New Horizons is New Frontiers 1 Launch: Jan ‘06 Target:Target: Pluto-CharonPluto-Charon
KBOs? Pluto-Charon Jupiter System 2017-2020 July 2015 March 2007
Stern/10 June 2005 Toward New Frontiers
New Horizons is Demonstrating That A Class of Focused But Exciting Low Cost Outer Planet Missions Is Indeed Feasible.
Stern/10 June 2005 NH: What About the KB?
Sampling the Diversity of the Kuiper Belt Was The Highest Priority New Frontiers Recommendation of the Decadal Survey
Stern/10 June 2005 NASA New Horizons Mission Requirements
Despite the Wishes of the Decadal Survey, NASA’s Requirements for New Horizons 1 Make Clear That Kuiper Belt Exploration is only a Goal. Requirement: Flyby Pluto-Charon before the end of 2020. Desirement: NASA desires to visit one or more KBOs if an extended mission is approved after Pluto and conditions allow.
This disappointment is exacerbated by the well- known New Horizons RTG fuel problems at LANL.
Stern/10 June 2005 WHAT IS NEW HORIZONS 2?
Protect Decadal Survey Science at KBOs. Enable the Exploration of Both Large and Small KBOs. Enable the Opportunity To Conduct A Target-of-Opportunity Uranus Flyby Near Equinox. Obtain Jupiter Science Deep Among the Galileans.
Use An Identical NH Spacecraft and Instrument Payload. But Select A Newly Competed Science Team.
Estimated Cost: <$500M. Time Critical Launch Window: 2008-2009 to Reach Uranus. Uranus Data Return by 2014-2015, KBOs by 2019-2021.
Stern/10 June 2005 New Horizons 2 Example Mission Design 1999 TC36 Flyby 15 Sept 2020 Target: KBO 1999 TC36 Speed: 12 km/s A Big KBO Binary Sun Dist: 31 AU
Uranus flyby 07 Oct 2015
C/A range: 2.4 RU Launch 19 Mar 2008 2 2 Jupiter flyby C3: 103 km /s 12 Aug 2009
C/A range: 24 RJ
1999 TC36: ~400 Diameter with ~200 km Satellite Both 2008 and 2009 Launch Windows Exist Stern/10 June 2005 NEW HORIZONS 2: THE URANUS-EQUINOX OPPORTUNITY A PERISHABLE OPPORTUNITY TO EXPLORE URANUS NEAR EQUINOX
EQUINOX OCCURS EVERY 42 YEARS (1965, 2007, 2047). THERE IS NO CURRENT PROSPECT TO VISIT URANUS IN THE UPCOMING EQUINOX, OR OTHERWISE FOR THAT MATTER.
THE SERENDIPITOUS NH2 2014 FLYBY OFFERS DIFFERENT LIGHTING, INSOLATION, & MAGNETOSPHERIC GEOMETRY THAN VOYAGER 2.
WITH MAJOR INSTRUMENTATION CAPABILITIES THAT Ster n /1 0 JVuneO 200Y5 AGER DID NOT HAVE (SURFACE COMPOSITION MAPPING, DUST PROFILING, ICE TEMPERATURE MAPPING). NH2 Chronology To Date (1 of 2)
Fall 2002: On recommendation of the NH1 Science Team (ST), Planetary Exploration Director Colleen Hartman is asked to include all 5 Decadal Survey missions (not just the other 4) in the NF2 AO, so NH2 can be proposed as a dedicated KB mission. Request denied. Request made for study money. Request denied. Question : How do we proceed within the system? Answer: There isn't any established method to request an NH2.
2003-2004: Internal, self-funded NH ST, APL, and SwRI-based discussions and mission analysis/cost studies on doing an NH1 clone to large KBOs in case NH-1 is lost or unable to meet the desired KBO objectives.
Mid-2004: Stern briefs Pasadena outer planets strategy workshop on NH2 in plenary session and holds an open public workshop on Uranus flyby science: small room, but SRO (30_ attendees). PI Stern leads letter to Dr. Weiler with 110+ signatures asking for NASA to find ways to fund more mid-sized OP missions.
Mid-Late 2004: LANL RTG fueling problems endanger KBO mission. NH1 science team votes to go to Congress for an NH2 study.
Stern/10 June 2005 NH2 Chronology To Date (2 of 2)
Fall 2004: NASA FY05 funding Bill passed (Omnibus appropriation): specifies the need for an NH2 study to KB, motivated in part by the power problems of NH1. No dollar value is attached to this study—whatsoever.
