealand). Prior to the meeting of the General As¬ resolution subject to a reservation providing that sembly in New York the United States had con¬ this country under no circumstances would consent sulted with the Mandatory Powers with a view to that under normal conditions any one nation should strengthening the agreements on such matters as the pay more than 33%% in an organization of “sov¬ guarantees for freedom of speech, of the press, of ereign equals.” On the basis adopted, the United assembly, etc.; the extension of a general system of States share of the 1946 budget is $7,734,671 and education in the trust territories, and the facili¬ of the 1947 budget $11,065,486. The entire scale tating of periodic visits of the Trusteeship Council will be subject to review in 1947. to the trust territories. The Sixth Committee’s (Legal Questions) most Consideration of the 229 amendments to the important decisions were (1) the adoption of reso¬ trusteeship agreements submitted by various states lutions, subsequently approved by the Assembly, re¬ was a protracted business. A Subcommittee of the affirming the legal principles recognized by the Fourth Committee, set up to consider the agree¬ Charter of Nuremberg and confirmed by the Nurem¬ ments, held 29 meetings. The greatest opposition berg Tribunal; and (2) making the crime of Geno¬ to the trusteeship agreements as submitted came cide, the denial of existence to entire human groups, from the Delegations of India and the Soviet Union a matter of international concern.

30 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Father of 88 million! This one-cyl¬ Goodyear has made and sold over inder Winton is said to be the daddy 400,000,000 tires — millions more Two versions of the world’s finest tire of all gasoline cars made and sold than any other manufacturer. De Luxe Rib Tread in the United States. De Luxe All-Weather Tread In the highly competitive tire field, Since it was built, some 88 mil¬ you don’t stay first unless you’re lion motor vehicles have been pro¬ best. So when you pick tires for duced in America. your car, remember the one fact One company—Goodyear—has which stands out like a beacon: made more than enough pneumatic again this year, as every year for the tires to provide every one of the 88 last 32, it’s true that "more people million with a complete set of 4 ride on Goodyear tires than on any tires. other make”! First-every year for 32 years GOOD/VEAR More people, the world over, ride on Goodyear tires than on any other make!

MARCH,1947 31

No question discussed at the General Assembly aroused greater public interest than that of the headquarters site. The adherents of San Francisco, New York, and, to a lesser degree, Philadelphia, AMERICAN EASTERN clashed vociferously in the corridors and around the bar of the Delegates’ lounge. In spite of this CORPORATION partisanship, however, once the Rockefeller offer for a site in New York City itself had been made REPRESENTS the feeling of relief that the United Nations had found a permanent home was great. Although some in 24 Middle and Near East doubts arose as to the desirability of the project in Countries many of its aspects, it seemed appropriate to most observers, at least, that the headquarters of the AMERICAN SHIPPING United Nations should be permanently established in the greatest cosmopolitan city of the New World. AMERICAN TRADE The first meeting of the General Assembly of the United Nations to be held in New York constituted AMERICAN INDUSTRY a good augury for future gatherings of this “town meeting of the world.” Although it lacked the glamour and enthusiasm so eminently characteris¬ tic of the San Francisco Conference which had es¬ tablished the United Nations, it produced an atmos¬ phere of mutual cooperation and understanding and hard work which was quite its own. It had seemed impossible in the early days and weeks of the Com¬ mittee meetings that the great mass of subjects on the agenda could be adequately dealt with within the relatively short period of the Assembly session. As the weeks wore on, however, it became more and more evident that representatives of many nations working hard and closely together learn to respect each other’s point of view and develop a spirit of mutual cooperation and harmony which is not merely an ideal to be striven for but a practical reality. through affiliates, branches and agents: THE PHILADELPHIA SCHOOLMASTER (Continued from page 13) AMERICAN EASTERN CORP., New York and branch in Saudi Arabia In addition to showing his students the American ways of “fraternization” between professors and AMERICAN EASTERN NAVIGATION CO., students, Dr. Giesecke strove to develop college INC., New York athletics. An excellent athlete himself, he intro¬ duced basketball, tennis and baseball to Cuzco. He AMERICAN EASTERN, S.A.I., Teheran, Iran also revived the famous huaraca or marathon, AMERICAN EASTERN TRADING & SHIPPING which had been a feature of Inca festivals cen¬ CO., S.A.E., Alexandria and Cairo, Egypt turies ago. Since Cuzco and the mountains which encircle it are from 11,000 to 15,000 feet above AMERICAN IRAQ SHIPPING CO., LTD., sea level, the huaraca was a severe test of the lung- Baghdad and Basrah, Iraq power of the young University students. Given Dr. Giesecke’s dynamic energy and his enthusiasm, it was a foregone conclusion that AMERICAN EASTERN CORPORATION civic affairs would claim him. Cuzco had a law 30 Rockefeller Plaza 50 Trinity Place which permitted any male adult, whether foreign New York 20, N. Y. New York 6, N. Y. or Peruvian, who had lived in the city for two years, to vote in municipal elections and become Tel.: Circle 6-0333 Tel.: Bowling Green 9 5171 Councilman or Mayor. After finishing two years’

