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European and Chinese Coinage Before the Age of Steam*
《中國文化研究所學報》 Journal of Chinese Studies No. 55 - July 2012 The Great Money Divergence: European and Chinese Coinage before the Age of Steam* Niv Horesh University of Western Sydney 1. Introduction Economic historians have of late been preoccupied with mapping out and dating the “Great Divergence” between north-western Europe and China. However, relatively few studies have examined the path dependencies of either region insofar as the dynamics monetiza- tion, the spread of fiduciary currency or their implications for financial factor prices and domestic-market integration before the discovery of the New World. This article is de- signed to highlight the need for such a comprehensive scholarly undertaking by tracing the varying modes of coin production and circulation across Eurasia before steam-engines came on stream, and by examining what the implications of this currency divergence might be for our understanding of the early modern English and Chinese economies. “California School” historians often challenge the entrenched notion that European technological or economic superiority over China had become evident long before the * Emeritus Professor Mark Elvin in Oxfordshire, Professor Hans Ulrich Vogel at the University of Tübingen, Professor Michael Schiltz and Professor Akinobu Kuroda 黑田明伸 at Tokyo University have all graciously facilitated the research agenda in comparative monetary his- tory, which informs this study. The author also wishes to thank the five anonymous referees. Ms Dipin Ouyang 歐陽迪頻 and Ms Mayumi Shinozaki 篠崎まゆみ of the National Library of Australia, Ms Bick-har Yeung 楊 碧 霞 of the University of Melbourne, and Mr Darrell Dorrington of the Australian National University have all extended invaluable assistance in obtaining the materials which made my foray into this field of enquiry smoother. -
The Case Against the Fed
THE CASE AGAINST THE FED By Professor Murray Rothbard Reviewed by Zia H Shah MD Those who devour interest stand like one whom Satan has smitten with insanity. That is so because they keep saying: The business of buying and selling is also like lending money on interest; whereas Allah has made buying and selling lawful and has made the taking of interest unlawful. (Al Quran 2:276) The fact that the history and ownership of Federal Reserve Bank in this age of information and inquisitiveness is shrouded in mystery bordering onto mysticism, should lend enough credibility to the so called conspiracy theorists. The human condition is, as Plato would make Socrates say in the Republic (7.514a ff.), comparable to that of prisoners of an underground cave, whose unfortunate fate is to confuse reality with passing shadows created by a fire inside their miserable abode and kept in motion by clever manipulators, who in the name of politics, religion, science, and tradition control the human herd. If you can believe Plato’s assertion then you are ready to go on a journey to demystify interest based economic systems. Very few bankers and MBAs and so called financial experts are aware of the status of the Federal Reserve Bank and how the whole system works and as a result in any conversation on this issue they become immediately defensive and have an inherent desire to hide their lack of information. There is a certain mystique and aura that surrounds any discussion of Federal Reserve. For example the Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 despite offering information on millions of less important subjects does not offer a single word of information on the topic of Federal Reserve and chooses to refer to the official websites of the twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks, that are an integral part of the Federal Reserve Bank. -
DEBASEMENTS in EUROPE and THEIR CAUSES, 1500-1800 Ceyhun Elgin, Kivanç Karaman and Şevket Pamuk Bogaziçi University, Istanbu
June 2015 DEBASEMENTS IN EUROPE AND THEIR CAUSES, 1500-1800 Ceyhun Elgin, Kivanç Karaman and Şevket Pamuk Bogaziçi University, Istanbul [email protected] Abstract: The large literature on prices and inflation in early modern Europe has not sufficiently distinguished between price increases measured in grams of silver and price increases due to debasements. This has made it more difficult to understand the underlying causes of the variation across Europe in price stability and more generally macroeconomic stability. This paper first provides a continent-wide perspective on the proximate causes of inflation in early modern Europe. We establish that in northwestern Europe debasements were limited and price increases measured in grams of silver were the leading cause of inflation. Elsewhere, especially in eastern Europe, debasements were more freequent and were the leading proximate cause of price increases. The existing literature on debasements based mostly on the experience of western Europe emphasizes both fiscal and monetary causes. We then investigate the fiscal causes of debasements by making use of a new dataset covering 11 countries from western, southern and eastern parts of the continent for the period 1500 to 1800. Our probit regressions suggest that fiscal demands of warfare, low fiscal capacity as measured by tax revenues, and lack of constaints on the executive power were all associated with higher likelihood of debasements for early modern Europe as a whole. Our empirical analysis also points to significant differences between the west and the east of the continent in terms of the causes of debasements. Warfare and low fiscal capacity appear as the leading causes of debasements in eastern Europe (Austria, Poland, Russia and the Ottoman empire). -