Early 2005: NASA HQ implements the NH2 study; NH team is not funded, not part of the study, but some information requests were made to APL. Griffin at APL eventually believes the GSFC study team is looking for proprietary material at APL and refuses to answer requests (e.g., for IEM drawings).
Early 2005: NH science team at OPAG to brief the concept. First OPAG meeting: 3 of 5 break-out teams recommend NH2 to the KB or a Uranus flyby mission at equinox.
Early 2005: NH2 ST votes in Exec Session to have the science team slots re-competed if NH2 is funded in order to remove any apparent conflict of interest charge.
Stern/10 June 2005 Toward a Better Future
Other than NH and Juno, No Planned Outer Planets Mission Will Reach Their Targets Until After 2020.
NH2 can Reach Uranus by 2014-2015, and A Large KBO by 2019-2020.
NH2 is an immediate opportunity to add depth to outer planets exploration Stern/10 Jbyune 20 05 appealing for a time- critical mission of opportunity. New Horizons 1 and 2: What a Combination
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030
NH I PLUTO-CHARON Possible 45 km 7/14/15 1/11/06 2/26/07 KBO?
BIG NH II URANUS KBO KBO? 3/19/08 8/12/09 10/7/15 KBO
Stern/10 June 2005 BACKUP CHARTS
Stern/10 June 2005 Decadal Survey Chair Mike Belton on NH2 Date: Sat, 4 Jun 2005 17:59:09 -0700 From: Michael belton
Dear Fran:
I have read Alan Stern's letter about New Frontiers 2 and I have the following opinion of it:
First there is no question in my mind that a competent mission to one or several KP objects remains at the highest level in science priorities for outer solar system missions at the current time. This is consistent with the recent NRC report on New Frontiers. Because of the technical problems that NH 1 faced I believe that NF 2 is of the highest priority to fly.
The question of the methods that Stern has used to make this opportunity an apparent reality are, I believe, questionable to many. However, because of the recent dislocations in space policy at the highest levels (The president's vision) and because of the recent dislocation of policy implementation at NASA Hdqts (the indecision and arbitrariness of the Discovery fiasco for example) and because of what I see as indecisiveness (at best lack of communication) in current community leadership - I now think that entrepreneurs, such as Stern, are our best chance of success under current conditions. Therefore I support his attempts (and any other similar attempts by others, e.g. Schweikart and his B612 effort) to make NH 2 a reality without reservation.
Let's hope he wins. StMerni/1k0e J uBne 2005 BY PROVIDING A BACKUP TO NH1, NH2 WILL BETTER I INSURE SUCCESS FOR THE DECADAL SURVEY’S HIGHEST PRIORITY NEW FRONTIERS OBJECTIVE: KB SCIENCE
SPACECRAFT PAIRS ARE A WELL ESTABLISHED WAY TO IMPROVE BOTH THE LIKELIHOOD OF MISSION SUCCESS, AND OVERALL MISSION SCIENCE RETURN.
PARTICULARLY FOR LONG, CHALLENGING MISSIONS.
NOTABLE MISSION SAVES INCLUDE MARINERS 2, 4, 9 (when Mariners 1, 3, and 8, each failed)…
STRIKING AND VALUABLE DUAL SUCCESSES OCCURRED FOR VIKINGS I & II, VOYAGERS I & II, AND MERs A & B.
Stern/10 June 2005 NH2 Time Criticallity
An NH2 New Start is Time Critical Because: The Uranus at Equinox Flyby Launch Window Closes in Early 2009. Building an NH-1 Clone is Only Possible if It Directly Follows on NH1– Not Years Later.
No Existing AO for New Frontiers is Available to Propose to. Discovery Does Not Allow RTG Missions.