MARCH. 1947 33 residence in 1912, Dr. Giesecke was elected to the Council on a coalition ticket for the next 12 years he served continuously as a councilman and on many occasions, he acted as Mayor of Cuzco, surely a unique distinction for an American citizen! 5 As Councilman, Dr. Giesecke worked hard to give the ancient city modern streets and a sewer system. At the same time, he strove always to protect the historic monuments of Cuzco and its environs. One of his pet projects was the con¬ GRACE LINE struction of a paved road leading from the city up the slopes to the magnificent old Inca fortress of DIRECT SERVICES Sachsahuaman. which made it possible for tourists to have easy access to this historical site, where the between Incas attempted a final heroic stand against the Spaniards. In 1912 a delegate from the Geographic Society New York New Orleans San Francisco in Lima visited Cuzco and organized a branch in Seattle • Portland the Inca capital, with Dr. Giesecke as its President. and Other Houston • Texas City Los Angeles One of his first projects was the taking of a census and Other Atlantic Coast Ports and Other Gulf Ports Pacific Coast Ports of the Province of Cuzco. By utilizing students in the University, Dr. Giesecke managed to carry out the most complete and accurate census ever taken in the Province, practically without cost to the taxpayers. ■ Despite the many demands on his time and 2AND AND §AND AND energies Dr. Giesecke was first and foremost an educator, and strove to convert the old University ■ of Cuzco into a modern seat of learning. In this VENEZUELA *CANAL ZONE La Guaira West Coast Ports of: he was conspicuously successful. It is not surpris¬ Puerto Cabello ’PANAMA ing that some of Peru’s most eminent men today Maracaibo ’West Coast, Central MEXICO Guanta America and Mexico studied under Dr. Giesecke at Cuzco. In December, Puerto La Cruz CumanatPuerto Sucre} by transshipment 1918 he conferred the degree of Doctor of Letters Caripito via Cristobal GUATEMALA Ciudad Bolivar on the distinguished President of Peru, Dr. Jose Coro COLOMBIA Luis Bustamente Rivero. and Other Ports (West Coast) EL SALVADOR The students not only admired their “gringo” NETHERLANDS ECUADOR Rector, but acquired a warm affection for him. WEST INDIES PERU HONDURAS His students showed their esteem for him by in¬ Curacao Aruba CHILE variably electing him honorary president of the Bonaire NICARAGUA BOLIVIA University student federation. In 1921, the first COLOMBIA ivia Peruvian National Student Congress of Peru was held in (East Coast} COSTA RICA Barranquilla and Chilean Ports) Cuzco, organized by Haya de lar Torre, who was Cartagena ’Gulf Service Omits already beginning his political career, and don Alberto was elected Honorary President by ac¬ Regular weekly passenger and freight clamation. sailings of American Flag vessels. In 1920 the University of Cuzco conferred the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws on President For detailed information address Woodrow Wilson, the first time such an honor had been extended by the institution to a citizen of the United States. Mr. Wilson designated his Ambassa¬ GRACE LINE dor in Lima, the Honorable William Gonzalez, to go to Cuzco to receive the degree for him. There 10 Hanover Square, New York were elaborate festivities in honor of this event and Agents and Offices in all Principal Cities a whole week of celebrations. After 13 years in Cuzco, Dr. Giesecke decided (Continued on the next page)