Murray N. Rothbard: an Obituary
MurrayN. Rothbard , IN MEMORIAM PREFACE BY JoANN ROTHBARD EDITED BY LLEWELLYN H. ROCKWELL, JR. Ludwig von Mises Institute Auburn, Alabama 1995 Copyright © 1995 by the Ludwig von Mises Institute, Auburn, Alabama 36849-5301 All rights reserved. Written permission must be secured from the publisher to use or reproduce any part of this book, except for brief quotations in critical reviews or articles. ISBN: 0-945466-19-6 CONTENTS PREFACE, BY JOANN ROTHBARD ................................................................ vii HANS F. SENNHOLZ ...................................................................................... 1 RALPH RAIco ................................................................................................ 2 RON PAUL ..................................................................................................... 5 RICHARD VEDDER .................•.........•............................................................. 7 ROCER W. GARRISON .................................................................................. 13 WALTER BLOCK ........................................................................................... 19 MARTIN ANDERSON •.•.....................................•........................................... 26 MARK THORNTON ..................................................................•.................... 27 JAMES GRANT .............................................................................................. 29 PETER G. KLEIN ......................................................................................... -
Comparative European Institutions and the Little Divergence, 1385-1800*
n. 614 Nov 2019 ISSN: 0870-8541 Comparative European Institutions and the Little Divergence, 1385-1800* António Henriques 1;2 Nuno Palma 3;4;5 1 FEP-UP, School of Economics and Management, University of Porto 2 CEPESE, Centre for the Study of Population, Economics and Society 3 University of Manchester 4 ICS-UL, Institute of Social Sciences, University of Lisbon 5 CEPR, Centre for Economic Policy Research COMPARATIVE EUROPEAN INSTITUTIONS AND THE LITTLE DIVERGENCE, 1385-1800 ? Ant´onioHenriques (Universidade do Porto and CEPESE) Nuno Palma (University of Manchester; Instituto de CiˆenciasSociais, Universidade de Lisboa; CEPR) Abstract Why did the countries which first benefited from access to the New World – Castile and Portugal – decline relative to their followers, especially England and the Nether- lands? The dominant narrative is that worse initial institutions at the time of the opening of Atlantic trade explain Iberian divergence. In this paper, we build a new dataset which allows for a comparison of institutional quality over time. We consider the frequency and nature of parliamentary meetings, the frequency and intensity of extraordinary taxation and coin debasement, and real interest spreads for public debt. We find no evidence that the political institutions of Iberia were worse until at least the English Civil War. Keywords: Atlantic Traders, New Institutional Economics, the Little Divergence JEL Codes: N13, N23, O10, P14, P16 ?We are grateful for comments from On´esimoAlmeida, Steve Broadberry, Dan Bogart, Leonor Costa, Chris Colvin, Leonor Freire Costa, Kara Dimitruk, Rui P. Esteves, Anton´ıFuri´o,Oded Galor, Avner Grief, Phillip Hoffman, Julian Hoppit, Saumitra Jha, Kivan¸cKaraman, Mark Koyama, Nuno Monteiro, Patrick K. -
Has Fractional-Reserve Banking Really Passed the Market Test?
SUBSCRIBE NOW AND RECEIVE CRISIS AND LEVIATHAN* FREE! “The Independent Review does not accept “The Independent Review is pronouncements of government officials nor the excellent.” conventional wisdom at face value.” —GARY BECKER, Noble Laureate —JOHN R. MACARTHUR, Publisher, Harper’s in Economic Sciences Subscribe to The Independent Review and receive a free book of your choice* such as the 25th Anniversary Edition of Crisis and Leviathan: Critical Episodes in the Growth of American Government, by Founding Editor Robert Higgs. This quarterly journal, guided by co-editors Christopher J. Coyne, and Michael C. Munger, and Robert M. Whaples offers leading-edge insights on today’s most critical issues in economics, healthcare, education, law, history, political science, philosophy, and sociology. Thought-provoking and educational, The Independent Review is blazing the way toward informed debate! Student? Educator? Journalist? Business or civic leader? Engaged citizen? This journal is for YOU! *Order today for more FREE book options Perfect for students or anyone on the go! The Independent Review is available on mobile devices or tablets: iOS devices, Amazon Kindle Fire, or Android through Magzter. INDEPENDENT INSTITUTE, 100 SWAN WAY, OAKLAND, CA 94621 • 800-927-8733 • [email protected] PROMO CODE IRA1703 CONTROVERSY Has Fractional-Reserve Banking Really Passed the Market Test? —————— ✦ —————— J. G. HÜLSMANN he theory of free banking has experienced a great renaissance in recent years. The authors of many articles, books, and doctoral dissertations have made T the case for the possibility and suitability of a purely private or competitive banking system. Virtually all these works were inspired by some variant of Austrian economics, which is no surprise, because Austrians tend to analyze institutional arrangements without any a priori bias in favor of government solutions. -
