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Development Ngos and the Future Debating Development NGOs and the Future Essays from Development in Practice Co-edited and introduced by Deborah Eade and Ernst Ligteringen A Development in Practice Reader Series Editor: Deborah Eade Published by Oxfam GB (Oxfam in Great Britain) for Oxfam International First published by Oxfam GB in association with Oxfam International in 2001 Reprinted 2004 © Oxfam GB 2001 ISBN 0 85598 444 9 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library. All rights reserved. Reproduction, copy, transmission, or translation of any part of this publication may be made only under the following conditions: • with the prior written permission of the publisher; or • with a licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd., 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 9HE, UK, or from another national licensing agency; or • for quotation in a review of the work; or • under the terms set out below. This publication is copyright, but may be reproduced by any method without fee for teaching purposes, but not for resale. Formal permission is required for all such uses, but normally will be granted immediately. For copying in any other circumstances, or for re-use in other publications, or for translation or adaptation, prior written permission must be obtained from the publisher, and a fee may be payable. Available from: Bournemouth English Book Centre, PO Box 1496, Parkstone, Dorset, BH12 3YD, UK tel: +44 (0)1202 712933; fax: +44 (0)1202 712930; email: [email protected] USA: Stylus Publishing LLC, PO Box 605, Herndon, VA 20172-0605, USA tel: +1 (0)703 661 1581; fax: +1 (0)703 661 1547; email: [email protected] For details of local agents and representatives in other countries, consult our website: www.oxfam.org.uk/publications or contact Oxfam Publishing, Oxfam House, John Smith Drive, Cowley, Oxford, OX4 2JY, UK tel +44 (0) 1865 473727; fax (0) 1865 472393; email: [email protected] Our website contains a fully searchable database of all our titles, and facilities for secure on-line ordering. Published by Oxfam GB, Oxfam House, John Smith Drive, Cowley, Oxford, OX4 2JY, UK Oxfam GB is a registered charity, no. 202918, and is a member of Oxfam International. Contents 6 Development in Practice, Oxfam International, and Debating Development 7 Contributors 11 NGOs and the future: taking stock, shaping debates, changing practice Deborah Eade and Ernst Ligteringen 19 Good news! You may be out of a job: reflections on the past and future 50 years for Northern NGOs Alison Van Rooy 44 Riding high or nosediving: development NGOs in the new millennium Rajesh Tandon 60 International NGOs and the challenge of modernity Brian K. Murphy 86 Globalisation, civil society, and the multilateral system José Antonio Alonso 104 The World Bank, neo-liberalism, and power: discourse analysis and implications for campaigners Andy Storey 118 Dissonance or dialogue: changing relations with the corporate sector Judy Henderson 127 NGOs as development partners to the corporates: child football-stitchers in Pakistan David Husselbee 145 NGOs: fragmented dreams Jaime Joseph A. 163 Indicators of identity: NGOs and the strategic imperative of assessing core values John Hailey 171 Development agencies: global or solo players? Sylvia Borren 189 Coming to grips with organisational values Vijay Padaki 209 We NGOs: a controversial way of being and acting Cândido Grzybowski 222 Northern NGO advocacy: perceptions, reality, and the challenge Ian Anderson 233 Campaigning: a fashion or the best way to change the global agenda? Gerd Leipold 243 The international anti-debt campaign: a Southern activist view for activists in ‘the North’ … and ‘the South’ Dot Keet 268 Heroism and ambiguity: NGO advocacy in international policy Paul Nelson 4 Contents 287 Dissolving the difference between humanitarianism and development: the mixing of a rights-based solution Hugo Slim 292 Aid: a mixed blessing Mary B. Anderson 300 The Local Capacities for Peace Project: the Sudan experience Abikök Riak 306 NGOs, disasters, and advocacy: caught between the Prophet and the Shepherd Boy Alan Whaites 322 Capacity building: shifting the paradigms of practice Allan Kaplan 336 Gendering the millennium: globalising women Haleh Afshar 348 Gender in development: a long haul – but we’re getting there! Josefina Stubbs 359 Impact assessment: seeing the wood and the trees Chris Roche 377 Does Matson matter? Assessing the impact of a UK neighbourhood project Stan Thekaekara 402 Annotated bibliography 419 Addresses of publishers and other organisations Contents 5 Development in Practice, Oxfam International, and Debating Development Development in Practice is an editorially independent journal, supported by funding from affiliates of Oxfam International. It is published by