34 1'HE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL EMBLEMS OF QUALITY PETROLEUM PRODUCTS w

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that it was time for him to return to his native land. reach Cuzco. Trips were, made to various of the He went to Lima and presented his resignation to historic points near Cuzco, including Ollantaitam- President Leguia, who in 1910, as chief executive, bo, where the General was entertained by groups had shown confidence in Giesecke and appointed performing the ancient dances and songs of the him Rector in Cuzco. President Leguia refused to Incas. The piece de resistance of the whole trip, accept Giesecke’s resignation, stating that the lat¬ however, was a reenactment of the great battle at ter’s services were indispensable to Peru. In 1924, the fortress of Sachsahuaman between Pizarro’s Dr. Giesecke was appointed Director General of conquistadores and the Inca warriors. Thousands Education for Peru, the first non-political appointee of people gathered for this imposing spectacle, to this important office. which even today is still vividly recalled by the It was during this year that General Pershing citizens of Cuzco. Needless to say, the organizing visited Peru as President Coolidge’s special repre¬ genius of don Alberto was largely responsible for sentative at the celebrations commemorating the the success of these undertakings; the friendly 100th anniversary of the decisive battle of Ayacu- letters of appreciation addressed to him later by cho, which assured Peru’s definitive independence. General Pershing are still among his most prized President Leguia asked Dr. Giesecke to accompany possessions. General Pershing to Cuzco. Traveling from the About this time, clouds on the international port of Lima, Callao, down the desert coast of Peru horizon again cast a shadow over Dr. Giesecke’s to the little town of Mollendo, the party made the path. The Tacna-Arica question, which had dis¬ trip in style, aboard the U.S.S. Utah, which had turbed Peru’s relations with her southern neighbor, brought General Pershing and his party to Peru for Chile, ever since the War of the Pacific (1879- the Ayacucho celebration. Dr. Giesecke arranged 1882), at this time was approaching a crucial for a special train on the railroad line (planned stage. Following years of negotiations, the two by the American, Meiggs) that winds up from the countries agreed to set up a plebiscitary commis¬ coast past Arequipa, on to the western tip of Lake sion, which met in Arica on August 4, 1925. Titicaca, then veers sharply to the northwest to President Leguia once more appealed to Dr. Gie-

MARCH, 1947 35 secke to lend his services, this time as an adviser to the Peruvian delegation to the commission. Don Alberto spent one year in that famous conference, where he worked side by side with other well- known Americans endeavoring to settle this dispute which had embittered relations between Chile and Peru for nearly a half century. General Pershing and General Lassiter each served for a time as U. S. representative on the plebiscitary commission. One of the U. S. advisers was Dr. Harold Dodds, later elected President of Princeton University, with whom Dr. Giesecke has since maintained a cordial friendship. Beginning with 1930, when President Leguia, after many years as chief executive, was ousted from his office, Peru passed through several dis¬ turbed years, with cabinets changing frequently and Dr. Giesecke decided to sever his connections with the Ministry of Education. The then Ameri¬ can Ambassador to Peru, Fred Morris Dearing, Overseas Branches learned of this development and quickly offered Dr. Giesecke a position on the Embassy staff. This ARGENTINA CUBA PERU was 1931, and he has been a valuable member of Bi:?nos Aires Havana Lima Flores Cuatro Cambios Uncle Sam’s official family in Lima ever since. (Buenos Aires) (Havana) PHILIPPINE By his unique knowledge of Peru and his wide Plaza Once Galiano (Buenos Aires) ISLANDS acquaintance among Peruvians in all walks of life, Rosario (Havana) Manila La Lonja BRAZIL and his thorough Americanism, it was a foregone (Havana) PUERTO RICO Rio dc Janeiro Caibarien conclusion that Dr. Giesecke would, in his new Pernambuco San Juan Cardenas Arecibo capacity, become a remarkably useful interpreter Santos Manzanillo Sao Paulo Bay anion Matanzas Caguas of one nation to the other. Before cultural rela¬ CANAL ZONE Santiago May ague/. Balboa Ponce tions were “fashionable” and before it occurred to Cristobal ENGLAND governments to launch cultural programs, Dr. CHILE London REPUBLIC OF Giesecke and a group of representative Peruvians Santiago 117, Old Broad St. PANAMA Valparaiso 11,Waterloo Place Panama banded together to form in 1938 an organization CHINA INDIA known as the Peruvian-U. S. Cultural Institute. In Shanghai Bombay SINGAPORE the decade which has elapsed since its founding, Tientsin Calcutta HONG KONG URUGUAY the Institute has had an uninterrupted and useful JAPAN Montevideo COLOMBIA Tokyo (Limited) life, exnanding into attractive quarters in the cen¬ Bogota Barranquilla MEXICO VENEZUELA ter of Lima and sponsoring a series of activities Medellin Mexico City Caracas appropriate to its charter, such as the teaching of English.- 66 BRANCHES IN GREATER NEW YORK Still another activity of the tireless don Alberto has been to aid Fernando Ortiz de Zevallos, one of Correspondent Banks in Every Commercially the first Peruvians to attend a university in the Important City of the World United States, to organize the U. S. University Alumni Club of Peru. The first meeting of this association was held in 1911 and it has recently been revived with the help of Dr. Giesecke and When traveling carry NCB Letters of Credit some of its original members, who hope to set it up or Travelers Checks. They safeguard your on a permanent footing with headquarters of its own. funds against the hazards of loss or theft. Dunne his years in Cuzco, which is a veritable treasure for the archaeologists and historians, Dr.

Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Giesecke interested himself deeply in the remains of the ancient life of the region and obtained for the University the fine private museum of Caparo

36 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Envoy unofficial to 46 nations

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MARCH,1947 37 ALLIS-CHALMERS

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38 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Muniz. Later, while in Lima with the Ministry of Education, Dr. Giesecke was instrumental in ob¬ taining for the Government the finest collections in Peru. BARR SERVICE Realizing Dr. Giesecke’s interest in this field, in 1938 when the Peruvian Government was pre¬ Thirty Years of Continuous Service to paring to entertain the other American Republics Exporters and Importers at the 8th Pan American Conference, the then Foreign Minister, Dr. Carlos Concha, requested • don Alberto to supervise the opening of access roads to the important ruins near Lima. When International delegates from the entire hemisphere gathered in December of that year, excursions over good roads SHIPPING AGENTS to Pachacamac and Cajamarquilla formed a high spot for visitors. Dr. Giesecke still recalls vividly FOREIGN FREIGHT FORWARDERS a Sunday spent at the ruins in the company of two of the members of the U. S. delegation to the Con¬ FREIGHT AND CUSTOM HOUSE ference, Adolf Berle (who was accompanied by BROKERS Mrs. Berle) and Alf Landon. The head of our delegation, Cordell Hull, was too busy to make the INSURANCE trip, but Mrs. Hull did. Dr. Giesecke’s interest in making Peru’s archae¬ • ological riches better known led logically to his interest in tourism in general. For many years BARR SHIPPING COMPANY he has been a member of the Advisory Board of the is able to help its clients achieve that most Touring and Automobile Club of Peru. With the important factor in international trade— encouragement of this organization, Dr. Giesecke a mutual understanding and confidence be¬ few' years ago inaugurated a School for Guides, tween seller and buyer. which has prospered tremendously. Working in collaboration with the Peruvian-United States Cul¬ For thirty years BARR SHIPPING COM¬ tural Institute, the School gives intensive courses PANY has dealt with exporters and import¬ (after business hours) to Peruvians and foreigners ers in a score of foreign countries, and interested in learning authoritatively about Peru’s experience is a good teacher. archaeology. In the export business, perhaps more than Still another activity for tireless don Alberto in any other, it is fundamentally true that: is in behalf of Peru’s wild-life conservation service, GOODWILL is an asset one of the few thus far developed in South America. Whose Market Value Never Fluctuates It is certainly not surprising that Dr. Giesecke is not only a valuable member of the U. S. Foreign Service but is also without doubt the best-known and best-liked American in all of Peru. During his On request, we will mail you a copy of a booklet years as an educator, he came into contact with containing American Foreign Trade Definitions. hundreds and thousands of Peruvian youths, for whom he became a living symbol of the United States and what it stands for. Today, many of those students are leaders in the political and cultural BARR SHIPPING life of Peru, but without exception they are still friends and admirers of Dr. Giesecke, consulting COMPANY him on every conceivable subject. Especially does HARRY K. BARR, President he serve as an adviser to the increasing number of Peruvian parents who are eager for their children to have the benefit of schooling in the United 25 BROADWAY NEW YORK 4, N. Y. States. In this and many other ways he has been a “Good Neighbor” in every sense of the w'ord. CABLE: —All Codes—BARRSHIPCO