Quantitative Easing: Money Supply and the Commodity Prices of Oil, Gold, and Wheat
Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Plan B and other Reports Graduate Studies 8-2017 Quantitative Easing: Money Supply and the Commodity Prices of Oil, Gold, and Wheat Aaron Kasteler Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/gradreports Part of the Macroeconomics Commons Recommended Citation Kasteler, Aaron, "Quantitative Easing: Money Supply and the Commodity Prices of Oil, Gold, and Wheat" (2017). All Graduate Plan B and other Reports. 1037. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/gradreports/1037 This Report is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Plan B and other Reports by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. QUANTITATIVE EASING: MONEY SUPPLY AND THE COMMODITY PRICES OF OIL, GOLD, AND WHEAT by Aaron Kasteler A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Applied Economics UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2017 ii COPYRIGHT NOTICE The copyright of this thesis belongs to the author under the terms of the United States Constitution, 1909 Copyright Act, and the 1976 Copyright Act. Subsequent acknowledgement must always be made of the use of any material contained in, or derived from, this thesis. I declare that this thesis embodies the results of my own research or advanced studies and that it has been composed by me. Where appropriate, I have made acknowledgement to the work of others. Signed, Aaron Kasteler iii ABSTRACT QUANTITATIVE EASING: MONEY SUPPLY AND THE COMMODITY PRICES OF OIL, GOLD, AND WHEAT by Aaron Kasteler, MASTER OF APPLIED ECONOMICS Utah State University, 2017 Major Professor: Dr. -
The Essential Rothbard
THE ESSENTIAL ROTHBARD THE ESSENTIAL ROTHBARD DAVID GORDON Ludwig von Mises Institute AUBURN, ALABAMA Copyright © 2007 Ludwig von Mises Institute All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any man- ner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of reprints in the context of reviews. For information write the Ludwig von Mises Institute, 518 West Magnolia Avenue, Auburn, Alabama 36832 U.S.A.; www.mises.org. ISBN: 10 digit: 1-933550-10-4 ISBN: 13 digit: 978-1-933550-10-7 CONTENTS Introduction . 7 The Early Years—Becoming a Libertarian . 9 Man, Economy, and State: Rothbard’s Treatise on Economic Theory . 14 Power and Market: The Final Part of Rothbard’s Treatise . 22 More Advances in Economic Theory: The Logic of Action . 26 Rothbard on Money: The Vindication of Gold . 36 Austrian Economic History . 41 A Rothbardian View of American History . 55 The Unknown Rothbard: Unpublished Papers . 63 Rothbard’s System of Ethics . 87 Politics in Theory and Practice . 94 Rothbard on Current Economic Issues . 109 Rothbard’s Last Scholarly Triumph . 113 Followers and Influence . 122 Bibliography . 125 Index . 179 5 INTRODUCTION urray N. Rothbard, a scholar of extraordinary range, made major contributions to economics, history, politi- Mcal philosophy, and legal theory. He developed and extended the Austrian economics of Ludwig von Mises, in whose seminar he was a main participant for many years. He established himself as the principal Austrian theorist in the latter half of the twentieth century and applied Austrian analysis to topics such as the Great Depression of 1929 and the history of American bank- ing. -
Merchantilist Institutions for a First but Precocious Industrial Revolution
Working Papers No. 156/11 Merchantilist institutions for a first but precocious industrial revolution The Bank of England, the Treasury and the money supply, 1694-1797 Patrick O’Brien Professor of Global Economic History London School of Economics and Political Science © Patrick O’Brien November 2010 Department of Economic History London School of Economics Houghton Street London, WC2A 2AE Tel: +44 (0) 20 7955 7860 Fax: +44 (0) 20 7955 7730 2 Merchantilist institutions for a first but precocious industrial revolution The Bank of England, the Treasury and the money supply, 1694-1797 I One topical implication of the ongoing programme of attending more closely to the state's role in the construction and development of institutions behind the First Industrial Revolution has been that historians are re-engaging with a theme in financial history that virtually disappeared from view while cliometricians focussed on proximate determinants of long run growth.1 Thus the wider purpose of this paper is to recall the well documented interactions of England's financial institutions with internal trade and external commerce and to bring into relief the related support they accorded over the long eighteenth century to the operations of an exceptionally powerful fiscal state and its mercantilist strategies of promoting British economic interests at home and overseas.2 The restoration and widening of this discussion in political economy is predicated, however, upon elaborating upon knowledge out there in secondary and primary sources upon the sustained -
Government, Money, and International Politics