Stern/10 June 2005 What Can We Do? NH Instrument Payload
LORRI ALICE
PEPSSI
RALPH
CORE: REX Uplink radio science & passive radiometry RALPH VIS/IR imaging & spectroscopy ALICE UV imaging spectroscopy Supplemental: SWAP LORRI High-resolution imager SWAP plasma spectrometer PEPSSI energetic particle spectrometer SDC EPO Student Dust Counter Student Dust Stern/10 June 2005 Counter New Horizons Payload Characteristics Type Characteristics Ralph Imager/Imaging Panchromatic & 4-color CCD imagery Spectrometer (20 μrad resolution); 1.25-2.50 μm IR imaging spectroscopy (62 μrad, R=300-600). Alice UV Imaging λλ=520-1870 Å, 3 Å resolution, airglow Spectrometer & occultation capabilities REX Radio Science, Atmosphere P,T to: 0.1μbar, 1 K Radiometery Surface Temp to 0.3 K LORRI Hi-Res Imager Panchromatic CCD imagery (5 μrad resolution) SWAP In Situ Plasma Solar wind ions up to 6.5 KeV Spectrometer PEPSSI In Situ Particle Ions: 1-5000 KeV Spectrometer Electrons: 20-700 KeV SDC In Situ Dust Counter 0.10 meters2 active area, Threshold Mass ~10-12 gm Stern/10 June 2005 Example New Horizons 2 Uranus Flyby Uranus 2014 Flyby Geometry to 1999 TC36
New Horizons 2 Trajectory Sun
C/A at Uranus Ring-6 (innermost) range: 2.26 Ru North Pole Radius: 1.637 Ru Latitude: 43.9 N Width: ∼1.5 km Speed: 17.8 km/s Equator Ring-Beta Range at Radius: 1.786 Ru Equator: 2.81 Ru Width: 5-11 km
Ring-Epsilon (outermost) Uranus Radius: 2.006 Ru Width: 20-96 km
NH II Uranus Flyby geometry generated from integrated trajectory Stern/10 June 2005 NH Development Status
Concept Proposal Phase – Jan-Apr 2001 Phase A Study – Jun-Oct 2001 Selection – Nov 2001 Phase B Start – Jan 2002 Requirements Review (SRR) – May 2002 Prelim Design Review (PDR) – Oct 2002 Non-Advocate Review (NAR) – Dec 2002 Phase C/D Start (ATP) – Apr 2003 Critical Design Review (CDR) – Oct 2003 Start Integration & Test – June 2004
Complete S/C Assembly/I&T – May 2005 New Horizons was selected by NASA Initiate Environmental Testing- May 2005 after open competition on 29 Nov 2001. Thermal-Vac Testing – July 2005 Pre-Ship Review – September 2005 New Horizons was funded and Launch Readiness Review – Dec 2005 approved to enter into full-scale development in March 2003. Launch Window Opens– Jan-Feb 2006
New Horizons is now in Phase C/D; it Sterisn/1 designated0 June 2005 New Frontiers 1. The New Horizons Atlas V 551 Launch Vehicle
Centaur Forward 5-meter Short Payload Load Reactor Fairing (68 ft) Payload Centaur Interstage Adapter (PLA) Adapter (12.5 ft Dia) Centaur Conical Interstage Adapter CCB Cylindrical Interstage Adapter
Solid Rocket Boosters
Centaur Upper Aft Transition Centaur Single Stage Skirt/Heat Shield Aft Stub RL10 Engine Adapter 5-Meter RD-180 Engine Common Core Payload Fairing BoosterTM (CCB) Boattail
Stern/10 June 2005 New Horizons 2 Other Example Mission Designs Numerous Mission Scenarios Found. Many Also Allow Uranus Flybys En Route, But Only Until 2009: Then Uranus Moves Out of Position With Jupiter
Stern/10 June 2005 NH2 Cost Will Be Low
In 2004, the New Horizons Mission Team Conducted a Feasibility Study for NH2. Achieving a Large Savings for NH2 over NH1 Depends Critically on Building a Spacecraft Clone: Zero Changes
Making These Assumptions, NH2 Looks to be Feasible for $450M-$500M (full mission cost; ~$355M to launch).
Stern/10 June 2005 NH2 COST ESTIMATE
NH1 Cost (Full Mission): +$696M (Through Data Return) Offset for Smaller Atlas: -$040M (Could be Better) Delete All Design Phase: -$157M (FY02-03) Delete Built Items1: -$012M Increased Flight Time2: +$015M (20092021 vs. 20062015) ------Net $472M
Note: Inflation not modeled, nor were offsets due to existing spares, existing procedures, etc., economy of scale in mission ops, etc. These probably offset the need for most of a conventional reserves pool.
1 FSW, Ground Simulators, Autonomy, Gnd System. Does not include ANY spares usage.
Stern/10 June 2005 OPAG Primitive Bodies Panel New Horizons 2 Highest priority recommendation of OPAG primitive bodies panel NH1 + NH2 fulfills Decadal Survey objective to sample diversity of KBOs.
Mission to KBOs “remains at the highest level in science priorities for outer solar system missions” (Belton email to Bagenal).
Implementation of NH2 requires innovative approach: NASA denied request to include NH2 for consideration in last New Frontiers round; no avenue available to pursue within NASA framework. Launch in 2007-2009 window presents unique “Uranus at equinox” opportunity. Planetary community support expressed to Congress could provide a wedge that opens new line of NF-class missions for outer planets w/o stealing from other NASA programs.
Stern/10 June 2005 NEW HORIZONS 2
New Horizons 2: A Journey to New Frontiers
Stern/10 June 2005