MARCH, 1947 39 PSYCHOLOGICAL TENSIONS (Continued from page 11) though relaxation with his colleagues is possible, he may still hesitate to express inner thoughts or feel¬ ing of a highly individualistic nature. I f the officer is at an isolated post, he may find himself forced to make important decisions with a minimum of guidance and support from Wash¬ ington. If on the contrary he is a member of a large staff at a big post, he must learn to bend his will to the dictates of superior authority, and may have a feeling of frustration at not being permitted to pursue a course of action which he strongly feels to be the correct one. And the change from one type of post to the other may come with bewildering suddenness. The officer may have to serve at a post he does not want, with a chief with whom he is not con¬ genial, doing a type of work not of his preference and living in a climate or a social atmosphere in which he and his family find a minimum of enjoy¬ ment. He may be disappointed again and again at not getting the type of assignment on which he has set his heart. He may find himself in an office which is understaffed and where he is over-burdened with duties of a routine nature. In his dealing with Washington he may find himself frustrated and en¬ raged by bureaucratic difficulties, delays and con¬ tradictions. He may, and frequently does, develop a feeling that his geographical distance from the home office is no greater than his distance from the con¬ scious thoughts of those who control his fate. The Foreign Service Officer also has financial worries, family problems and a variety of miscel¬ laneous personal difficulties which would be mere THE TEXAS COMPANY through details in Detroit or Denver, but are major prob¬ lems in Barranquilla or Batavia. Whatever his own close supervision of all feelings of unhappiness may be, they are immedi¬ phases of its operations such ately multiplied many times if his wife or children are finding the going difficult and are unloading as drilling, pipe lines, refining, their feelings of strain or maladjustment on him. etc. assures users of uniformly The Problem of Recognition. While under these other kinds of pressure, the high quality Texaco fuels and officer is only too likely to be working with a mini¬ lubricants. mum of recognition and feeling very insecure as to his progress in his career or his chances for getting the kind of assignment he wants. That every human being needs a reasonable amount of recognition and reassurance is one of the commonplaces of person¬ nel administration; yet Foreign Service Officers THE TEXAS COMPANY have been known to serve out a whole tour of duty Texaco Petroleum Products at a post without finding out what kind of reputa¬ tion they are building for themselves in Washing¬ ton. Since the official machinery seems to grind

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MARCH, 1947 41 CjftACTS speak plainer than WORDS

When one of his Goats strayed from the herd, the Goatherd in temper threw a stone, breaking off one of the Goat’s horns. Alarmed, he begged the Goat not to tell his master. To which the Goat replied, "Oh. foolish one, my horn will tell the story though I say not a word." AESOP’S FABLES

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\ YOU ARE Invited • • •

The editor invites you to submit to the NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MACAZINE narra¬ tives and photographs that portray your travel observations in lands of timely in¬ terest. Millions of readers watch the mails each month for their copy of The Magazine. Your experiences as a Foreign Service Officer may contribute in sub¬ stantial measure to the increase of their geographic knowledge. ® Manuscripts should be written as personal narratives, describing your observations in lands you know, and preferably accompanied with human-interest photographs. Liberal pay¬ ment is made for material accepted for publication • Before preparing manu¬ scripts, it is advisable that you submit a brief outline of your proposed article.