Etica & Politica / Ethics & Politics, 2003, 2 http://www.units.it/etica/2003_2/HOPPE.htm Government, Money, and International Politics Hans-Hermann Hoppe Department of Economics University of Nevada ABSTRACT In this paper, the author deals with: (1) Definition of government; incentive structure under government: taxation, war and territorial expansion. (2) Origin of money; government and money; the devolution of money from commodity to fiat money. (3) International politics and monetary regimes; monetary imperialism and the drive toward a one-world central bank and fiat currency. 1. Government defined Let me begin with the definition of government: A government is a compulsory territorial monopolist of ultimate decision-making (jurisdiction) and, implied in this, a compulsory territorial monopolist of taxation. That is, a government is the ultimate arbiter, for the inhabitants of a given territory, regarding what is just and what is not, and it can determine unilaterally, i.e., without requiring the consent of those seeking justice or arbitration, the price that justice-seekers must pay to the government for providing this service. (1) Except for some so-called public choice economists such as James Buchanan, it is obvious that such an extraordinary institution cannot arise “naturally”, as the outcome of voluntary contractual agreements among individual property owners. (2) For no one would agree to a deal that entitled someone else, once and for all, to determine whether or not one was truly the owner of one’s own property, and no one would agree to a deal that entitled this monopoly judge with the power to impose taxes on oneself. -
Elizabeth I and the Great Debasement Help the Queen Tackle England’S Currency Troubles
Elizabeth I and the Great Debasement Help the Queen tackle England’s currency troubles Queen Elizabeth I, unknown artist © National Portrait Gallery, London This activity… Suggestions for use Supports: Pupils step into the role of the Queen’s KS3 History, Unit 5 advisers in this activity. They help Elizabeth I: how Elizabeth I analyse, understand and successfully did she tackle respond to the currency troubles facing the problems of her reign? England in 1560. Helps pupils to: A card-sort activity and decision-making Key Stage 3 Evaluate Elizabeth I’s task are included in the PowerPoint History decisions and effectiveness as a monarch. resource. Unit 5 This activity is designed Analyse Elizabeth I’s Use this activity to: to follow a response to the crisis visit to the caused by the debasement Introduce or brainstorm some of the Coins & Kings of England’s coinage. exhibition or aims or qualities a monarch might want the KS3 lesson: (for example, to appear strong and Monarchs and Investigate what caused the Mint Elizabeth I’s currency powerful). You may also consider the troubles and how they monarch’s responsibilities such as the affected the economy and economy, military, religious policy etc. society. Ask pupils to sort, analyse and prioritise Develop speaking and evidence and information about the listening skills and write crisis facing Elizabeth I in 1560. or argue persuasively using causal factors and Explain aspects of Elizabethan society historical vocabulary. during the queen’s reign to help Requires: contextualise the pupils’ research. PowerPoint projector or interactive whiteboard. Ask pupils to write (or give orally) a report describing England’s currency Print outs of card sort problems and an analysis of what caused activity (included below). -
Good Or Bad Money? Debasement, Society and the State in the Late Middle Ages
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by LSE Research Online Working Papers No. 140/10 Good or Bad Money? Debasement, Society and the State in the Late Middle Ages . David Chilosi and Oliver Volckart © David Chilosi, and Oliver Volckart May 2010 Department of Economic History London School of Economics Houghton Street London, WC2A 2AE Tel: +44 (0) 20 7955 7860 Fax: +44 (0) 20 7955 7730 Good or Bad Money? Debasement, Society and the State in the Late Middle Ages David Chilosi and Oliver Volckart Abstract This paper revisits the question of debasement by analysing a newly compiled dataset with a novel approach, as well as employing conventional methods. It finds that mercantile influence on monetary policies favoured relative stability, and wage-payers did not typically gain from silver debasement. Excess demand for bullion was not a major cause of debasement. Yet monetary issues were important. Warfare made the debasement of silver but not of gold more likely. Regime types had an importance comparable to that of warfare: Princes debased silver more often than monetary unions and especially city-states. It is likely that fiscal debasements were more frequent in principalities, not least because princes debased for fiscal reasons also in the absence exceptional needs. The conclusion discusses the implications of the findings. 1. Introduction As a corollary to the revival of interest in medieval trade, scholars have increasingly stressed that ‘medieval money matters’ (Wood, 2004). Under the conditions of a commodity money system with an inelastic supply of bullion, the level of monetisation and therefore commercialisation is assumed to have crucially depended on the supply of hard money as determined by mining output and the balance of trade (cf.