Carfax/Taylor and Francis. Oxfam International was founded in 1995 and officially registered in The Netherlands. It is a group of non-government organisations dedicated to fighting poverty and related injustice around the world. There are currently eleven affiliates: CAA/Oxfam in Australia, Intermón (Spain), Novib (Netherlands), Oxfam America, Oxfam in Belgium, Oxfam Canada, Oxfam GB, Oxfam Hong Kong, Oxfam Ireland, Oxfam New Zealand, and Oxfam Quebec. Debating Development is one aspect of the collaboration facilitated by Oxfam International through Development in Practice. Co-edited by Ernst Ligteringen, Executive Director of Oxfam International, and Deborah Eade, Editor of Development in Practice, this book contains contributions from current or former staff or trustees of various member organisations. While the views expressed in the articles in this book are those of the named authors, they are not necessarily those of Oxfam International, Development in Practice, or Oxfam GB. All three organisations are committed to publishing material that stimulates and contributes to debates about development and humanitarian action. The Editor and Management Committee of Development in Practice acknowledge the support given to the journal by affiliates of Oxfam International, and by its publisher, Carfax Publishing, Taylor & Francis Ltd. 6 Debating Development Contributors Professor Haleh Afshar teaches politics and women's studies at the University of York (UK) and has written widely on subjects related to feminism, Islam, and development. José Antonio Alonso is Professor of Applied Economics at the Universidad Complutense in Madrid. Mary B. Anderson is President of The Collaborative for Development Action Inc. and is also Director of the Local Capacities for Peace Project, and Co-Director of the Reflecting on Peace in Practice Project. Her many published works include the introductory essay to the first in the series of Development in Practice Readers, Development and Social Diversity (1996) (also available in Spanish). Ian Anderson works in international structured finance. He was Chair of Oxfam Hong Kong (1987-97) and continues to serve as Vice Chair. He was also a founding trustee board member of Oxfam International (OI), of which he is now Chair. Sylvia Borren is Director of the Dutch NGO Novib, one of the member agencies of Oxfam International. Cândido Grzybowski is a sociologist and is Director of IBASE, the Brazilian social and economic research NGO. Contributors 7 John Hailey is Director of the Management Research Centre at Oxford Brookes University, England. He was a founder of the International NGO Training and Research Centre (INTRAC), and has a particular interest in the strategic and management issues facing NGOs. Judy Henderson was, until 1999, the Chair of Oxfam International and a member of the international board of Greenpeace. She is a Commissioner on the World Commission on Dams, the Chair of Australian Ethical Investment Limited, and a board member of the Environment Protection Authority of New South Wales (NSW) in Australia. David Husselbee worked in the NGO sector from 1983 to 1998, most recently as Programme Director for SCF-UK in Pakistan and Afghanistan. He is currently Director for Social and Environmental Affairs at adidas- Salomon AG, where he heads a programme to improve working conditions in the supply chain and to involve international companies in the development issues relevant to countries where they buy products. Jaime Joseph is a member of Centro Alternativa, an action-research NGO that works in Metropolitan Lima; he is Co-ordinator of the School for Leaders and Research. Allan Kaplan is Director of the Community Development Resource Association (CDRA), which seeks to build the capacity of organisations engaged in development and social transformation. His books include The Development Practitioners’ Handbook (Pluto Press, 1996) and The Development of Capacity (UN NGLS, 1999). Dot Keet is a Senior Researcher at the Centre for Southern African Studies in the School of Government, University of the Western Cape, a member of the Alternative Information and Development Centre in Cape Town, and an activist in Jubilee 2000 (SA). Gerd Leipold advises NGOs on campaigning and organisational development. He has been a consultant to ActionAid, Consumers’ International, Greenpeace, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), Oxfam, and others. He was previously director of Greenpeace Germany and director of the disarmament campaign of Greenpeace International. 8 Debating Development Brian Murphy has since 1979 worked for Inter Pares, an independent Canadian international organisation for social justice, both in the field and at its headquarters in Ottawa. His present duties focus on policy development and
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