Gilbert Grosvenor, Litt.D., LL.D., Editor

In Costa Rica, calf and milker Washington 6. D. C. share alike. Photographed for The Geographic by Luis Harden. National Geographic Magazine slowly and impersonally, the common recourse of he strives is a matter of the most intense emotional the officer has been to get a friend on duty in Wash¬ concern to him. In many occupations, there is a ington to inquire or persuade in his behalf. There fairly direct relationship between the amount of have been times when the game of friendship has effort a man puts into his job and the amount of been played by anxious officers to the point at which reward he receives. Not so, however, in the Foreign rational operation of personnel assignments seemed Service, where an officer moves upward at a mara¬ about to be overwhelmed entirely. thon pace which nothing but miracles seems to If then the officer is concerned about his career, hurry very much, but which various kinds of un¬ he feels that his safest course is to try to please toward happenings apparently can slow down. To every one with whom he comes into contact, to a brilliant and high-spirited young man, promotion build up as powerful a network of friendships as often seems agonizingly slow, and to be left off a possible, and to avoid at all costs making enemies. promotion list a greater blow to his pride than he To this admittedly appalled observer, it appears can cheerfully take. that in no other occupation does a man have as Just why the promotion problem in the Foreign many different individuals and groups to placate and Service carries with it more emotional dynamite impress. And since pleasing every one is manifestly than in other occupations I have known, I am not painful for a man of spirit, the psyche takes another sure that I can satisfactorily explain. I venture to drubbing. Not too much zeal, said Talleyrand: and suggest, however, that there are at least two factors the officer who ignores the warning may find him¬ causatively involved. self wishing he hadn’t. First, it seems to me that in hometown occupa¬ Of all the tensions under which the Foreign Serv¬ tions a man is not measured solely in terms of his ice Officer lives, none is greater than the general success in his profession. His position in the eyes problem of status and recognition in terms of pro¬ of the community derives partly from the status of motion. Any one experienced in personnel work his family, and of his wife’s family; partly from knows that a man’s status in the eyes of his fellows his success in various extra-vocational activities in and in terms of the prestige pattern within which which he finds recognition and satisfaction; and

MARCH, 1947 43 partly from the individuals or groups with which he associates. In the Foreign Service, however—and I assume the same must be true in the Army or Navy—these secondary recognitions are largely absent. In a hierarchical organization, prestige is measured solely in terms of assignments and promo¬ tions, and when these take a sour turn the officer is at a loss to repair the injury to his sense of personal integrity. Secondly, employment in most occupations in¬ volves a certain amount of bargaining power and freedom of contract for the employee. If I work for a bank and fail to get the salary raise which I feel is due me, I can protest and threaten resigna¬ tion; and if that gets me nowhere, I can in fact resign and even if I get no better job in the bank across the street I have successfully defended my pride and compensated for my sense of injury. I recall one newspaper acquaintance, a brilliant and imaginative reporter, who maintained his sense of integrity by resigning from no less than thirty- seven newspapers, and was one of the most happily independent individuals I have ever known. Men of the Foreign Service do not have this outlet, and I am sure that to be publicly denied a promotion for which one has striven and to have no way of thumb¬ ing one’s nose at the world and reestablishing one’s dignity is a very painful experience. It should be understood by every one that there ■ Favorite meeting place of For¬ is nothing childish or immature in being concerned eign Service men in the Nation’s with status. Men resign from cabinet positions be¬ cause of an affront to their sense of personal worth, Capital. Four blocks from the De¬ and the world respects them for it. partment of State. Convenient to In general, I think that it is only fair to say that one reason that all the kinds of tensions discussed all points of interest in Washing¬ in this essay are keenly felt in the Foreign Service is ton. Exclusive Men’s Bar. Famous that the Service attracts and indeed deliberately seeks men of sensitivity, imagination and spirit. food. Coffee Shop. Cay Cocktail Any one knows that running a stable of racing thoroughbreds is more difficult than keeping a herd Lounge. Air Conditioned in the of plough horses in trim. While we want emotional summer. stability in the Foreign Service Officer, we certainly cannot sacrifice qualities of intellect and personality that we vitally need in the Service.

Some Proposed Remedial Measures. The intent of this article is to point out the ex¬ istence of serious psychological tensions in the Serv¬ ice. Remedial measures can only be suggested fTlflVF?OU)ER here. In general, diagnosis is itself a step toward WASHINGTON, D. C. cure. If the fact that the conditions of life and work C. J. MACK, General Manager in the Foreign Service are tough on the individual psyche could be accepted in both our administrative planning and in our actual management of the Serv¬ ice, and given their proper weight in day-to-day

44 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Copyright, the American Tobocco Compony operations, the results could not fail to be beneficial. 1 would like to emphasize, however, that one very important remedy lies in the strengthening of our formal machinery for dealing with personnel management. If adequate recognition and reassur¬ ance could be given to the individual officers and employees through the regular operation of our per¬ sonnel machinery, and if individuals could be given more time and sympathetic attention when they come to Washington, or when they write in with their problems, many of the present complica¬ tions of personnel management could be avoided. The important thing for all of us to work for, there¬ LONG active in promoting commerce fore, is for adequate staff and greater authority for the Division of Foreign Service Personnel. The will among the peoples of the Americas, to do a more human and more complete personnel the Chase National Bank today is in the job exists; the means up to now have been lack¬ vanguard of those institutions which are ing, although many improvements are in process. fostering Pan-American relations by the At the same time, the Foreign Service Officer himself must be realistic about the career he has promotion of trade and travel. I chosen. No amount of superb personnel adminis¬ tration could keep the Foreign Service from being THE CHASE NATIONAL BANK one of the most difficult of all occupations, just as OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK it is also one of the most challenging and most re¬ Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation warding in terms of interest, importance and in¬ dividual satisfactions. The nature of the job that has to be done, and the conditions under which it must be tackled, make a high degree of psycho¬ logical tension and some degree of anxiety and escapism practically inevitable. We cannot expect a perfect Service; we can only give it all we have, as human beings, to the best of our various capa¬ cities. While perfection is impossible, improvement most certainly is not. The officer must prepare and fortify himself psychologically by realizing the difficulties and haz¬ ards he must face and determining to take them COLOMBIA in his stride. Above all, he must rationalize his MIDDLE AMERICA COSTA RICA CUBA rewards in terms of the satisfactions that he gets Since the turn of the century, DOMINICAN from the job itself. The less he thinks in terms of the United Fruit Company’s REPUBLIC promotion and prestige, the more likely he is to be Great White Fleet has served ECUADOR a happy, well-balanced and successful officer. Psy¬ Middle America, transporting EL SALVADOR chological realities being what they are, he who great cargoes and thousands of GUATEMALA would win recognition must turn his back on it and passengers to and from the HONDURAS seek first of all to satisfy his own standards of performance. Happy is he who can lose himself in lands of our nearest neighbors JAMAICA, B. W. I. NICARAGUA his job, and let the rewards take care of themselves. to the South. CANAL ZONE PANAMA IN MEMORIAM GREAT WHITE FLEET HARRIS. Ernest L. Harris, retired Foreign Serv¬ UNITED FRUIT COMPANY ice Officer, died February 2, 1946. Pier 3, North River, New York 6, N. Y. WHitehall 4-1700 CAMERON. Charles R. Cameron, retired For¬ New Orleans: 321 St. Charles St.. New Orleans 4 Chicago: 111 W. Washington St., Chicago 2 eign Service Officer, died February 18, 1946. San Francisco: 1001 Fourth St., San Francisco 7 WORMUTFI. Romeyn Wormuth, retired Foreign Service Officer, died on May 19, 1946.

46 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL FOREIGN SERVICE ACT OF 1946 (Continued, from page 15) and bring their specialized or unique skills to bear on local problems. When Departmental officers from the political divisions go abroad, new opportunities mrecnot are afforded for deepening and strengthening their background and understanding of their geographic c>

areas" Hopeful Auguries An encouraging thought is that the Department is already hard at work in drawing up plans to meet its new and vast responsibilities of the post¬ war era, along the lines laid out by the Act of 1946. There have already been promulgated two Departmental regulations (Nos. 381.1 and 327.1, effective November 13, 1946) setting out in detail the procedures to be followed in the assignment of FSOs to the Department and of Departmental offi¬ AMERICAN EXPRESS cers to the Foreign Service Reserve. These proce¬ dures include action and joint consideration by the Travelers Cheques Divisions of Departmental Personnel, Foreign Serv¬ St Safer than cash ice Personnel, and Foreign Service Planning. There St Promptly refunded if lost or stolen has also been created the ISAC Committee—Inter- St Spendable anywhere Service Assignment Committee—made up of repre¬ St Good until used sentatives of the Division of Departmental Person¬ / No identification needed except your signature nel, Foreign Service Personnel, Management Plan¬ / Cost only 75tf per S100. ($50 or less—404) ning, Foreign Service Planning, and Foreign Serv¬ Sold at Banks and Principal Railway Express Offices ice Training. It is reported that this committee, in working on the question of assignment of FSO’s to the Department, is taking into account the advisa¬ bility of a wider distribution and a modified pro¬ portion of FSO assignments to the non-political divisions. This tendency is further illustrated by Departmental Announcement 272 of October 9, To the Joreign Service Officers 1946, which created the Foreign Service Policy Committee to coordinate Departmental policy de¬ of the United States cisions affecting the Foreign Service. ♦ The new Act brings interchangeability much closer to realization by authorizing in Section UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND GUARANTY 571(d) the payment, in certain cases, of a salary COMPANY puts at your disposal its service in differential to FSO’s when they are stationed in Washington. Furthermore, an increase in the total writing your bond. Special attention is given number of FSO’s serving in the Department may to the requirements of Foreign Service Officers. be anticipated by virtue of Section 572 requiring Our Washington office specializes in this home duty during an FSO’s first fifteen years of service. service. These stipulations, of especial significance to junior officers, supply legal bases for accom¬ ♦ plishing the objectives mentioned in this article’s opening paragraphs. UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND Two Birds with One Stone GUARANTY COMPANY The opportunities under the new Act are dual: Chris. A. Ebeling, Jr., Manager (A) to diversify the training and experience of 1616 EYE ST., N. W. Foreign Service officers, and (B) to broaden the Washington 5, D. C. outlook and to increase the effectiveness of Depart¬ mental officers. Telephone—NAtional 0913 Let interchangeability and enriched experience of Write for your copy of the "Insurance Guide” personnel be our goal; the Act, our tool.

MARCH, 1947 47 INDEX TO ADVERTISERS Canned Salmon Allis-Chalmers 38 An Appetizing, Nu¬ American Eastern Corp. . 33 tritious, Easily Kept American Express Co. 47 and Transported American Security and Trust Company 29 Sea Food American Tobacco Co. 45 ASSOCIATION OF PACIFIC FISHERIES Association of Pacific Fisheries 48 SKINNER BLDG., SEATTLE Barr Shipping Company ; 39

Calvert School , 48

Chase National Bank 46

HOME STUDY COURSES Federal Storage Company 3

Kindergarten through Ninth Grade Firestone Tire and Rubber Co. 6

~\ / Goodyear 31 This famous school, with a successful achievement record, will give your child sound schooling wherever you live. Grace Line 34 Widely used by State Department members. Start any time. Catalog on request. Glide’s 48 CALVERT SCHOOL Heublein’s Club Cocktails 32 130 Tuscany Road, Baltimore 10, Md. f Liggett & Myers 2 Mayflower Hotel 44

IN NEW YORK CITY National City Bank 36 SHOP BY PROXY PERSONAL SHOPPING SERVICE National Geographic Magazine 43 Ask me to attend to your orders. One letter for everything. Packard Motors . . 41 Conversant with sending by Diplomatic Pouch or United S*ates Despatch Agent. Pan-American Airways, Inc. — —__ 37 Outfitter for men, women, children Nettleton’s Shoes for Men. Men’s suits $69.50 up, Women’s Black Faille suits $69.50 up. Seagram’s V. 0. — 42 Table Delicacies and Household Necessities. Schenley Products . II and III COVERS MISS E. J. TYNER Murray Hill Hotel Security Storage Company of Washington 29 112 Park Avenue New York City Telephone: Murray Hill 5-5479 Sinclair . 5

Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc. 35

WHEN YOUR HEART Texaco Petroleum Products 40 SAYS “REMEMBER”... Tyner, Miss E. J. 48 Wire FLOWERS United Fruit Company 46 * No other remem¬ United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company 47 brance expresses United States Steel — 1 your sentiments so perfectly Waldorf-Astoria Hotel IV COVER Williams, R. C., & Co. — 4 NAtl. 4276 1212 F Street N. W. Authorized F.T.D. Member Washington, D. C. Please mention THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL when writing to advertisers.

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